第二节中国自然灾害

第二节中国自然灾害第二节中国自然灾害

一、中国自然灾害系统

Research achievement of IDNDR

CAI

三、中国自然灾害系统地图集编制

二、中国自然灾害区域分异研究

Section 2 Natural Disaster in China

1. Natural Disaster System in China

2. Study on Regional Difference of Natural Disaster in China

3.Complication of Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China

由于自然原因造成人员伤亡、由于自然原因造成人员伤亡、

财产损失、社会失稳的一种或财产损失、社会失稳的一种或一系列现象。一系列现象。

Natural Disaster

1. Natural Disaster System in China

1.1 Concepts

One or several phenomena caused by physical factors, such as casualties, property loss, and society imbalance.

Global Hazard Zones

International Disaster ReductionInternational Disaster Reduction

Disaster SystemRegional disaster system is a complex various one on the earth, consisted of hazard-formativeenvironment(A), hazard-affected body(B), hazard (C), and disaster effect (D).

Relationship

孕灾环境是由大气圈、岩石圈、水圈、生物圈共同组成的综合地球表层环境。

致灾因子是对人类及其经济社会、自然资源造成损害的自然异常变化。

承灾体是灾害的承受体，包括人在内的物质文化环境、自然资源。

灾情：因灾导致的生命、财产、资源损失的情况。

图 1.1 自然灾害系统示意图

Hazard-formative

environment

Hazard-formative

factor

Hazard-affected

body

Disaster effect

Disaster effect

Hazard-formative factors are triggered by environmental changes, which damage natural resources, humans and their economic society

Hazard-formative factors are triggered by environmental changes, which damage natural resources, humans and their economic society

Hazard-formative environment is an integratedone on the earth, consisted of atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Hazard-formative environment is an integratedone on the earth, consisted of atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Disaster effects: loss of life, property, and resource caused by natural disaster

Disaster effects: loss of life, property, and resource caused by natural disaster

Hazard-affected bodies include material culture environment and natural

resource

Hazard-affected bodies include material culture environment and natural

resource

Process of natural disaster

Relationship of

each part in

natural disaster system

AA Hazard-formative Environments

Structure

Atmosphere (troposphere,stratosphere, etc. )Atmosphere (troposphere,stratosphere, etc. )

Hydrosphere (surface water, groundwater)Hydrosphere (surface water, groundwater)

Lithosphere (soil, weathering crust, lithosphere,terraLithosphere (soil, weathering crust, lithosphere,terra

Biosphere (plants, animals, microorganism)Biosphere (plants, animals, microorganism)

Human circle (race, nation, religion, the poor/rich, boundary, living map)Human circle (race, nation, religion, the poor/rich, boundary, living map)

Technology circle (architecture, internet system,transportation system)Technology circle (architecture, internet system,transportation system)

Properties of hazard-formative environmentProperties of hazard-formative environment

Zonality/azonality(baseband/ marginal band)Fluctuation/ Mutagenicity(periodic/quasiperiodic/random)Gradual change/ tendency(grads/cumulation)

Zonality/azonality(baseband/ marginal band)Fluctuation/ Mutagenicity(periodic/quasiperiodic/random)Gradual change/ tendency(grads/cumulation)

B Hazard-affected Bodies

人口、经济土地利用（城市、厂矿、农田、牧场、森林、道路、机场、港口等）

Population,economy, land use(city, mine, arable land, grazing land, forest, road,

airport, harbor)

C Hazard-formative Factors

EarthquakeClimatic disasters(flood, etc)Crop disasterMarine disasterForest biological disaster

Geological disasterOthers

EarthquakeClimatic disasters(flood, etc)Crop disasterMarine disasterForest biological disaster

Geological disasterOthers

致灾圈层划分

Hazards in different

circles

Hazards in different

circles

hydrosphere&atmosphere

biosphere

lithosphere

typhoon

drought

flood

pest&disease

earthquake

coldness storm

sandy storm frost hail

dry-hot windfreezing hazard

ice-snowstorm surge

seawater invasionsea ice

landslide

debris flow collapse

wind and sand flowland

subsidenceground fissure

forest fire rodent pest

poisonous grass

Categories (Ma Zongjin, 1994)Categories (Ma Zongjin, 1994)

Typhoon-StormDisaster ChainsTyphoon-StormDisaster Chains

Rainstorm

Typhoon

Machine

Malfunction Machine

Malfunction

Strong wind

Strong wind

RainstormRainstorm

Water logging Water

logging Bank DestroyBank

Destroy

FloodOverflow

FloodOverflow

Machine malfunction

Machine malfunctionFireFireInfrastructure

Damage Infrastructure

Damage

PowershutoffPowershutoff

HighWave High

Wave

Plant Diseases&Insect Pest

Plant Diseases&Insect Pest

Water and soil erosionWater and soil erosion

Rainstorm

Surge Rainstorm

Surge

BankDestroy

BankDestroy

Seawater

Pollution Seawater

Pollution

Rock SlideRock Slide Flood Flood

DebrisFlow

DebrisFlow

LandslideLandslide

Disaster Chains

Causality,psychological influence

直接、间接经济损失

建筑物破损生态环境破坏

D Disaster Effects

图 2.17 人类活动对灾情的放大机制

致灾因子

承灾体耕地居住地

正常水位洪水位

洪水高风险区洪水高风险区

洪水高风险区洪水高风险区

灾情 1淹没农田： 200ha毁损房屋： 20间死亡人口： 20人

灾情 2淹没农田： 1000ha毁损房屋： 500 间死亡人口： 300 人

人类活动：进入高风险区承灾体变化

灾情放大

灾情放大

Direct and indirect economic loss

Ecological environment destroy

Architecture damage

Magnify disastereffects

1st effect:Farmland submerged: 200haHouses destroyed: 20Death toll: 20

1st effect:Farmland submerged: 200haHouses destroyed: 20Death toll: 20

2nd effect:Farmland submerged: 1000haHouses destroyed: 500Death toll: 300

2nd effect:Farmland submerged: 1000haHouses destroyed: 500Death toll: 300

Hazard-formative factor

Hazard-affected bodies

Ave. level

Residential area

Arable land

High-risk area High-risk area

High-risk area High-risk area

Level in floods

Human activity at high-risk areas,Different hazard-affected body

Human activity at high-risk areas,Different hazard-affected body

某种自然灾害

Various intensity

of hazards

Various intensity

of vulnerability

heavy

light

Economiclevel

Defenseability

high risk

Most serious regions

Hazards

low risk

low risk

high risk

Least serious regions

high

strong

weak

low

Interface of disasterInterface of disaster

1.2 Characteristics of Natural Disaster System in China (CAI)

Regionalization of Natural Disaster in China Regionalization of Natural Disaster in China

Introduction to Natural Disaster in China Introduction to Natural Disaster in China

Regional Natural Disaster System in ChinaRegional Natural Disaster System in China

Regional maps （ theory-practice ）(Multi-angle, multi-platform,penetrative, dynamic)

Regional maps （ theory-practice ）(Multi-angle, multi-platform,penetrative, dynamic)

ⅠⅡ

Ⅲ

Ⅳ

Ⅴ

Ⅵ

Main Disaster Chains

Earthquake-landslide

Storm-landslide-debris flow

Storm-flood

Flood-water logging

Typhoon-storm-wind

Typhoon-storm surge

Drought-insect disaster

Drought-fire-

Cold wave- snow disaster

Cold wave- frost

Mechanism of Climatic Disaster Formation and Effects in North China

Monsoon areas

Fringe of Inner Mongolia

plateau

Near sand-origins

Cold waveCold wave

Main agricultural regions

Commodity grain bases

Center of politics, economy, and culture,

Dense population and cities

Overuse underground water, land subsidence, and

seawater encroachment

DroughtDrought Dust stormDust storm

Disastrous effectsDisastrous effects

Unstable hydrothermal conditions

Winter monsoon passage

Intense evaporation

Hazard-affected

environments

Hazard-formative

factors


Transitional belt of two

temperature zones

Low plant coverage

Hazard-formative Mechanism


Seriousclimaticdisaster

Serious geological disaster

Serious geological disaster

致灾机制致灾机制

Boundary of two earthquake

belts

Mountainous at the boundary of

two ladders

Influence of southwest and

southeast monsoon

Earthquake Earthquake

More development of mountainous

areas

Dense buildings, population,and properties

Subconscious of disaster preparedness among constructors

LandslideLandslideDebris flowDebris flow

成灾机制成灾机制

Active tectonic movem

ent

Complex landform and unstable land

surface

Alps and glaciers

Sufficient water sourcestormstorm

Hazard-formative

environments

Hazard-formative

factors


Boundaries of three plates

Hazard-formative mechanism

Hazard-formative mechanism


Mechanism of geological disaster formation and effects in North China

Mechanism of Hydrological Disaster Formation and Effects at Yangtze River Drainage

Serious hydrological

disaster

Serious hydrological

disaster


Inconvenient drainage due to flat platform

Many mountains and windward slope at

boundaries of ladders

Influence of southwest and southeast monsoon

StormStorm

Forest denudation, water and soil loss

Sand filling up, enclosure of lakes for farmland, poor ability to store floodwater

Core regions of China’s economy

Flood & waterlogFlood & waterlog Storm surgeStorm surge


Located across three ladders

Sufficient precipitation

Landform and physiognomy

Coast area in the east

Influence of marine disasterHazard-formative environments

Hazard-formative factors


Soil and geology

Database of

counties

Database of

counties

ModelsModels

Param

etersP

arameters

Mode1-Fig.1

Model2-Fig2

Model3-Fig3

Drawingeigenvalue isoline

Drawingeigenvalue isoline

Pile upPile up

Regional law of hazardsRegional law of hazards

Basic acknowledgementBasic acknowledgement

Regional disaster reductionRegional disaster reduction

Acta Acta GographicaGographica Sinica,1994,Vol. 49 (1) Sinica,1994,Vol. 49 (1)

2.1 Regional Difference of Hazards2.1 Regional Difference of Hazards

Information sources

1 ） Way of Research

2 Regional Difference of Disasters in China 2 Regional Difference of Disasters in China

Diversity ： Degree of regional cluster of natural hazards （ D ）

D ＝ n/ND ＝ n/N

“n” represents categories of natural hazards of a county in a special period.There are 102 types of natural hazards totally on the mainland of China.“N” represents categories of natural hazards of the country in a special period

2 ） Eigenvalues and Model of Hazards

S: relative intensity or degree of hazards in some countyP: relative intensity or degree of the certain hazard “i”Si area proportion of the certain hazard “i”, 0.01to1.0, or 1% to 100%

Relative Hazard Intensity ：It is the destroy and damage of hazards that causes regional disasters.

),,2,1(1

niSPSn

iii

),,2,1(1

niSPSn

iii

Si ： area proportion of the certain hazard “i”

Coverage Index ：The scope of a region’s influence from every hazard

),,2,1(1

niSCn

ii

),,2,1(1

niSCn

ii

Integrated Hazard Index ： The whole condition of hazard cluster, relative intensity, and scale of a county affected by hazards.

H=D/Dmax+S/Smax+C/Cmax H=D/Dmax+S/Smax+C/Cmax

33 ）） Regional Difference of of Hazards in China Regional Difference of of Hazards in China DiversityDiversity

Basic AcknowledgementTransition belt: relative cluster of hazard, e.g.mid-latitude region, sea-land transition belt, farming-pastoral zone.Regions with high values continues as the transition belt of several natural environments: North China becomes most multitudinous of hazards in China.Not all regions with bad natural conditions have many forms of hazards

Max of diversity is 8 times of min of it(4%-30%) for a great regional difference

Centralized in north China, extending to the northeast, northwest and southeast coast.

Most of regions with diversity over 20% are located between 25 ° -45 ° latitude-north.

The lowest of the country appears at the north Tibet, while the lowest of mid-east in China exists at the southwest

44 ）） Regional Difference of Natural Hazards in ChinaRegional Difference of Natural Hazards in China Coverage IndexCoverage Index

It is different from east to west.The trapeziform area, connected with Qiqihaer, Haerbin, Tianshui,and Hangzhou, has become the high-value region(>10) of our country.

Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Loess Plateau have become high-value centers(>16).The southeast coast and area around Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces are relative high-value regions. But the north Tibet Plateau is the low-value center, which enlarges forth.

Basic Acknowledgement

Relationship between hazard coverage index and diversity is positive-relative, which is dominant at North China.

Hazard-affected regions in area distribution, such as atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, always have high coverage index.

55 ）自然致灾因子区域分异）自然致灾因子区域分异

Regional differenceRegions with relative high intensity (>3.0):Centralized distribution from North China to SouthwestCoastal regions and Xiang-gan areaSouthwest of Qinghai-Tibet PlateauNorth of Da HinganlinMiddle and north Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the continent at the northwest are areas with relative low intensity

55 ）） Regional Difference of Natural Hazards in ChinaRegional Difference of Natural Hazards in China Hazard

IntensityHazard

Intensity

Basic Acknowledgement ：Earthquake active belts are responding to relative high intensityRainstorm centralized areas and relative high intensity areas overlap, e.g.typhoon belt at coastal regions, rainstorm belt at mountains of Hebei, Taihang Mts., Dabie Mts., rainstorm belt at west Sichuan and Hunan.Regions with high frequency of floods are all with relative high intensityRegions mostly distributed with debris flow and landslide, the second ladder east to Tibet Plateau, are always with relative high intensity.Relative intensity is controlled by several main hazards, so there is at least one dominant hazard at every region.

1

3

3

2

5

4

4

6

6

66 ）自然致灾因子区域分异）自然致灾因子区域分异 66 ）） Regional Difference of Natural Hazards in ChinaRegional Difference of Natural Hazards in China Integrated

IndexIntegrated

Index

High value region of frequency High value region of relative hazard inducing intensity

High value region of hazard affected index

Regionalization boundary of natural hazard inducing factors

CharacteristicsNorth China is the most serious area, which has high values of indexes above

Coastal region is the second most serious area with disasters

The farming-pastoral zone and plains of the north are full of hazards.

The southwest is the heavy-affected area.

Basic AcknowledgementNot all the regions that have poor natural environment and fragile eco-environment have heavy intensity and high occurrence of hazards.sensitive belts during natural environment evolution are not all with heavy intensity and high occurrence of hazards .As the transition belts of two main natural hazards, the north China is a typical serious area with high values at three aspects.Hazards in China can be divided into nine primary hazard regions.

2.2 Regional Difference of Natural Disasters in China 2.2 Regional Difference of Natural Disasters in China

1 ）

Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China 2003, Science Press 2003, Science PressAtlas of Natural Disaster System of China Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China 2003, Science Press 2003, Science Press

““Journal of Natural Disasters”1996,Vol.5(1)Journal of Natural Disasters”1996,Vol.5(1)““Journal of Natural Disasters”1996,Vol.5(1)Journal of Natural Disasters”1996,Vol.5(1)

1)There are 50816 counties with over 40 hazards fro1)There are 50816 counties with over 40 hazards from 1949 to 1990 in China. And the six most frequent m 1949 to 1990 in China. And the six most frequent disasters are stated as follows:disasters are stated as follows:

drought disaster,17501 times,34.4drought disaster,17501 times,34.4 ％％ flood 7641 times,15.0flood 7641 times,15.0 ％％ rainstorm 6463 timesrainstorm 6463 times ，， 12.712.7 ％％ wheat insect 3243 timeswheat insect 3243 times ，， 6.406.40 ％％ ice hail 3028 timesice hail 3028 times ，， 5.955.95 ％％ cotton bollworm 2635 timescotton bollworm 2635 times ，， 5.185.18 ％％

22 ）） Regional Difference of Diversity of Natural Disasters in ChinaRegional Difference of Diversity of Natural Disasters in China

Fig.2 Diversity of Natural Disasters in China (1949-1990)Fig.2 Diversity of Natural Disasters in China (1949-1990)

Causes Analysis(categorized by disaster-affected bodies)•Centers with high values moves southward from wheat area to rice area, which indicates diversity is influenced by cultivation system and land use.•Hu line is the dividing line of disaster-affected bodies.Disaster diversity of coastal areas reduces because of the improvement of economic ability to resist disasters.North of northeast with high value is relative with low disaster resistance ability

?

Fig.2 Diversity of Natural Disasters in China (1949-1990)Fig.2 Diversity of Natural Disasters in China (1949-1990)

Characteristics（ hazard diversity/ disaster diversity ）•Centers with high value of diversity move southward.•value of diversity at southeast coastal regions decreases•Hu Huanyong line is an obvious dividing line between the west and east

Variation of Regional

Difference

Variation of Regional

Difference

Disaster reduction

33 ）） Regional Difference of Disaster Occurrence Ratio in ChinaRegional Difference of Disaster Occurrence Ratio in China

Basic AcknowledgementThe difference is impacted by integration of climate and physiognomy at large scope, while it is influenced by hazard-affected bodies and their ability of disaster preparedness.The low ratio in Guizhou, a southwest province, indicates that fragile natural environment foreordains high occurrence of disasters.Zhejiang is the region with the lowest occurrence, which is relative to fixed hazards and high disaster resistance ability.

Characteristics Erlian-Chayu line is the dividing line from east to west, west of which is low occurrence at most areas.There is high occurrence at Huai River drainage area.

Fig.2 Occurrence Ratio of Natural Disasters in ChinaFig.2 Occurrence Ratio of Natural Disasters in China (1949-1990)(1949-1990)

4) Regional Difference of Disaster Effects Index and Hazard Ind4) Regional Difference of Disaster Effects Index and Hazard Index in Chinaex in China

hazard disaster

Characteristics Disastrous effects and ha

zards are both serious at northern and western North China and southern and eastern South China, which are both double high values regions

Low value areas of two indexes are well corresponding, such as Zhejiang, Guizhou, and Guangxi karst. Qinghai and Tibet are the hugest areas with the lowest values.

There is more distinct difference from east to west in disaster effects than coverage areas.

HighMiddle Low

Basic acknowledgement:In spite of the close relationship between hazards and disasters, disastrous effects are more impacted by human activities, such as scope, way, and degree of land use, and the society’s vulnerability as well.

Variation of

regional difference

Variation of

regional difference

Disasterreduction

2.3 Design and complication of “Atlas of Natural disaster of China”

DIGITAL ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER SYSTEM OF CHINADIGITAL ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER SYSTEM OF CHINA

DIGITAL MAPS OF NATURAL DISASTER OF CHINA

ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER SYSTEM OF CHINAATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER SYSTEM OF CHINA

ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER OF CHINA ATLAS OF NATURAL DISASTER OF CHINA

1) Achievements

Disaster database

Informational technology

WarningWarning

Database of processDatabase of process

Database of systems Database of systems

Database of Statistics Database of Statistics


Hazard-formativeenvironment

Hazard-formativeenvironment

Hazard-formative factorsHazard-formative factors

Hazard-affected bodiesHazard-affected bodies

CasesCases

MechanismMechanism

Process of formationProcess of formation

Driving forceDriving force

Dynamics Dynamics

2) Chinese Disaster Database2) Chinese Disaster Database

Database facing disaster science

Disaster scienceDisaster science

Databases completed

Types Database Completing Year

Database of statistics

Natural disaster database of farming-pastoral regions in Inner Mongolia 1991Natural disaster database of agriculture in Hunan 1993

Natural disaster database of disastrous effects in rural areas of China 1994Natural disaster database of insurance cases in Hunan 1995

Natural disaster database of historic floods and droughts in China 1996Chinese natural disaster database 1995

Database of system

Systematic database of agricultural disaster in Shanxi 1994Systematic database of large-scale disaster’s insurance in Hunan 1997

Systematic database of disaster emergency management insurance in Hunan

1998

Systematic database of agricultural disaster in Hunan 1999Systematic database of historic floods of seven main rivers in China 1999

Database of process

Database of flood in China in 1998 1999Database of relationship among precipitation, runoff and flood in Shenzhen 2001

Property database

Property database

Special dataSpecial data

Newspaper database on natural disasters

Newspaper database on natural disasters

Hazard databaseHazard database

Database of disastrous effectsDatabase of disastrous effects

Disaster reduction information database

Disaster reduction information database

Database of natural disaster cases

Database of natural disaster cases

Socio-economic databaseSocio-economic database

Disaster database of the seven main rivers

Disaster database of the seven main rivers

Historic databases of disasters

Historic databases of disasters

Administrative division of China

Characteristics Characteristics

CountyCounty

Databases on which the atlas depends

System of natural

disasters in China

Series of mapsSeries of maps

Zoning results ——Systematic databaseZoning results ——Systematic database

Zoning indexes——Secondary databaseZoning indexes——Secondary database

Foundation——Original databaseFoundation——Original database

Database on which disaster assistance zoning depends

Introduction to the Atlas

Atlas of Natural Disaster of China consists of two parts, integrated natural disaster system, and main natural disasters system,which has 445 maps and 101 diagrams in total. There are 56 maps and 37 graphs in the first part, which is composed of five series of maps of hazard-formative environment, hazard-affected bodies, hazards, disaster effects and disaster reduction. There are 380 maps and 64 graphs in the second part, composed of six series of maps on earthquake, flood, typhoon, snow, dusty storm, and ice-hail.

Expression of natural disaster system: content and structure

Atlas of natural disaster of China

Atlas of natural disaster of China

Integrated natural disaster system

Integrated natural disaster system

Maps of hazard-formative environment （ 7 ）

Maps of hazard-formative environment （ 7 ）

Maps of hazard-affected bodies （ 20 ， 30 ）

Maps of hazard-affected bodies （ 20 ， 30 ）

Maps of hazards(4)Maps of hazards(4)

Maps of disastrous effects （ 20 ， 4 ）Maps of disastrous effects （ 20 ， 4 ）

Maps of earthquake system （ 64 ， 11 ）

Maps of flood system （ 169 ， 19 ）

Maps of typhoon system （ 66 ， 14 ）

Maps of snow disaster system(21 ， 5 ）

Maps of dusty storm system （ 41 ， 12 ）

Maps of ice-hail disaster system （ 19 ， 3 ）

Maps of disaster reduction （ 5 ， 3 ）

Maps of disaster reduction （ 5 ， 3 ）

Hazard Hazard

Disastrous effects

Disastrous effects

Cases

Hazard-formative environment

Hazard-affected bodiesHazard

Disastrous effects

Hazard-formative environment

Hazard-affected bodiesHazard

Disastrous effects

Main natural

disasters system

Main natural

disasters system

Hazard-formative

environment

Hazard-formative

environment



SymbolsSymbols

Expression of natural disaster system:

symbols and surface

Maps’ surfaceMaps’ surface

Hazard-formative environment (Ai)

Hazard-formative environment (Ai)

Hazard-affected (Ci)Hazard-affected (Ci)

Disastrous effects (Di)Disastrous effects (Di)

Hazard (Bi)Hazard (Bi)

Expression of natural disaster system: overlaying maps

Hazards /Hazard-affected bodies

Hazard-formative environment/Hazard- affected bodiesDisastrous effects/hazard-affected bodies

.

.

.

.

.

.

A1 A2 A3… Condition change

T4

T3

T2

T1

Expression of natural disaster system:pattern and process

Special distribution

Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China

Science Press, Aug. 2003

Contribution of undergraduates/graduates

Map show

第二节 中国自然灾害

Documents

第二节中国自然灾害