Lecturer

123456CPU7Memory8

1

22.12.22.32.4

2.1

2.1 (contd)

2.1 (contd)1300(Blaise Pascal) 1642(Gottfried Leibnitz) 1672(Charles Babbage) 1832(Herman Hollerith) 1890(George Stibitz) 19371940Mark I(Professor Howard Aiken) IBM1944

2.1 (contd)1942(Professor John V. Atanasoff)(Clifford Berry)45 Atanasoff-Berry Computer, ABC1946(Professor J. W. Mauchly) (J. P. Eckert)ABCElectronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator, ENIAC 1952Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, EDVAC1951(Remington Rand)Universal Automatic Computer, UNIVAC

2.2

1951~19581959~19631964~19701971~2000 IPS1 MIPS10 MIPS100~1000 MIPS10-3 10-610-9 10-9~-13 4~32KB32K~3MB3MBFortranCobolLispPascalBasicPL/1BasicCC++PascalJava

2.2 (contd)ICSSI(Small-Scale Integration)IC10MSI(Medium-Scale Integration)IC102LSI(Large-Scale Integration)IC104VLSI(Very Large-Scale Integration)IC106ULSI(Ultra Large-Scale Integration)IC108GSI(Giga-Scale Integration)IC109

2.2 (contd)Moores LawStuff (transistors, etc) doubling every 1-2 years

2.3 1980

2.4 (AI) (virus)(worm) (hacker)

3 3.13.23.33.3.1 3.3.2

3.1 (General Purpose Computer)(Special Purpose Computer)(Analog Computer)(Digital Computer)(Hybrid Computer)

3.1 (contd)Cray T90IBM 3090IBM PC

3.2 (Personal Computer, PC)IBM1981IBM PCPCPCIBMPCIBMPC16IBM PC Intel8088PC-XT PC-AT Intel8028632Intel80386Intel 80486PentiumPentium MMXAMD K5Cyrix 6x8664AMD Athlon64

PCPersonal Computer80881981PC-XTExtended Technology808880861983PC-AT/286Advanced Technology802861984386386SX386DX386SX386DX1987486486SX486DX486DX2486DX4486SX486DX486DX2486DX419911991-1993586/PentiumPentiumPentium MMXAMD K5Cyrix 6x86PentiumPentium MMXK5M11993199719961995686Pentium ProPentium IIAMD K6Cyrix 6x86MXCeleronXeonAMD K6-IIIAMD K7Pentium III Pentium ProPentium IIK6M2CeleronXeonK6-IIIAthlonPentium III 199519971997199719981998199919991999 ==Pentium 4CeleronAthlon XPAMD DuronVIA Cyrix 3 Pentium 4CeleronAthlon XPAMD DuronC3 20002000200120012002

3.2 (contd)IBMCPUIBMPCCPU

3.2 (contd)(Macintosh)Apple1977Apple IIIPCEd Robert1975Altair 8800Apple PC(Macintosh)IBMPCIBM PCMotorolaPowerPCPower PCApple (Mac-OS)IBM PCAppleMacPowerPC

3.2 (contd)iMacPower Mac G4

3.2 (contd)(NoteBook)PCIBMPCdesktop(NoteBook)PCIntelCPUCompaqApplePowerBook

3.2 (contd)DeskNoteDeskNoteDesktopNoteBook(PDA)(Personal Digital AssistantsPDA)DeskNotePDA

3.2 (contd)(Tablet PC)Tablet PCPDANoteBookNoteBook(Network Computer)InternetCPUInternetTablet PC

3.3 (user)(hardware)(software)

3.3.1 (Hardware)5

3.3.1 (contd)5

3.3.1 (contd)(Arithmetic and Logic Unit, ALU) ANDORNOT(Control Unit, CU)4CPU(Decode)(CPU)

3.3.1 (contd)(Memory unit and Storage Unit)(Random Access Memory, RAM) (Read Only MemoryROM)ROMROM

3.3.1 (contd)(Input unit)

3.3.1 (contd)(Output unit)

3.3.1 (contd)

CPU(CUALU)(RAM)

3.3.2 (Software)(data)(program)(program)(instruction)Office

3.3.2 (contd)

3.3.2 (contd)

DOSWindows 95/98/meWindows NT/2000/XPLinuxOS/2PC-cillinNortonGhostVisual BasicVisual C++Dev C++C++ BuilderDelphiAssemblerJDKJbuilder(Dreamweaver)(IENetscape)(PhotoDrawCorelDraw)(PhotoshopPhotoImpact)(Microsoft Office)

4 210216

4.1 11001

4.1 (contd)ONOFFBinary DigitBit012018Bits1Byte28=256WordWordBytesWord2bytes164bytes328bytes64

4.1 (contd)ByteKilo BytesKB(Mega BytesMB)(Giga BytesGB)Tera BytesTB1 Byte 8 Bits1 KB 210 Bytes 1024 Bytes (1)1 MB 220 Bytes 1,048,576 Bytes (100) 1 GB 230 Bytes 1,073,741,824 Bytes (10) 1 TB 240 Bytes 1,099,511,627,776 Bytes (1)

4.2 09101=601=60201018octal system16hexadecimal system359.68 = 3*102+5*101+9*100+6*10-1+8*10-2

4.2 (contd)10KKN

DiDigitDp-1Most Significant DigitMSDD-qLeast Significant DigitLSDKN

4.2 (contd)K=1001234567891010010-11010

307.25 = (307.25)10

4.2.1 0121022Digit01MSBMost Significant BitLSBLeast Significant BitBit202-1Bit2 12+12212+12102

4.2.1 (contd)1001.1012

4.2.2 01816160123456789ABCDEF16016-116161616hH161AH5dh

4.2.2 (contd)6A416

4.2.3 801234567888-18888oO8

4.2.3 (contd)5728

5 012bit patternASCIIBig5Unicode

5.1 ASCIIASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchangeas-key)ASCII7bits128951Bytes8Bits1BitASCII8BitsASCII-8256

5.1 ASCII (contd)ASCII16A 4116 = 65101 3116 = 4910

0123456789ABCDEF0NULSOH STXETXEOTENQACKBELBSHTLFVTFFCRSOSI1DLEDC1DC2DC3DC4NAKSYNETBCANEMSUBESCFSGSRSUS2SPC!"#$%&'()*+,-./30123456789:;?4@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO5PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_6'abcdefghijklmno7pqrstuvwxyz{|}~DEL

5.1 ASCII (contd)ASCIIH4816ASCII01001000ASCIIIBM8EBCDICExtended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange CodeASCII-9

5.2 2BIG5Big-5CCCIIChinese Character Code for Information InterchangeCNS11643-1992 1984BIG5BIG5499

5.2 (contd)BIG5

A1400A141A142A143A144A145A146A147A148A149A14AA14BA14CA14DA14EA14FA150A151A152A153A154A155A156-A157A158-A159A15AA15BA15CA15DA15EA15FA160A161A162A163A164A165A166A167A168A169A16AA16BA16CA16DA16EA16FA170A171A172A173A174A175A176A177A178A179A17AA17BA17CA17DA17EA1A1A1A2

5.3 UnicodeUnicodeISO/IEC 10646265536128ASCIIUnicode

5.3 Unicode (contd)UnicodeUnicode

5.3 Unicode (contd)UTF-16UTF-8Unicode16UTF-16UTF-1616UFT-88824UTF-16UTF-8

6 CPUCentral Processing Unit, CPUProcessorMicroprocessorCPUCPUIntel80868088802868038680486PentiunPentiun ProPentiun IIPentiun IIIPentiun 4CeleronXeonAMDK5K6K6IIIAthlonK7DuronAthlon 64VIACyrix IIIC3TransmetaCrusoeCompaqAlphaSunSPARCMotorola680x0Apple/Motorola/IBMPowerPCG3G4IBM-PCIntelPentiumCeleronAMDVIACPUMacPowerPC

6 (contd)CPU

6 (contd)CPU(CPU)

6.1 CUControl Unit, CU4microprogramdecodermultiplexerhardwired controlmicroprogrammed control

6.1 (contd)hardwired control(finite state automata)

6.1 (contd)microprogrammed control(microcode)EEPROMFlash Memory

6.2 (ALU)Arithmetic and Logic Unit, ALUANDORNOTExclusive ORShiftRotate(machine instruction)LOADSTOREALUJUMPBRANCHCALL

6.2 (contd)ANDORNOTANDOR(operand)NOT

AND(true)1(true)0(false)

ABA AND BFalseFalseFalseFalseTrueFalseTrueFalseFalseTrueTrueTrue

ABA AND B000010100111

6.2 (contd)CPUCPUANDORNOTCPU18163264ANDORNOT

6.2 (contd)OR(false)

ABA OR BFalseFalseFalseFalseTrueTrueTrueFalseTrueTrueTrueTrue

ABA OR B000011101111

6.2 (contd)(mask)ANDOR111001004011100100 AND 0000111100000100111001004111100100 OR 1111000011110100

6.2 (contd)NOTinverse(true)(false)(false)(true)

ANOT AFalseTrueTrueFalse

ANOT A0110

6.2 (contd)Exclusive OR(XOR)CPUXORXORExclusive OR

ABA XOR BFalseFalseFalseFalseTrueTrueTrueFalseTrueTrueTrueFalse

ABA XOR B000011101110

6.2 (contd)ANDORNOTXOR

6.2 (contd)ANDORNOTXOR~NOTAND+ORXOR

AB~A~B(A~ B)(~AB)(A~ B)+ (~AB)A B00110000011001111001101111000000

6.3 (Register)CPU(Register)ALU(control and status register)(user visible register)

6.3 (contd)(instruction register)(program counterPC)ALU(ALU buffer register)ALU(memory buffer register)CPU

6.3 (contd)(program status word, PSW)(Sign)(Overflow)(Mask bit)(Protected key)(Interrupt code)(Interrupt enable/disable)(user mode/supervisor mode)(interrupt vector register)(data register)(memory address register)

6.3 (contd)(address register)(stack pointer register)(base register)(index register)(condition code register)CPU(general purpose register)CPU

6.4 (Bus)

CPUCPUI/OCPU-MemoryMemory BusI/OI/O BusI/OCPU-MemoryI/O

6.4 (contd)

6.4 (contd)(Chipset)DMAASIC(application-specific integration circuit)IntelALiVIASiSCPU-CPU-AGPI/O

6.4 (contd)ISA(Industry Standard Architecture)EISA(Extended ISA)XT8AT28616ATISAAT(AT Bus)ISA8MHzISAISAPCI1993IntelMicrosoftISAEISA328MHz

6.4 (contd)PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect)Intel19933264CPU643366MHz6466MHz533MBpsPCIPCIIntelPCIPCICPUIntelCPUPCIPCIICSCSI

32 bits33 MHz133 MBps32 bits66 MHz266 MBps64 bits33 MHz266 MBps64 bits66 MHz533 MBps

6.4 (contd)Petium 4 3.06GHzCPUI/O1.7 GHzCPU3.06 GHz(timerclock speed)MHzGHzHzSecond()1MHz1s()Petium IIMHzPetium 41.x~3.x GHzCPUPetium 4 3.06GHzCPU3.06 GHz3.06 GHzCPUCPUIntelCPUCPU

6.4 (contd)()CPUCPU(clock generator)CPUCPUCPUMIPSMFLOPSTPSMIPSMFLOPSTPSBpsBps(Bytes Per Second)Bps

6.4 (contd)AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port)Intel3DAGPPCIPCIAGP1x2x4x8xAGP 3.04x266MHzAGP3D3DAGPSCSIPCI

6.4 (contd)3Petium IIAGP 3.0(8x)

CPU CPUCPUCPU( Internal Frequency )Petium 4 3.06G ( External Frequency )CPU( L2 Cache )CPUCPU(Bus speed)MHzCPUFSB(Frontside Bus)66/100/133/150/200/266MHz333/400/533/800MHz 486CPUCPUCPU

CPU CPU ()0.51,1.5,2,2.5,.1.6GHzCPU100()*16()133()*12()CPU66/100/133/150 SDRAM333/400DDR SDRAMCPUjumperBIOS CPUSECCSECC2FC-PGAVLSI()

CPUCPUCPUCPUSocket 7Socket 379Slot 1Slot 2Slot ASocket A(Socket 462)Socket 423Slot 1Slot 2Slot ACPUSECCPentium IIIIIXeonCeleronPentium IIISocket 370Pentium 4Socket 423Socket 478AthlonSlot AAthlonDuronSocket A

7 Memory(main memory)(secondary memory)RAM(Random Access Memory, RAM)(Read Only Memory, ROM)RAMROMRAM(DRAM)(SRAM)

7.1 (DRAM)DRAMDynamic Random Access MemoryDRAMCPUCPUDRAMDRAMConventional RAMFRM DRAMEDO RAMBurst EDO RAMSDRAMDRDRAMDDR SDRAM

7.1 (contd)SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) 1996Synchronous DRAMSDRAMCPURAMSDRAMSDRAMPC66/100/133/15066/100/133/150SDRAMInterleavingBursting

7.1 (contd)SDRAM64DIMMbufferedunbuffered3.35SDRAMunbuffered3.3TSOPSDRAMSRAMSDRAMDRAMSDRAM

7.1 (contd)SIMMDIMMSIMMDIMMSIMM (single in-line memory module)SIMM30pin72pin30pin486FPM RAMEDO RAMSIMMSIMM8323230pin432=4*872pin32Pentium64264=2*3230 pin SIMM72 pin SIMMSIMM DRAM899DIMM (dual in-line memory module)DIMM168 pin6464PentiumSDRAM

7.1 (contd)DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) 184 pinDDRSDRAMTSOPDDR-200(PC1600)DDR-266(PC2100)DDR-333(PC2700)DDR-400(PC3200)184 PinDDR RAM

7.2 (SRAM)SRAM(Static Random Access Memory)DRAM1101DRAMDRAMDRAMSRAM61SRAMSRAMSRAM

7.3 (ROM) (Read Only Memory, ROM )RAMDRAMSRAMROMROMROMROMROMROMEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)PROMRAM

7.3 (contd)BIOSCMOSBIOSBasic Input/Output SystemBIOSROMBIOSBIOSCMOSComplementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductorPMOSNMOSCMOSICCMOSCMOSCMOSIC BIOSCMOSCMOSBIOSBIOSCMOS

7.3 (contd)(Flash Memory) BIOS(Flash MemoryFlash ROM)BIOSEPROMEEPROM

8 RISCCISC

8.1 Hierarchical Memory

8.1 (contd)

8.1 (contd)CPUCPUCPUCPUCPU/CPUlocality(temporal-locality)(spatial-locality)

8.1 (contd)CPU/throughputCPU

8.1 (contd)(Virtual Memory)swap

8.1 (contd)yahooProxyProxyProxycache

8.2 pipelining(throughput)10001100011000100101000100021101

8.2 (contd)(pipeline)5IFIDEXMEMWB5CPU

8.2 (contd)(speedup)55

10ns50ns1005000ns100(100-1)*10+50=1040nsSpeedup=

8.2 (contd)510ns12ns10ns15ns10ns15ns

10(10+12+10+15+10)*10= 570ns10(10-1)*15+75=210ns570/210=2.7

8.2 (contd)(hazard)ADDR1WBSUBIDR1ALUA(data dependency)

ADD R1,R2,R3SUB R4,R1,R5

8.3 (Superscalar Processor)2

8.3 (contd)

8.3 (contd)

(procedural dependency)

8.4 (Parallel Processing)CPUCPUCPU(local memory) CPU(share memory)CPU

8.4 (contd)

8.5 RISCCISCCPU

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)(hardwired control)PowerPCSun SPARCIBM RS/6000

8.5 RISCCISC (contd)CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing)CISC(microprogrammed control)CISCIntel x86Motorola 680x0

RISCCISCCISCRISCRISC

8.5 (interface)(controller)(channel)(port)PS/2USB

8.5 (contd)(Parallel Port)(Serial Port)PS/2

8.5 (contd)USB(Universal Serial Bus)USBUSBUSBUSBUSBUSBUSB127USB1.12.0USB 1.112MbpsUSB 2.0480Mbps

8.5 (contd)IEEE 13941995IEEE63 IEEE STD 1394-1995IEEE 1394AIEEE 1394BIEEE 1394AS100(98.3Mbps)S200(196.6Mbps)S300(393.2Mbps)IEEE 1394B800Mbps1.6GBps3.2Gbps

8.5 (contd)315D-sub11CableMICAudio OutLine InSCSI8~16SCSI