*

-

. .. 407/80

* : , . .

: (e-) .

: e-.

: e-.

: .

: .

.. Fe3+ + V2+ Fe2+ + V3+

* , .

Ag+ + e- AgZn2+ + 2e- Zn

2Ag+ + Zn 2Ag + Zn2+

, .

: , (...), (.. ).

: ..., (.. 2).

* :

2Ag+(aq) + 2e- 2Ag(s)(+): Cd(s) Cd2+(aq) + 2e-(-):

Cd(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cd2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

:Cd(s) | Cd2+(aq) || Ag+(s) | Ag(s)

.

| =

|| =

* (.. KNO3, KCl) , .

, .

.

(0).

0 , 0 = 0.

0, .

0, .

= -

* Nernst Nernst . + ne- bB :

0 = R = (8,314 J K-1mol-1 = 8,314 V C K-1mol-1)T = ()n = F = Faraday (9,649 104 C mol-1) =

0.

Ag+ + e- Ag(s)

2Ag+ + 2e- 2Ag(s)

* Nernst Nernst :

2Ag+(aq) + 2e- 2Ag(s)(+): 0+= + 0,799 VCd(s) Cd2+(aq) + 2e-(-): E0-= 0,402 V

Cd(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cd2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

= + -

= + - = 0,781 ( 0,461) = + 1,242 V

.

*E0 Nernst :

aA + ne- cC(+): 0+dD + ne- bB(-): E0-

aA + bB cC + dD

= 0 Q = K, :

0 0 .

* ... .

= .

* - .

: , , .

(Standard Hydrogen Electrode, S.H.E.).

(Saturated Calomel Electrode, S.C.E.).

- (Ag/AgCl).

* (Standard Hydrogen Electrode, S.H.E.).

* (Saturated Calomel Electrode, S.C.E.).

(1,0 KCl). (4,1 KCl). . >80C. Hg.

* - (Ag/AgCl).

.

.

.

* , :

1 : n+

2 : n+ Xm-

3 : n+ Xm-

: . .

(..., ):

. . . .

* ... , pH.

Ag AgCl ( ), HCl 0,1 M .

.

* , +.

10-14 .

* :

Ag(s)|AgCl(s)|Cl-(aq)||H+(aq,)| |+(aq,), Cl-(aq)|AgCl(s)|Ag(s)

:

Ag|AgCl, HCl (0,1 M) | | / || KCl (.), Hg2Cl2|Hg

pH :

= [k + S log(H+)] = ( k) - S log(H+) = + S pH

: k = , , H+ .

* .

pH ( 4,0 7,0).

. KCl, .

/ () + / 1 10-1321%2-6%CaO-72%SiO2H+>>Li+, Na+>K++ / 1 10-411%2-18%Al2O3-71%SiO2- / 1 -10-527%2-5%Al2O3-68%SiO2-

* : , +, (pH>12) . pH 13.

: (pH

* pH

*... . .

*... , (), .

* ... : . .

-: , .. , (), .

* ... .

.

Nernst.

.

.

.

* ...1) .2) (.. ).3) .4) . 5) (.. , , , pH, pCO2, pNH3, pO2, pNOx).6) , .7) , (TISAB, Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer), . 8) , (.. , , , , , ), (.. , ) .9) in-vivo .