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. 1985-09-06, , SI, , . . 1960SI, . , .

1 . . 1) SI 7(1 ), 7. SI, SI7.

1.1 SI, SI, 5.

1 SI m () kg s [] A [] K [] mol [] cd

2) SI SI, . : kgm/s2 ( kgms2) .

, , SI22(2), 17. (2(z)kat199921.)

2 SI [] Hz s-1 [] N kgm/s2 [] Pa N/m2 [] [] J Nm [] [] W J/s [] [] C As,,,() [] V W/A [] F C/V [] V/A [] S A/V [] [] Wb Ws

2() [], [] T Wb/m2 [] H Wb/A K [] [] Bq s-1 [] Gy J/kg [] Sv J/kg [] lm cdsr [] [] lx lm/m2 [] rad 1 m/m=1 sr 1 m2/m2=1 ( ) kat mol/s

3) SI 16(3), 14SI(11)SI(3)SI.

t u L, (l) eV dB n mile kn hm2 r/min [] tex

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l, 1, 197916L. l, L; L,L(L,(l)). ,mLml. SISI, , hm2, ha. 4) 1)3)45, , (4).

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5) SI SI(20), SI. 1, (5).

5()

5()

1.2 GB 3100 3102.113. 1993.

SI, . : hm(),mol() , kWh(), mol/mL(), MeVm2/kg().

15, ISO 1000:1992ISO 31-0 13:1992, , , . , . , . , (, 368).

1.3 , : 1) . , . 2) SI. 16SI, , SI. 3) . , GB 31003102.

4) . ,. , . 5) . , , . , , . SI, . .

, , Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics (), , . ,

1994-11-14, 4: , 199571, ; , . , , .

, . . 6: 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) SI; 5) ; 6) .

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2 SI5. 2.1 , . 1, .

600(GB 31011993A,15), . ,.2.1.1 1) SI7, , . .

(1999) . :4, . (d).(, d,.) ,.

, ,, ; : . . 5: a); b)2,,,;c), ; d); e), [].

2) , , . , , , ,, . , , , .

1 . . , , , s-1(SIHz), min-1h-1d-1. min-1, . : . min-1.

2 1.32. : 1, , g, g/mol. : . SIkg/mol, g/mol.32 g/mol.2.1.2 1) 6.

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2, kg, N, . , , , . 1901, 3: , . .

5 t5 t; 100 g100 g ; 5050 kg. , . , . 20093838%(V/V): 38%. , , , .

2) + ; ; ; , ; , ; ; (). 3) , ; , , ; ; (GB 3101A); (GB 3102.12) ; (GB 3102.2).

4) ; ; ; ; []; . , , .

, mol/m3mol/L. g/L; 1()(); mol/kgB. () ,m3. , ; ; , . a. . , .

b. , . O220%O220% (0.20). (O2)=20%. 2%, 15 g/100 mL15%. 0.15 g/mL. c. 2. 3.5 g/kg, .

2.1.3 12. : a. , ; b. 252, MaReFo c. . 1) 7.

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; M=10 t m=10 t ; p=100 MW P=100 MW ; T=20 t()=20 ; Q =5 e Q =5 e (1 e =1.602 177 331019 C) . 2) , 8.

8

3) CO2O2=15, . : m(CO2)m(O2)=15; : V(CO2)V(O2)=15; : c(CO2)c(O2)=15. Ca=20 mgMnO2%=30%wt%vol%mol%at%, m(Ca)=20 mgw(MnO2)=30%wx y .

4) lg p(kPa) lg(p/kPa); 0.5 L, L , Lmol1. t=T273.15T. TK290 K290 K273.15t=T273.15 K. 5) pH.

6) : xy xy , x y . : Mab Ma b Ma b. : , ab , ab , a b ,, . ( )/1, a/b/c , (a/b)/c, a/(b/c). 7) ().

2.1.4 , , ,. : 3c,pVsat, cpcVcsat. Q, 3QthQexp Qc. (IEC), SI.

. : , , ; . : , ; ; . 9.

cV cV, cv (2) Ui (i=1,2) Ui (i=1,2) x Fx Fx ABC SABC SABC Ep Ep, EP TF Tf , TF 5 h E5 h E5H, E5hr ,E ,E Nil Nil , Nil Rm,max Rm,max 9

2.2 : ,. . : .. 2.2.1 1) ,1. : , , 1. m/s: ; mg/(kgd): .

2) : , , ; 23, . m3. m3. . . , . m2/s, , .

3) : . N/m2: (), (); /, /, /2, 2 . 4) : =. 33, 1212.

5) ; ; ; ; ; ; (; ).

2.2.2 : ; 1, /2. 1) Wh: . ; . km2(), 2 . 12 =1062 1 0002, SI, .

2) N/m2: /2, 2 ; : / : /, /, /. 3) 2 km/ km/h/; t/t/a/; mg/(kg) mg/(kgd)/().

: /m2, m2/, kg/() 4) minhd. (, 88dd8, , 20082008 a.)

2.3 , , . . , . .

2.3.1 : , ; . SI; (L). m s t lx Pa eV Hz; M S T Lx pa ev HZ(Hz, H2).

2.3.2 1) : secmhryyr sminha. 2) : rpm r/min; kmphkm/h; bps bit/s; cpss1.

, r/min, , . , (RCF, Frc): Frc=Fc/W= m2r/mg= 2r/g, Fc, W, , r, g. rngcmr/mincm/s2, Frc= 2r/g=((1/30 s)n)2r/(980 cm/s2)= 11.18106 (n/(r/min))2(r/cm).

r20 cm, n4 000 r/min, Frc=11.181064 000220=3 578., 3 578 g3 578g . 3): ppm 106; pphm 108; ppb (109 (); 1012 ()). ppm. a) ppm106. : CO20 ppm CO20106 (2.0105 );

20 ppm20 106. b) ppm2. 2, mg/kg, mL/m3, nmol/mmol. c) ppb, , . : ppm , = 2.5 ppm , , =2.5, =2.5106 . (); wkmo , .

2.3.3 1) / 1, 2( ) mg/kg/d mg/(kgd) (mg kg1 d1 ); mg/kgd mg/(kgd). 2) 1 B m3 L1, 1/m3 1/L . , 6.24109/L 6.24109 L1 .

3) ( ) 15()/min 15/min; (/ /()) .

2.3.4 : , ; . 1) I=15 Amax Imax=15 A ; V=200 Ln Vn=200 L. 2) 0.25 mg(Pb)/L(Pb)=0.25 mg/L ; 1 mg/(kg() d) 1 mg/(kg d); 0.30 mmol(+)/L c+=0.30 mmol/L; t/a(/) t/a(/).

3) 1 CO0.12%(V/V) (CO)=0.12%, CO=0.12%; 60 dBA LpA=60 dB. 4) (Nm3, m3n) (m3); (NL, Ln) (L).

2.3.5 A={A}[A], =, U = 15 V. 1) : 0.25 ~ 0.50 . : . : 30 . 2) 1m85, 9s06, 305 1.85 m, 9.06 s, 30.5; 26C 26 30 37C 30 37 ; 25 25.

:90 km/h , , . 3) 301 mm (301) mm30 mm1 mm; 220 W/(mK) 2% 220 (10.02)W/(mK) . 4) 0.20.3 mg/(kgd) 0.2 mg/(kgd) 0.3 mg/(kgd ), . .

5) : a) A/[ A]; b) { }, , {A} [A]: 1. : v/(km/h) v /(kmh1), v(km/h)v, kmh1; lg(p/MPa), lg p(MPa); w/106 w106 , w /ppm w /106 . : /(J/(kgK)). ( ).

(78%SCI).

2.4 SI : 0.1~1 000..: 0.004 57 m4.57 mm. 1) , . 106, 7 M(106), G( 109), T(1012), P(1015), E(1018), Z(1021), Y(1024).

103, 13:k(103), h(102), da(101), d(101), c(102), m(103), (106), n(109), p(1012), f(1015),a(1018), z(1021), y(1024). : u, umolmol.

2) ,3 k3 k; 4.55 T/L, 4.551012 L1. : mm nm; FpF; kMW GW. 1, 1.

3) , , , min, h, d, n mile, kn, kg. , k, m (SI(1998)7) .

4) : , . 7 200 m3/d7.2 km3/d, 7.2 dam3/d; 10 000 000 m210 Mm2 10 km2; 1 000 000 000 m31 km3, 1 mm3. 5), SI . 50t/a24m3.

2.5 (): . * 1 hm2=15, 1=666.7 m2. 500 kg,[]7.5 t/hm2500 kg/667 m2., 667 m2. hm2m2500 kg/75 kg/100 m275 kg/dam2. * atm 1 atm=101.325 kPa100 kPa. * mmHg kPa.

* cal , kcal cal, SI 1 cal=4.186 8 J4.2 J. * kgf kg. 1 kg/m21 kgf/m2, 9.806 65 N/m2 9.806 65 Pa. * Da, D 1 D=1 u, ()D,3 kD, 3103. * M 1 M=1 mol/L. * N N, 1 N=(1 mol/L)/. : 1 N HCl c(HCl)=1 mol/L. 1 N H2SO4c(H2SO4)=1 mol/L,c(H2SO4)=(1 mol/L)/2=0.5 mol/L. H,(1/2)H2SO4H2SO4, 1/2.

* U 1964, 1U=1mol/min=16.67 nkat. * c.c. cubic centimeter , 1 c.c.=1 cm3=1 mL. * , 1=1 kWh=3.6 MJ. * , 1=735.499 W. * Gs []()CGS, 1 Gs=0.1 mT. * Oe CGS, 1 Oe=79.577 5 A/m. * Mx []CGS, 1 Mx=10 nWb.

3 3.1 3.1.1 1) 3 e (=2.718 281 8), (=3.141 592 6), i ( i2 =1, j ). 2) cos, tan, exp, lg, ln.

3) d f /d xd; x (x= x 2 x 1). 4) max, min, Re, Im, T, Rt, ASA. 5) 5 (): N, N(); Z, Z(); Q, Q(); R, R(); C, C().

3.1.2 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .

3.2 2, = , +, , ,, / , . : A=a+b c+d=n+m; : A=a+b c+d=n+m. : , .

3.3 GB 3102.111993200, 10. 10 (AB) :(A:B) (ab) , , sin x x, x0)

10 < > x lg x log x x lg x lgx cot ctg x arccot x arcctg x x arctan x tan1 x

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