(8403)

1

2~8

9~12

42

30 1 6 2~8 13 9~12 11

12(3467

(60%) + (40%)

NaCl

= +

1/3

*

=+

* 1.

1/3

2.

>100 nm

1~100 nm

*1.

2.*

3.

4. * 1. 2.

1. 1~100 nm* 1 2 3* 1 2 3

2. < 1nm* 1 2 3

() 100ml mg/dlmg% 90 mg/dl10090

mg ml 100%

1. 80~120mg/dl 9~11mg/dl2. g/dl g % 4~5g/dl3. ug/dlug % , 50~174 ug/dl

24hr5%10%500ml 0.9% 500 = 4.5g 5% 500 + 10% 500 2 = 125g

1.

2.,

=

=

Ca2+= 40g/2 = 20g Cl-= 35.5g/1 =35.5g CaOH2 = 74g /2 = 37g NaCl = 58.5 g/ 1 = 58.5g CuO = 80g / 2 = 40g H2SO4 = 98g / 2 = 49g

3.

=1000Ca2+= 40 mg/2 = 20mg H2SO4 = 98 mg / 2 = 49mg

4.

g gmEq mg mg = 1000Eq=mEq=

14g NaOH

NaOH = 40g/1 = 40g NaOH = 4g/40g = 0.1 Eq

20.5Eq H2SO4

H2SO4 = 98g/2 = 49g H2SO4 = 0.5 49g = 24.5g

31.95g K+

K+ = 39g/1000 =0.039g=39mg

K+ = 1.95g/0.039g = 50mEq

() Na2SO4mEq Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42+ 142 2 23=46 96 142mg/71mg 46mg/23mg 96mg/48mg 2 2 2 *

*

0.9%NaClml,Na+ Cl-

00mlNaCl 0.9% 500ml = 4.5g = 4500 mg NaCl58.5 mg NaCl4500mg/58.5mg = 77 mEq NaClNa+ = Cl-77 mEq

80mEqmEq, 10%KCl ml?

1NaCl 80mEq 80 58.5 =4680mg=4.68g 4.68 0.9% = 520ml 2KCl 4mEq 4 74.5 =298mg=0.298g 0.298 10% = 3ml

() 1/ mEq/L

= mEq/L

mg/dl(mg%) mEq/LNa+K+Ca2+Mg2+ 32620102.4142552358.4154Cl-HCO3-SO42-HPO42-365.7164.71.69.617.5700010327125167559.1 154

Na+ 326mg /dl,Na+ mEq Na+ 326mg/dl Na+ 3260 mg Na+ 3260/23=142mEq/L 32610 3262323/10

/10 f mEq/L = 100ml/f 100ml=mEq/L f

100/10=/L*

2. *

0.1MHAcpH3NaAc[H+][HAc]HAcpH35

HAc H+ + Ac-NaAc Na+ + Ac-

*

pH7.35 7.45

pH*

.() CH3COOH CH3COONa (HAc NaAc) H2CO3 NaHCO3 NH3H2O NH4ClC6H5NH2~C6H5NH2.HCl NaH2PO4 K2HPO4

.* H2CO3 NaHCO3 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3-

HCl HCl H+ + Cl- H+ + HCO3- H2CO3pHHCO3-NaOH NaOH Na+ + OH- OH- + H+ H2O )H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- pHH2CO3

2NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4

H2PO4- H+ + HPO42-

Na2HPO4 2Na+ + HPO42-

NaH2PO4 Na+ + H2PO4-

HCl HCl H+ + Cl- H+ + HPO42- H2PO4-pHHPO42-NaOH NaOH Na+ + OH- OH- + H+ H2O )H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- pH,H2PO4-

pH

pH7.35 7.45H2CO3NaHCO3

pH HA MAHA H+ + A-MA M+ + A- [HA]A-MA Ka = = [ H+] [A-] [ H+][]

[HA] [][ H+]= Ka [][]

pH = -lgKa lg( ) -lgKapKa

pH = pKa + lg ( )-*[][][][]

110.1mol HAc0.2mol NaAcPH25HAcKa = 1.7610-5

210ml 0.1M NaH2PO41ml 0.2M Na2HPO4PHH3PO4Ka2= 6.210-8

1pH

2[] /[] [] /[] =1pH=pKa, 3456*

1 [] /[] =1/1010pH pHpKa 1pKb 1

1.pKa(pKb)pH2.pKapHpH3.0.05M~0.2M

7 pH=51000ml? 1: HAc pKa(3.7~5.6) HAc ~NaAc 2pH = pKa + lg[]/[] 5.0 =4.75 + lg[]/[] lg[]/[]) =5.0-4.75 = 0.25 []/[] =1.78 ( 3 ) 0.1M HAc 0.1M NaAc []/[] =C.V/C.V = V/ V=1.78 ( 4 ) V+V = 1000 ml ( 5 ) 34 V=641 ml; V= 359 ml

pH7.35~7.45

pH< 7.3 pH >7.5

, NaHCO 3 pH 7.35

H 2 CO 3 pH

( ) NaHCO 3 pH 7.45

H 2 CO 3 pH pH = pKa + lg

[NaHCO3][H2CO3]

*

Pa* 1 2

*

/mOsm/L mmol/Lmmol/L

1 5% mOsm/L (5 10 1000)/180 = 278(mOsm/L)

2 0.9%NaCl mOsm/L (0.9 10 1000)

= 308 (mOsm/L) 58.5 2

3 330mg %Na+mOsm/L. (330 10)/23 = 144(mOsm/L)

1. *280~ 320mOsm/L 0.9%NaCl5%1.9%1.4%NaHCO3 280mOsm/L0.3%NaCl.,320mOsm/L 50%

NaCl0.9% NaCl1.5% NaCl0.5% NaCl

2.*

NaClNaHCO3 C6H12O6

12 Na+ K+

Na+ K+GlcAACO2O2Cl-HCO-

12

4.53 2.93 1.60 2.93 H2O0 H2O 0 H2O

1.2.3.4.5.6.23457.8.-9 9.10.