1 2 3456

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.51.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10

1.1

1.2

1.3

d=2=10-2radM=10000DfDL2004m CCD

1.4

U/kV60801001202003005001000/0.04870.04180.0370.03340.0250.01970.0140.00187

1.5 (a)(b)

1.6 fKUr/(IN)2M=(L2/f)-1 UIN L2fM Ur Ur10.978810-6U

1.7

1.8 nradd

AA1.13-1.40BB0.40-0.55CS

1.9

rS CSrad

rC CCradUV IA

rf radfA

1.10

2 2.1 2.2

2.1 10-201-31-3

2.2

1 0.3mm100m3mm3mm

22mm3mm100-200 50 103kV-6kV1525

3 3.1 3.2 3.3

3.1 1 2 3 4 56 7

1lqdn dnd/n

1/lOd/nCDEFOAOBAABAB

2 q1qqd=2dsinq2dsinqnln=1TD1qq1q2 d=d(sinq+sinq2)2lD2

3 abchkl

3

3 h>0k>0l>0(000)(200)(020)(002)(220)(022)(202)(222)(111)

3

3

bcchkl=fcchklhcph+2k=3nlNaCl hklbcthkl=hklhkl4hkl

3

4 hklabc

4(1,-1,0) (1,-1,0)(hhl)(112)(114)(116)(002)(111)(113)(115)(001)

5BB[001](001)[111](111)[111]

6

7

3.2 RgLq tg2q=R/Lsin2q=g/(1/l)=gll/d qtg2q=sin2q/cos2qsin2q Ll=Rd

1 L=24.8mm1)r1r2r1r2q902)r1r2qr110.0mmr225.2mmq833)R=r2/r12.52

14)r2/r1q[123]r1r2(1,1,-1)(-3,3,-1),d1/a=0.577 ;

6L=rdd12.48 a=d1/0.577=2.48/0.577=4.30 5)

2

21234r2/r1q5L=rdd2.48d/aa

r2/r1q/d/a(h1k1l1)(h2k2l2)a/2.4985.40.316-3,0,11.-6,5,7.852.5282.40.5771,1,-1-3,3,-14.302.5281.90.5940,1,-2-3,0,-44.18

26VN(4.28 )FeO(4.31 )TiC(4.32 )SiC(4.35 )7VVN8

31r1r2qr1r2q902r2/r1q R=r2/r1qRq

4 ,R(hkl)LlR2 R12R22R32R42R52123456891011123456789348111216192024381116192427

4 RR2Ri2/R12Ri2/R12

5 (pqr)[uvw](hkl)(htktlt) pqruvw

5 (pqr){111} (pqr){112}

5 phqkrl3n (hkl)(-h,-k,-l)2n()n()pqrhkl(hkl)(pqr)phqkrl3n

6 fccM23C6aba

6(hkl)(htktlt)A (-2,4,2)A(-2,4,2)phqkrl3n(1,1,1)(-1,1,1)(1,-1,1)(1,1,-1)48-40(1,1,-1)(pqr)(1,1,-1) phqkrl3n0

6BCD1/3B-4/3,14/3,-2/3, phqkrl4B4,-2,-2

7 a-Fe ar16.25mmr210.83mm,73R=r2/r1=1.732,bccfcc,4.989.96FeCr2S4FeCr2S4

7 abr318.75mmr46.25mm732.866a-Fe[311]

7 bcc[311]A(-1,2,1)phqkrl-p2qr3n{112}(112)(-1,2,1)(-2,1,-1)a[1,-5,2](112)[1,-5,2](112)(hkl)(htktlt)b

8

8(hkl)[uvw]hu+kv+lw=NNN0N

[uvw]N(bcc)u+v+wu+v+wN=1234N=2468(fcc)uvwuvwN=1234N=2468(hcp)uvwN=1234

8

8R1=R2=10mm90fcc[001](200)(020)N=1R1R2(hkl)h=1k=1hu+kv+lw=N1l=1(111)R1R2hl22

3.4 1 2

1OOOOPOQSOPPT(OQ)QR(OP)

11/dOg*/2g*n/dO2dsin=n

2(hkl)(hkl)L

3.5 12

1

2

4 4.14.24.34.4

4.1 1 2g 3s 4

1

2

3g(hkl)Kk0kg kgk0AB

3g

3gVcFg

4ssk0OBs=0gggBBBBsBB Ld

sxxs4s

4.2 12345

1

2rk0krnAPdg

2Adzdz/ddzPP

3s sin2(pst)1 t

3

3tsin2(pst)1ss

3 s

3 EFs=0s0s=0

4Rrnr=rn+RRr

4Adzdz/ddzP

4R

5 t>g/Ig>1s

4.3 12

1

1

1 sts

s=0tggIg>1

1 b1 b2 b1b2 b2b1b14-6s>0b1s

1EFs=0s0s=0

2 R,ss+s,

4.4 AAAA

5 5.1Scherzer 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

5.1 /2(x)

5.2 Scherzer (u,v)cos(u,v)sin(u,v)sin(u,v) sin(u,v)cos(u,v)u f-105nm sin(u,v) 1 sin(u,v) 1Scherzer Scherzer

5.2 Scherzer UCs Scherzer

5.2 Scherzer Scherzerf0d f0ScherzernmdnmCsnmnmJEM-2100F Cs1106nm0.0025nmScherzer61nm0.23nm

5.3 1 2 3 4

1,Fe73.5CuNb3Si13.5B9550/1h

2(a) BiCu-OCu-O(b)(c)(a)

3SrTiO3

4ScherzerSrTiO3 (a) (100) (b) 110 (c)111

5.4 Z(Z)ZHAADFSTEM-DFISTEM-BFI

5.5 OO

5.5 abcBA

5.5 Si3N4(a)JEOL 4000EX(400kV, Cs=1.6 mm)(b)TITAN 80-300(300kV, Cs = - 0.4 m)(a)Si-N(b)

6 6.16.26.36.4

6

1.01.0

6.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Rg Si

hABbxCDCDr beur

be0bu=0ABhz g.b=0

nnn11 0

xx/coscosZ

2 sZ

3g1g2b

CC

C1/2C

4s>0Xs

4

5bngbgbegb0gb0bubuggbu010nmnub

6b1b2 12n>1 1234

b1=-b2b1=b2b1b260b1=b2

6g

6g

7gb0g

8(104-106)PPtLLN >1010

6.2 1 2 3 4

1

12/32/32n;s0Nt(N-1)g=ts0

1 2/3

1g

1

2gggBA

3g

4

6.3

6.3 d1d2d1d2dd1d2

6.4 R P1P2P3

6.4