研究范式和研究方法介绍张鹏翼

2012年 4月 4日

研究方法和范式Framework for choosing research methods

Research ParadigmsInductive and Deductive ResearchQualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods

研究范式决定研究方法• 研究范式 (Creswell, 2003)

– Positivist / Post-positivist 实证／后实证主义– Constructivist / Deconstructionist 建构主义– Advocacy / Participatory 参与／主张– Pragmatic 实用主义

实证／后实证主义• Thinkers

– Popper波普尔 , Newton牛顿 , Stanley• Key Points

– 存在唯一的客观现实，客观现实可以被建模– 研究者不能“证实”一个理论或其他因果命题，但是可以通过消除其他解释来增强这一理论

– 对于同一套数据可以用不同的理论来解释– 观察中内含着理论、研究过程中的主观因素，但是坚持客观性仍然是研究的努力方向，研究者应该尽可能地保持中立

– 某些严格的科学方法的要求并不适合于社会科学研究，因此提出准实验研究

建构主义／解析主义Thinkers

◦Vygotsky维果斯基 , Piaget皮亚杰 , Lincoln & Guba

Key Points◦现实／知识是被构建的

Socially – Vygotsky Individually -- Piaget

◦现实／知识是主观的◦现实／知识在一定的情境／ context中成立

参与／主张• Thinkers

– Marx, Habermas, Freire, Kemmis & Wilkinson

• Key Points– Reality/meaning is socially constructed – Research is intertwined with politics and political agendas– Addresses issues of empowerment, voice to the marginalized, oppression...– Tends to be qualitative

• Types– Feminist perspective– Queer theory– Disability inquiry– Racialized discourse– Critical Theory

实用主义• Thinkers – Pierce, James, Mead, and Dewey• Key Points

– Researches are not tied to a particular philosophical world view (knowledge claim)

– Researchers are free to choose the methodology (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods) that appears to address the problem at hand.

– Practical problem solving oriented– Tends to utilize a mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) approach

Inductive／ Deductive

定性研究Traditions

◦Ethnographies – longitudinal study of intact culture in natural setting.

◦Grounded Theory – Abstract from views of participants.

◦Case Studies – In-depth study of a individuals, an event, or a process.

◦Narrative Research – Collects stories of individuals.

定量研究• Key Concepts

– Experimental designs– Non-experimental Designs – e.g. surveys– Scientific Method– Empiricism– Claims Objectivity– Most often used by post positivists.

混合方法Types

◦Sequential – Qualitative to quantitative or quantitative to qualitative.

◦Concurrent – Integrate qualitative and quantitative methods and data.

◦Transformative – Theory driven choices in data collection techniques.

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