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/ 2012/09/251(ps.)J. R. McNeil151621368-1911J. R. McNeill, 19953

Perkins,()/()()165(1620-1850)2007

62(1336)6(1626)Pietra Rivoli T20067(http://baike.baidu.com/view/1661.htm )

3+3:Sweet potato, Maize, Sweet Corn, Indian Corn, /Potato, Peanut, ()Tobacco, ()Chilli, Chilli Pepper, ()91917-2012Ping-ti Ho, Introduction of American Food Plants into China,The American Anthropologist57, 2(1955); American Food Plants in China Plant Science Bulletin 2,1 (1956). Early Ripening Rice in Chinese History, Economic History Review, IX (1956-57);,(1978) ; Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953.(1959) (2000), Ch.8(2005), 18 (2012)

1576(),1580();1600(),1616()-1768()

199873 vs. 5

129519313 14(Columbian Exchange)(Dactylopius coccus)

2009/09/15 @ http://udn.com/

1612

17(1644-1820)321999:123-1633http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~pengshan/mingqing.htmGoogle18 19http://www.yuefei.net/bbs/a/a.asp?B=6&ID=154392008/03/19 20 21

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2,11(1973)545(Adam Smith)294Smithian Growthvs., Bin Wong(Thomas R. Malthus,1766-1834 )HLET, Mark Elvin,(involution, Fr. Clifford Geertz),Philip Huang(2000): 2514th, 6,5001600, 1.51779, 2.5; 1794, 3.13; 1850, 4.3; 1953, 5.8 (, 2000: 310, 316,325)201011, 13.4,:,5,3(1994):25-71;,1996,1:31-37. 1700-2000(2000)26 1989)333-33616441810271616(1) (2) 28

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30 (1630-1704)17199794542814(1985)1-28 3189321982157-15833

35(1770)426

3430(1765) 3512143953634(1695)937113-1438//(industrious) vs.(industrial) 1639

1820-GDP(2010)1.1820GDPHDI (+ )18102.The Smithian / Kuznetzian dynamics. economic modernity (292)

13-4: 19 (%)(1823-1829)(1807)2743562616311001001820-GDP271