**Study on Active Contour Model Applying in Measurement of Bone Mass Area in SpinalPostero-Lateral Fusion

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8564%

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X

PACSX

X**

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()(ACEadaptive contrast enhancement)(CGcontrast gains)

Chang[29]ACE

(LSDlocal standard deviation)(CG)

(CG)X

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()XX

Frosio[30](soft-tissue filter)

(Gaussian distributions)(inverted lognormal distribution)(Local Gamma Correction)**

()Jindan[19]2005

[21]

-(Top-Hat Transform)-(Bottom-Hat Transform)

ht=I-(Ib) hb=(Ib)-I

EnhancedImage = OriginalImage + top-hat(OriginalImage) bottom-hat(OriginalImage)

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()Chang-Yan Xiao[25]diffusion stick

stick

stick

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()

(sum of squared differences, SSD)

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()(active contour model)

(internal)(external)(damping)

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**SnakeSnake

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References[1] 2006 5 [2] Cowan et al., Changes in the utilization of spinal fusion in the United. States, Neurosurgery 59, pp. 15-20, 2006.[3] Hibbs RA, An operation for progressive spinal deformity, NY MedJ, vol. 21, pp. 1013-1016, 1911.[4] Albee FH, Transplantation of a portion of the tibia into the spine for Potts disease, J Am Med Assoc, vol. 57, pp. 855-858, 1911.[5] Mixter WJ, Barr JS, Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvementof the spinal canal, N Engl J Med, vol. 211, pp. 210-215, 1934.[6] Barr JS, Ruptured intervertebral disc and sciatic pain, J Bone Joint Surg, vol. 29, pp. 429-437, 1947.[7]. Closkey RF, Parsons JR, Lee CK and Blacksin MF, Mechanics of Interbody spinal Fusion, Spine, vol. 18, pp. 1011-1015, 1993.[8] Goulet JA, Senunas LE and Desilva GL, Autogenous Iliac crest bone graft, Clin Orthop Relat R, vol. 339, pp. 76-81, 1997.[9] Nakamura H, Yamano Y, Seki M, and Konishi S, Use of foldedvascularized rib graft in anterior fusion after treatment of thoracic and upper lumbar lesion, J Neurosurg, vol. 94, pp. 323-327, 2001.[10] Liu PH, Chang CH, Chang HP, Integration of CAD and FE method to simulate the pedicle screw within the vertebra, J Med Biol Eng, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 175-182, 2001.[11] European Journal of Trauma, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 340-348, 2002.**

[12] Issever AS, Vieth V, Lotter A, Meier N, Laib A, Newitt D, Majumdar S, Link TM, "Local differences in the trabecular bone structure of the proximal femur depicted with high-spatial resolution MR imaging and multisection CT", Acad Radiol, vol.9, no. 12, pp. 1395-1406, Dec., 2002[13] Chen C.M., Chou Y.H., Han K.C., Hung G.S., Tiu C.M., Chiou H.J. et al., "Breast lesions on sonograms: Computer-aided diagnosis with nearly setting-independent features and artificial neural networks," Radiology, vol. 226, no. 2, pp. 504-514, Feb., 2003.[14] Huang Y. L., Chen J. H. and Shen W. C., "Diagnosis of Hepatic Tumors with Texture Analysis in Non-enhanced CT Images", Academic Radiology, vol.13, no.6, pp.713-720, June 2006.[15] Chen W.J., Tsai T.T., Chen L.H., Niu C.C., Lai P.L., Fu T.S., Kevin McCarthy, The fusion Rate of Calcium Sulfate with Local Autograft Bone Compared with autologous Iliac Bone Graft for Instrumented short-Segment Spinal fusion, Spine, vol. 30, no. 20, pp. 2293-2297, Oct., 2005.[]Jindan hou and Mohamed Abdel-Mottaleb, A content-based system for human identification based on bitewing dental X-ray images, Pattern Recognition 38(2005) 2132-2142.[]Michael Kass, Andrew Witkin and Demetri Terzopoulos, Snake: Active Contour Models, International Journal of Computer Vision, 321-331(1988).[]Chenyang Xu and Jerry L.Prince, Gradient Vector Flow: A New External Force for Snakes, IEEE Proc. Conf. on Comp. Vis. Patt.Recog. (CVPR97).[]2/e2006**

[]L.D. Cohen, On active contour models and balloons, CVGIP Image Understanding, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 211-218, 1991.[]Yu Ma, Xiaodong Gu and Yuanyuan Wang, Contour integration based on the characteristics of edge elements, International Congress Series 1301 (2007) 97-101.[]W.S. Geisler, J.S. Perry, B.J. Super, D.P. Gallogly, Edge co-occurrence in natural images predicts contour grouping performance, Vision Research 41 (2001) 711-724.[]Chang-Yan Xiao , Zhang Su, Ya-zhu Chen, A diffusion stick method for speckle suppression in ultrasonic images, Pattern Recognition Letters 25 (2004) 18671877.[]Nagesha*,G. Hemantha Kumar, A level crossing enhancement scheme for chest radiograph images, Computers in Biology and Medicine 37 (2007) 1455-1460[]Qiang Chena,*, Quan-sen Suna, Pheng Ann Hengb,c, De-shen Xiaa, A double-threshold image image binarization method based on edge detector, Pattern Recognition 41(2008) 1254-1267.[]Yuchong Jianga,*, Paul Babynb, X-ray bone fracture segmentation by incorporating global shape model priors into geodesic active contours, International Congress Series 1268(2004) 219-224[]Y Jiang*, X-ray bone fracture subtraction using geodesic active contour and mathematical morphology operations, International Congress Series 1256(2003) 226-231.

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