အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၅)

4

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(jrefrmopfr*~Zif;/ atmufwdkbmv/ 2009 rS)

7


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10

1 01 01 01 01 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(5)

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(jrefrmopfr*~Zif;/ Edk0ifbmv/ 2009 rS)

12


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(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

13


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(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

14


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16


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armi fpdk;csdef29/ 4/ 2013

17


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opPmeD

In Style, December, 2013

18


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19


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atmi fa0;ar 7/ 2013 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

20


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toGiful;ajymif;rlhwJhvm;

21


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Mr,pen

22


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23


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24


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25


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26


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27


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28


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35


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36


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(ta&;awmfyHk *sme,f twGJ 1/ trSwf 3 rS )

&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmi f;{+yD 29/2013

37


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OD;oef h eJ h bmoma&;

38


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OD;Ek[m qÏr o*Fg,emwif omoemh 'g,um}uD;bGJŒ cHvdkol jzpfygw,f? yOPro*Fg,em wifcJhwm[m rif;wkef;rif; vufxufuqdkawmh xyf+yD; o*Fg,emwifzdk@tavmw}uD; rvdkao;ygbl;? rif;wkef;rif;u ausmufxuftuQ&m wifcJ hwmyg?ykHESdyfpmawGvnf; ¶dkufESdyf+yD;om; &Sdaeyg+yD? E_wfxuf tm*Hkoufouf r[kwfygbl;? Armjynfuvnf; 'kwd,urBmppfrSm rdat;ESpfcgemqdkovdk *syeft0ifwcg/ t*Fvdyft0ifwcgppf'%fcH+yD; jymyHkjzpfcJh&wJhtjyif jynfwGifppfrD;uvnf; awmufavmifaewmyg? 'gha=umihfxlaxmifp wkdif;jynfrSm vdk%f*l}uD;aqmuf+yD; t}uD;tus,f aiGukefa=u;uscHzdk@qkdwm

39


qdkif;xm;oihfygao;w,f? 'gha=umihf OD;oef@u trkef;cH+yD; uef@uGufcJhygw,f? OD;Ekupdwful;,Ofolvnf;jzpf/ vkyfcsifovdkvkyfzdk@ tm%mvnf; &Sdcsdefjzpfvdk@ ZGwfwdk;vkyfcJhygw,f?aemufyd kif;rSm owif;pmq&m 0ef}uD; OD;xGef;azu "b0&Sifrif;w&m;}uD;" vdk@ac:avmufatmif ZGwfwdk;vkyfavh&Sdvmygw,f? rdwfaqGOD;oef@&JŒ uef@uGufr_[m ratmifjrifcJhygbl;?

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OD;oef@uawmh "rRmEœ&m,ftjzpf pGJcsufrwifygbl;? OD;Ek wcgwav ajymzl;ovdk"uGefjrLepf0g' t"Gef@&Snfygap/ ArmuGefjrLepfrsm; usqHk;ygap" vdk@ ajymvdkyHk&ygw,f?ArmuGefjrLepfawGudk uGefjrLepf trnfcHxm;wJh t=urf;zuform;awGvdk@ qdkygw,f?ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ ocifpkd;wdk@ tjyeftvSef yk*~dKvfa&; wkdufcdkuf=uyHk/ r=um;0Hh remom pGyfpGJajymqdk=uyHkawGqdk+yD; olwdk@ pmapmifawGrSm tjyeftvSefa&;xm;wm awGudk pkaygif;wifjyygw,f? tvHeDocifpkd;[m rlvu vl (30) avmuf&Sd&mu ajr&SifoaX;awG&JŒ ypPnf;awGudkvk,uf,liifwJhtcg vlqkd;"m;jyawGyg0ifvmvdk@ csufcsif;vl (300) avmuf jzpfoGm;cJhw,fvdk@ a&;ygw,f? ""rRmEœ&m,f rdp>m'dÏd" qkdwJh pum;udk roHk;cJhyg? bmoma&;udkEdkifiHa&;wkdufyGJ vufeuftjzpf oHk;avhr&SdcJhyg? &SdawmifrS zq qdk&S,ftrsm;pkvdk t"duvufeuftjzpf roHk;cJhyg?

OD;oef@woufwmrSm rdcifeJ@ twl bkef;}uD;qGrf;uyfwmrsdK;/ a&$wd*Hkbk&m;udkwuf+yD; bk&m;zl;wmrsdK;udk vkyfavh&Sdygw,f? w&m;xdkifwmvnf; vkyfygw,f? ykwD;pdyfwmr=um;zl;yg? tvSLtwef; t}uD;qHk;vkyfzl; wmu rdrd&&SdwJh *s0g[mvmae¶l; qkaiG ¶lyD;wodef;udk *syef&Sd ukvor*~wuUodkvfudk ynma&;&efyHkaiG tvSLtjzpf vSLcJhwmyJ&Sdygw,f?

udk,fusihfoduQmydkif;u ajym&&ifawmh ig;yg;oDvudk cg;0wfykqdk;uJhodk@ +rJolvdk@ajym&if omrefajym&m usygr,f? OD;oef@[m ol&JŒ &mxl;t&Sdeft0gtoHk;cs+yD; tpdk;&0efxrf;taeeJ@a&m/ ukvor*~ 0efxrf;taeeJ@a&m tcGihfta&; tvGJoHk;pm;r_rsdK;/udk,fusdK;&Smr_rsdK; vHk;0 r&SdcJhol jzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;vdk tukodkvfrsm; wJh vlrsdK;[m OD;oef@udk"qifjzLrsufESm qifrJr=unhf0Hh" jzpfcJhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?

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OD;oef@&JŒ rdwfaqG&if; OD;Ek[m "OD;oef@[m tvGef¶k d;om; ajzmihfrwfolwa,mufjzpf+yD; Ak'<bmomudkvnf; tvGef¶dkaoudkif;¶_dif;ol jzpfygw,f" vdk@ twdkcsKyfajymcJhzl;ygw,f? wu,fawmh OD;oef@[m b,fbmomudk rqkd ¶dkaoudkif;¶_dif;wJh vl,Ofaus;jzpfygw,f? OD;EkajymwJh "OD;oef@[m tvGef¶dk;om;ajzmihfrwfol" qdkwJh pum;[m ¶kd;¶kd;eJ@jynhfpHkvSwJh *k%fyk'fygyJ?

OD;tkef;jrihf ('dk@&Srf;jynf) uawmh Ak'<bmom ¶_axmihfu *k%fjyKpum;wvHk;jzpfwJh"olZmwmwdk@. rsm;pGm ESpfvdk=unfndK cifrifapEdkifaom oGifjyiftrlt&m&Sdjcif;" vdk@tcsKyfajymygw,f? tJ'gudk "o&%D,w&m; ajcmufyg;eJ@ jynhfpHkol" ajymEdkifygw,fwJh?o&%D,w&m; ajcmufyg;qdkwmu.....

(1) cspfcifESpfvdkzG,f udk,ftrlt&m&Sdjcif;/(2) cspfcifESpfvdkzG,f E_wftrlt&m&Sdjcif;/(3) cspfcifESpfvdkzG,f pdwftrlt&m&Sdjcif;/(4) cspfcifESpfvdkzG,f rSswa0zefr_&Sdjcif;/(5) cspfcifESpfvdkzG,f udk,fusihf&Sdjcif;/(6) cspfcifESpfvdkzG,f vdkufavsmwwfjcif;wJh? tm;vHk; (6) yg;yg?"cspfcifESpfvdkzG,f trltusihfeJ@ jynfpHkol" vdk@ ajym&if +yD;r,fxifygw,f?"Ak'<bmomESihf OD;oef@" qdkwJh bdvyfu *g'D,efowif;pm aqmif;yg;wyk'fudk

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xkdodk@ &nf&G,f&if;&Sd=uaom vlrsdK;rsm;rSm t*wdw&m;rvdkufpm;bJ orpdwWrSswpGm xm;&Sdwwfaom oabm&Sdolrsm;jzpfonf? OD;oef@udk =unhfygvSsif ol,Hk=unfvufcHaom bmomw&m;a=umihfyif ukvor*~. wm0ef}uD;rsm;udk xrf;aqmif&efoihfawmfolwOD;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;aeonfpojzihf tqdkyg *g'D,efowif;pm}uD;uqufvufa0zefa&;om;xm;ayonf? txufygpm[m ¶dkufwmowif;Xmeu *g'D,efowif;pmyg aqmif;yg;xJu ta=umif;tcsufwckudk azmufonfcsvdkufwmyJ jzpfygw,f?

41


wu,fawmh OD;oef@[m jrefrmjynfom; wa,muftaeeJ@ 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;'%fudk rdat;ESpfcgemqdkovdk cHcJh&ol/ jynfwGif;ppf}uD;'%fudk cHcJh&oljzpfygw,f? 'gha=umihfppfudk rvdkvm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkvm;wm jzpfygw,f? urBmppfrD;xJrSm olpkaqmif;cJhwJhpmtkyfawGeJ@ twl ol@tdrfvnf; rD;xJygoGm;cJhygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfumvrSm u&ifolykefeJ@+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;zdk@ toufpGef@+yD; aqmif&GufcJh&wJh tawG@t}uHKvnf; &Sdygw,f?

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Ak'<bmom0if OD;oef@&JŒ pGrf;aqmifr_awGa=umihf.....(1) jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ *k%fjrihfwufcJhw,f?(2) jrefrmvlrsKd;&JŒ *k%fjrihfwufcJhw,f?(3) Ak'<bmom&JŒ *k%fjrihfwufcJhw,f?(3) ukvor*~}uD;&JŒ *k%fvnf; jrihfwufcJhygw,f?

Akdvfae0if;tp Akdvfoef;a&$tqkH; ArmppfAkdvfcsKyfawGa=umihf cktcgrSm jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ *k%fa&m Ak'<bmom&JŒ *k%fa&m/ jrefrmvlrsKd;&JŒ *k%fawG txl;edrhfuscJh&ygw,f?'D*k%fawGukd olrsm;u qnfay;vkd@r&yg? OD;oef@ukd remvkd wkd&Snf jzpfaevkd@vnf; r+yD;yg?OD;oef@*k%fawGukd zsufypfvkd@vnf; r&yg? rdrdwkd@rSm usqif;aewJh *k%fukd rdrdwkd@bmom

O D;oef@&JŒ rdwfaqG&if; O D;Ek[m" O D;oef@[m tvGef¶kd;om; ajzmihfrwfol

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¶dkaoudki f;¶_di f;wJh vl,Ofaus;jzpfygw,f? OD;EkajymwJh " O D;oef@[m tvGef¶dk;om;ajzmihfrwfol " qdkwJh pum;[m

¶kd;¶kd;eJ@ jynhfpHkvSwJh *k%fyk'fygyJ?......

42


jyefvnfjrihfwifrSom &Ekdifygw,f?AkdvfcsKyfawGtaeeJ@ rdrdwkd@&JŒ*k%fukd q,fcsif&if tvGefvG,fygw,f? OD;oef@

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AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGtm;vkH; arwWmyGm;Ekdifygap? wkdif;jynf+idrf;csrf; om,matmifaqmif&GufEkdif=uygap? usaemfwkd@ =unfndKpGm tav;jyKyg&ap?

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armi fpGrf;&nf{jyD 10/ 2013

axmifESifhrdcif

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43


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uGsEfkyfonf wuUodkvfoydwf pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD vl}uD;rsm;a&S@0,f tvGefraumif;

EGm;ESihfoydwf

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44


qdk;0g;aom wuUodkvf ta=umif;csif;&mwdk@udk =um;odorSs ,xmblw oufaocH+yD;onfh t+cm;rJhwGif (1)wESpfausmfrSs cGJcGgvmcJh&aom rdbESpfyg;udk zl;arSsmfvdk+cif; (2)t=uiftnma'owGif oydwfta+ctae rnfodk@rnfyHk&Sdonfudk pHkprf;vsuf wu,fvdkavao;&SdurdrdZmwdcsufa=uG awmt&yfw0dkufwGif awmolawmifom;wdk@tm; oydwfw&m;a&at;wdk@udk au|;vdk+cif;[laom qEMESpfyg; zdpD;vSo+zifh acgif;aqmift=uif aemifEk/aemiftkef;/ bdkif&Spfwdk@tm; q,f&uftwGif;+yefvmcJhygrnf pdwfcsyg[k tzefzefusdefqdkcGifhyef+yD; oumv xdkrnfaom oydwf+yef=um;a&;Ïmeudkvnf; udkausmf+idrf;tm;acwW v$JtyfcJh+yD;aomf wwd,wGJodk@ ckefwufum tnmodk@ qefcJh avaom[l.?

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"AsdK@EGm;=uD; bmvkyfaewmvJ+rufpm;aewmvm;"[k u|efawmfuyif pwifI&kwfw&uf ESKwfqufvdkufay.? EGm;=uD;um; pdkpdrf;aom a+rpmyifrsm;0,f pdwfa&m ypyfyg0ifpm;csuf aumif;vS.? "tc ku|efawmfwdk@ a&$wd*Hkay:rSm oydwfarSmufae=uw,f odvm;?ausmif;om;awGudk tvum;ae&if; ausmif;xkwfcH&vGef;vdk@" EGm;=uD;onf pm;+rJpm;ae.?

"eJeJrS rw&m;bl;Asm? wu,fqdk&ifu|efawmfwdk@[m Edkifvdkrif;xuf rkqdkvDeDuav;awGvJ r[kwfygbl;? ausmif;udk pmoifbdk@ vm=uwmyg? apmfum;bdk@vJ r[kwfbl;?apmfum;wmudk cHaebdk@vJ r[kwfbl;? udkpDk;+rihfudk "qm"rxl;vdk@ ausmif;xkwfowJh?xkwf+ypfyHkuvJ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r[kwfbl;? +yefoGif;rvdkvdk bmvdkvdkeJ@ av;ig;vavmuf

45


ausmif;wufcGihf ray;bJ nSif;xm;w,f? ukefukefa+ym=updk@/ tck udkpdk;+rifh wHwm;uav;udka&mufaeyDav? tESm b,fvl@t+ypfvJ pOf;pm;=unfhawmh? q&mh0wW&m;qdkwm wynhfudktn$ef@csdK;bdk@ bJvm;vdk²"

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EGm;=uD;onf a&S@odk@ a+cwvSrf;wdk;I +rufrsm;udk qufvufpm;ae.?"aemufqHk; ausmif;xkwfcH&wmuawmh udkatmifqef;aygh? tdk;a0r*~Zif;

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ausmi f;om;awGudk tvum;ae&if; ausmi f;xkwfcH&vGef;vdk@" EGm;=uD;onf pm;+rJpm;ae.?......

46


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47


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vmvrf;+zihf +yefcJhaom u|efawmfum; pdwfraumif;acs? EGm;=uD;udk oydwfta=umif; a+ym&onfrSm u|Jyg;apmif;wD; &SdvS.? *&kpdkufyHkvnf;ray:? em;vnf[efvnf;r&Sd?a[m& a+ym&olwGifum; armvS.? tdk....EGm;awG/ EGm;awG/ EGm;wdk@onfum; t[dwfwd&dp>mefrsm;om +zpfukef.? tE<rsm;om +zpfukef.? oydwfudkvnf; em;rvnf? w&m;udkvnf;em;r0if? 'if;[email protected]'ESihf vkyfief;um; oHo&mwavSsmufvHk; +rufpm;I aemufacs;,dk+yD;vSsifEGm;raemuf vdkuf&efom wwf=uavawmhownf;?

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....

48


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a&G;aumufyGJESihftrsKd;om;nDvmcHvuf&Sd 2008 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf 1993 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 9

&ufae@wGif pwifusif;ycJhaom trsKd;om; nDvmcHY jrpfzsm;cHcJhonf? 1992 ckESpf Zlvdkifv10 &ufae@wGif trsKd;om; nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,f 702 OD;. trnfrsm;udk xkwfjyefa=unmcJh&m 1990 jynhfESpf ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJwGif ta&G;cs,fcH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 99 OD;om yg0ifcJhojzihf udk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif;. 15 &mcdkifE_ef;om &SdcJhonf?EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJŒonf 1992 ckESpf {+yDv 24 &ufae@wGiftrsKd;om; nDvmcHudk ajcmufvtwGif; ac:,lusif;yrnf[k xkwfjyefcJhonf? Todk@jzihfzGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&; vrf;a=umif;udk tpjyKcJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1996 ckESpf rwfv

tajccHOya' cHuwkwfESihf vlxkudk,fpm;jyKrSK h

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49


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a&G;aumufyGJ ESpfESpfjynhfcgeD; tcsdefwGif EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&; tzGJŒonfzGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'opf a&;qJGa&; pDrHcsuf vrf;a=umif;udk yHkazmfcJh+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHudkac:,lcJhonf? trsKd;om;nDvmcHESihf zGJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;pDrHcsufonf 1990jynhfESpf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif awmif+ydKurf;+ydK tEdkif&&SdcJhaomtrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD tzGJŒcsKyftm; tm%mv$Jajymif;a&; tpDtpOfudk acszsufcJhjcif;jzpfonf?1996 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk &yfem;cJh +yD;aemuf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;onf aomifrwifa&rus taetxm;odk@ a&muf&SdcJhonf? e0wtpdk;&onf tm%mv$Jajymif;a&; tusyftwnf;udk tajccHOya'opf a&;qGJa&;udk OD;wnfaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHESihf vrf;v$JEdkifcJhonf?

vrf;jyajryHkESihf nDvmcH'kwd,tausmhEdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGHŒ+zdK;a&;aumifpDonf 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfv

30 &ufaehwGif tqihfckepfqihf yg0ifaom 'Drdkua&pD vrf;jyajryHkudk csrSwfcJhonf? vrf;jyajryHk. yxrtqihfonf 1996 ckESpfuwnf;u &yfem;xm;cJhaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHudkjyefvnfusif;y&ef jzpfonf? 2003 ckESpf arv 30 &uf 'DyJ,if; wdkufcdkufr_t+yD; oHk;vtwGif;vrf;jyajryHk csjycJhjcif;onf EdkifiHwumY 'DyJ,if; wdkufcdkufr_udk ta=umif;jyKvsuf &ifqdkifae&aom pdefac:r_rsm; zdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk avsmhcsEdkif&ef tm¶kHajymif;&ef AsL[majrmufpDrHcJhjcif;jzpfonf? vrf;jyajryHk ckepfcsufonf 'DyJ,if; wdkufcdkufr_tay: EdkifiHwum.pdwf0ifpm;r_udk tm¶kHajymif;&ef &nf&G,fonhf EdkifiHa&; tpDtpOf wpf&yfom jzpfcJhonf?EdkifiHa&;t& oduQmq,fonhf vkyf&yf[k oHk;oyfr_tcsKdŒ &SdcJhaomfvnf; jyefvnfpwifonhftrsKd;om; nDvmcHwGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJŒcsKyfESihf &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tygt0if 1990 jynhfESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&&Sdonhf t"duygwDrsm;.udk,fpm;vS,frsm; rwufa&mufcJhojzihf ckwf&mwjcm; &S&mwjcm; jzpfapcJhonf[kvnf;rSwfcsufjyKEdkifonf?

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trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfonf EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGHŒ+zdK;a&;aumifpDu jyefvnfusif;yrnhf trsKd;om;nDvmcHY yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef qEN&Sdonhf

50


tavsmuf ygwD'kwd,OuUÏ OD;wifOD;ESihf taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@udk v$wfay;a&; tygt0if tcsufig;csufudk tm%mydkifrsm;xHwifjy awmif;qdkcJh&moabmwlnDr_ r&&SdcJhojzihf trsKd;om; nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufrnf r[kwfa=umif; 2004ckESpf arv 14 &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefcJhonf? ukvor*~ tmqD,H tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHtcsKdŒ tygt0ifEdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;onf teft,fvf'DygwD rygaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfudktdrfcsKyfcsKyf+yD; usif;yaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk tjyif;txef a0zefcJhonf?

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nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,f zGJŒpnf;r_2004 ckESpf trsKd;om; nDvmcH. udk,fpm;vS,f a&G;cs,fr_wGif yGihfvif;jrifomr_

tm;enf;cJh+yD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. jynfolvlxkudk udk,fpm;jyKEdkifr_ tydkif;onfvnf;

51


ar;cGef;xkwfzG,f jzpfcJhonf? arv 17 &ufaehwGif jyefvnfusif;ycJhaom trsKd;om; nDvmcHYudk,fpm;vS,f tpktzGJŒ&SpfzG JŒrS udk,fpm;vS,f 1088 OD;wufa&mufcJ haomfvnf;a&G;aumufyGJwGif a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom udk,fpm;vS,f 15 OD; om wufa&mufcJhojzihfudk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif;. 0²01 &mcdkifE_ef;om udk,fpm;jyKcJhonf? 2004 ckESpf nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf onf 1992 ckESpf nDvmcHxuf 386 OD; ydkrsm;aomfvnf;a&G;aumufyGJY a&G;aumufcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. ta&twGufrSm 1992 ckESpfwGif 99OD;&SdcJh&mrS 2004 ckESpf wGif 15 OD;om&SdcJhojzihf 84 OD; avsmhenf;cJhonf?

a&G;aumufyGJwGif a&G;aumuf cHxm;&aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpktzGJŒ/EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; tpktzGJŒ/ todynm&Sif twwfynm &Sifrsm;tpktzGJŒESihf tjcm;zdwf=um;oihfonhf yk*~dKvfrsm; tpktzGJŒwdkhwGif nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,f 205 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf?tpktzGJŒrsm;. nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk a&G;cs,fzdwf=um;cJhonfudk tao;pdwfxkwfjyefcJhjcif; r&Sdonhftjyif trsKd;om;nDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;r_rsm;ESihf ywfoufIyGihfvif;jrifomr_ tydkif;wGifvnf; tm;enf;cJhonf?

w&m;0if twnfrjyKEdkifaom owif;rsm;t& wdkif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tpktzGJŒ/ awmifolv,form; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpktzGJŒ/ tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tpktzGJŒESihf EdkifiH0efxrf;udk,f pm;vS,frsm;tpktzGJŒwdkh. nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onfjynfaxmifpk =uHhcdkifa&;ESihfzGHŒ +zdK;a&;toif;0ifrsm;/ jynfcdkif+zdK; toif;}uD;udk axmufcHolrsm;ESihftpdk;&ESihf eD;pyfolrsm; jzpfonf[k oHk;oyfazmfjy=uonf? xdkhtwl todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sifrsm;tpktzGJŒwGif zdwf=um;cH&ol trsm;pkonfvnf; tpdk;&ESihf yvJeHoihfolrsm; eD;pyfolrsm;jzpfonf[k aumufcsufjyK=uonf? tjcm;zdwf=um;oihfaom yk*~dKvfrsm; tpktzGJŒwGifa'gufwmcifarmifnGef@/ OD;cGefjrwf/ a'gufwmapmqdkifrGef om/ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfaomOD;pdkif;atmifxGef;/ OD;xGef;atmifcsdefwdk@ yg0ifcJh+yD; tpktzGJŒ0if trsm;pkrSm jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;tpdk;& wdkhESihf ruif;olrsm;yifjzpfonf? typftcwf &yfpJa&;&,lxm;aom wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif+idrf;csrf; a&;tzGJŒ 28 zGJŒrS udk,fpm;vS,f 90 OD;vnf; wufa&mufcJhonf?

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......

52


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53


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54


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55


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56


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57


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ppftkyfpk[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfudkom pGJpGJjrJjrJ usifhoHk;w,f? yJcl;wkdif; a0ge,frSmv,form;awGudk ¶dkufESufzrf;qD;um wm0efauspyg;udk twif;tusyf a&mif;ckdif;0,f,laew,f? 'gudk ausmif;om;ygwD OuUÏu uef@uGufpmudk ukd,fwdkifvufrSwfa&;xdk;xkwfa0ygw,f? te,fe,f t&yf&yfrSm zGifhvSpfxm;wJh ygwD¶Hk;cGJawGudkvnf; uef@uGufpmukdaumfyDul;+yD; vlxkxH jzef@a0zdk@ XmecsKyfrS n$ef=um;vmygw,f? n$ef=um;csuftwdkif;aqmif&GufcJhvdk@ Zmwd e,f+rdKŒuav;&JŒ +rdKŒe,f pD;¶Hk;a&;aumfrwD0if 10 OD;&Sd&mrSm +rdKŒe,fOuUÏ tygt0if 7 OD; zrf;qD; axmifcscH&ygw,f? yk'frawGuawmh yHkESdyfOya'yk'fr 20 eJ@505 (c)yg? xdktcsdefu +rdKŒuav;rSm ppfckH¶Hk; zGifhrxm;ygbl;? ppfwyf wyf&if; tajcpdkuf&m+rdKŒr[kwfvdk@ jzpfygvdrfhr,f?

A[dk n$ef=um;csufeJ@ywfoufvkd@ +rdKŒe,fu vdkufemaqmif&Guf&mrSm +rdKŒe,fygwDpnf;¶Hk;a&;aumfrwDtwGif; tawG;tac: v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfcJhygw,f? wu,fvdk@ &efoluzrf;qD;cJh&if b,fvdkvkyf=urvJ qdkwmygyJ? A[dk n$ef=um;csufu oabmxm; b,fvdk&SdygovJaygh? 'DtcgrSm OuUÏeJ@ twGif;a&;rSL;vkyfolu zrf;wmu &efol@ tvkyf/ uef@uGufpmjzef@a0&rSmu +rdKŒe,f ygwD¶Hk;awG&JŒtvkyfvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'g[m ajray:EdkifiHa&;&JŒ usifh0wfjzpfygvdrfhr,f? pnf;¶Hk;a&; aumfrwD0if tm;vHk; oabmwl=uw,f? yxr OuUÏ tygt0if&Jabmfav;OD; zrf;qD;cH&w,f? (OuUÏ &Jabmf tHhaZmf/ &Jabmf ausmfausmfar$;/ &JabmfausmfwifharmifeJ@ &Jabmf wifEdkifxGef; (vGwfajrmufe,fajr usqHk;) wkd@jzpfygw,f? ykHESdyfyk'fr 20 eJ@yg?

aemuf wokwfu rdrdukd,fwdkifjzpf+yD; +rdKŒe,frSm&SdwJh r[mrdwfygwDawGjzpfwJhjynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwDrS twGif;a&;rSL; &Jabmfat;oef; &,f/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrSpnf;¶Hk;a&;rSL; &JabmfusL&Sifq&m OD;xGef;jrifhatmif&,f pkpkaygif; oHk;OD; tr_wGJ jzpfygw,f?yk'fr 505(c) jzpfygw,f?

aemuf wwd,tokwfusawmh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; &Jabmf ausmfwifhOD;

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tzrf;cH&ygw,f? oluawmh jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwD wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; &JabmfaZmfazESifh tr_wGJjzpfygw,f? yk'fr 20 jzpfygw,f? aemufqHk; tokwfusawmh +rdKŒe,fpD;¶Hk;a&;aumfrwD0if &Jabmf *syef}uD; (ac: ) ausmfrsKd;oef@eJ@ jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwDu+rdKŒe,fpnf;¶Hk;a&;rSL; &Jabmf ausmfZHvSwdk@ jzpfygw,f? &Jabmf *syef}uD; ac: ausmfrsKd;oef@[mrtlyif tusOf;axmifxJrSmyJ tonf;xJ 0rf;udkufydk;0if a&m*geJ@ usqHk;cJhol jzpfygw,f?

&Jabmf *syef}uD; ac: ausmfrsKd;oef@ &JŒ psmye/ ol@psmyeudk rtlyifu vl@abmifopf&JabmfawGucGyfa'gif;tvHeJ@rD;o+*dKvfay;cJh=u ...

59


'Dae&mrSm ajymcsifwmu tawG;tac:udpP jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;ygwD&JŒe,f+rdKŒuav;u pnf;¶Hk;a&;rSL;awG tckvdk v,form;awGzufu &yfwnf pmjzef@a0vdk@qufwdkuf zrf;qD;cHae&wmudk tcsKdŒu 'Dvkyf&yfeJ@ wdkufyGJyHko¾mef[m rSm;w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? axmifxJa&muf&if bmrSvkyfEdkifawmhrSm r[kwfbl;? tjyifrSm trsm;}uD;vkyfvdk@&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? usaemfwdk@uvnf; 'g[m ajray:ygwDw&yf&JŒ ygwD0ifawG[m'Drdkua&pD A[dkOD;pD;pepfudk emcH+yD; tjyifrSm vkyf&r,fh/ vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwJh EdkifiHa&;tvkyfudkvkyfwmjzpfw,fvdk@ &Sif;jycJhygw,f? t"du tcsufuawmh udk,fhygwD/ udk,fhwm0ef/udk,fhvkyf[eftay:rSm tawG;&Sif;/ tjrif&Sif; &yfwnfcsuf &Sif;aezdk@vkdw,fvdk@ tm;vHk;ucH,l=uygw,f? usef oHk;a,mufu olwdk@vnf; pm qufjzef@r,f? olwkd@vnf; zrf;&ifcHr,fqdkvdk@ wm;&ygao;w,f?

tcsKyf0ifpm vmawG@olawGeJ@ tusKd;ta=umif; &Sif;jy&w,f? 'gavmufqdk 'kd@+rdKŒe,fu A[dk n$ef=um;csuftay:rSm wm0efaus+yD? usefoHk;a,mufu ygwDukd qufo,faqmifygaygh? olwdk@u trsm;qHk;jzwfcsufrdk@om vkdufem=uw,f? pdwfxJuawmhodyfrauseyfcsif=uygbl;? 'g[m odyfcspfzdk@aumif;/ wefzdk;xm;p&maumif;wJh wkdufyGJ0ifausmif;om; pdwf"mwfvdk@ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f? pD&ifcsufcs+yD; axmif'%fcsrSwfvdkufawmh rtlyiftusOf;axmifrSonf wGHaw; a&$olaX; &Jbufpcef;/ ,if;rSonf tif;pdefaxmifodk@a&muf&SdcJhygw,f?

axmifxJ pwifa&mufa&mufcsif; rdwfqufcH&wmu tusOf;om; rSwfyHkwif&mrSm tr_trnfudk tar;cH&wmygyJ? bmr_vJvdk@ ar;awmh EdkifiHa&;r_vdk@ajzw,f? wu,fvnf;EdkifiHa&;vkyfvdk@ axmifcscH&wmudk;? 'gudk a[h 'DrSm EdkifiHa&;r_ r&Sdbl;uG/ EdkifiHa&;vkyfwJholawGudk rzrf;bl;? tjypf&SdwJholawGudkom zrf;wmwJh? 'gha=umifh ck Adkvfodef;pdef ajymaewJhEdkifiHa&;r_eJ@ zrf;wmr&Sdbl;qdkwm odyfawmh qef;vSw,f r[kwfygbl;? ppftm%m&SifqdkwmrsKd;u ajAmifvdrf&rSmudk r&Suf/ ra=umuf vkyf0hH=uolawGyJ? [pfwvmrS 'Duae@ ppftm%m&SifawG txdygyJ?

pdwfraumif;p&m jzpfcJh&wmu rdrd&JŒ ausmif;om;ygwD udpPyg? axmifxJr0if&cifrSm ygwD ESpfjcrf;uGJzdk@ jzpfvmcJhygw,f? OuUÏeJ@ twGif;a&;rSL;awG=um; (&Jabmfrdk;oD;ZGefeJ@ &Jabmf rdk;[def;/ &JEdkifatmifwdk@ t=um;) jzpfwJh jy\emrD;yGm;uav;awGupw,fvdk@ oJhoJh=um;aecJhygw,f? A[dkuae Oa&myu rDvdkAef*sD;vmpf&JŒ vlwef;pm;opf(new class) udk tajccHrSDjirf;xm;wJhpm e,fawGudk jzef@a0vdkufuwnf;u wckckawmhjzpfawmhr,fqdkwm pdwfxJu xifjrifaerdygw,f? aemufawmh " }udK;rJh avwHcGef " pmwrf;xGufvmygw,f? OuUÏ vkyfolrSm axmufvSrf;a&;u vkdufzrf;aewJhtwGuf awmcdkoGm;a=umif;od&w,f?

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1990 arvrSm a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfygw,f? tife,f'D tjywftowf Edkifygw,f?arSmfbD/ udkudk;u|ef;/ r*Fvm'Hk wkd@vdk ppfwyftajcpdkuf e,frsm;rSmyg 'Drdkua&pDujywfjywfom;om; EdkifcJhwmyg? tif;pdefaxmifxJu axmif0efxrf;awG&JŒ wD;wdk;ay;owif;pum;awG t&udk 'Drdkua&pD atmifyGJowif;awG =um;ae&wm jzpfygw,f?olwdk@uvnf; carmufudk rJxnfhcJhowJh? olwdk@vnf; 'Drdkua&pD iwfrGwfaewJh jynfolawGxJu jynfolawGygyJ? naeydkif;rSmawmh ppftkyfpk&JŒ bDvl;ADZudk ujytoHk;awmfcHygawmhw,f?EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk taqmif/ tusOf;wdkufawGuae ac:xkwfvmygw,f? ajcusif; ¶dkufw,f? nydkif;rSm oD;oef@aqmifudk ydk@w,f? reufrdk;raomufrD +rdKŒ/e,f tusOf;axmif toD;oD;qD cGJ+yD; ydk@vkduf=uygw,f? [kdwkef;uvdk udkudk;u|ef;tusOf;pcef;om&SdaecJh&if urf;rjrif vrf;rjrif udkukd;u|ef;udkydk@rSm aocsmygw,f?

a&G;aumufyG J rwdkifrD e0w ppfacgif;aqmif Ad kvfapmarmif&JŒ urBmoduwdpum;awG[m a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSmwif ,Hkwrf;yHkjyifjzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? ckacwfpum;eJ@ajym&&if "t¶l;odkif; uw,f " vdk@ ajym&rSmygyJ? rnfodk@jzpfap 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ[m 8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JŒtquf vlxk&JŒ 'Drdkua&pD wkdufyGJjzpfw,f? wyfOD;ygwD[mtrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf jzpfw,f? tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfol[maetdrfrSm tus,fcsKyf csKyfcHxm;&w,f? 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'f[m vlxk}uD;&JŒ wdkufyGJ0ifatmifoD;atmifyGifh jzpfw,f? 1990 atmifyGJ&v'fudk jrJjrJcdkifcdkifudkifpGJ&if; 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifukdra&mufa&mufatmif wdkufyGJ0if csDwufzdk@yJ jzpfygw,f?

axmifxJrSm a&G;aumufyGJ&JŒ atmifyGJ&v'fuae 'Drdkua&pDudk tdrfrufrufcJhw,f?a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk udkifpGJ+yD; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vnfrsm;[m vlxktwGuf 'Drdkua&pDta&;udk b,fodk@ b,fyHk wdkufyGJ0if=urvJaygh? 1990 ckESpfZlvdkifv *E<Dcrf;rrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu OD;aqmif+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif&v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG tpnf;ta0;ac:xm;ygw,f? tJ'D *E<Dcrf;r tpnf;ta0;uaevlxktwGuf vlxkwifajrmufvdkufwJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwJh'Drdkua&pD tpkd;&ukd zGJ@pnf;avrvm; ²²²? e0w&JŒ uwdpum;udk w&m;rSswwJh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh vlxkukd 'Drdkua&pDbufurf;odk@ OD;aqmifum ydk@avrvm; ²²² ?vlxkuvnf; 8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;wkef;uvkd 'Drdkua&pD tpkd;&opfukd 0dkif;&Hzdk@ toifh/vdktyf&if vlxkwdkufyGJawG usif;ywdkufyGJ0ifzdk@ tqifoifhyg? &ifckef&vGef;wJh tcsdefumvrsm;²²²²?

*E<Dtpnf;ta0;[m vlxk&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf wduswJh tajzxGufrvmbJ+yD;qHk;oGm;ygw,f? tm%m& ppftpkd;&udk uwdtwdkif; v$wfawmfac:ay;zdk@/ tcsdefowfrSwfcsuf ay;zdk@ toHrSsom ²²²? ppftkyfpkuvnf; 1§90 trdef@a=unmcsufeJ@ ygwDawGudk

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tusyfudkif vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;apygw,f? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf OD;aqmifvdk@ ygwDrsm;vufrSwfxd k;cJ h =uygw,f? 'Drd kua&pDtpk d;&opf tdrfrufonfum; a&$jynfawmfarSsmfwdkif;a0;cJh+yDvm; ²²²? vGrf;ygw,f xdktcsdefu &efukef nrsm;qD ²²²?

(&Jabmf *syef}uD; ac: ausmfrsKd;oef@&JŒ psmyeESifh tJ'D ta=umif;udk &Jabmf tHhaZmf

a&;xm;wJh aqmif;yg;udk 'Dae&mawGrSm zwfEdkifygw,f...http://oothandar.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post_05.html

http://oothandar.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post_07.html )

ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ... vlrsm;/ ordki f;tjzpftysufrsm; ... (3)1990 ZlvdkifvxJrSmyJ tif;pdef tusOf;axmifrSae vGwfajrmufvmcJhygw,f?

Zmwd+rdKŒuav;udk jyefa&mufawmh ausmif;om;ygwD EdkifiHa&;udkyJ jyefvkyfjzpfygw,f?tJ'DtcsdefrSmawmh vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD trnfrSonf rsKd;cspf'Drdku&ufwpfvli,fwyfaygif;pk (jrefrmEdkifiH) qdk+yD; jzpfoGm;ygw,f? awmfvSefaom vl@abmifopfvdk@vnf;vlodrsm;ygw,f? ygwDudk acgif;aqmif=uolawG/ ygwD0ifawGuvnf; t&ifu EdkifiHa&;vkyfazmfudkifzufawGcsnf;yg? ygwDwckwnf;rSm vkyfcJh=uolawG jzpfygw,f?

tif;pdef (5) wdkufxJrSm &Jabmf*sifrDeJ@ awG@cJhygw,f? atmifoef;OD; (t¶dkif;)eJ@uvnf; wwdkufwnf;yg? atmifoef;OD;u txJjyef0if&wm r=umao;awmh rsKd;cspf'Drdku&ufwpfvli,fwyfaygif;pk ta=umif;udk aoaocsmcsm odygw,f? olajymjyrS 1990a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfukd rJatmifEdkifa&;twGuf pnf;¶Hk;a&;c&D;awGxGuf=uwJhta=umif;udk od&ygw,f? rauG;/ rif;bl; tnmbufudk xGuf=uwmyg?

tJ'D tcsdefrSm vl@abmifopfygwD ESpfzGJ@vkdjzpfaeayr,fh ygwDESpfzGJ@[m r[mrdwfqufqHa&;awG &Sdae=uygw,f? axmifuxGufawmh Zmwd+rdKŒuav;&JŒ ausmif;om;ygwDEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif; jyefvnfouf0ifaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;ae@awG usif;y=uw,f? r[mrdwfygwDawGtjyif ausmif;om;eJ@ vlxkawGyg tifwdkuf/tm;wdkuf wufa&muf=uw,f? vGwfajrmufe,fajrrSm usqHk;oGm;wJh &Jabmf wifEdkifxGef;(ac: ) EdkifEdkif (c) wif0if; qdk&if A[dku ydk@wJh txdrf;trSwfae@ o0%fv$mawGudk zwf&olyg?tqHk;owf wkdufyGJ0ifuAsmpudk zwfwJhtcsdefrSm ol@&JŒtoHeJ@[efu wufa&mufvmwJhy&dowfudk =uufoD;jzef;jzef; xapcJhygw,f?

+rdKŒuav;rSm ausmif;om;awG&JŒ 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG jyefvnf&Sifoefvmvdk@ tm%mydkifawGu tav;xm; apmifh=unfhjcif;ukd cHvm&ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ 1990 Zlvkdif28 eJ@ 29 &ufae@awGrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu OD;aqmifusif;ywJh *E<Dcrf;rtpnf;ta0;}uD; vkyfcJhygw,f? w+ydKifeufwnf;rSm e0w ppftkyfpkuvnf; 27 &uf Zlvdkif

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1990 ae@pGJeJ@ a=unmcsuf trSwf (1§90) ukd xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? xdkpOfu tm%mvufapmif;xufaewJh e0w taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; (1) Adkvfcifn$ef@ vufrSwfxdk;+yD;xkwfcJhwm jzpfygw,f?

*E<Dcrf;r tpnf;ta0;udk a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,fawG wufa&muf=uygw,f? *E<Dcrf;r a=unmpmwrf; xGufvmygw,f? 29 &ufae@ Zlvdkifv/1990 ae@pGJeJ@yg? a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu trwfae&m 485 rSm392 ae&m tEdkif&&SdwJhtwGuf &mcdkifE_ef;eJ@ wGufr,fqdk&if wwkdif;jynfvHk; 80 &mcdkifE_ef;tEdkif&&SdcJhw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;vdk@ &ufaygif; 60 wdkifaomfvnf; e0w u jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lusif;yay;jcif; r&Sdao;a=umif;/ wdkif;jynfrSm taxGaxG t=uyftwnf; qdkufaea=umif;? jynfol@qENt& a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;wJh jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;taeeJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'yg tcGifhta&;t& jynfol@v$wfawmfrSm zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ud k a&;qG JtwnfjyKr,f? Oya'=urf;ud k trsK d ;om;'Dr d kua&pDtzG J @cs Ky fua&;qGJxm;+yD;vnf; jzpfw,f? +yD;&if 'Drdkua&pD tpkd;&opf zGJ@r,f? 'gudk e0w u tjrefqHk;(1990 pufwifbmvtwGif;) aqmif&Gufay;zdk@ awmif;qdkxm;ygw,f?

e0w&JŒ a=unmcsuf trSwf (1§90) uvnf; jynfol@v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJOya' yk'fr (3) wGif "v$wfawmfudk rJqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumufwifajrSmufvkdufaom v$wfawmfudkf,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&rnf " jzpfwJhtwGuf 'gudke0w u vkyfay;r,f? tajccHOya'w&yfukd t&if a&;qGJ&r,f? a&G;;aumufyGJt+yD;rSmv$wfawmfac:,la&;/ tm%mvGJajymif;a&;udpPrsm;ESif h pyfvsOf;I pmapmifrsm;xkwfa0aejcif;/ aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefjcif;/ jynfy toHv$ifhXmersm;rS a&SŒaqmifvrf;jyvkyfjcif;/aoG;xkd;vH_@aqmfjcif;/ w&m;r0if pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfae=uw,f?zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ukd t&ifa&;qGJr,f jzpfygw,f? a=unmcsufrSm tcsuf (21)csufygygw,f? tm;vHk;eD;yg;[m ol@ukd,fol udk,f&nfaoG;wm/ 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk+cdrf;ajcmufwmawG jzpf+yD;? tqkH;owfrSm ²²²

"EkdifiHawmftm%m &,la&;twGuf ,m,DzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJI tpkd;&zGJ@pnf;jcif;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrSs vufcHEkdifrnf r[kwfonfhtjyif xkdodk@aqmif&GufyguOya'ESifhtnD xda&mufpGmta&;,lrnfjzpfa=umif;ESifh jynfol@qENESifhtnD ckdifrmaomzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opft& ay:aygufvmrnfh tpkd;&w&yf rzGJ@pnf;rD =um;umvwGifEkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@taejzifh(u) jynfaxmifpk r+ydKuGJa&;/wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ r+ydKuGJa&;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwJhckdifjrJa&;[lonfhta&;(3) yg;? (c) EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ a=unmcsuftrSwf (1§88)wGifyg&Sdaom w&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;a&;ESifh e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fr_

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vHkjcHKacsmarG@apa&;/ jynfolrsm;. pm;0wfaea&; acsmifvnfapa&;ESifh ygwDpHk'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&; ponfh vkyfief;wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfteuf ygwDpHk'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;wm0efrStyjzpfaom vkyfief;wm0ef}uD; (3) &yf ESifh (*)jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;. zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;twGufaqmif&Guf&efvkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk tav;*¶kjyK umuG,fapmifha&SmufoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmvkdufonf? " jzpfygw,f?

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'Drdkua&pDbufu ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JŒ oif=um;csufudk ed*Hk;rcsKyfEdkifcJhygbl;?tm;aumif;wJh nDn$wfa&; rwnfaqmufEdkifcJhygbl;? wdkufyGJwdkif; wkdufyGJwdkif;rSm vlxkbufuaoG;awG/ toufawG&if;+yD; wm0efausjrJ ausvsufyg? 0d"l& ocifcspfarmif uvnf; EdkifiHrSmvlrsKd;pk 100 ausmf&Sdw,f? 'Drdkua&pD tpkd;&opfu b,f tajccHOya'eJ@ tkyfcsKyfrSmvJ?usKyfwdk@uawmh jcHxJu atmfcGifhr&&if jcHjyifu atmfrSmyJ vdk@ ajymcJhygw,f? 1990a&G;aumufyGJ t+yD;rSmjzpfygw,f? 1962 Adkvfae0if; tm%modrf;+yD;ump 0d'l&ocifcspfarmifajymcJhwJh ordkif;0ifpum;eJ@ ordkif;0if bGJ@xl;udkawmh vlwdkif;od+yD;om;rdk@ xl;+yD; ajymraecsifawmhygbl;?

e0w ppftkyfpku *E<Dcrf;r a=unmcsuf&JŒ pufwifbmvtwGif; v$wfawmfac:ay;&r,fqdkwmudk bmrSs rwHk@jyefcJhovdk todtrSwfvnf; rjyKcJhygbl;? acwfpum;eJ@ajym&&if rif;wdk@&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufawG em;vdkuf/ udkif;}uD;}uD;rSm em;vdkufqdkwJh oabmyg?ppftkyfpku ol@tvkyfol qufvkyfygw,f? olxkwfjyefxm;wJh 1§90 a=unmcsufudk'Drdkua&pDygwDawGu od&Sdvdkufemygrnfjzpfa=umif; oabmwl vufrSwfxdk;zdk@ zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkvmygw,f? yg;vnf; tom;vGwf¶dkufao;/ xdkif+yD;awmhvnf; awmif;yefcdkif;ao;vkyfaygufyg?

1§ 90 udk rdrdwdk@ ygwDuvnf; vufrSwfxdk;vdkuf&ygw,f? ygwD &yfwnfEdkiforSs&yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf enf;y&d,m,ft& xdk;cJhw,fvdk@ A[dku &Sif;jyygw,f? b,fvkdyJ

64


ta=umif;jyonfjzpfap vufrSwfxdk;wm rSefovm;/ rSm;ovm;qdkwmudkawmh ygwDxJ&Sif;zdk@vdkvmygw,f? ta=utvnf aqG;aEG;=u+yD; vufrSwfxdk;cJhwm rSm;w,f? ygwD&JŒvufawG@t=uyftwnf;eJ@ &yfwnfa&;twGuf xkd;cJhw,f? EdkifiHa&;tvkyfawGudk t&Sdefjrifhqufvkyf=ur,f jzpfygw,f?

rSwfrdaeygao;w,f? tJ'D vufrSwfxdk;=ucsdefu &efukefudk a&mufaecsdefyg?Zmwd+rdKŒudk jyefcgeD; +rdKŒutpOftvm}uD;ol awmfvSefa&;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;wOD;eJ@awG@=uygw,f? ol@udk tazvdk/ OD;}uD;vdk cifrifav;pm;&olvnf; jzpfygw,f? awG@awmhtzdk;}uD;u 1§90 udk vufrSwf xdk;/ rxdk; ar;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@u xkd;vdkufwJhta=umif;/bma=umifh/ b,fodk@ xdk;vdkufwmjzpfwJhta=umif; weHwvsm; &Sif;jycJhygw,f? taotcsmem;axmifae+yD;rS oljyefajymvdkufwJh pum;uawmh wdkwdkuav;&,fyg ²²²²

"rif;wdk@ES,fuGm ²²² vufrSwfrxdk;&if rif;wdk@udk rowfygbl;uG ²²² "vGrf;arm owd&vsufyg OD;av;a& ²²²²?

ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ... vlrsm;/ ordki f;tjzpftysufrsm; ... (4)e0w &JŒ 1§90 udk vufrSwfxdk;t+yD;rSm Zmwd+rdKŒuav;ukd jyefcJhw,f? b0 t&

+rdKŒuav;&JŒ aus;vuf tv,fwef;ausmif;uav;rSm wGJzufausmif;q&mtjzpfeJ@toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ukd jyKaecJhw,f? ausmif;ydwfwJhtcg/ +rdKŒudk ta=umif;udpP wckcka=umifhwuf&wJhtcg ausmif;om; ygwDEdkifiHa&;tvkyfawG qufvkyfjzpfw,f? vkyfomvkyfae&w,fpdwfxJuawmh uoduatmifheJ@ yg?

1990 a&G;aumufyGJwkef;u ygwD[m a&G;aumufyGJ Oya't& rJqENtrwfae&mtenf;qHk;jzpfwJh 3 ae&mom r+ydKifrjzpf 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcJhw,f? t"du a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf rJatmifEdkifa&;udkom A[dkjyK 0dkif;&Hpnf;¶Hk;ay;cJhw,f? carmufav ²²² carmuf tjywftowfEdkifzdk@yJ vkyfcJhw,f? &if;ESD;&usKd;eyfygw,f?carmuf tjywftowf EdkifcJhw,f?

ckcsdefrSm 1§90 &JŒ avmif;&dyfatmufrSm ajray: 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;twGuf vkyf&/udkif&wJhuGif;[m tawmhfukd usOf;ajrmif;oGm;ygawmhw,f? txdrf;trSwfae@uav;awGusif;y&wmawmif tuef@towfawGu rsm;vGef;aew,f? +rdKŒuav;&JŒ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; axmifu jyefvGwfvmw,f? OuUÏu A[dkrSm wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfaew,f? *syef}uD; (ac: ) ausmfrsKd;oef@u rtlyif tusOf;axmifrSm usqHk;cJh+yD?

rsKd;qufopfvdk@ajym&if rrSm;EdkifwJh txufwef;eJ@ tv,fwef; ausmif;ol/ausmif;om; uav;awGu tifeJ@ tm;eJ@udk ygwDudk axmufcH=uw,f? 0dkif;&H=uw,f?wcgcgrSm olwdk@ukd &efolu zrf;qD;ta&;,lrSmpdk;vdk@ wm;&/ aqG;aEG;&wmawG &SdcJhw,f?

65


'g[m ta&;awmfyHk}uD;uay;vdkufwJh wdkufyGJ0if ordkif;pdwf"mwfeJ@ EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;=um;r_awGygyJ?

a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm Adkvfatmif}uD; (UNDP - ygwD acgif;aqmif}uD;) [mpnf;¶Hk;a&; c&D;pOftjzpf +rdKŒuav;udk a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf pwifwnfaxmifpOfu OuUÏ ae&mukd &,lEdkifcJhwJh Adkvfatmif}uD;[m ppftkyfpkt}udKufuGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; rD;¶SL;rD;yef; tajrmufudk ygwDtwGif;rSm tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd azmufcGJcJholyg?orkdif;0if wuo taqmuftOD}uD;udk rdkif;cGJzsufqD;cJh&mrSmvnf; Adkvfae0if;+yD;&if ol[mwm0eft&SdqHk;yg? ta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzpfr,fh t}udKumvrSm Adkvfae0if;xH ay;pmrsm;eJ@ol@udk,fol od'<dwifvdk@ ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rSm acgif;aqmifvdkvdk jzpfcJholyg? ordkif;awG/tjzpftysufawGrSm EdkifiHa&;t& ae&m,lwwfolygyJ? 'gayr,fh odyfawmh r=umwwfygbl;?a&yGufyrmyg? xm;ygav? ol@ta=umif;ajymr,fqdk&if ay&Snfaeygw,f? ol@ c&D;pOfeJ@+rdKŒuav;&JŒ ta=umif;udk ajymcsifwmyg?

ol@&JŒ UNDP ygwD¶Hk;cGJrSm tpnf;ta0;vkyfygw,f? a&SŒvkyfief;pOfeJ@ pnf;¶Hk;a&;udpPawGvdk@ od&ygw,f? tpnf;ta0;rSm ausmif;om;av;wa,mufu ol@udk xar;ygw,f?"bb ²²² bb ajymcJhw,fav/ a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;vdk@ ppftkyfpku tm%mv$Jray;&ifudk,fhudk,fukd,f rD;¶_dŒ+yD; qENjyr,fvdk@ ²²² tJ'g ²²² ck ppfwyfu tm%mv$Jray;wJhtjyifyk'frawG trsKd;rsKd;wyf+yD; zrf;aew,fav ²²² bb b,fvdkvkyfrvJ" qdk+yD; ar;wmyg?Adkvfatmif}uD;vnf; tmap;xnfhxm;ovkdjzpfae+yD; acwWc% a=umifaew,f ajymygw,f?tpnf;ta0;udk jrefjrefodrf;vdkufw,f =um;ygw,f? ar;olu rdrdwdk@ ausmif;om;ygwDudkaxmufcHtm;ay;ol jzpfaeygw,f? ygwDu ckvdk ar;zdk@ n$ef=um;wm0efay;vdkufwm r[kwfyg?ol@oabmeJ@ ol tpnf;ta0;oGm;wuf+yD; ar;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'g[m ol@&JŒ'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;yJ? tm;vHk;u vufcH=uygw,f? ar;olu q,fwef;ausmif;om;uav;jzpfygw,f? rsufvHk;jyL;jyL;uav;eJ@rdk@ w+rdKŒvHk;u ol@udk "udkjyL;" vdk@ ac:=uw,f?ol@emrnft&if;[m aysmufoavmufjzpfaeygw,f? Adkvfatmif}uD;vnf; owfrSwf&uftwdkif; raeawmhbJ +rdKŒuav;uae tjrefqHk; jyefvpfoGm;ygawmhw,f?

1991 atmufwdkbmvrSm +rdKŒuav;&JŒ OD;eDpk aus;&Gmuae tESpf ESpfq,feD;yg;uG,faysufaewJh vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orSm jyefvnfay:aygufcJhygw,f? bdkuav;/ zsmyHk/ armfv+rdKifu|ef;/ vyGwWm/ ajrmif;jr txd ykodrfem;uyfumqufwkdufvdkvdk aus;&Gma'oawGrSm usnfjyefaygufwm jzpfygw,f?

usnf paygufaygufjcif; +rdKŒuav;u &J 27 a,muf pD;vmwJh yJhaxmif RPG eJ@typfcH&ygw,f? aocsifa,mifaqmifaewJh '%f&m& &Jwa,mufuvGJvdk@ yJhaxmifay:ygol&Jtm;vHk; aoygw,f? +rdKŒuav;rSm taemufawmifwdkif; ppfXmecsKyf&JŒ a&SŒwef;ppfXmecsKyf

66


vkyfvdkufygw,f? xdkpOfu wdkif;rSL;jrifhatmif (,ck aoqHk;) ukd,fwdkif vma&mufuGyfuJw,f?AdkvfcifnGef@(,ck ppftkyfpku zrf;qD;xJqJ)/ AdkvfwifOD; (&[wf,mOfESifh aoqHk;)/ Adkvfoef;a&$(xdkpOfu e0w. 'k-OuUÏ ) wdk@udk,fwdkif a&mufvm=uygw,f? ppfyGJudk ppftkyfpku =unf;/a&/ av eJ@ wzufowf wdkufwmyg? rme,fyavmrSm wdkif;rSL; AdkvfarmifvS OD;pD;uGyfuJwJhppftkyfpk wyfawG[m tustqHk;}uD;pGmeJ@ &ifqdkifae=u&csdefvnf; jzpfygw,f?

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tJ'D tcsdef +rdKŒuav;&JŒ &JtcsKyfxJrSm tzrf;qD;cH trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&JŒacgif;aqmifwOD;u ckjzpfaewJh vufeufudkif wdkufyGJawGtay: ol@tjrifukd ajymygawmhw,f?wl;wl;cg;cg; rsufESmaoG;ysufajymwm jzpfygw,f? "u|efawmfwdk@vdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pD[m ckvdkt=urf;zufr_ vufeufudkif wdkufyGJawGeJ@ b,fvdkrS r&Edkifbl;/ 'D enf;vrf;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD&r,fvdk@ usaemf r,Hk=unfbl;" ²²²? aemufawmh ol[m trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ygwDuaeE_wfxGufoGm;ovm; rodyg? pD;yGm;a&;yJvkyf+yD; +rdKŒuav;rSm tawmf=um=um aysmufaysmufaewwfygw,f? tcsKyfxJrSm olajymcJhwJhpum;u ol@ a=umufpdwfeJ@/ aoG;ysufr_uvmw,fvdk@ jrifygw,f?

ppftm%m&Sif[m ppftm%m&Sif tvkyfudkvkyfygw,f? wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;cJhwJh aus;&Gm/+rdKŒe,fawGrSm&SdwJh ausmif;q&m/ q&mr/ aq;0efxrf;rsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsygw,f?tenf;qHk; (3) ESpftxd axmif'%fay;ygw,f? tdrfjyef uav;arG;aewJh om;onfrdcifausmif;q&mrudkvnf; owif;awG xdefcsefr_qdk+yD; pGyfpGJ axmif'%f tjypfay;cJhw,f?tm;vHk;eD;yg;[m u&ifwkdif;&if;om;/ wdkif;&if;olawGjzpfae+yD; 'g[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'eJ@ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; tcsif;csif;=um;rSm Armrkef;wD;a&;udk pepfwus taumiftxnfazmfwm jzpfygw,f? wdkufyGJjzpfaewJh aus;&GmawGuae nbuf arSmif&DysKd;jyrSmuav;awG/ tzGm;tdkawG/ tzdk;tdkawG avSeJ@ a&mufvm=uygw,f? +rdKŒuav;&JŒ vrf;rawG/bk&m;ausmif;eJ@ bkef;}uD;ausmif; Z&yfawGrSm jynfhvdk@yg? at;uvnf; at;/ pm;p&muvnf;

67


r&Sd tawmfhudk a=uuGJp&m ²²² jrifuGif;awG? csufcsif;udk r0w u trdef@xkwf+yD;atmfvH}uD;awGeJ@ vdkufvHa=unmygawmhw,f?

",ck +rdKŒay:wGif w&m;r0if a&muf&Sdaeolrsm;tm; rnfolwOD;wa,mufukdrSs{nfhonftjzpf vufoifhcH wnf;cdkaexdkifcGifh r&Sdap&? vufoifhcH wnf;cdkaexdkifcGifhjyKxm;ygu xda&mufpGm ta&;,loGm;rnf jzpfonf?"

xdkae@/ xdk&uf/ xdktcsdefumvrsm;qDu +rdKŒuav;. nwdk@onf tpmiwf/ a&iwf/aep&miwfae=uaom uav;i,frsm;. idka=uG;oHwdk@jzifh twd+yD;vsuf ²²² ? emusif nnf;wGm;oHrsm;u n. wdwfqdwf+idrfoufr_udk yrmrcef@jyKvsuf ²²²? +rdKŒuav;onf a=uuGJpGmemusnf;r_rsm;jzifh vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJppfppfudk wrf;wrf;rufruf iwfrGwfvsuf ²²² ?vGrf;ygw,f ²²² +rdKŒuav; ²²²?

ppftm%m&Si f[m ppftm%m&Si f tvkyfudkvkyfygw,f? wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;cJhwJh aus;&Gm/ +rdKŒe,fawGrSm&SdwJhausmi f;q&m/ q&mr/ aq;0efxrf;rsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsygw,f? tenf;qHk; (3) ESpftxd

axmif'%fay;ygw,f? tdrfjyef uav;arG;aewJh om;onfrdcifausmi f;q&mrudkvnf; owif;awG xdefcsefr_qdk+yD; pGyfpGJ axmif'%f tjypfay;cJhw,f? tm;vHk;eD;yg;[m

u&ifwkdi f;&i f;om;/ wdki f;&i f;olawGjzpfae+yD; 'g[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'eJ@ wdki f;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; tcsi f;csi f;=um;rSm Armrkef;wD;a&;udk pepfwus taumif

txnfazmfwm jzpfygw,f?.....

urmykvJ16/ 12/ 2011

(http://oothandar.blogspot.com rS &,lygonf?)

68


u|efawmfwdk@ tufpftufpfyDyD (¶Srf;jynfwdk;wufa&;ygwD) XmecsKyfu xGufvm+yD;aemuf vrf;avSsmufaewm[m 5&uf 6&ufavmuf¶SdoGm;yg+yD? reufuae ae0iftxdavSsmuf=uwm jzpfygw,f? wcgwavrsm;qdk&if (Oyrm rdkif;&,f armfawmfum;vrf;udkjzwfwkef;u) um;vrf;eJ@rvSrf; rurf;wae&mrSm 0yfae+yD; nusrS um;vrf;udkokwfokwfjzwf=u&ygw,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmh reuftapm}uD;x/ csufjyKwfpm;+yD; wpfaeukefavmuf vrf;avSsmuf=uwmyg? awmifapmif;rSm/ jyef@rSm/ wpfcgwpfav acsmif;¶dk;twdkif;a&xJrSm avSsmuf&wmvnf; ¶Sdygw,f?

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70


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71


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72


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armifpdk;csdef azazmf0g&D 7/ 2013

77


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usD;wpfaumifa'gi f;a,mi faqmi fawmhxdkusD;udk a'gi f;uvnf; vufrcH/usD;uvnf;vufrcH?

tck usD;tm;vHk;u a'gi f;a,mi faqmi fzdk@ }uKd;pm;=u+yDjzpfygonf? vli,f/ vl}uD;/ vlxD;/ vlr/ +rdKŒjy/ aus;vuf

aq;qdk;xm;aom qHyifawGeJ@? jrefrmu jrefrmjzpfjci f;udkao;Ekyfodrfi,fpdwfysufzG,f[k pdwf"mwfrsKd;0ifa&mufvmonfxuf

a=uuJGp&maumi f;wm r&Sdygavawmh...?...........

(www.7daynewsjournal.com rS)

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,ckwavm jrefrmEdkifiHrSm EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;/ vlrsKd;a&;awGESihf &SkyfaxG;aewJhtajctae rsm;udk pOf;pm;rd&if; trSwfrxif ZmwfckHay:rSm u}udK;&_yfaewJh &kyfao;&kyfav;rsm;udk jrifa&mifvmrdw,f? &kyfao;&kyfav;rsm;[m u}udK;r&_yfwJh tcgrsKd;rSmqdk&ifrifom;&kyfu rif;om;av; vdk vSvSyy jrL;jrL;=uG=uGaav;eJ@ uEkdifovdk/ rif;orD;&kyfav;uvJrif;orD;av;vdk EGJ@EGJ@ aESmif;aESmif; oG,foG,fajymif;ajymif;eJ@ cspfzdk@aumif;wJh u}udK;rsKd;ESihfuEdkifwmudk awG@&w,f? u[efu rmefyg aeawmh wu,hfrif;om;av;awG/ wu,fhrif;orD;av;awG uaewmudk =unhf&ovdkyJ cHpm;rdw,f? odk@aomf tJ'D&kyfao;&kyfav;rsm;u}udK;&_yfvm+yDqdk&ifawmh ....?

'DvdkygyJ? vl@b0qdkwm ZmwfckHay:rSm&SdwJh &Skyfao;&kyfav;awGvdk u}udK;r&_yfwJhtcgrsKd;rSm tcsif;csif; csifcspfcifcif nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ@ aysmfzdk@aumif;ovdk/ wdkif;jynf[mvnf;wnf+idrf at;csrf;aejcif; yg? 'gwGifruyJ jynfwGif;rSmae=uwJh jynfaxmifpkzGm; wkdif;&if;om;awG[m wpfOD;ay:wpfOD; jA[Rpdk&f w&m;awGeSihf v$rf;+cKHxm;=uawmh b0awG[m vkH+cKHaew,f? at;csrf;aew,f? wnf+idrfaew,fvdk@ qdk&rSm? odk@aomf vlxJu vlawG[mvlr_b0xJrSm oGm;&if;/ vm&if;/ v_yf&Sm;&kef;uef&if;eJ@ vlrsKd;a&;udk tajccHvkd@yJjzpfap/bmoma&;udk tajccHvkd@yJjzpfap/ jzpfay:vmwJh rmew&m;awG/ twWESihf ,SOfxm;wJht&SkyfaxG;awG/ vlrsKd;a&;ESihf bmoma&;a=umihf jzpfay:vmwJh pdefac:r_awGESihf wpfpwpfpvlaer_b0 awG[m t&_yfaxG;awGjzpfvmw,f? 'DtcgrSm 'Dvlaer_b0awG[m ydkrdk&_yfaxG;

u}udK;&SkyfwJh &kyfao;&kyftoGif

a'gufwm"rRyd, (ITBMU)

89


vm+yD qdk&ifawmh ....?'Dvdk&_yfaxG;wJh vl@b0Zmwfvrf;udk b,ftcsdefu pcJhovJvdk@ ar;vmcJh&if....?

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vlqdkwJh vlawG[m rdrdqENawG jynhf0zdk@twGuf ay;qyfjcif;awG/ &,ljcif;awGeJ@b0udk t&if; tESD;jyK=u&w,f? 'gayrJh &Snfvsm;vSwJh b0c&D;wpfckudk twloGm;=u&wJhtcg....? wpfOD;u wpfOD; tay:rSm auseyfp&mawG/ ESpfoufp&mawGeJ@ +yKH;vdk@/ &$ifvdk@/+yD;awmh rdk;rjrif avrjrif tjzpfrsKd;xd jzpfcJh=uwmyg?

wpfa,mufu wpfa,muftay:rSm ESpfvdkzG,f&mawG ukefcrf;vdk@ trkef;qdkwJhvrf;ay:rSm avSsmufvSrf;cJh=u+yDqdk&ifawmh todw&m;awGuif;vm+yD;/ uwdopPmw&m;awGqdkwm b,frSmvm+yD; &SdEkdifawmhrSmvJ? vlawG&J@b0rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;wmutodw&m;awG rsm;ygw,fqdkwJh vlawG[m todw&m;awG enf;yg;vSygw,fqdkwJh wd&p>mefawGxuf jy\emawGu ydkrdk&_yfaxG;aewmudk awG@&w,f? 'Dvdkt&_yfaxG;awG &Sdaevdk@vlawG&Jh trlt,mudk qdkqD,kdvkd*sD (Sociology) &_axmihfuae okH;oyf=unhfolawGvnf;&Sdvmw,f? pdwf0ifpm;zdk@ aumif;ygw,f? qdkqD,kdvdk*sD ynm&yfqdkwm vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ xdkvlrsKd;pk.trlt,mrsm;/ wkd;wufajymif;vJr_ jzpfpOfrsm;/ aygif;pkzGJ@pnf; wnfaxmifxm;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk odyH&_axmihfuae avhvmwJh ynm&yfrsKd;udk qdkqD,kdvdk*sDvdk@ ac:w,f? (So-

ciology is the scientific study of human society and its origins, develop-

ment, organizations and institutions.)

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90


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rsm;ygw,fqdkwJh vlawG[m todw&m;awG enf;yg;vSygw,fqdkwJh wd&p>mefawGxuf jy\emawGu ydkrdk&_yfaxG;aewmudk awG@&w,f?

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rD;cdk;qdkwm tdk;tdrfwdkufwmESihf taqmuftOD;rsm;udk wdkuf&kdufravmif

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u|rf;EdkifayrJh avmifEdkifzdk@ ta=umif;w&m;awG yg0ifaejcif;yg? wdk@rsm;aewJhtdrf[m wdkuftdrfjzpfvdk@ rD;ravmifEdkifygbl;&,fvdk@ txifra&mufapvdkyg? bma=umihfvJqdk&if rD;cdk;&JhowWd[mwdkuftdrfwGif;rSm aeoludkvnf; rGef;=uyf ap+yD;/ rD;cdk;ukd =um&SnfpGm &SL&d_ufae&ygu aoapEdkifvdk@yg? qkdvdkwmu rD;cdk;rSmvnf; tqdyfawG yg0ifaejcif;yg?

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ta&;}uD;onfrSm xdkodk@aqG;aEG;&mY bmomaygif;pkH yg0ifaeI bmomw&m;wpfck.rludk pHrxm;yJ wnfqJOya'.rludk pHxm;I nSdEd_if;aqG;aEG;Edkif=uzdk@yg? xdkodk@twlylaygif;I aqmif&Gufjcif;jzihf wef;zdk;&SdvSaom bmomw&m;ESihf bmom,Ofaus;r_rsm;omru wefzdk;}uD;vSaom +cHajr,majrutp touftdk;tdrf wdkufwmpnf;pdrfrsm;udkygumuG,fapmihfa&Smuf Edkif=urnfjzpfa=umif; arwWmjzihf a&;om; wifjyjcif;yg? (aqG;aEG;vdkolrsm; aqG;aEG;Ekdif=uzdk@yg) bmomw&m;. w&m;"rRrsm;onf wkdif;jynftwGuf r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfaewmrsKd;awmh r[kwfvSaomfvnf; bmomrJhaom wdkif;jynfonf vlom;wdk@.+idrf;csrf; a&;udk tvSsiftjref ysufpD;apEkdifa=umif; ordkif;ajc&mrsm; &Sdaejcif;yg? xdka=umihf

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jzpfEkdi fwm? tqdyfqdkwm aomufrdwJholudkvnf; zsufqD;ypfw,f? tqdyfaomufol&Jh 0ef;usifudkvnf;qi f;&J'kuQawGudk jzpfapw,f?

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93


EdkifiHwdkif;Y bmom w&m;qdkonfrSm &Sdae=uonfomjzpf.? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;Y aexdkif=uaom vlrsKd;rsm;onf bmomw&m;a=umihfvlrsKd;a&;jy\emrsKd;udk rjzpfapoihfyg? rzefwD;oihfyg? bmomw&m;a=umihf jzpfay:vmaomjy\emrsKd;onf &kyfao;&kyfY u}udK;&_yfaeonfESihf wlvSaoma=umihf jy\emzefwD;olrsm;udkE d ki fi HawmforRw}uD;. vrf;n$e fcsuf twd ki f ; w&m;Oya'ESi h ftnD ta&;,laqmif&Gufoihfjcif;yg? bmomw&m; tjrwfxkwfvkdr_a=umihf t=urf;zuf0g'udk jzpfap&ef(odk@r[kwf) vSkH@aqmf&ef axmufyHhvmaom EdkifiHjcm; taxmuftyHhrsm;udk w&m;Oya'ESihftnD wm;qD;ydwfyif&ef vdktyfvmjcif;yg? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;Y arG;zGm;=uaom wdkif;&if; om;rsm;tm;vkH;onf bmomw&m;a=umihf vnf;aumif;/ trsKd;om;a&;a=umihf vnf;aumif; pdwf0rf;rsm; ruGJ=uyJ udk,fESpfouf&m bmomudk udk,fwdkifa&G;cs,fcGihf&Sd+yD;/ }udKufESpfouf&mbmomw&m;udk udk,fwdkif,kH=unf udk;uG,fEdkifwJh tcGihfta&; (Freedom of religion)

vlwdkif;rSm &Sdaejcif;yg? okd@aomf 'Drdkua&pDusihfxkH;t& bmoma&;vGwfvwfcGihfudk ta=umif;jy+yD; udk,fwdkifu vl@tcGihfta&;rsm;udk csKd;azgufaeolrsKd; rjzpfatmif owd&SdEkdif=uzdk@yg?

qdkvdkwmu ukd,fESihfxdrf;jrm;vufxyfxm;ol rSeforSs udk,hfbmom0if jzpfudkjzpf&rnfqdkwJh 'Drdkua&pD Oya'ESihfrnDwJh a&S;&kd;tpGJrsm;udk qufvufrjyKvkyfjcif;/ bmoma&;usL;ausmf&efpr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;=ujcif;/ trsKd;om;a&; usL;ausmf&efpr_rsm;rS a0;pGma&Smif=uOfjcif;wdk@udk qdkvkdjcif;yg? tu,fI EkdifiHwGif;rSm aeoltm;vkH;[m wpfpkHwpfckaomta=umif;a=umihf jy\emwpfpkHwpfck jzpfvmcJhaomf EdkifiHawmfrS csrSwfxm;aom w&m;Oya'rsm;udk av;pm;vkdufemvSsuf w&m;Oya'ESihftnD jy\em rsm;udk ajz&SifEdkif=uzdk@yg?

TykHTenf;jzihf "usD;udkbkwf&kdao bkwfudkusD;&kdao" [laom usihfxkH;udkusihfokH;=uvSsuf &kyfao;&kyfESihfwlaom jrefrmjynf}uD;onf u}uKd;rsm;udk r&_yfapyJ jrL;jrL;=uG=uGESihf ucsifwdkif;uEkdifaom rif;om;av;vdk/ EGJ@EGJ@ajymif;ajymif;ESihf ,Ofcsifwkdif;,Ofaeaom rif;orD;av;vdk EdkifiHwum&Jhtv,frSm x,f0gaezdk@yg? vlrsKd;tm;vkH; *k%foduQm&Sdzdk@ jynfoltm;vkH; EdkifiHwm0efudk xrf;&Guf=uzdk@yg? +idrf;csrf;pGm aexdkifEdkifa&;twGufnDnGwf=uzdk@yg? wnf+idrfpGm wdk;wufEdkifa&;twGuf tcsif;csif; cGihfvGwfEdkif=uzdk@yg? csrf;ompGm tdyfpufEdkif=uygap?

a'gufwm"rRyd, (ITBMU)

4/ 4/ 2013(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

94


u|efrwdk@rSm om;orD;awG&Sd=uonf? om;orD;r&Sdv#ifvnf;/ nD/ nDrawG/ wl/wlrawG &Sd=uonf? onfvdkr# r&SdcJhv#ifvnf;/ wynfhawG/ ywf0ef;usifrSm udk,foHa,mZOfjzpfrdaom uav;awG&Sd=uygonf? olwdk@av;awGudk u|efrwdk@u b,fvdkjzpfapcsif=uovJ/q&m0ef jzpfapcsifovm;/ tif*sifeD,m jzpfapcsifovm;/ a&S@ae jzpfapcsifovm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tkyfcsKyfol jzpfapcsifovm;/ olwdk@awG udk,fhudk,fudk bmjzpfcsifonf[k od=uovm;? olwdk@ jzpfcsifwmawGudkjzpfzdk@ olwdk@ vdkcsifwmawG&zdk@ olwdk@udk u|efrwdk@u b,fvdkvrf;a=umif;ay;EdkifrvJ? b,fvdk !$ef=um;ay;EdkifrvJ?

uav;wpfa,mufudk !$ef=um;ay;zdk@ u|efrwdk@udk,fwdkifu b,favmuft&nftaoG;&Sdvdk@vJ? u|efrwdk@udk,f u|efrwdk@ atmifjrifol[k ,Hk=unfvufcHxm;vdk@ olwdk@udkatmifjrifatmif vrf;a=umif;ay;Edkifwmvm;? atmifjrifol[k ajymEdkifzdk@ bmtcsufawGeJ@ jynfhpHk&rvJ/ b0rSm aiGa=u; jynfhpHk=uG,f0v#if atmifjrif+yDvm;? olwpfyg;tay: =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifv#if atmifjrif+yDvm;? vkyfief;wpfckudk OD;pD;aqmif&Guf+yD; vkyfief;cGifuolawGudkOD;aqmifEdkifv#if atmifjrif+yDvm;? atmifjrifr_qdkwm bmvJ.....?

rdrd&nfrSef; OD;wnfaom vdkcsifaom t&mwpfckudk &&Sdvdkufjcif;udk atmifjrifr_[kac:ygonf? 'gudk vlwdkif;vufcHEdkifonf?

atmifjrifr_twGuf ynma&;vdktyfovm;/ xdkar;cGef;twGufawmh tajzuwpfrsdK;wnf; r&SdEdkifyg?

wpfcsdK@u atmifjrifzdk@twGuf ynmoif=um;a&; rvdktyfbl;[k ajymonf?

b0twGuf ynma&;

*sL;

95


wpfcsdK@uawmh ynma&;[m vdkudkvdktyfygonf[kajymonf? u|efruawmh atmifjrifr_twGuf ynma&; vdktyfonf[k ,lqolxJuwpfa,mufjzpfygonf? wpfckawmh&Sdonf/ynma&;ESifhywfoufv#if u|efreJeJawmh ZDZma=umifcsifonf? qifajcwufcGifh &csifonf?

ausmif;ynma&; rvdktyfbl;[k ajymolawGu tdkif;pwdkif;udk Oyrmay;wwfonf?tdkif;pwdkif;onf ausmif;rSm xJrSm pmawmfawmfnHhonf[kqdkonf? tdkif;pwdkif;onfolwpfyg;. t,ltqawGudk OD;aESmufxJrSmtvGwfusuf odrf;qnf; rSwfom;zdk@udkpdwfr0ifpm;Edkifavmufatmif udk,fwdkifawG;ac: qifjcifoljzpfonf? u|efrwdk@tm;vHk;utdkif;pwdkif;r[kwf?u|efrwdk@xJuwpfcsdK@u udk,fwdkifawG;wwfolawGjzpfrnf? trsm;pkuawmhawG;wwfatmifqGJac:ay;rnfh tpysdK;ay;ol/ (Initiator) vdkonf? xdk'kwd,trsdK;tpm;jzpfaomtrsm;pkaomvlawGtwGuf atmifjrifr_udk vuf0,f&&Sdzdk@ ausmif;ynma&;vdktyfonf[k/ u|efr,lqygonf?

atmifjrifr_udk&zdk@ b,fenf;vrf;awGudk oHk;rvJ? rSefuefonfh enf;vrf;udkoHk;ovm;/ b,fenf;rqdk &onfhenf;ESifh ,lrSmvm;? u|efrwdk@ &if;ESD;aeus odk@aomfa&&SnfrSm/ oduQmrJhaom wpf,loef pum;wpfcGef;&Sdonf? The end justifies the means

[laom pum;? vdkcsifwJh ed*Hk;csKyf&v'fudk &r,fqdk&if b,fenf;vrf;eJ@oHk;oHk;/ rSefuefw,f[kt"dym,f&ygvdrfhrnf? wu,fawmhxdkpum;rSm tuef@towfr&Sd trSefw&m;r[kwfyg?raumif;aom enf;vrf;onf raumif;aom tqHk;ed*kH;udk ay;ygonf? vlwpfa,mufonfraumif;aom tyifudkpdkufysdK;v#if/ raumif;aomtoD;udkyJ pm;&rnf? rdrdpdkufysdK;aomtyifudk rdrd &dwfodrf;&onf[laom pum;yHkvnf; &Sdonfr[kwfygvm;?

u|efrwdk@ aemufwpfrsdK; pOf;pm;=unfhvdk@&onf? The end tests the validity

of the means vdk@jyifqifoHk;E_ef;=unfhEdkifonf? ed*Hk;csKyf&v'f[m toHk;jyKwJhenf;vrf;awG&J@rSefuefr#wr_udk prf;oyfwmjzpfw,f? xdkazmfjycsufudk b,folrS jiif;qdkrnfrxif? ta=umif;t&mwpfck. wu,fh&v'fjzifhomv#if aqmif&Gufr_wpfck rSefrrSefudk csifhcsdefqHk;jzwfEdkifayvdrfhrnf?

vlawG.vkyf&yfonf &v'fESifh tusdK;qufrsm;t& rSefrrSef qHk;jzwf+yD;om;jzpfonf? worwfwnf; aumif;aom/ tusdK;aus;Zl;udk &v#if xdkvkyf&yfudk rSefuefaumif;rGefonf[k ,lq=urnf r[kwfygvm;?

Oyrm +idrf;csrf;a&;udkvdkvm;oltjzpf v_yf&Sm;wuf=uGol wpfOD;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf[k qENjyrnfqdkygpdk@[email protected] Dwef;vrf;av#mufqENjyr_onf vlwdkif;. +idrf;csrf;a&;udk taESmuft,Sufjzpfap&avmufatmif a'goawGyg0ifrnf? oludk,fwdkif.+idrf;csrf;a&;udkyg xdcd kufepfemrnfqdkygu ol@vkyf&yfudk +idrf;csrf;a&;[k u|efrwdk@owfrSwfEdkifrvm;.....? xdktqHk;owfu raumif;v#if ol.enf;vrf;aumif;onf[k

96


,lq=uyghrvm;? wpfjcm;wpfzufrSm Oyrmwpfck =unfh&v#if zlvfwefonf oabFmudkodyfonf;qrsm;aom oHoxWKjzifh wnfaqmufonfrSm cyfa=umifa=umif enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf[k qdkv#if/ tqHk;owf &v'ftaeESifh xdkoHoxWK oabFmudk a&csvdkufaomtcga&ay:rSm ay:aeonf qdkaomtcsufonf ol.wDxGifr_udkrSefovm;/ rrSefbl;vm; qHk;jzwfzdk@vdktyfor# tcsufyJr[kwfaybl;vm;?

tdkif;pwdkif;vdk t,f'Dqifvdk odyHynm&Sifrsm;onf yHkrSef twef;ynm oif=um;a&;pepfESifh tH0if*Gifus rjzpf? olwdk@vdkxl;csGefaom ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh yHkrSefausmif;ynmoif=um;ay;ol q&mrsm;t=um; bmrsm;uGmjcm;ygovJ? t"duuGmjcm;csufrSm wu,fhtjzpfrSefudk tm&Hkpdkufepf0ifjcif;&Sd r&Sd[laom tcsufyJ[k qdk=uygonf? tdkif;pwdkif;wdk@uwu,fhb0. vufawG@oifcef;pmawGESifh rdrdwdk@. awG;qqifjcifOm%fudk aygif;pyfavhvmtoHk;jyKonf? yHkrSefausmif;ynma&; oif=um;ol &Sif;jyol q&mawGu olwdk@zwfcJh avhvmcJhaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk udk;um;+yD;/ t,ltqwdk@udk qkyfudkifonf? vlom;xk.vrf;jya&S@aqmifrsm;onf olwdk@. pdwftm&HkwGif oD;oef@&v'f tqHk;owfwpfckukdOD;wnfxm;+yD;om;? wpfckcktwGuf trSefw&m; qHk;jzwfcsuf &Sdxm;+yD;om;/ xdktqHk;owfudk&zdk@twGuf olwdk@onf vufawG@tusqHk; enf;vrf;jzifh &SmazGzdk@ tm&Hkpl;pdkufxm;+yD;om;jzpfonf?

ausmif;om;wpfa,mufonf b,favmufyJ pmtkyfawGtrsm;}uD;zwf&_vdk@OD;aESmufawG jynfhusyfaeygap/ ol@twef;ynmoif=um;r_ oufwrf;/ q,fESpf q,fhav;ESpfoifcJh+yD;or# ol@b0wGif ol.ta=umif;t&mrsm;tay:em;vnfEdkifpGrf;onf wu,fhvufawG@ tawG@t}uHKESifh qufpyfywfoufr_ r&Sd? xdktcg ol. udk,fhudk,fudk em;vnfr_onfzefwD;xkwfvkyftm;/ enf;yg;aom trsdK;tpm;wpfck jzpfaevdrfhrnf?

ynma&;qdkonfrSm b0u rdrdudk oif=um;ay;onfht&mrsm;ESifh trSefw&m;uoif=um;ay;aom t&mrsm;udk tajccHEdkifzdk@ vdktyfonf[k xifonf? xdktcgusrS u|efrwdk@tawG;tac:ESifh avhvmpGrf;tm;rsm;u oDtdk&Drsm;udkxkwfvkyfjyXmef; ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf?oDtdk&Drsm;udk avhvmusufrSwfjcif;onf aumif;yg.? odk@aomf u|efrwdk@ udk,fwdkif awG;ac:qifjcifr_jzifh oDtdk&Drsm;udk xkwfazmfEdkifzdk@a&m rvdktyfbl;vm;? ,ae@acwf EdkifiHtoD;oD;rSarmf'ef ausmif;om;rsm;onf zefwD;xdk;azmufEd kifpGrf;tm; yd kIaumif;oif honf/r[kwfbl;vm;? u|efrwdk@. tjrifESifh cH,lcsufrsm;udk oDtdk&Drsm;u yHkoGif;ay;aom tjzpfxufu|efrwdk@. tppftrSefrS&aom tawG;tjrifESifh cH,lcsufrsm;u oDtdk&Drsm;jyKvkyfay;Edkifonfh tjzpfu ydkraumif;bl;vm;?

(jrefrmopfr*~Zif;rS)

*sL;

97


'Duae hArmawG Armpm a}uapzdk h

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tcsdeftcgESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; awG@&Sd&ayonf?rsufawmif (10) cwf ] (1) e&/ (4) e& ] (1) c% (12) c% ] (1) c&m (10) c&m] (1) jyef (6) jyef ] (1) ADZem (16) ADZem ] (1) yg'f (4) yg'f ] (1) em&D (60) em&D ] (1) &uf ?

98


jrefrm wpfem&Donf ,ckacwf pufem&D (24) rdepfESifhnDr#onf? wpfae@v#ify[dk&fpnf &SpfcgwD;aoma=umifh wpfy[dk&fESifh wpfy[kd&ft=um; jrefrmem&D (7) em&DESifh (2)yg'fjcm;onf? ae@av;y[dk&f nav;y[dk&f jzpfonf? eHeuf aexGufcsdef rEWav; a&$+rdK@awmfy[dk&fem&Dpifay:rS pnfoH (44) csuf=um;&v#if ntcsdefukefqHk;+yD[k od&onf?

pufem&D / eHeuf (9) em&D wGif (11) csufwD;onf? eHeuf(1)csufwD;[k ac:onf?rGef;wnfhv#if (22) csufwD;.? ae@ (2)csufwD; ac:.? nae pufem&D (3) em&DwGif (33)csufwD;I rGef;vGJ (3) csufwD;ac:.? ae0ifcsdef (44) csufwD;aomtcg ae@tcsdefukefqHk;+yD[kowfrSwf.?

nbufa&mufaomtcg (11) csuf/ (22) csuf/ (33) csuf tpOfvdkuf wD;oGm;+yD;IaexGufcsdef a&mufaomtcg (44) csuf wD;jyefygonf?

"pdefjcL;=umanmif/ va&mifvif;ygvdk@ rSefa&$jyLwif;&,fu r,fckar#mf/oHk;csufpnfawmf/ &dkufaqmf!Sif;w,fav vif;vkayg@aemf " [laom v_difxdyfxm;.abmv,fwGifyg&Sdaom "oHk;csufpnfawmf" rSm (33) csufwD;aom n (3) csufwD;tcsdefjzpfayonf?

A[dk&fpnfoHonf aejynfawmf av;jyifav;&yf avmufom =um;Edkifaoma=umifh/awm&Gmrsm;rSm =uufwGefoHudkyif y[dk&fpnfoHuJhodk@ oabmxm;&a=umif; "a&$y[dk&fpnfoHrsm;udkv r=um;&=umacs+yD av;v&moD ? wdkif;XmeD r[kwfw,f yg+yDrdk@ / =uufoHudky[dk&fjyK&w,f/ awmol&Gmrdk@" qdkonfhtwdkif; =uufwGefoH emcH+yD; oli,fwdwfcsdef/ouf}uD;acgif;cs/ oef;acgif=uuf/ =uufOD;wGef/ t&k%fwuf - vif;=uuf/ ponfjzifh owfrSwfoHk;pGJ=uavonf?

tdrfwpftdrfwGif om;tzESpfa,muf nzuftdyfae=u&m zcifu =uufwGefoH=um;I om;udk (bm=uufvJ) om;jzpfolu ( ppfwaumif;) zcifu "tcsdefudkar;wm "om;?om;vkyfolu (wpfydomausmfrSmayg@) [kajzI zcifvnf;OD;aESmufajcmuf+yD; qufvufrar;awmhacs?

tcsdefta=umif;uawmh 'gayygyJ? tcgta=umif; qufvdkuf=uOD;pdk@? tcgay;aumif;wJhtwGuf toufwpfacsmif; aysmufcJh&&Smaom pavq&m. tcgay;enf;...

atmif - omaerGef;wd / we*FaEGESifh aom=umae@rsm;Y aerGef;wnfh tcgaumif;igh&Sif - oHk;csufwD; ? wevFmESifh Ak'<[l;naeydkif; (&m[k) naeoHk;csufwD;

tcgaumif;?aqG - jynfwufwHk;cg? t*FgEsif h =umomyaw;aewufcsdef eHeufumv

tcgaumif;?eH - vm - aexGuf0if? paeESifh Ak'<[l;ae@rsm; aexGufwpfcg / ae0if wpfcg/

99


tcgaumif;?pavq&m}uD; Od;yknonf rif;wkef;rif;w&m;}uD; vufxufawmfwGif rif;vS

ocF,m [laombGJ@ jzifh &Gmpnf &Gmudk tydkifpm;&aom pmqdkawmf t&m&Sdjzpfonf? jrifuGef;ESifhjrif;cHkwdkifwdk@ ykefuef&mwGif tcgay;rdI &mZ0wfoifh+yD;/ +rdK@0efOD;omtdk;xH tus,fcsKyfESifhae&onf? OD;omtdk;u ol@r,m;i,frsm;ESifh orkwf+yD; owfypfvdkuf.? rif;wkef;rif;}uD;od&aomtcg "vludk acG;owfonf" [laom pum;wpfvHk;ESifhyif Zwfodrf;cJh& &Smavonf?

tcsdeftcg ta=umif; avhvm+yD;=uI "c&m" ta=umif;quf=uOD;pdk@?"c&m"[laom tcsdefonf c%tm;jzifh (12) c%/ e&tm;jzifh (48) e&/

rsufawmifcwftm;jzifh t}udrf(480) &Sday.? rsufawmifwcwf tcsdefonf tvGefwdkawmif;vSaom tcsdefjzpfI tvkyfrjzpf/ rsufawmif (10) cwf/ e&ESifh rsufawmift}udrf(40) cwf c%wdk@rSmvnf; vkyfief;wckpD +yD;pD;Edkifzdk@ vHkavmufaom tcsdefr&onfh twGuftcgay;yk*~dKvfrsm;u c&m txdavmufudkom wGufcsuf owfrSwfI ay;avh&Sd=uonf?

[dka&S;a&S;ya0o%D tcgu bk&ifrif;wpfyg;onf eef;awmf OD;&_wdkif wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf aA'ifynm&Sdrsm;xH tcgawmfawmif;av&m ynm&Sdrsm;u b,fv / b,f&ufb,fem&D / b,fyg'f/ b,fADZem /b,fjyef/ b,fc&monf tcgawmfygbk&m; [k tcgay;=uav.?

aA'ifynm&Sdrsm;u rdrdwdk@ay;xm;aomtcsdeftwdkif; wdwdusus OD;&lwdkifpdkufrdygu u|ef;wdkif}uD;onf a&$wdkifjzpfygvdrfhrnf bk&m;[k xyfrHI &J&J}uD; tmrcH=ujyefavonf?

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xdk@aemuf wESpfcef@&Sdaomtcg awmom;wpfOD;onf a&$iSufaysmcdkif}uD;udk xrf;Ibk&ifha&S@awmfarSmuf a&mufvm.?

(bk&if)......tb,fta&;tcif;a=umifh a&S@awmfarSmufodk@ a&mufvm&ygoenf;?

(awmom;)......rSefvSygbk&m; / u|efawmfrsdK;+cHrS xl;jcm;rGefjrwfvSaoma&$iSufaysmcdkif}uD; oD;vmI t&Sifrif;jrwftm; qufo&ef vma&muf&jcif;yg bk&m; ?

(bk&if)......tdef;..xl;jcm;aypG/ tEdk@..'DvdkiSufaysmcdkif}uD; oD;vmatmifoifrnfodk@ rnfyHk pdkuf&onfudkwifprf;ygOD;?

(awmom;)......rd&dk;zvmygbJ bk&m;?

100

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xdk@ae wpfnvkH; tar rtdyfEdkif? tdrfxJwGif acgufwkH@acgufjyef avSsmufaerdonf?

*l;vfewfonf naeapmif;onf txd tcef;xJwGif acgufwkH@acgufjyef avSsmufaerdonf? aqmufwnf&m r&awmh? bmvkyfI bmudkif&rnfudkvnf; rodawmh? bmudkr#vnf;pOf;pm;Ir&awmh? tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;vkduf jyefxGufvmvdkuf? [mvm[if;vif; jzpfaeaomrsufvkH;rsm;jzifh eH&Hrsm;/ rsufESm=uufrsm;/ y&dabm*rsm;udk =unfhrdonf? qmavmifjcif;r&Sdawmhonfudk csufcsif; owdjyKrdvkdufonf? tvGefyljyif;jcif;/ tvGefcsrf;at;jcif;wdk@a=umifhxkHoGm;ykHrsdK;ESifh wlonf? tm&kHa=umrsm;rS t&om cHpm;&m t&omzl;rsm;onf qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;a=umifh xkHxkdif;oGm;=u[ef wlonf?

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ukd,fudk n$wfum em;em;okd@uyfum tpfudk r=um;apvdkonfh twGufavoHuav;jzifh cyfwdk;wdk; ajymvdkufonf?

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118


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(u)ol@a=umjyifwGif rSefwcsyf wyfqifxm;cJhavovm;? aea&mifatmufwGif ol@

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119


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120


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121


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&ifudk odrfhodrfh wkefaponf? yDwdjzifh t&nfaysmfavawmhonf? udkaiGwdk;udk ajy;I ajy;Iowd&aevsuf? ra=uGO. cifyGef;a[mif;/ orD; rdk;rdk;at;.zcif udkaiGwdk;onf rkefwdkif;vd_if;yg;pyfxJ ygoGm;cJhonf? em*pfrkefwdkif;vGef umv b0awG a=uysufoGm;cJh=u/ pdwf"gwfawGtydkif;ydkif; tpp vGifha=uoGm;cJh=upOf udk,fxl udk,fx tm;jyefarG;=u&onf// pdwfajcmufjcm;r_wdk@udk wnf+idrfatmif vkyf&wm tcufcJqHk; todrfarG@qHk; ? wppD jyef@usJa=urGaeaompdwf"gwfrsm;udk e*dkvf rlvtwdkif; jzpfatmif jyefquf& aygif;pyf&onfrSm vG,fulaomtvkyfawmhr[kwf?

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126


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127


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133


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134


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136


a'gufwmbarmf.

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Ba Maw

BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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tvitvitvitvitvi f;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&efPOST 169-0075

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