, -, - . (19261992) - : - VVII - . , , - , , . , . . , , , . - , (, , ), . - . , - .

450680

450

6

80

II

ImperIal unIty and chrIstIan dIvIsIons

The ChurCh 450680 A.D.

John Meyendorff

St. VladiMir'S SeMinary PreSS,

CreStwood, new york1989

450680 .

-

2012

., . : - 450680 . / . . ; . . . .-. . -. : 2012. 520 . ( ).

, - . - VVII . , , - , - , - . , - . . - , , , -. - ( - ), . - . , .

ISBN 978-5-7429-0415-1

: J. Meyendorff. Imperial unity and Christian Divisions

The Church 450680 A.D.

St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, Crestwood, NY, 1989.

SVS Press, 1989 .., 1992 , , , 2012

281.9 (091) 86.372

45

45

IsBn 978-5-7429-0415-1

12-209-0787

- , -- , - -. , , - , , -.

19811982 ., - , - .

, X. , - , , .

.

7 -, , , , - . , - , .

, , - , , - , , , . - - - , V . - . -

8

- , ; , -, , - , - - . , , , , , . - - .

, -, , - , - , ? , , -. - , - , - .

, - , - , , - : - 1. -

1 Gibbon Ed. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. NY, Ran-dom House, n.d. V. II. P. 520 [.: . - . . V. ., 1997. . 321] ( * . ..).

9

, , , , -, , - , - - - .

-.

, , - , , -. , - - , - , , .

, - , , - . -, - ; , .

-

10

V, VI VII . . , - , .

, , -, - - , . , , - , , - . , - , , - .

(305337), - , - I (379395), - , I (527565), - . - - , . , , . - - (451). 451 . , , - , . - , , : ,

11

, - - . , , - , VII - . , -, -, , .

12

I

313 . - - . , , - 15 1. - (religio licita), , , , - . , 528 ., - : - , - .

1 (Lucii Caecilii Liber ad Donatum Confessorem de Mortibus Persecutorum, 48) (Historia Ecclesiastica. X, 5, 114; . .: Eusebius. The history of the Church from Christ to Constantine / G.A. Williamson (trans.). Baltimore (MD), 1965. P. 401403 [. . ., 1998. . 244248 ; . . ., 1993. . 359362].

13

I.

, -, (), , , - , , , 2.

, , - , ( , , ) , , , 1918 . ( ) .

, -, , - - . , , , , , , . , .

V ., , - . - , -, - . I (305337), - , - . , ,

2 Krger P. (ed.). Codex Justinianus. [Berolini, 1877]. 1, 11, 9 ( CJ); . .: Coleman-Norton P.R. Roman State and Christian Church: A Collection of Legal Documents to A.D. 535. Vol. IIII. L., 1966.

14

I.

- , (312), - . , , , , - , . (sol invictus) , - (pontifex maximus) - . - . , , (- ), (324), (326). , , (325). - , , , - . . , - - , - (337). -. , , - , - . , , : , , , .

15

I.

- -. - . , II (337361) (337350), - , , , - , . , - . - , . , - , , - (361363). - , , . 363 364 . - 3. - IV . I (364375) , , , 4. , - . , - , -, 364 . - - .

3 Stein E. Histoire du Bas-Empire. Vol. I: De l'tat romain l'tat byzantin (284476). Paris, 1959. P. 25.

4 Jones A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284602: A Social and Administrative Survey. Oxford, 1964. . 25.

16

I.

I (379395) (375383). 381 . - pontifex maximus. . , , - . , , , . , 390 . . - , , , .

-, , , . -, , - - . 391392 . , , , 5. -, , . :

5 Theodosiani libri XVI: cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes / Mommsen Th., Meyer P.M. (eds.). Vol. 12. Berolini, 1954. P. 10, 1112; . .: The Theo-dosian Code and Novels and Sirmonidan Constitution / C. Pharr (trans.). Princeton, 1952. P. 473) ( CT).

17

1.

(392394) -. -, - . , V ., - . , (527565) - .

1.

438 . II (408450) , 312 437 . , (Codex Theodosianus), - , IV V . , . - . , . - . -, 476 ., , , . - , , 534 .

, 312 ., , - . -,

18

I.

. : , - , - 6. , - , - .

, - : - . , IV V ., , . , -, () -, - . , - .

, -, , . , 7. -, , , - . , , , , -. - ; ,

6 .: Blondi B. Il diritto romano christiano. 3 vols. Milano, 19521954.

7 CT. Nov. 12 ( July 10. P. 439; . .: P. 498; CJ. V, 17, 18 ( Jan. 9, 449).

19

1.

8. , -, , . 421 . , - , 9. - , , : , , - , , 10. ( ), , - 11, , -, .

, , - ( ), - , . - , . , , - . (.: . 5:2233). , - , (. )*. , ,

8 CJ. V, 17, 8 ( Jan. 9, 449).9 CT. III, 16, 2 (March 10, 421; . .: P. 77).10 Ibid.

.

11 CT. III, 17, 4 ( Jan. 21, 390; . .: P. 78).* 4- . .

20

I.

. - , - (.: . 19:9). - , , - .

, -, , . , , - , 12. - . , , , 13. - , 14. - 15, 16, - , 17.

- , - . - , , -. ,

12 CT. XI, 27, 1 (May 13, 315; . .: P. 318).13 CT. VIII, 16, 1 ( Jan. 31, 320; . .: P. 217).14 CT. IX, 7, 6 (Aug. 6. 390; . .: P. 232).15 CT. IX, 18, 1 (Aug. 1, 315; . .: P. 240).16 CT. XV, 12, 1 (Oct. l, 325; . .: P. 436).17 CT. IX, 40, 2 (March 21, 315; . .: P. 255).

21

1.

, -. : - 18. , -, , , 19. , 20. , , , 21.

, -, - 22; , 23. - , , 24. - (manumissio) . - , ( ), - 25.

18 CT. IV, 12, 1 (Apr. 1, 314; . .: P. 92); CT. IX, 9, l (May 29, 329; . .: P. 233); CJ. V, 5, 3 ( June 23, 319).

19 CT. IX, 5, 1 ( Jan. 1, 320; . .: P. 230).20 CJ. I, 3, 36; . .: P. 484.21 Schoell R., Kroll G. Justiniani Novellae. Berolini, 1954 (

Nov.). 123, 17; . .: P. 546.22 CT. IX, 12, 1 (May 11, 319; . .: . 235).23 CT. II, 25, 1 (Apr. 29, 325; . .: P. 5657).24 CT. XV, 8, 1 ( July 4, 343; . .: P. 435); CT. XV, 8, 2 (Apr. 21,

428; . .: P. 435); Theodosius. II. CT. Nov. 18 (Dec. 6, 439; . .: P. 504).

25 CJ. 1,13,1 (June 8, 316); CT. IV, 7, 1 (Apr. 18, 321; . .: P. 87); CT. II, 8, 1 ( July 3, 321; . .: P. 44).

22

I.

- -26, -, -. - - 27.

, , , - -, , , - (. 3:28). , , , - . - , - , . , - , , - . - , - . ; , , - - , . , , - . -, - ,

26 .: CT. XVI, 9, 1 (Oct. 21).27 CT. XVI, 5, 65 (May 30, 428).

23

1.

. (440461) - , , - , , ; , , , . , , : - , 28. , - , . , , .

, , IV V . , , - , -, .

-. (312), - , . , - , . - ,

28 Epistola 4, l. Migne J.P. (ed.). Patrologiae latinae cursus comp le tus. Paris, 18441866 ( PL). 54. Col. 611A; . .: Leo the Great, Pope, St. Letters / E. Hunt (trans.). NY, 1957. P. 2324); (Epis-tola 1, 35).

24

I.

. , 29. - , - , , . , , , - , - , - , . 30. , . V . - , (, , -). , (366384) . , , , - . . (444), , (431) - , 2500 -31. - , - , . V VI . ,

29 CT. XVI, 2, 4 ( July 3, 321; . .: P. 441).30 Joannes Chrysostomus. Homilia in Matthaeum 66. Migne J.P.

(ed.). Patrologiae cursus completes: Series graecae. Paris, 18441866 ( PG). 58. Col. 630 [ , 66 // , . - : 12 . . 7. . 2. ., 1901. . 678 ( - )].

31 Schwartz E. (ed.). Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum. Berlin, 1927. Vol. IV. P. 224225 ( ACO).

25

1.

- 32.

, . , - - , , , . - - , 33. 399 . - , . , 34, . 35, - ( , . 2-).

- - . I 36, , - , , , . 392 . . - , , . , ,

32 CJ. I, 2, 24 (530, ).33 CT. I, 27, 1 ( June 23, 318; . .: P. 31).34 CT. XVI, 2, 41 (Dec. 11, 411).35 .: Jones A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire. P. 758.36 CT. XVI, 10, 12 (Nov. 8, 392; . .: P. 743).

26

I.

(. 389 391) .

, - , - , - , , , 542 . - 70 , , . - C. - . - - 37.

, , , - . , 38, , , 39. - 40. - , . - , , - ,

37 CJ. I, 11, 10 (529).38 CT. VII, 8, 2 (May 6, 368; . .: P. 165).39 CT. XVI, 8, 2 (Nov. 29, 330; . .: P. 467).40 CT. XVI, 8, 21 (Aug. 6, 420; . .: P. 469); 10, 24 ( June 8,

423; . .: P. 476).

27

1.

41. , - -, -, 42. - , , 43. , , , (610641) , V .44. - , , , .

, - - , . , - , . , - , , , , . - - , - , . , -, - . ,

41 CT. XVI, 8, 1 (Aug. 13, 315; . .: P. 467).42 CT. XVI, 8, 21 (Aug. 6, 420; . .: P. 470).43 CT. Const. Sirmond. 6 ( July 9, 425; . .: P. 480).44 Jones A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire. P. 949950.

28

I.

, - , . , , , , . , - , . , II , . 451 . , -, (451 .). .

I (379) , II , . - , 45. -, - , ( , - -, 46). - 47. - 48. : -, ,

45 CT. XVI, 5, 5 (Aug. 3, 379; . .: P. 450); 5, 6 ( Jan. 10, 381; . .: P. 451).

46 CT. XVI, 5, 15 (March 10, 388; . .: P. 453).47 CT. XVI, 5, 46 ( Jan. 15, 409; . .: P. 458).48 CT. XVI, 5, 25 (March 13, 395; . .: P. 454); 26 (March 30,

395; . .: P. 455).

29

1.

, 49, - - 50. , , - . , , , , : - . - (451), . , : - 431 . 51 . , , - , .

, - . , -52, . - : , 452 ., III

49 CT. XVI, 6, 6 (March 21, 413; . .: P. 465); 10, 24 ( June 8, 423; . .: P. 476).

50 CT. XVI, 5, 9 (March 31, 382; . .: P. 452).51 CT. XVI, 5, 66 (Aug. 8, 435; . .: P. 463).52 CT. XVI, 2, 31 ( Jan. 15, 409; . .: P. 445).

30

I.

. - , -, , , , - , . - , - .

, , - , . V VI . coloni adscripti , -53. , -, (. 374) - ( 381); , , , -. - -, : , , , . . - , , - 54 . - 55. - , : - 56, ,

53 .: Jones A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire. P. 801802, 921924.54 CT. XVI, 2, 6 (June 1, 329; . .: P. 441).55 CT. XVI, 5, 11 (Feb. 26, 342; . .: P. 442).56 CT. XII, 1, 121 ( June 17, 390; . .: P. 359360).

31

1.

57. , - - , -, , , .

, - : , . - , I - 58. , - -. (387), , , , - 59. 60. , -

57 CT. XII, 1, 63 (Dec. 11, 399; . .: P. 351).58 CT. IX, 40, 16 ( July 27, 398; . .: P. 257).59

. , (PG. 49 [ // , . : 12 . . 2. . 1. ., 1896. . 5247]), . : Downey G. A His tory of Antioch in Syria. Princeton, 1961. P. 426433.

60 Joannes Chrysostomus. Ad Sermones quinque in Annam, Ser-mo I (PG. 54. Col. 634) [ , 1 // , . : 12 . . 4. . 2. ., 1898. . 778].

32

I.

, , , , (398404), . -, (611619), . (371397).

- , (, 451 . ), - . - -. , , . . , , - . - , , , , . - , , - . , , , , - , . -, - XX , . , : (. 18:36). - , - .

33

2.

-. . - , . , .

2.

, , , -, , , , ; - -, de facto : , , , - - , - .

, - - : , - (). , , (.: . 2:6), , - - , - : , , , - . , - .

34

I.

, , -, , - , -, , , - .

V . de facto . , , , , - . , , ( - ), 410 . 476 .* .

476 . ( ), - . - , -, . ; , . , , , . - , , . V . .

* , 476 . - , , .

35

2.

, . - - - . , , - . , - , 61 62. - , - 63. , , . - -, . , , , , : - .

, - V . . - , . , , , - .

( ,

61 Epistola 123, 1516 (Saint Jrme. Lettres / J. Labourt (ed.). Vol. VII. Paris, 1961. P. 994).

62 Epistola 9 (Saint Jrme. Lettres. Vol. I. Paris, 1949. P. 26).63 Sed tantum distant Romana et barbara, quantum quadrupes

abjuncta est bipedi vel muta loquenti (Contra Symmachum. II, 816819).

36

I.

) , , - , , - , 64. , , , , - - . . -, . , -, , , , - . -, . , -, , , , , , - , . . - -, , - . - , ? - , ( ) , (

64 ., ., : Pirenne H. A History of Euro-pe. Vol. I: From the End of the Roman World in the West to the Beginnings of the Western States. NY, 1958. P. 917.

37

2.

) , - . - .

, , - : - , , , , . : , , , , . IV , , - (311383)65, , , (341) - , . , , , - , . , , 360 . , - - I 379 . , , -. , , - . , , , . - , , , -, -

65 .: Thompson E.A. The Visigoths at the Time of Ulfila. Oxford, 1966.

38

I.

. , - -. (493526), ( , - ), .

- , -, . - , - , , , - .

. - ; - -, . - , -, , - , , , , , , . , (.: . 2): - . , - , ( ) - .

, , - . ,

39

2.

. , , , - 66. - , , , - . IV . , (. 270345), . - (. 306373). , , - . , , , .

-, - , . - -, , -. , - , , ; - , , , .

, , - , , . - VII . , - , , .

66 . , : Murray R. Symbols of Church and Kingdom. A Study in Early Syriac Tradition. Cambridge, 1975. P. 438.

40

I.

- . , , , . , , - , - . , manu secula * . , V VI . - - , - -, . , , . , , , , - 67. , 449 . II, - 513519 .** - , -

* .67 .: Jones A.H.M. Were ancient heresies national or social

movements in disguise? // Journal of Theological Studies. 1959. Vol. X. 2. P. 280298. , , - , , - .

** , , - I, 518 . I, . ..

41

2.

. , . , - . , . , . - , . , , , - , 68. , , 69. - , . , 532 . -, .

, , - , - , 70.

, . , , - , 71.

68 Athanasius. Historia arianorum ad monachos, 36 (PG. 25. Col. 736AB) [ , ( ) // , . . . 2. ., 1902. . 133]; Joannes Chrysostomus. Homilia in illud, Vidi Dominum, IV, 5 (PG. 56. Col. 126) [ , 4: , , // , . : 12 . . 6. . 1. ., 1900. C. 412413]; Acta Maximi, 4.5 (PG. 90. Col. 117BD; . .: Berthold G.. NY, 1985. P. 2021).

69 Chron. VIII, 14, IV, 5 (Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d'Antioche, 10661109 / J.B. Chabot (ed.). P., 1899. Vol. II. P. 122).

70 Zacharias. Historia Ecclesiastica. IX, 15; . .: Frend W.H.C. The Rise of the Monophysite Movement. Cambridge, 1972. P. 365366.

71 Frend W.H.C. The Rise of the Monophysite Movement. P. 62.

42

I.

VII . , , - , , - , 72. , , , - , . , , - 73. , - , , , , - . , oikoumene, , - . , - ( , , - ), , ( -) . , - , . , , -, 74.

72 Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa (Bishop of el-Ashmunein). History of the patriarchs of the Coptic church of Alexandria (S. Mark to Benjamin I) / B...Evetts (ed., trans., annot.) // Patrologia orientalis. I. Paris, 1904. P. 491 ( PO).

73 . : Butler A.J. The Arab conquest of Egypt and the last thirty years of the Roman dominion / F.M. Fraser (ed.). Sec. ed. Oxford, 1978.

74 The Making of Late Antiquity. Cambridge, 1978. P. 82.

43

3.

- , , , , . , , .

, V . - , , - -. , - oikoumene, , .

3.

, , , , -. , . XIX ., - , - , - , (cujus regio, ejus religio) *. , , - . - . , :

* , (.) , 1555 . V - .

44

I.

-, - - - .

- ; , - 75.

, IV . - , , -, . , . IV . , - . , , , . , , (), - , .

, , ; -, , . ? - , -? ? ?

, -

75 . : Gaudemet J. L'Eglise et l'Empire romain (IVeVe sicles). Paris, 1958; Dvornik F. Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy: Origins and Background. Vol. II. Washington (DC), 1966. P. 610850. .: Coleman-Nor-ton P.R. Roman State and Christian Church.

45

3.

. , , - - : -, ( . 18:36); , , (.: . 13:17); (. 18). - , , - .

, IV ., - , , . , - - , . , , (.: . 2:1), , - (.: . 3:1), . , , , - , . II . 76,

76 - [ ; , . : , . , , ; , . , :

46

I.

, .

, - , - . , , , - - , , - 77

- - (consensus patrum) , , , , , , 78. 79.

-, , , : Pax Romana ,

, , ] , (Historia Ecclesiastica. IV, 2526 Eu-sebius. The history of the Church from Christ to Constantine / G.A. Williamson (trans.). P. 187188) [ . // . ., 1999. . 211222].

77 Contra Celsum II, 30 (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte. Lpz.; Berlin, 1899. Bd. 2. P. 158 ( GCS); . .: Origen. Contra Celsum / H. Chadwick (trans.). Cambridge, 1953. P. 92 [ / . . . . . 1. , 1903. . 165 ( )].

78 .: Dvornik F. Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy: Origins and Background. Vol. II. P. 725.

79 The Festal Menaion. L., 1973. P. 254 [, , 25 ].

47

3.

80. III - , . , - ; , - , , , . , - - , , , , - . , , - . , , , . , , - .

, - ? , - . , -

80 . , , ... , (Oratio IV: Adver-sus Julianum imperatorem prior Invectiva, 37 // PG. 35. Col. 564 [ 4: // , . . . 1. ., 1843. . 107 ( )].

48

I.

; - . , - , - , . . , , , , - - 81. , , , . , , , .

. , - . , - , - - ; , , - , IV . . , , , 82. , - , - .

81 Dvornik F. Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy. Vol. II. P. 616.

82 Ibid. P. 1026.

49

3.

, , -, - , , , - . -, , , - .

, , . ( -) , , - , , . , , ; , , - 83.

, :

; , , , - , ; , ; , . , , ...84. , , , , , . ... 85.

83 Praise of Constantine, 2 (GCS. 7. 199) [ // , - - . . 2-. . II. ., 1850. . 349].

84 Ibid. 5. 203 [ . . 357].85 Ibid. 2. 300 [ . . 351].

50

I.

, - ... - , , , , , - 86.

, - , . , , . , , - . - -, ; ( )87, , , .

, - Pax R - . ,

86 Praise of Constantine, 3, 201 [ - // -... . 349].

87 (GCS. 7. 126) (IV, 24) - , [- // ... . 2-. . II. . 244245; . . ., 1998]. . : De Decker D., Dupius-Masay G. L'piscopat de l'empereur Constantin // Byzantion (Revue internationale des etudes byzantines). 1980. Vol. 50. 1. P. 118157. ( , , , (); . : CT. Sir. Prol., 5.)

51

3.

, - : . , , -, , , . - , - . - . , , , , .

, , , : , , , - , - , , , - , . IV -, (, , . .) . - , - , , -, , , , , , , , .

52

I.

, IV V . . , -, - - . , - , . - . , .

, , - . :

,

( ), , - . - -

( ). , , ... - , , -, ; 88.

, , - , , - :

88 I, 44 (GCS. 7. 28) [ . . 92].

53

3.

; , , . , - - : , , , , . , . , - , , . , 431 ., II - , , , , 89.

, , I 380 . , - ( ) -, II 431 . * 449 . , - 451 ., , ( ) , , , Pax Romana. , , , : , , - . ,

89 Mansi G.D. Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collec-tio. Vol. IV [Frorentiae, MDCCLX]. Col. 1120 ( Mansi).

* II 431 . . ..

54

I.

, , , 553 ., , - . , , - - -. .

, , - - , - . . - , , -. 355 ., II, - : - , , (), - (), ( ) ()90, 91, 92. () (); , , 93

90 .: Apologia ad inperatorem Constantinum, 2, 3, 9, 14 etc. (PG. 25. Col. 597, 605, 621 etc.) [ , , // , . . . 2. . 41, 4243, 48, 5253 .]. , .

91 Ibid. 5, 12, 20. Col. 601, 609, 621 [ . . 45, 51, 59].92 Ibid. 10, 17. Col. 608, 616 [ . . 49, 55].93 Historia arianorum ad monachos. 30, 34, 45, 67, 68 (PG. 25.

Col. 728, 733, 749, 773, 776) [ , ( ) // , . . . 2. . 127, 131, 143, 160, 161].

55

3.

94 *. . , , , -, : , , - ... , , ( ! ..), - , , , - , 95.

. - - , . - Pax Romana96. ,

94 Ibid. 46, 76, 77, 80 (PG. 25. Col. 752, 785, 788, 792) [ . . 144, 168, 169, 172].

* , . , , . . : , , , , , , . ..

95 Oratio IV: Adversus Julianum imperatorem prior Invectiva, 37 (PG. 35. Col. 564) [ 4: // , . . . 1. ., 1843. . 106, 107].

96 , - , , , , , ; , , (Interpretario in Isaiam prophetam, 2 // PG. 56. Col. 33) [ , 2: , , // , . : 12 . . 6. . 1. ., 1900. . 32].

56

I.

97. , - , -. ... , - , 98.

- . , (381) I, - . , -, 99.

, . , , , 381 .100. - Pax Romana , . (-) , , - , - . , 101. , , -

97 , , (Ecloga de Imperio, Potestate et Gloria, homilia 21 // PG. 63. Col. 695) [- 21: , // , . - : 12 . . 12. . 2. ., 1906. . 628].

98 Homiliae XXX in Epistolam secundam ad Corinthios, 15, 4 (PG. 61. Col. 507) [ 2- , 15 // , . : 12 . . 10. . 2. ., 1904. . 611].

99 Mansi. III. Col. 557.100 . , 382 . (Mansi. III.

Col. 623627).101 In psalmum XLV enarratio, 21 (PL. 14. Col. 1138 .).

57

3.

. II - - , , , (20:25): -, , - . , . , - , 102. 390 ., I -, 7000 , - . , - , , ( ) - V . , 103.

, , , . , - , , , II ,

102 Epistolae 1, 20, 19 (PL. 16. Col. 1041). (. 22; 25) .

103 De sancto hieromartyre Babyla, 5 (PG. 50. Col. 539 .) [- . : ; // -, . : 12 . . 2. . 2. ., 1896. . 568594].

58

I.

104, - 105. - , - 449 ., II, , - .

, , V . - , - . , - , , - ; , , . , - , - . , , , -, .

104 ACO. II, 4. P. 3.105 Ibid. P. 64.

546

..........................................5

...............................................................................7

I. ................................................121. .......172. ...................................................333. .....................................................43

II. .................................................591. : , , ..622. : ?.......................733. ..............................................794. 451 . ...............................................85

III. :, , ...........961. :

...............................................972. ............................................1083. ....................................................1144. , ......................................127

IV.

....1331. .....................................................1342. ..............1403. ...........................................................1424. -............................................................1525. , .............................................1566.

......................................166

V. : CHRISTIANITAS ROMANITAS....................................1741. ...........................................................177

547

2. : . .................................1783. :

; ...........................1904. . ...............................1955. . ........................................1976. ...........2017. ..............215

VI.

...................................................2231. : ..2262. : ....................2413. ....................................2514. .

.................................................2605. ..........................271

VII. ...........................................2781. ..................................................................2832. ....................................................2963. ...................................................3094. ,

..........................................3155. .....................................................327

VIII. :

?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3351. ......................3392. ....................3453. ......................................................3544. .....................................................3625. :

, ....................................373

IX.

...................................3891. , ; . ...........3912. - ...............4113. :

. ..................................................................417

4. ..........4265. ?...............................................434

X. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4411.

: ...............................................4462. ..................4503. :

...............................................................4614. :

, , ............................................4725. .............4796. ...........................................488

....................................................................................495

...............................................................502

.....................504

...................................................................519