ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ
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COVER SKANAVI2 final 27-11-04 22:20 2 Mac 2 JOBS:KALIDOSKOPIO:BOOK SKANAVI NEO:cover:
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 1
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K -, Ph.D.E 2004
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50 106 72 .-FAX: 210 3632788, 3627641
e-mail: [email protected] www.kaleidoscope.gr
ISBN 960-7846-44-3
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 2
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- , Ph.D.
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 3
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- - -
, , -
.
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(B.S. M.S. ) -
UCLA.
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, California State University (1988-2000).
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 5
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1962, Rachel Carson -
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-
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 . . . . . . . . .27
2.3 . . . 33
2.4 . . . . . . .35
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2. . . . . . . . . 76
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
4.1 , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
- . . . . . . . . . .147
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 7
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 8
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9
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1 BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 13
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 19
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Disinger, 1998)
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1998), (Howe &
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2 BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 20
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 21
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2.1 :
22
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 24
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 26
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 28
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1
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 29
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 35
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 37
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 44
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 47
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48
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 48
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49
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 49
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 50
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 51
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 52
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 54
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 57
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 58
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 59
-
60
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(Chopyak, 2001).
-
-
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 60
-
61
, , -
, (King et al., 1998). -
,
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(Brohman, 1996).
.
, , -
-
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,
(Beierle, 1999).
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 61
-
62
. , , -
-
, - -
(Broh-
man, 1996).
-
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 62
-
63
, ,
(King et al., 1998).
-
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. -
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(Beierle, 1999). -
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-
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, -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 63
-
64
. -
,
,
-
-
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(, 1988).
-
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man, 1996).
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, 1998). , ... -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 64
-
65
, -
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-
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Brohman, 1996), -
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.
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 65
-
66
. Pirk (2002) :
1. ,
. -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 66
-
67
.
. -
, -
(Beierle, 1998).
,
,
,
.
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,
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(Jasanoff,
1990).
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(Beierle, 1998).
Creighton (1999), -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 67
-
68
. , -
:
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-
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) (.. ).
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(Beierle, 1998).
,
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 68
-
69
. , -
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,
(Fiorino, 1996).
-
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/ /
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: C
reig
hton
, 199
9
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 69
-
70
(eierle, 1998). , -
(McComas, 2001).
(Fiorino, 1996).
, (Beierle,
1998). -
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(Fiorino, 1996). , -
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Beierle, 1999).
,
, (Creighton,
1999). /
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(Fiorino, 1996).
-
.
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 70
-
71
, , -
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(Tat-Kei Ho & Coates, 2002).
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1988). -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 71
-
72
-
.
-
,
. -
.
, -
(Conacher & Bell,
2001). -
, -
, -
-
(, 1988).
-
(Beierle, 1998 Beierle, 1999 Long & Beierle, 1999 Mon-
roe et al., 2000 Conacher & Bell, 2001 Parnell, 2002).
(Beierle, 1999):
-
. , ,
, -
.
- . ,
-
, (.. -
), ,
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, -
(Fiorino, 1996).
- ,
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 72
-
73
-
-
.
, -
-
.
(Gay Jones, 1997 Parnell, 2002 Pirk, 2002):
-
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 73
-
74
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(, 1988):
. , ,
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 74
-
75
: 2003/4,
, 2003/35,
,
. , 1998, -
, -
-
, Aarhus.
-.
, -
.
,
.
-
(Hart, 1997).
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 75
-
76
2 .
1975, , -
.
-
, .
,
(UNESCOUNEP, 1976):
1. :
, -
.
2. : -
, ,
.
3. :
,
.
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 76
-
77
4. : -
.
5. : -
-
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.
6. :
.
1977, -
-
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-
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:
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(UNESCO, 1978):
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(UNESCO, 1978)
UNESCO -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 77
-
78
, -
,
.
- -
. -
-
. -
-
.
, 1987,
-
, .
, (UNESCOUNEP, 1988):
.. -
, , ,
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.
(1992). , -
Agenda 21, -
. , (UNCED, 1992):
, -
. , -
, -
, -
, -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 78
-
79
. , , -
, .
Agenda 21
-
. , 1
, -
, 10 (UNCED, 1992):
, .
, 36 Agenda 21 -
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1997, -
, : -
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-
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 79
-
80
36 genda 21. -
,
. -
(Knapp, 2000):
,
.
,
-
, -
. ,
,
.. -
,
.
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, 26
4 2002. ,
genda
21, -
. -
(Johannes-
burg Declaration) (Plan of Implementation). -
,
, -
-
. , ,
( , 2003), -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 80
-
81
. ,
, -
( 26), (United Nations, 2002):
-
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, 2, 7 ( 4), -
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, 22, :
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25,
, 2015,
,
:
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 81
-
82
,
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.
4, 42,
, :
-
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44, ,
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11 ( ), -
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165, , :
-
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 82
-
83
/ ,
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. , -
.
168, -
, :
-
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., 170, :
-
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,
(Scriabine, 1996).
. -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 83
-
84
, -
,
. ,
-
(Stapp, 1969).
.. -
.
-
, . .. -
, , -
, . ..
. -
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(Scriabine, 1996).
1974, Stapp Cox .., -
(Thomson, 2002).
(Stapp & Cox, 1974):
-
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1977, , -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 84
-
85
, -
.
, , -
,
.. (Marcinkowski, 1998).
,
..,
-
(Roth, 1992 Simmons,
1995, 1997 Wilke, 1995).
..,
-
(Marcinkowski, 1998). , -
-
, -
.
-
, -
(Maloney & Ward, 1973 Lipsey, 1977 Cook
& Berrenberg, 1981) ,
(Dawn Parker & McDonough,
1999). , , -
, , -
, , -
, , , -
(Marcinkowski, 1998).
.. , , -
(Sia et al., 1985). ,
, -
, (Hawthorne &
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 85
-
86
Alabaster, 1999). , -
-
, , .
,
(Uzzell, 1994).
.., ,
, , , , ..
, .. : -
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, ..
(UNESCO,
1978). -
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(Hungerford & Volk, 1990).
-
, Hungerford Volk (1990) -
:
1. - ,
2. - ,
3. - ,
4. -,
5. - .
, Hungerford Volk (1990) ,
, -
, :
1. ,
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 86
-
87
-
2. , -
, -
3. ,
4. , - -
, , -
5. , - -
, -
,
, -
6. ,
.
.. -
.., -
-
, .
1980, Hungerford .., -
..,
.. ,
.. (Goals for Curriculum Development in Environmental Education). -
-
-
.. (Disinger & Monroe, 1994). -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 87
-
88
Hungerford .. -
, -
.
.. ( 3, , 1998). -
. -
(Ramsey et al., 1992).
:
- , - .
:
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V:
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:
- , - , ,, , , , .
: H
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al.,
198
0
.. 3
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 88
-
89
,
,
.
.. -
,
.. (Hwang, Kim, Jeng, 2000).
, .. -
-
( 3). , -
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(Ramsey &
Rickson, 1976 Birch & Schwaab, 1993 Hungerford & Volk, 1990 Hunger-
ford, 1996). , -
.
,
-
(Hungerford & Volk, 1990 Marcinkowski, 1998 Hwang, Kim, Jeng,
2000),
(Hwang, Kim, Jeng, 2000). -
-
()
3 : Knapp et al., 1995
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 89
-
90
,
Hines .., 1986-87 ( 4). Hines .., Hungerford Volk (1990)
, -
.. -
, -
.. (Covitt, 1998).
( 5): ,
-
, -
(Hungerford & Volk, 1990).
, (Hungerford & Volk, 1990). -
, -
()
4 : Hines et al.,1986
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 90
-
91
-
-
(Hungerford & Volk, 1990 Hungerford, 1996).
, -
(Hungerford & Volk, 1990 Hungerford, 1996).
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5 : Hungerford & Volk, 1990
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 91
-
92
,
(Hungerford, 1996).
..,
. ,
-
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(Covitt, 1998), -
.
.. , -
Icek Ajzen 1991 ( 6).
,
.
, , -
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,
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, (Ajzen,
6 : jzen, 1991
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 92
-
93
1991). -
-
, .. . -
,
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, (Ajzen, 1991).
:
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(Ajzen, 1991) , , -
(Ham,
Krumpe, 1996).
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 93
-
94
, ,
.
,
,
(Lubell, 2002), -
.., . Hines ..
(1986) Hungerford Volk (1990)
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Hungerford Volk (1990), -
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(..) .
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 94
-
95
..
.. .. Stapp (1974) -
.. ..,
.. 1976, , ..
, -
..
(1978), .. -
, .., -
.. .. (Sward & Marcinkowski, 2001).
, .. . Peterson, 1982, -
.. -
,
. -
, -
,
(Chawla, 1998). , Hungerford Volk
(1990) .
1980, Hungerford .. , , -
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, , :
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II (
), III ( ) V (
).
,
.., . :
1. .. .
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.
4. .. , , ..
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 95
-
96
.. -
, UNESCO
.., .. -
..
,
.. -
.. (Hunger-
ford et al., 1994 Marcinkowski et al., 1990).
.. -
-
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, -
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.. Tanner
(1979, 1980). Tanner, , ..,
-
-
. -
.
,
.
(Tanner, 1980).
Peterson, , -
, ..
-
.
,
Tanner, - -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 96
-
9797
4
10
18
9
10
13
15 68%
64%
18%
18%
23%
40%
45%
59%
41%
82%
45%33%
58%
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27%
31%
29%
24%
7%
31%
26
21
12
14
13
11
14
3
PETERSON
/
* /
,
/
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14
4
5
5
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5
21%
32%
23%
4
9
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*
Tanner Peterson ..
TANNER
* /
35 78%
20 91%
: S
war
d &
Mar
cink
owsk
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01
* Peterson .
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 97
-
98
(Chawla, 1998).
Tanner. , .. -
, -
,
,
(Sward & Marcinkowski, 2001). , -
4. .., -
Tanner Peterson.
Tanner, Scoll
(1983 Sward & Marcinkowski, 2001), Chawla (1999) Sward
(1999), Peterson, Votaw (1983
Chawla, 1998), Palmer (1993 Palmer, 1998), Corcoran ..
(1995 Sward & Marcinkowski, 2001), Palmer .. (1998a),
Palmer .. (1998b), Palmer .. (1999), Corcoran (1999). -
Tanner Peterson.
,
..,
.. Sia .. (1985/86), Sivek Hungerford (1989/
90) Marcinkowski (1987) .. -
-
(Sward, 1999).
..
.
Marcinkowski (1998), , -
, -
, ..
.
..
.. . -
(.. Peterson). -
, , -
, -
. Sward Marcinkowski (2001) -
Peters-Grant (1986), Koch (1993), Shuman (1995)
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 98
-
DeBoer (1995) -
.. .. -
.., Shuman Ham (1997) -
.. (The Model of Environmental Education
Commitment), -
.. ( 77).
Ajzen
Tanner Palmer ..
..
Ajzen ,
,
, -
.. -
.. , Shuman Ham (1997)
.. -
..
99
7 : Shuman, D. & Ham, S., 1997
..
..
..
.. ..
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 99
-
3 100
()
, 1957, -
.
, 1972,
1986, . ,
130
: -
.
, , 1997, -
-
-
, , -
. , -
, -
,
, , -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 100
-
101
-
(, 2000).
:
85/337/ - . -
(...). -
6, -
, , 7,
.
96/61/ . 15,
, -
,
, .
, , .
2003/4/ 90/313/ -
. -
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-
-
, ,
. , -
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.
2003/35/K
-
85/337/ 96/61/ .
, -
. ,
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 101
-
102
, -
, . -
2, -
-
.
, -
, ,
. ,
-
. , - -
, .
1998, -
,
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-
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. 2003/35/K
-
.
1975 -
. -
2001 , 73 ,
24, .
, , -
25, 1, 2001:
.
-
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 102
-
103
. -
.
-
, -
.
24, 1 2, -
:
1. -
. -
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oo o o -
o o o o Ko, o -
o o -
o o o o o .
. -
24, -
, -
, -
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.
, -
(, 1988).
24 -
.
,
-
. ,
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 103
-
104
(, 2000).
(2000) (1988) -
1975. 2001 -
-
( 24,
), -
. ,
(, 1988):
1. .
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.
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4. 24, . 1 2 25 . 1 2001.
1.650/86, , -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 104
-
105
5 -
. , 2
5:
-
-
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75.308/5.512/26.10/2.11.1990, -
-
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1.650/86 ,
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7.792/1.440 1995
-
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, , -
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E.I.A. (Environmental Impact Assessment),
... , -
, -
. , ...
. , ... . -
... -
, .
... 1960,
National Environmental Policy Act. -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 105
-
106
1969. , -
, -
( ).
,
. , -
,
, , ,
.
, -
Town & Country Planning Regulations 1988.
-
(Sheate, 1994). ,
: -
, , .
, .
Gilpin (1995), ... , -
,
, -
, , , -
.
, -
, -
.
.., , -
. .. -
-
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,
, (Lubell,
2002), ..,
.
L. Zelezny (1999),
..
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 106
-
107
(Fortner, 1999). Zelenzy, -
,
, -
, Leeming ..
(1993), 34 , 1974,
, . -
-
.
Zelenzy 18 , 1971 1996,
-: , , , ,
, , .
.. -
. ..
() -
(Asch & Shore, 1975) ()
(Aird & Tomera,
1977). ..
. -
, -
. -
-
(Ramsey, Hungerford, &
Tomera, 1981). -
(Ramsey, 1993 Ramsey & Hungerford, 1989).
-
.
-
() -
(Horsley, 1977), () (Dresner,
1989), ()
(Benton, 1993) () -
(Smith-Sebasto, 1995). -
.. : -
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 107
-
108
, . (workshops)
-
-
. : () -
(Mc
Neill & Wilkie, 1979), () -
-
(Westphal & Halverson, 1985-1986) () -
-
(Padua & Jacobson, 1993).
: () -
.. (Jordan, Hungerford, To-
mera, 1986) ()
(Dresner & Gill, 1994). , -
(field studies), -
, -
: () (Seaver & Patterson,
1976), ()
(Winett, Kagel, Battalio & Winkler, 1978), ()
(Winett et al., 1982), ()
(Zelenzy, 1999).
Zelenzy (1999)
,
/ -
. ,
. , -
, (Fortner, 2001).
, .. Zelenzy
-
, .
Tom Marcinkowski (1998), ,
, Sia (1984), Sivek (1989) Marcinkowski (1989). -
-
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 108
-
109
-
,
, (Marcinkowski,
1998). Sia (1984), Sivek (1989) Mar-
cinkowski (1989) -
(Marcinkowski, 1998). :
1.-2. . 3.-4. .5. .
Sia (1984), Sivek (1989) Marcinkowski (1989) -
, Lierman
(1996) Hsu (1997),
Hungerford Volk, 1990 (Marcin-
kowski, 1998) (Guidelines for
Excellence) ational American Association of Environmental Education
(A), (Simmons, 1995). Sia, Sivek Marcinkowski -
:
, - (Negra
& Manning, 1997).
-
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1990, -
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,
, 78,7%
BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 109
-
110
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 110
-
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..., 6-8 . -
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Hungerford & Volk, 1991 Volk, 1993 Winther, Volk & Hungerford, 1994):
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 111
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 113
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4 BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 114
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. 1982, UNDRO (United Nations Disaster Relief Co-ordina-
tor) ,
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 115
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 116
-
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,
18-24 0,8% 3,9% 1980-
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5% 12 25 -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 117
-
118
-
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, (Rs)
():
Rt = E * Rs = E * H * V
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 118
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 119
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, disaster catastrophe,
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 121
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2003). 1993
Nohrstedt Tassew, :
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 122
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 123
-
124
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 124
-
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 125
-
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 126
-
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 127
-
128
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 128
-
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iii. , .
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 129
-
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 130
-
131
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Taylor Brown -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 131
-
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 132
-
133
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 133
-
134
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(Minshall, 2000).
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 134
-
135
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 135
-
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 136
-
137
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 137
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 138
-
139
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 139
-
140
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 140
-
141
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 141
-
142
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 142
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 143
-
144
1. .2. .3. .4. , .5. .6. ...7. .
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 144
-
145
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Sjberg, 2003). , -
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 145
-
146
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BOOK SKANAVI 1-146 25-11-04 18:43 146
-
147
1922-32 ,
, -
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(, 1987).
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(, 1998). 1951, -
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BOOK SKANAVI parartima 25-11-04 18:46 147
-
148
/
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(, 1995). -
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sis, 1997 Kousis & Lenaki, 1999).
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BOOK SKANAVI parartima 25-11-04 18:46 148
-
149
/ (/)
WWF Greenpeace . -
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1. http://www.eepf.gr
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4. http://www.helmepa.gr
5. http://www.medasset.gr
6. http://www.medsos.gr
7. http://www.mom.gr
8. http://www.archelon.gr
9. http://www.wwf.gr
10. http://www.ornithologiki.gr
11. http://www.greenpeace.gr
12. http://www.ecologia.gr
13. http://www.ekke.gr/estia
1
BOOK SKANAVI parartima 25-11-04 18:46 149
-
150
/
1.
2. , : ;
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5. MEDASSET
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BOOK SKANAVI parartima 25-11-04 18:46 150
-
151
/ (/)
1. 20, 105 57
.: 210 3224944 / FAX: 210 3225285 e-mail: [email protected]
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