အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၄)

1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&5 / wefcl;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf?

2


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tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;atmfyDus,f / [efav; / atmifarmf / LETPADAN 34

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3


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4


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tvif;tdrfpum;

5


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6


owWrvGefajrmuf tXra&mufjyD

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wnfygapaomf wnfapaomf?

av;av;tdk (O\majr)(tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (7)ESpfjynfhajrmuftwGuf *k%fjyKuAsm)

7


awmfvSefrSK

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pGef@pGef@wrmef ol@[efyefonfawmfvSefyGifhonfh yef;jrwfwnf;?

'*kefwm&m(1940)

8


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tarhac:oH

9


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ta=umif;...?

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10

1 01 01 01 01 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(4)

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'Dom;...t}uD;om;/ b&D;b&m;w'D;v$m;v$m;eJ@/ r}uD;yGm;ol

11


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tar tvkyf¶_yfcJh+yD?

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12


tar pm;zdk@bm;yvuf/ wpfbl; ESpfbl;

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pwdom ydk@tm;wJh om;crsmtar ay;wJh

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uavmifrif tufqpfpGuf[dkyuf 'Daumf

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13


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14


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15


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16


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17


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18


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19


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23


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igudk;uG,fcJ haygh?

ppfu|efeif;jym;b0toFacsxJig&J&Judk;uG,fcJhaygh?

armi fpdk;csdef 2012/ 12/ 30

24


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25


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26


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27


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28


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tewW &Sd&mokd hOD;wnf Ekdifygap?

armi f

29


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30


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31


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ci frrrsdK;14/ 1/ 2012

32


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tarSmifxJu t=uifemawG&J@ pGrf;tm;w&kyfeJ@ ,dk;',m; vif;vufygapom;...?

jynfol&J@toH trSeftuef wifjy&rJhae&mtpdrf;a&mif wrwfom;eJ@ rsufESmzHk; pGyfxm;av&J@...?

zm;jzpfrvm; ig;jzpfrvm;qef;ppfvdk@om =unfh=uygawmh...?

xGef;+idrf; (abmufaxmfom;)

33


o}uFefyGJrSm E$Jaysmfaysmf

ESpful;o}uFef a&mufjyefawmhrnf rSef;qawG;wkdif; aysmf&ygonf/

aEGcsdefcg T&moD0,fyef;ydawmufwkd h yGifha0oD/a&$tqif;ES,f tvSpkHnD

wmo}uFef&ufwGif; csdefcgrSDa&=unffat;ESifh avmif;yuf&if;

arwWmpdwfwkd h yGm;rsm;jcif;/wpfESH hwpfvsm; pnfpnfum;jrL;aysmfjcif;wkd h opfvGifyGm;&mpkESpfrsm; csdwfqufxm;pOfvmrysuf ESpfwdkif;oGm;Armh&dk;&m tarGESpfrsm;

xdrf;odrf;=ur,f 'dk harmifESrrsm;//

ckdi f=unf0i f;

34


tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

35


tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

36


tmZmenf acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;rS tmZmenf nDtpfudk (2) OD;udk arG;xkwf ay;cJhol rSm trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; . tpfudkOD;b0if; wdk@udk arG;xkwf ay;cJhol rSmtmZmenf rdcif}uD; a':pk jzpfayonf?tmZmenf acgif;aqmif nDtpfudkESpfOD;udk arG;xkwfcJ honfh a':pk.

OD;atmifqef;wdk htar

b0rSm pdwf0ifpm;p&m avmu"Hrsm;udk }uHŒ }uHŒcdkif Ekdifol tjzpf rSwfwrf;wif &rnf jzpfonf?AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; ESifh OD;b0if;wdk@. rdcif}uD; a':pkudk (22/ 7/ 1877) &ufwGif rauG;c¶dkif/ewfarmuf+rdKŒ &Sd rif;0dkif; aetdrf tb OD;jrat;/ a':olZm wdk@u arG;zGm; cJhonf? arG;csif;(7) OD; &Sd+yD; orD; t}uD;qHk; jzpfonf? we*FaEG orD; jzpfayrJh rdbrsm; u ae@oifh eHoifhr[kwfbJ rpk[k trnfrSnfhac: xm;cJh=uonf? a':pk. OD;av;awmfol yif;+rdKŒ/ ewfarmuf+rdKŒ/ausmufyef;awmif;+rdKŒ wdk@. oHk;+rdKŒ0ef OD;armifu tpk [k ac:ayonf?

a':pk. atmufwGif armifrsm; jzpfonfh OD;zdk;oif;/ OD;aiGEdkif/ OD;aiGqdkif/ nDra':,k/a':yk/ a':cifarwdk@ &Sdayonf? a':pkrSm tarwl orD;jzpfI rsufESm ao;oG,fum tom;ndKIt&yfrSm redrfhrjrifh jzpfonf? udk,fcE<m taetxm;rSm rydefvGef;/ r0vGef;bJ =unfhIaumif;onf? a':pkrSm pum;enf;ol jzpf+yD; rsufESmrSm usufoa& &Sdum cHhnm;vSonf?a':pkonf tpfrt}uD;qHk; jzpfonfh tjyif oduQm orm"dESifh jynfhpHkum arG;csif;rsm; tm;vHk;utpfr}uD;[k ac:=uojzifh tjcm;olrsm; uvnf; tpfr}uD; vdkufac: cJh=uonf? a':pkonfAdkif;aumif; ausmufzd trsKd;orD; jzpfum rdaumif; zcif om;orD; jzpfonfh twGufrdbrsm;. pum;udk aumif;pGm em,l wwfcJhonf? odk@twGuf a=umifhyif (11) ESpf orD;t&G,fuyif jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wdk@ wwftyfonfh &ufuef;twwfudk olrwl atmif wwfajrmufcJhonf? a':pkonf &ufuef; twwf omru pufcsKyf twwfudkyg oif=um; cJhao;onf?

armfeDwm*sme,f

37


a':pk twGuf uHqdk;onfh tcsufrSm olwdk@acwfu trsKd;orD;rsm; rSm pmoif=um;r_tavhtx enf;yg;aoma=umifh pma&; pmzwfudkyif rwwfajrmuf cJh&ay? pmayroif=um;&I pmrwwf aomfvnf; a':pk. rSwf^m%frSm vlwum vufzsm; cgjcif;cH&avmufatmif aumif;vSonf? a':pk. rdbrsm;onf a&S;vl}uD;rsm; yDyD orD;unmtcgrvifhapESifh qdkonfhtwdkif; a':pk touf(19)ESpf wGif ewfarmuf+rdKŒ taemufydkif;&Sdawmifol}uD; OD;a'udk; ESifh a':qGJav; wdk@. wpfOD;wnf;aom om; OD;zmESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm; ay;cJhonf? a':pkrSm rdbESpfyg; oabmwlIom ta=umif;yg &aomfvnf;vufrxyfrD tcsdefu OD;zmudk wpf}udrf wpfcgrSs rawGŒ jrifzl; cJhacs? xdrf;jrm; vufxyf+yD;Ita=umif;ygaom tcsdefusrSom OD;zmrS ausmufaygufrsm; ygonfudk od&SdcJh&jcif; jzpfonf?"armifzmrSm ausmufayguf ygrSef; tdrfaxmifusrS od&w,fuG,f" [k &,f&,f armarmjzifhwpfcgw&H &,fp&m armp&m tjzpf ajymwwfavonf?

a':pkonf OD;zmESifh ta=umif;qufI aygif;zuf+yD;aemuf a,muQr tdrfwGifvdkufyg aexdkifpOf twGif; (1894) ckESpfwGif t}uD;qHk; orD; rcif!Gef@udk zGm;jrifcJhonf?(1895) ckESpfwGif 'kwd, orD;jzpfol r0ufudk zGm;jrifcJhonf? (11/ 6/ 1901) ckESpfwGifarmifb0if; (tmZmenf acgif;aqmif OD;b0if;) udk zGm;jrifcJhonf? armifb0if; aemufpwkwuav; ra&$rSef udk zGm;jrif cJhaomfvnf; ra&$rSefrSm (13) ESpf orD;t&G,f wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefu a':pkonf a,muQrrsm; tdrfwGifvnf; rae/ rdbrsm;ESifh vnf;raeawmhbJ a':pkwdk@. rif;0dkif;}uD; twGif;rSmyif tdrfwpfaqmif oD;oef@ aqmufum aexdkifcJhavonf? (1905) ckESpf wGif yOPrajrmuf uav; armifaeatmifudk zGm;jrifavonf?xkdpOfu a':pk. wdkufwGef;csuf t& OD;zmonf v,form; b0udk pGef@I aysmfbG,f+rdKŒ wGifOya'oifwef; oGm;a&muf oif=um;cJhonf? OD;zmonf Oya' oifwef; wufa&muf +yD;aemufwwd,wef; trdef@awmf& pmar;yGJudk 0ifa&mufajzqdk&m ESpfcsif;ayguf atmifjrif cJhavonf?xkdtcsdefrSpI a':pkonf v,form; r,m;b0rS trdef@awmf& a&SŒae uawmf a':pk b0odk@rarSsmfvifhbJ a&muf&Sd cJh&awmhonf? OD;zm a&SŒaejzpf+yD; r=umrDrSmyif qÏruav; OD;armifndKarmif ESifh i,fpOfuyif uG,fvGef oGm;cJhaom owWr uav; armifxGef;vif; wdk@udkwpfESpfjcm;pD zGm;jrif cJhavonf?

tarESi fh om;eSi fh acsG;rESi fh(20/ 8/ 1911) &uf wGif tÏr uav; armifatmifoef;udk arG;zGm;I (13/ 2/

1915) &ufwGif e0r uav; armifatmifqef; (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) wdk@udk zGm;jrifcJhonf?xkd@a=umifh a':pkonf om;orD; (9) OD; wdwd zGm;jrif cJhonfh rdcifwpfOD; jzpfonf? a':pkonftdrfaxmifusonfh tcsdefrS pI armifaeatmif arG;zGm;+yD;csdef txd yifyef; qif;&J}uD;pGmjzifhvkyfudkif &SmazGum tdrfaxmifh wm0efudk xdef;odrf; apmifha&SmufcJh&onf? cifyGef;onf OD;zmu

38


i,fpOfu jrif;pD; tvGef 0goemygI xdkpOfu ewfarmuf+rdKŒwGif tvGef acwfpm;cJhaomjrif;+ydKifyGJrsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif pD;aejcif;jzifhom AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;wdk@ taz tcsdefjzKef;cJhonf? a':pk wpfOD;wnf;om tdrfaxmifh wm0ef xrf;um om;orD;rsm;udk &iftkyf ruGmausG;arG; jyKpkcJhavonf? a':pkonf i,fpOfu pI uG,fvGefcsdef txd a&S;bkef; uHyg&rDESifhjynfhpHkcJhonfh trsKd;orD; wpfOD; jzpfcJhonf? orD; t}uD;qHk; rcif!Gef@ rSm a':pkESifhtvGefwlonf?rcif!Gef@onf tdrfaxmifom;arG;tvkyfudk pufqkyfonf?

odk@twGufa=umifhyif touf(46)ESpft&G,ftxd tdrfaxmifrjyKbJ tysKd}uD;b0ESifh rdcif}uD;a':pkESifhtwl aexdkifcJhonf? a':pku a&SŒa&;udk arSsmfawG;um orD;}uD; rcif!Gef@tm; ajrpm&if; tifpyufawmf OD;om&if ESifh vufxyf ay;cJhonf? 'kwd, orD; r0ufuawmhrdcif}uD; ESifh &moufyef rcGJvdkojzifh rdcif}uD;u wdkufwGef; aomfvnf; uG,fvGefcsdef txdtysKd}uD;b0ESifh aexdkif oGm;cJh avonf? om;}uD; armifb0if; uawmh a':pktm; tvGef=unfndKonf? ¶dk;om; ajzmifhrwfol jzpfonf? ewfarmuf+rdKŒ wGif jrefrm (9) wef; atmif+yD;aemuf a&eHacsmif;+rdKŒu bDtdkpD ukr%DwGif pma&; tvkyfudk vkyfudkifonf? ?&aom vpmudkpkI rdcif axmufyHhaom aiGESifh yl;aygif;um wuUodkvf qufwufcJhonf?

Todk@jzifh (1929) ckESpf ocsFm *k%fxl;jzifh odyHbGJŒ (BSc) atmifjrifcJhonf?xkd@aemuf a&eHacsmif; +rdKŒ wGif ausmif;q&m}uD; jzpfcJhonf? a':pkonf om;}uD; armifb0if;tm; ? oabmusonfh awmifwGif;}uD; Zmwd OD;tHh}uD; ESifh a':a&$arwdk@. orD; rcifapmESifh (1935) ckwGif udk,fwdkif aphpyfI awmif;&rf; vufxyf ay;cJhonf? a':pkonf om;/acsG;r rcifapm/ ajr;rsm; jzpfaom rwifvS0if;/ armifapm0if;/ armifat;0if;/ cifjr0if;/armifpdef0if;/ armifaxG;0if; wdk@ESifh twl *syef wpfacwfvHk; twlwuG aexdkifcJh& ojzifhpdwfauseyfr_ &cJhonf? a':pk. om;tvwf jzpfol armifaeatmifrSm (1927) ckESpf wGifwwd,wef; a&SŒae pmar;yGJ atmifjrif+yD;aemuf ewfarmuf+rdKŒ teD;&Sd bkef;awmf jynfh&Gmol}uD; OD;bdk;vd_if. orD; rcifav; ESifh (1930) jynfhwGif tarpk udk,fwdkif awmif;&rf;vufxyfay;cJhonf? armifaeatmif onf *syefacwfwGif w&m;r+rdKŒtkyf cef@xm;jcif; cH&onf? a':pkonf om; tm;vHk;wGif armifaeatmif ESifhtwl ae&onfu rsm;ojzifh armifaeatmif tay: oHa,mZOf ydk}uD;cJhonf?

rdom;pkeJ@ 'Dvdka':pkonf Edk@nSmom; jzpfol armifatmifoef; (1911 - 1991) udkvnf; &efukef

wuUodkvfwGif (1934) wGif 0dZ…m (BA) bGJŒ &&Sd+yD;aemuf e,fydkif 0efaxmuf &mxl;&&Sdonftxd ynmoif=um; ay;cJhonf? OD;atmifoef; rSm wuUodkvf wufaepOf ,pfrsKd;0efaxmuf OD;b/ a':pH wdk@. wwd, orD; rcifEkESifh ta=umif; qufcJhonf? rcifEk.tpfr rcifwkwfrSm &Jabmf oHk;usdyf0if ocif xGef;tkyfu vufxyfcJhojzifh armifatmifoef;

39


ESifh ocif xGef;tkyf wdk@onf r,m; nDtpfudk awmf=uavonf? rcifEkonf a':pkwdk@ESifhtrsKd;awmfaom awmifwGif;}uD; Zmwd OD;bwif. orD; jzpfonfh twdkif; a':pku oabmusauseyfum tif;pdef+rdKŒodk@ udk,fwdkif oGm;a&muf aphpyf awmif;&rf;I (7/ 11/ 1936) &ufwGif}uD;us,f crf;em;pGm r*Fvmaqmif ay;cJhavonf? OD;atmifoef; onf rcifEkESifh om;orD;(5) OD; apmvS atmifoef;/ r&D&Doef;/ rwDwDatmifoef;/ armifcsKdatmifoef;/ ri,frroef;wdk@ xGef;um; cJhavonf?

a':pkonf om;taxG;qHk; ESifh tvdk vdkuf&qHk; armifatmifqef; udkum;ewfarmuf+rdKŒ bkef;awmf}uD; OD;aombdw. txufwef;ausmif;wGif (7) wef; txd ynmoif=um;ay;+yD;aemuf (1928) rS (1932) ckESpf txd a&eHacsmif; trsK d;om;txufwef;ausmif; wGif (10) wef; atmifjrifonf txd ausmif;xm;cJhovdk &efukefwuUodkvfodk@ ydk@I (1937) ckESpfwGif 0dZ…m (BA) bGJŒ atmifjrifonf txd ynmoif ay;cJhonf?AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; ESifh rcif=unf wdk@rSm *syefacwfwGif (6/ 9/ 1942) &ufwGif ESpfOD;oabmwl cspf}udKufI BIA jynfolŒ aq;¶Hk}uD; (,ck EkdifiHawmf umuG,fa&; wuUodkvf)wGif vufxyf cJh=u&m a':pkrSm tjcm; om;orD;rsm; uJhodk@ ukd,fwdkif udk,fus awmif;&rf;vufxyf ray;cJh &aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf &mxl; vufcH& +yD;aemuf r,m;jy tjzpfESifhewfarmuf+rdKŒodk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; oGm;a&muf vnfywfpOf rcif=unftm; ac:aqmifoGm;cJh&m acsG;ruav; rcif=unf. ¶dkao udkif;¶d_if;r_/ vdrRma&;jcm; &Sdr_ wdk@udk odjrif&aomtcg a':pkrSm om; atmifqef;ESifh acsG;r rcif=unf uav;wdk@ tay:wGif w+yHK;+yHK;ESifh auseyf 0rf;ajrmufrd &awmhonf?

a':pkonf touf (60) jynfhaom ESpfwGif i,fpOf awmifaus;u pI aygif;oif;cJh&aom cifyGef;onf jzpfol OD;zm (67) ESpfrSm vl}uD; a&m*gjzifh (18/ 5/ 1931) &ufwGifuG,fvGef tedpP a&mufoGm;cJh &um a':pkrSm rkqdk;r b0jzifh om;orD; rsm;udk tkyfxdef;apmifha&Smuf cJh&avonf? Tonf a':pk. yxrqHk; t}udrf avmu"Hudk cHpm; &orSsjzpfonf? a':pkonf touf (64) ESpf t&G,f wGif avmu"H '%f. ¶dkufcwfr_ udk 'kwd,t}udrf cHpm;&r_ rSm tcspfqHk; orD;}uD; jzpfol rcif!Gef@rSm (1946) ckESpf wGif rD;,yf a&m*gjzifhuG,fvGef oGm;cJh&m yxrqHk; om;orD; tyludk pwif cHpm;cJh&onf? xdk@aemuf a':pkonf(19/ 7/ 1947) &uf wGif om; ESpfOD; 0ef}uD; OD;b0if; ESifh AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; wdk@onfrormol wdk@. vufcsuf jzifh usqHk; cJh&ojzifh y&da'0rD; udk xyfrH awmufavmif cJh&jyefavonf? xkdrS wpfzef a':pkonf om; OD;aeatmif. orD; jrihfjrifh uav; rSm i,fpOfuyifa':pkESifh vma&muf aexdkifcJhI om; tcspf ajr; tESpf qdkonfhtwdkif; ajr;uav;udk tvGeftcspf ydkcJhonf? odk@aomf jrifhjrifhuav; rSm ewfarmuf+rdKŒ/ AdkvfcsKyf txdrf;trSwf EdkifiHawmfwef;jrifhausmif;Y qÏrwef; ynm oif=um; aepOf tzsm; a&m*gjzifh a':pk vufay:wGif

40


¶kwfw&uf tedpP a&mufoGm; av&m a':pkrSm avmu"H. tylrD;udk ajr;tylESifh }uHKawGŒcJh&jyefavonf?

a':pkonf avmu"H w&m;udk t}udrf}udrf }uHKawGŒcJh& aomfvnf; wkefv_yfacsmufcsm;jcif; r&SdbJ &J0HhpGm &ifqdkif ausmfv$m;&if; ewfarmuf+rdKŒudk &JabmfjzLrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;csdef touf (75) ESpf t&G,f (3/ 12/ 1951) &uf wGif uG,fvGef tedpP a&mufcJhavonf?a':pk. psmyeudk (5) &uf wdwd xm;+yD; psmye udpP t00 udk a':pk. armifjzpfol bkef;}uD;OD;aombdw u }uD;=uyf pDpOf ay;cJhonf? ewfarmuf+rdKŒ wGif &Sdaom aqGrsKd;rsm; uAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; . rdcif jzpfonfh twGuf *k%fj'yf ESifh vdkufavsmpGm r,fawmfysH uJhodk@}uD;us,f crf;em;pGm usif;y&ef pDpOf cJhaomfvnf; acwfumv tajctae t& tusOf;¶Hk;umudpP+yD;atmif jyKvkyf&ef OD;aombdw u qHk;rcJhojzifh tusOf;¶Hk;I usif;ycJh =u&avonf?a':pk. oufaphtjzpf oHCmawmf (75) yg; yifhaqmifI 0wKaiG ( 5 ) usyfpD vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf?

armfeDwm*sme,f Edki fiHa&;txl;aqmif;yg;aygi f;csKyf

axmifESifhrdcif

vlxk a':trm

- udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm;- zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl- tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf?

xGufjyD

41


axmifpmayordkif;

armi fpGrf;&nf

rsufarSmufacwf ArmpmayavmurSm xGef;um;ay:vGifwJh pmtkyfpmaytrsK d;tpm;udk ajymygqkd&if "axmifpmay" vdk@ ajymrvm; pOf;pm;aerdygw,f?aphaphawG;awmh a&;a&;ay: qdkovdk Armpmaytp axmifpmayuvdk@ ajym&rvm;vdk@vJatmufarhrdygw,f? usaemfwdk@i,fpOf ausmif;om;b0u Armpmay/ ArmuAsmoifvdk@&Sd&ifteEWol&d,&Jh rsufajzvuFmqdkwmu p oif&ygw,f?

"olwnf;wa,muf aumif;zdk@a&mufr_/ olwa,mufrSm ysufvihfumom"rRwmwnf;? a&$tdrfeef;ESihf =uiSmef;vnf; pH/ rwfaygif;&Hvsuf/ aysmfpH&dyf+idrf/ pnf;pdrfruGm/rif;csrf;omum;/ ork'<&ma&xuf c%wufonhf a&yGufyrm woufvsmwnf;..."ponfjzihf a&;zGJ@xm;wJhuAsmyg? &Sifbk&ifu trsufxGufjyD; zrf;qD;axmifcs&kHruawmifpG,faeuG,fvsif owfapvdk@ trdef@awmfjrwf csrSwfcH&wJhtcg towfcH&cgeD;a&;wJhuAsmvdk@ qdkprSwf&Sdygw,f?

ckacwf pmayokawoDwcsKd@uawmh yk*Hacwfu rokH;E_ef;wJh pum;vkH;awGeJ@a&;zGJ@wmjzpfvdk@ 'DuAsm yk*Hacwfu teEWol&d, a&;zGJ@wm [kwf[efrwlbl;vdk@ajym=uwmvJ &Sdygw,f? 'gayr,hf usaemfwdk@ pdwfxJrSm pGJaecJhwmuawmh ArmpmayacwfOD;uwnf;uyJ uAsmq&m pma&;q&mrsm;udk tkyfpdk;olrsm;u zrf;qD;axmifcs cJh=u/ESdyfpufowfjzwfcJh=uwmyguvm; vdk@ jzpfygw,f? a=omf...ESdyfpufowfjzwfoludkvnf;pmqdkawGu cGihfv$wfcJh&jrJygwum;vdk@?

'ga=umihf qdkygpkd@ "Armpmaytp axmifpmayu" vdk 'DuAsmudk yk*Hacwfuvdk@yJxm;vdkufygawmh? wu,fvnf; acwfwdkif;rSm rif;rsufoihfcH&wJh pmqdkawG trsm;=uD; &Sdr,f

42


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43


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44


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45


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46


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47


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48


twGuf/ awmfvSefa&; r[mrdwf &SmazG&ef c&D;yif jzpfonf?1963 ckESpfwGif Adkvfae0if;u jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;ac:onf? vufeufudkif

awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;&ef &efukefodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? ocifpkd;/ref;bZef ponfh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; oufqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf; udk,fpm;jyKa&muf&SdvmcJhonf?Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD rS &JabmfaX;/ AdkvfaZ,s (tqdkawmf a[rmae0if;. tzdk;) wdk@tzG J @ a&muf&S dvmonf? '*kefwm&m onf &JabmfaX;/ Ad kvfaZ,swdk@ESif h twl+idrf;csrf;a&;.zcif}uD; q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;ESifh oGm;a&mufawG@qHkcJhonf? awmxJrSOuUÏ. vufaqmif ysm;&nf ESifh a'gif;waumif (ESpfaumifjzpfonf? waumifrSmvrf;c&D;wGif aoqHk;oGm;onf[k od&onf) ukd ay;tyfum q&m}uD;. +idrf;csrf;a&; tqHk;trudk cH,lcJh=uonf?

Adkvfae0if;. Zmwd¶kyfum; ay:av+yD? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJudkwbufowf &yfpJvdkufonf? vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vnfrsm; awmxJodk@ jyefoGm;&onf? aemufuae "gwfyHkvdkuf¶dkufum "jynfoludk olwdk@ausmcdkif;oGm;=uav+yD" [k pmvHk;rnf; acgif;pOf}uD;jzifh owif;pm/ *sme,fwdk@wGifajAmifvdrfum EdkifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfcJhonf? &ufrsm;r=umrD jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGufwuf=uGv_yf&Sm;cJhol ukdaX;+rdKif (ac: ) q&m '*kefwm&m zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&onf? ol@pmxJuqdwfzvl; &eH@ oif;ysHŒar$;v_difaeaom t&yf/ tif;pdef tusOf;axmif/ tusOf;wdkufodk@...?

"aeOD; usaemf cifAsm;wdk@udk vBuf&nf=urf; usKdwdkufr,f""[m aeygapq&m? rvkyfygeJ@"q&mh rsufvHk;onf vHk;0 uG,fvkeD;yg; tajctae[k od&onf? uG,fvGefol q&m

jroef;wifhonf ruG,fvGefrD rsufvHk;udk cGJpdwfukocJh&m aumif;oGm;cJhonf? q&mhudkvnf;ol@rdwfaqG &Jabmfrsm;u rsufvHk;ukd cGJpdwfukozdk@ wdkufwGef;=uonf? q&mu jiif;onf?rcGJpdwf/ rukobJ aecJhonf?

"&ygw,fAs? usaemf cifAsm;wdk@udk vBuf&nf=urf; usKdwdkuf&rSmaygh"q&monf {nfhcef;eH&Hudk prf;um/ prf;umjzifh rD;zdk&Sd&m oGm;aeonf?"a&aEG;u vSsyfppf a*gufeJ@ wnf&rSmAs? c%av;ygAsm"xdkpOf oHk;ESpf/ av;ESpf t&G,fcef@ uav;ri,fwOD; tajy;tv$m; tdrfxJ0ifvm

onf? wbuf+cHwGif oGm;a&muf aqmhupm;aeyHk&onf? ac|;awG oHawGESifh tarmwaum?olru.....

"a}omf... {nfhonfawG a&mufaewmudk;" [k ajymajymqdkqdk jyefvnf ajy;xGufoGm;cJhonf? olronf q&mr oif;jrpEND. orD;av;/ q&m'*kefwm&m. ajr;jzpfol wm&ma'0Duav;yif jzpfonf?

49


(q&m'*kefwm&monf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; wuf=uGv_yf&Sm;cJhojzifh 1963 ck/Edk0ifbmv (18) &ufae@wGif tif;pdeftusOf;axmif wdkufwGif zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJh&onf? 1967

ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (5) &ufae@wGif jyefvnf vGwfajrmufcJhonf?)

+idrf;csrf;a&;odk@ ... tvnfa&muf&Sdjci f; (2)'*kefwm&m. OD;ci farmifjri fh/ ref;'g0dwfESi fh Adkvfae0if;

q&m. v?uf&nf=urf;um; c%uav;ESifhyif usKd+yD;oGm;onf? usaemfwdk@rSmxdkif&rvdk/ x&rvdk/ 0dkif;ul&rvdkESifh csDwHkcswHk? tjriftm;enf;ol tzdk;}uD;wOD;. tEW&m,frsm;vSaom v?uf&nf=urf;udk aomuf&onfrSm &ifwxdwfxdwf/ &ifwckefckefjzifh aomufae&onfudk...?

"OD;cifarmifjrifh axmifxJrSm usqHk;oGm;cJh+yD q&m""a=omf ²²² [kwfvm;"pum;0dkif;um; acwWwdwfqdwf +idrfoufoGm;onf?

"rSwfrdaeao;w,fAs? Adkvfae0if; wdkif;jynftm%modrf;vdkufwkef;u/ 1962uaygh? udkcifarmifjrifh usaemfhqD trSwfrxif a&mufvmw,f? tay:u [ma0,H &SyftuFsDeJ@/atmufu abmif;bD&SnfeJ@As? ¶kyfzsufxm;w,fayghAsm? 'gayrJh usaemfu ol@udk jrifjrifcsif;rSwfrdaew,f"

q&monf OD;cifarmifjrifh usqHk;oGm;aom owif;udk rod&ao;? q&mh rdwfaqGrsm;/ &Jabmf rsm;u wrif rajymbJ xm;avovm;? usaemfwdk@rSm ajymvufpESifh rxl;awmh+yD?q&monf ol@[ef twdkif; ai;ai;qq tawG;rsm;jzifh ol@rdwfaqG &Jabmf}uD; OD;cifarmifjrifh

50


(tqdkawmf udkoef;v_dif. tudk/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&; &Jabmf}uD;/ yrnw. EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;/ jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwD. OuUÏ/ xdkpOfu e0w ppftpdk;&. aemufuG,fwGif Adkvfae0if; &Sdae/ }udK;udkif aea=umif; tpnf;ta0;wGif &J&Jawmuf zGifhcscJhol) ta=umif;ukd pOf;pm;aeyHk&onf?

"usaemfh&JŒ qdwfzvl;&eH@wGif rdrdudk,fukd,f &SmazGawGŒ&Sdjcif;...""[kwfuJh zwfzl;w,f q&m""tif; tJ'DxJrSm usaemfu tawG;puf0dkif;udk usKHŒvdkufw,fvdk@ a&;cJhw,f? tJ'gudk

olwdk@u usaemf w&m;vdkif;buf a&mufoGm;+yDvdk@ xifoGm;yHk &w,fAs"q&monf ajym&if;u t+yHK;jzifh ai;&Daeonf?"wcku ... usaemfu tJ'DxJrSm EdkifiHa&;rSL;vdk@ oHk;xm;w,f ...[kwfw,f?

tJ'DtoHk;udk olwdk@u r}udKuf=ubl;? jyifay;ygwJh? 'geJ@ usaemfu pnf;¶Hk;a&;rSL;vdk@jyifay;vdkufw,f? tJ ... tJ'g olwkd@ vufcHoGm;w,f? tJ'Dtwkdif; yHkESdyfcGifhay;vkdufw,f?&,f&w,fAsm ... cifAsm;wdk@ pOf;pm;=unfh EdkifiHa&;rSL;eJ@ pnf;¶Hk;a&;rSL; ..."

xdkpOf apmapmu ajy;xGufoGm;aom a'0Duav; tdrfxJ jyef0ifvmonf?vufxJwGif yef;uefuav;wcsyfESifh? yef;uefxJwGif vufrvHk;cef@ }uHtao;rsKd; }uHacsmif;uav;rsm;udk vufESpfqpfcef@ jzwfawmufxm;um ,lvmygonf? q&mESifh usaemfwdk@t=um; pm;yGJcHk edrfhedrfhuav; wckcsI }uHyef;uefuav;udk wifvdkufonf?

"zdk;zdk;... pm;? {nfhonfawG pm;aemf""[kwfuJhygAsm" a'0Dolronf xdkodk@ {nfh0wfjyK&if; ol@oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh

aqmhupm;&ef jyefvnf ajy;xGufoGm;ygonf?"usaemfh&JŒ rm,m uAsmpmtkyf zwfzl;=uvm;""zwfzl;w,f q&m""tJ... tJ'DxJrSm... c0JyGifh. qHk;rcef; uAsm ygw,fAs? usaemfa&;wmu ref;u

&,farm vdk@ a&;wm? tJ'gudk pm¶dkufwJholu yef;u &,farmvdk@ ¶dkufvkdufw,f? tJ'Dtwdkif;yHkESdyfrSmygvmw,f? usaemfuvnf; rsufvHk;u tm;raumif;awmh t&ifvdk rppfEdkifcJhbl;?usaemfajymwJh ref; u usaemfeJ@twl tif;pdefaxmifrSm axmifuszuf ref;'g0dwf ukd a&;wm?tJ'g wu,fhtjzpftysufAs"

q&mhukd ol. twdkuftcHpma&;q&mrsm;u pum;vHk;topfxGif&mwGifvSsyfay:avmfvnf onf[k a&;om;ajymqdk wkdufcdkufcJh=uonf? q&m. a0gvf'pPae tjym/0wfvpfpvpf vrf;r}uD; qdkonfh pum;vHk;opfrsm;? avEkat; onfum; ,ae@xduAsma&;ol/ oDcsif;a&;ol/ &opmwrf; a&;olrsm;. ESvHk;om;vufpGJ pum;vHk;tjzpfxifusefaeygonf? xdk@tjyif acwf+ydKifcHpm;r_/ ¶kyfyHkv$m... ponfjzifh?

51


q&mESifh pmaya&;&mwGif twkduftcH jzpfcJholrsm; &Sdygonf? xdktwdkuftcHjzpfcJholrsm;onf q&mhukd aemufqHk;wGif em;vnf vufcHoGm;cJhonf? wavmav;ESpfrsm;qDu pma&;q&m aZmfaZmfatmifonf aqmif;yg;jzifh q&mhtay: ol@tjrifrSm;cJhonfudk 0efcsawmif;yefcJhonf? i,f&G,fpOf *dk%f;*% pdwftpGJjzifh wdkufcdkufcJhrdjcif;jzpfygonf[k aqmif;yg;jzifh w&m;0if awmif;yefcJhonf?

a'0Duav; tdrfxJjyef0ifvmygonf? q&monf ajr;jzpfol. }uHacsmif;uav;rsm;udk vufjzifh prf;um pm;aeonf? a'0Duav;u ol@}uHacsmif;uav;rsm;udk ol@tzdk;pm;aeonfudk =unfhI =unfEl;aeonf? usaemfxdk@rSm xdkjrifuGif;ukd=unfh&if; tHh=o&onf?'g[m vlwa,muf&JŒ rSefuefonfh apwemudk vufawGŒusus todtrSwfjyKvdkufwmyJ?,ck xdkvlwa,mufonfum; oHk;ESpf av;ESpft&G,f uav;i,frav;? q&mu ol@ajr;uav;ESifh pum;ajym&mwGifvnf; usaemfESifh/ cifAsm;ESifhom oHk;E_H;ajymqdkaeonf? pum;0kdif;u Adkvfae0if;qD a&mufoGm;onf? OD;cifarmifjrifh ta=umif; ajym&mrS qufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf?

"Adkvfae0if;rSm Om%fwck &S dw,fAs? pum;vHk;t& b,fvdkajymrvJ...zJorm;Om%f..."

"uvdefuuspfOm%f rsKd;vm;q&m""r[kwfao;bl;As? zJorm;Om%f ... 'DvdkavAsm oleJ@twl upm;aewJh zJ0dkif;xJu

vlawGrSm bmzJ udkifxm;w,fqdkwm odovdkrsKd;... qdkawmh zJorm;Om%fayghAsm? +yD; oluvlawmfwa,mufAs ...'gayrJh..."

"raumif;wJhbufrSm awmfwJholayghq&m""[kwfw,f... cifAsm;wkd@ajymwm [kwfw,f...olu raumif;wJhbufrSm

awmfaewm"tcsdefum; naeapmif;cJh+yD? q&mESifh awGŒqHk&onfrSm tawmfhudk &ifckefv_yf&Sm;

zG,f jzpfonf? uAsmudk awG@&Sd&onf? yef;csDukd cHpm;&onf? udk,frrDvdkufonfh ordkif;udkudk,fwdkif jzwfoef;ae&ovdkvdk...

1919 ckESpf arv (10) &ufae@wGif jrpf0u|ef;ay: usKdufvwf+rdKŒ xdkifuljrpfwef;aus;&Gmuav;wGif zGm;jrifcJhaom/ 1936 ausmif;om;oydwfY &efukef+rdKŒ *sLAvDa[mwGifusif;yaom yxrqHk; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; nDvmcHodk@ usKdufvwf+rdKŒausmif;om;udk,fpm;vnftjzpf wufa&mufcJhaom/ &efukef wuUodkvfodk@ ukd,fykdifpEN,m;jzifh pudkif;aqmifwGif taqmifae wufa&mufcJhaom/ 1938 ckESpf wGif (0ef}uD;rsm;¶Hk;)odk@ ausmif;om;rsm; 0dkif;ywfcsDwuf qENjy&mwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmfwdk@ESifhtwl yg0ifqifE$JcJhaom/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkb[def;. t&if;ESD;qHk;

52


rdwfaqG &Jabmfjzpfol/ Aef;armfwifatmif. pmay&Jabmf}uD;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhurBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;wkd@ wGif wuf=uGv_yf&Sm;cJhol ...ukdaX;+rdKif (ac: ) q&m '*kefwm&m...?

q&monf ,ae@txd +idrf;csrf;a&;tay: ,Hk=unf &yfwnfaecJh/ &yfwnfaeqJjzpfonf? ol. +idrf;csrf;a&; &yfwnfcsufrSm vl=um;aumif;atmif/ cgawmfrD &yfwnfcsufrsKd;r[kwf? ol@. ordkif;jzwfoef;r_/ ol. ordkif;tawGŒt}uHKt& +idrf;csrf;a&;udk ,Hk=unf&yfwnfjcif; jzpfonf? ol. +idrf;csrf;a&; &yfwnfcsufwGif buf &Sdonfudk awGŒ&Sd cHpm;&onf?trSefw&m;buf/ arwWmw&m;buf/ tzdESdyfcHwdk@ bufrS jzpfonf[k cHpm;&onf? q&monf+idrf;csrf;a&;. &efol ppfudk qef@usifoljzpfonf? ppfudk qef@usifojzifh wurBmvHk;&Sd ppftkyfpk/ppftm%m&Sif/ ppftpdk;&udkvnf; vufrcH? qef@usifonf? ppfjzifh tusKd;pD;yGm;&SmazGjzpfxGef;aer_rsm;udk rnfodk@ vufcHEdkifygrnfenf; ...? q&monf tDaAmfvl;&Sif; tif&DaAmfvl;&Sif; udk vufcH,Hk=unfol jzpfonf[k ol@pmrsm;wGif zwfcJh&zl;ygonf? q&monfawmfvSefa&;udk vufcH,Hk=unfol jzpfonf? vufrcH/ ypfy,faeol r[kwf...? wqufwnf;wGif olonf +idrf;csrf;a&;&yfwnfcsuf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;orm;...?

"usaemfwkd@ jyefvdkufygOD;r,f q&m""a=omf ..[kwf+yD"+cH0a&mufawmh q&mh rJZmaus;vuf tdrfuav;udk jyefvSnfh=unfhrdonf?

tdrft0if wHcg;0wGif t+yHK;jzifh ai;&Daeaom q&mhudk awG@&onf? tjyefvrf;wGif usaemfESifholi,fcsif; jzpfol ESpfOD;onf udk,fpD tawG;rsm;jzifh...?

(zxD;ref;'g0dwfonf 8888 ta&;awmfyHkaemufydkif; EdkifiHa&;r_jzifh ESpf&Snf axmifus

tusOf;om;tjzpf axmifxyfusum tusOf;axmifxJwGifyif usqHk;cJhol jzpfonf)

+idrf;csrf;a&;odk@ ... tvnfa&muf&Sdjci f; (3)+idrf;csrf;a&;rS...tjyef

+idrf;csrf;a&;odk@ trSwfrxif tvnfa&muf&SdcJhonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;qDrS ol@jzwfoef;r_/ol@tEkynm/ ol@,Hk=unfcsufukd tenf;i,frSs ul;qufcHpm;rdcJ honf? tjynfht0ul;qufcHpm;EdkifcJhygonf[k qdkygvSsif r¶dk;om;&m usrnfjzpfonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;onf ol@pum;/ol@t"dyg,f owfrSwfcsuft& yxr rsKd;quf? usaemfwdk@um; wwd,rsKd;quf aESmif;ydkif;awGjzpfonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vludk,fwdkif rqHkawG@bl; cJhpOfu ol. pmrsm;ESifhom xdawG@cJhonf?ol@pmrsm;. wefzdk;udk taotcsm odvmum ol.pmrsm;udk rufrufarmarm &SmazGzwf¶_csifvmonfh pdwftm[m& csOfjcif;udk arG;zGm;ay;vdkufonfrSm 8888 ta&;awmfyHkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;yif jzpfonf?

53


8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;u ausmif;om;rsm;wifru jynfolvlxkukdyg rsufaphzGifhay;vdkuf onf? rqv wacwfvHk; odrf;qnf;xm;onfh ordkif;tjzpfrSef aemufcH pmtkyfrsm;/*sme,f pmapmifrsm;/ ajratmufxkwf vufurf;pmapmifuav;rsm; vufqifhurf; ay:xGufvmonf? xdkenf;wl awmfvSefa&;tajccH bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmcJhonf?

8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk udk,fwdkifjzwfoef;&onfhtcg ausmif;om; or*~udkodcsifvmonf? ausmif;om;or*~udk odcsifvmonfhtcg wdkufyG J0ifausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk odcsif vmonf? udkatmifqef;udk odcsifvmonf? udkA[def;udkodcsifvmonf? udkAaqGudk odcsifvmonf? xdkrSwqifh teD (ocifoef;xGef;)/ rkefwdkif;xJrSopf&Gufuav; (ocifEk)... ?

ol. 1955 ckESpfxkwf ¶kyfyHkv$m pmtkyfrS wqifh txufyg ordkif;0if yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhawGŒ&onf? ol. t,f'Dwm pm;yGJ/ yef;Eka&miftdkrS ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;/ jrefrm/urBm tEkynm ...yef;csD/ *Dw/ uAsm...? {&m0wD/ ,efpD/ abmfv*g pmtkyfrS olwdk@rsKd;quf.urBmh acwf+ydKif tawG@t}uHK/ tjzpftysuf/ +idrf;csrf;a&; c&D;xdkxdk ...?

csufEdkifiH&JŒ vGwfajrmufa&; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol *sL;vd,ufzl;cspf. ZeD;armifh*lpwDem ESifh tdENd,EkdifiHwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom pma&;q&m nDvmcHwGif qHkawG@cJh=uyHk/(xdkodk@ awG@qHkpOf *sL;vd,ufzl;cspf. }udK;pifay:u rSwfwrf; pmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk@bmomjyefaea=umif; +idrf;csrf;a&;u rdwfqufay;cJhonf)? ydawmufyef;udk cspfonfhcsDvDjynfrS awmfvSefuAsmq&m eD¶l'g ...?

rwfv awmfvSefa&; uAsmudk zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf o¶kyfaz: a&;om;cJhaom +idrf;csrf;a&;/ avmu trGef uAsmjzifh oljzpfapcsifonfh Armjynf acwfopfpepfudkyHkaz:cJhol? olonf pdwful;,Ofr_jzifh w[D[D u|ef;odk@vnf; uAsmzGJ@ oGm;a&mufcJhygao;onf?

+idrf;csrf;a&;. &yfwnfcsufq&m '*kefwm&m/ ... +idrf;csrf;a&;orm;jzpfol... ol. ordkif;jzwfoef;r_

&yfwnfcsufonf tjyefvrf;wGif tawG;xJ w0Jiifiif vkdufygvmcJhonf? ausmif;om;b0uvnf; tzdESdyfcHbufrS wdkufyGJ0if &yfwnfonf? pmay/ tEkynmwGifvnf; pmayopft,ltqjzifh avmu trGefacwfudk xkqpfzdk@@ }udK;pm;cJhonf? vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;ukdzdESdyfol tpdk;&tqufqufu jyXmef;cJhonf? xdkjyXmef;csuft& vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;b0ukd qif;cJh&onfh tzGJ@tpnf; b0xdkxdk bufrSvnf; rSefrSefuefuef &yfwnfcJhonf?+idrf;csrf;a&;onf ol,Hk=unfonfh +idrf;csrf;a&; ,Hk=unf&yfwnfcsuftwGuf ESpf&Snfvrsm;tusOf;us cHcJh&ao;onf?

olonf zdESdyfol tpkd;&rsm;. ay;tyfcJhaom EdkifiHudk,fpm;jyK ordkif;qkwHqdyfrsm;udk

54


rESpf+rdKŒ vspfvsL¶_cJhol jzpfonf? olajymonfh EdkifiHa&;onf trsm;ta&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;jzpfonf? ol,Hk=unf onfh A[k0g'onf t"rRzdESdyfaeonfh tm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifonf?olonf jynfolvlxk. tkyfcsKyfa&; pepfudkom vufcH,Hk=unfonf? ol. +idrf;csrf;a&;/A[k0g'. tem*wfonf yef;wdkif; zl;cGifh/ yGifhcGifh&Sdonfh urBmajr...?

Adkvfae0if;u jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfqdkum twkta,mif qdk&S,fvpf pepfjzifhwdkif;jynfukd 26-ESpfwm tkyfcsKyfacsr_ef;cJhonf? ocifpkd;u tvHeD uGefjrLepfygwD[kqdkumol. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; rSm;yga=umif; Adkvfae0if;xH vufeufcscJhonf?

cufonfrSm twkta,mifrsm;u EdkifEdkifaewwf.? twkta,mifwkd@u v$rf;rdk;wGifus,f ojzifh vufOD;pGef@I wnfxGifol tppfwdk@rSm zHk;uG,fjcif; cHae&wwf.? vlxkrSmtwkta,mifrsm;u umxm;ojzifh tppfukd rjrif=u&ay´ (ocifoef;xGef; - teDudkavhvm=unfh¶_csuf - '*kefwm&m. &kyfyHkv$m)

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a&$Œajymif; aexdkif&if; +idrf;csrf;a&;. pmrsm;udk vufvSrf;rDorSs zwf¶_avhvmcJh&onf?

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r*~Zif;rsm;wGif az: jyxm;aom ol. aqmif;yg;rsm;? ol. EdkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;r_ aemufcHaqmif;yg;rsm;? vHk;csif;pmtkyf tjzpfxGufvmcJhonf? tao;pdwf avhvmzwf¶_cGifh &cJhonf?wdk;jrpf pmtkyfwkdufrS xkwfa0onf? tydkif; (1) '*kefwm&m uavmiftrnfjzifha&;aomaqmif;yg; (12) yk'f/ tydkif; (2) xufatmif uavmifcGJjzifh a&;om;cJhaom aqmif;yg; (7)yk'f/pkpkaygif; (19)yk'fjzpfonf? ckESpf vtvdkuf r*~Zif;rsm;wGif az: jycJhaom aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfonf?

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olonf +idrf;csrf;a&;orm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; &yfwnfcsufjzifh ordkif;acwfrsm;udk

56


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pmukd;? ? ¶kyfyHkv$m/ '*kefwm&m?

EdkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;r_/ '*kefwm&m?

urmykvJ15/ 11/ 2011

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&SmazGawG@&Sdum tEkynmwyfOD;rS +idrf;csrf;a&; orm;wOD; jzpfcJh/ jzpfaeqJ jzpfonf?.......

57


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u| ef a wmf r a r hEdk if a om t a qm uf t OD rsm;

rodwJh tdrfwpftdrfzdk;oH (vlxk)

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59


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usaemfhb0wck ajymif;wJhn&,fyg?

zdk;oH(vlxk)

60


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61


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62


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63


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tavmif;ukd ausmi f;om;av;a,muf o,f,lvm=uwm usrrsufpdeJ@ukd,fwkdi f jri fawG@cJh &ygonf?

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64


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(ae@opfrD'D,mrS)

65


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armifvnf;vdkufr,f csefrxm;eJ h

pdk;armi f(ausmi f;pk)

66


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67


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q&m}uD;onf jrefrmpmay udk u-c tuQ&mrS jrefrmpmay tbd"meftxduav;pmaytwGuf armifacG;tzkd@ uAsmrsm; trdajr umuG,fa&;twGuf "zkd;armif vm+yD"uJhokd@ uAsmrsm;tqHk; =oumo avmu}uD;wGifvnf; =umjzL-=umeD/ ysOf;rikwfwdk/ ESif; qDca& oajy wkd@udk ol@ae&m ESifhol ¶dk;pif; vG,fulaom eHrdwfyHkrsm;tjzpf toHk;jyKcHpm;apcJhygonf? trsdK;om;ynma&; r,kwf avsmhap&ef trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; ESifh usm;uefcJhygonf? Zmwd+rdKŒ av;. +rdKŒol+rdKŒom;rsm; vlr_a&; udpPrsm; aqmif&GufEdkif&ef uGrf;+cHukef;+rdKŒe,ftoif;(&efukef)[lI vGefcJhaom ESpf 60 ausmfu pwif zGJŒpnf;cJhygonf?

q&m}uD;. pmayrsm;onf &opHkvifvSonfh vlb0}uD;tm; &ifqkdifwwf&ef/pmay,Ofaus;r_ trsdK;om;a&; wdk@udk aqmif&GufEdkif &ef oif=um;ay;cJhygonf? acwfprf;pmay wpfacwfukd q&m aZmf*sD/ q&modyHarmif0wdk@ESifh acwf+ydKif }udK;pm;cJhr_rsm;uu|efawmfwdk@ aESmif;vlrsm;twGuf tusdK;rsm;ap cJhygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@ jrwfEdk;cspfcif av;pm;=unfndKcJh&ygaom rsdK; cspfpmqkd}uD;jzpfaomq&m}uD; onfvnf; avmued,mr t& bk&m;&Sifyif rvGefqefEdkifaom c&D;udkESifcJhonfrSmtawmfyif=umcJhyg+yD? acwfwnf;[laomumv ,Eœ&m;uvnf; wa&GŒa&GŒ?

,ae@acwfwGif u|efawmfwdk@ vli,frsm;udk jyKpkysdK;axmif&efrSm ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeygonf? vli,frsm; tm;uspHerlem,l&rnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;udk ,if;wdk@ todtwGif;odk@ odrfarGŒpGm oGwfoGif;ay;&rnf jzpfygonf? xkdt&mrSm usGefawmf wdk@. trsdK;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yf tjzpf cH,lygonf? TwGif q&m}uD;. Zmwd+rdKŒ Y q&m}uD;. ¶kyfwkwpfckxnf0gcef@nm;pGm ay:aygufvma&; wm0efonf u|efawmfwkd@ yckH;ay:okd@ tvdkvkda&muf&Sdvmygawmhonf? q&m aZmf*sD¶kyfwkonf zsmykH+rdKŒwGif cef@nm;aecJhonfrSm zsmyHkom;rsm;. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ESifh jrefrmpmayukd cspfaom yk*~dKvfaygif;pHkwdk@ axmufyHhr_aus;Zl;udk OD;r!$wfI r&Edkifyg?

q&m}uD; ¶kyfwkudpPonf u|efawmfwkd@ &ifwGif udef;atmif; cJhonfrSm q,fpkESpfru =umcJhyg +yD? xkdumvu ¶kyfwkrqkdxm; ESifh q&m}uD;. pmay q&m}uD; ESifhpyfqkdiforSstjrifvGJrSm;r_rsm; =um;0,f wdrfjrKyfcJh&ygonf? ,cktcsdefwGifum; u|efawmfwkd@ wdkif;jynfonfwkdif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;twGuf u¾aygif;pHkudk +idrf;csrf;pGmjzifh wkd;wufa&;vrf;ay:odk@ 0dkif;0ef;

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jrSifhwifaeaom umvokd@ a&muf&Sdaecsdefjzpfygonf? usGefawmfwkd@onf jrefrmpmayudk cspfaom q&m}uD;tm; av;pm;=unf ndKaom ¶dk;pif;onfh pdwf"mwf tajccHjzifh q&m}uD;.Zmwdjzpfaom uGrf;+cHukef;+rdKŒwGif q&m}uD; ¶kyfwk ay:aygufa&; }udK;pm;=urnf[k pdkif;jyif;=u&m0,f qENapmr_av;rsm;ESif h q&m}uD; ¶kyfwkjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDzGJŒ&mwGifusOf;ajrmif;r_av;rsm;udk jrifawGŒae &ygonf? Todk@om qufvuf aqmif&Guf vSsifjzifharmif;axmifOD;ausmfvS. oHcsdKxJ uvkd tyfcsnfESifh tyfezm; 0ifvkd 0if xGufvkdxGufjzpfay+cdrfhrnf?

q&maZmf*sD¶kyfwktwGuf }udK;pm;=upOfu q&m}uD;yg&*l . =o0g'pum;jzpfaom"a0v ig;tm; ajrmif;xJ v$wfovdk" qkdonfudkvnf; tav;*¶kjyK&rnf jzpfygonf?

vlr_tzGJŒtpnf;rsm; zGJŒ=u&m0,f rsm;aomtm;jzifh aiGa=u; "etiftm; jynfhpHkr_r&Sd=uonfu rsm;ygonf? xkdaomtcg u,fwif&Sifudk iHhvifh=u&ygawmhonf? rdrdwkd@ywf0ef;usifrS &mxl;}uD; }uD;&Sdol/ tm%m&Sdol/ aiGa=u; "e&Sdolwdk@udk xkdtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;twGif;em,ursm; OuUÏ&mxl;rsm;udk um,uH&Sifrsm; rodbJ a&G;cs,f wifajrSmuf =uygonf?

xkdtcg um,uH&Sifrsm;uvnf; rdrd vkyfEdkifudkifEdkifpOf wwfEdkifoavmufudk,fh+rdKŒukd,fh &Gmudk jyefvnf aus;Zl;jyK =uonfrSm vl@obm0jzpfygonf?

atmufajcvlxkESifh vl}uD; rsm;=um; qufoG,ful;vl;aom vlrsm;. tcef;u¾rSm awmfwnfh rSefuef &ef tvGefyifta&; }uD;ygonf?

acwftqufquf zGJŒpnf; orSs tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;wGif vl}uD;vkyfI rdrdudk,fusdK;pD;yGm;zefwD; =uaom vlwef;pm;uvnf; tcGifhta&;udk t+rJiHhvifhI u|efawmfwkd@ jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@. tm;em wwfr_wnf; [laom tm;enf;csufudk tcGifhaumif;t&,lum r&Sufra=umufzefwD;vkyfudkif =uygawmhonf? ,ckrSr[kwfyg txufu qkdcJhovkd acwftquf qufupcJhygonf? xkdvlrsdK;rsm; twGuf q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;u =o0g'ay;cJhonfum;"rif;wdk@uGm jrefrmjynfrSm xrif; wpfvkwftwGuf xif;ckwfpm;=u prf;yg? onfvkdrvkyf=uygESifh" [lownf;?

rsm;r=umrD vli,fvlvwf vl}uD; tv$maygif;pHkrS q&m}uD; udk av;pm;=unfndKaom/ q&m }uD;. &o ajrmufvSaom um&ef tvuFmpmayrsm;udk cspfaom yk*~dKvfrsm;/jrefrmpmayynm&Sifrsm; us,fjyef@pGm pkpnf;I rsdL;cspf jrefrmpmqkd}uD;jzpfaom q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f. cef@nm;xnf0gvSonfh ¶kyfwkudk aESmif;vlrsm; twGuf trsdK;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yfudk xrf;aqmifonfhtaejzifh 0dkif;0ef;aqmif&Guf Edkif=uygap [k arSsmfvifhaevsuf &Sdygonf?

pdk;armi f(ausmi f;pk)(The Myanmar Independent News Journal r S)

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u|efawmf pifumyludk pwkwt}udrfoGm;+yD; aq;jyefppfaevdkŒ +yD;cJhwJH tywfuaqmif;yg; ra&;EdkifcJhwm awmif;yefygw,f? u|efawmfh usef;rma&;uawmh aq;ukor_cH,laeqJvdkŒyJ tpD&ifcHyg&ap? vluawmh uDrdk aq;oGif;aewJh &ufydkif;awGuvGJvdkŒaeaumif;aewmygyJ? odkŒayr,fh tJ'D&ufawGrSm rdrdudk,fcHtm;u t&rf;usqif;aewmjzpfvdkŒ vlrsm;rsm; pka0;wJhae&mawGudk roGm;zdkŒ/ teHŒtoufawGudk a&SmifzdkŒ q&m0efrsm;un$ef=um;xm;ygw,f? onfhtwGuf oGm;oifhvmoifhwJhae&mawGudk roGm;EdkifbJ vlr_a&;wm0efysufuGuf&wmawGudk rdwfaqGrsm;u em;vnf cGifhv$wfay;=uyg?

u|efawmfu ,cktcsdefrSm t&ifu aexdkifcJhwJh 33vrf; a'gif;pmay ajrnDxyftcef;rSm raeawmhbJ bm;vrf; txufvrf;u orD;}uD;&JŒ ajcmufxyftcef;rSm ajymif;aewmrodao;wJh u|efawmfeJŒ awGŒcsif/ owif;ar;csifol rdwfaqG&if;csmrsm;u a'gif;pmayudkyJqufoG,f wwf=uygw,f? vmvnfcsifwJh {nfhonfrsm;u zkef;quf csdef;qdkwJhtcg orD;vwfu vmvnfrnfholudk aeaumif;&JŒvm; t&ifar;&ygw,f?zsm;em acsmif;qdk; wpfrsdK;rsdK;eJŒ aexdkifraumif; jzpfaew,fqdk&ifawmh azazeJŒ rawGŒygeJŒ OD;/ aeaumif;rS xyfcsdef;+yD;vmyg&SifvdkŒ awmif;yef &ygowJh?

wpfaeŒuawmh tJovdk }udKwifzkef;quf+yD; awGŒcsifa=umif; vSrf;ajymwJh {nfhonfwpfa,mufudk orD;u rrSwfrdbl;/ aemufawmh tJ'Dvlu owif;axmufpsmef&ac: OD;pdk;rif;&JŒom;}uD;ygvdkŒajymawmhrS wtHhw=oeJŒ zkef;qufar;ay;yghr,f ajym+yD; u|efawmfhqDvSrf;qufw,f? olu *smreDjyefawmhrSmrdkŒ rjyefcifawGŒoGm;csifw,fajymvdkŒ n 8em&DcGJrSmvmygvdkŒ csdef;vdkuf&ygw,f?

usGefawmfwdkŒ b,f&mpkESpfxJ a&mufaeygovJ

armi f0Ho

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q&mpsmef& om;}uD;vmr,fhtcsdefudkapmifh&if; a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawGudkvGrf;qGwfwo owd&rdw,f? uGsefawmfh&JŒ pmayb0/ owif;pmorm;b0 jyefajymif;owd&csufrsm; yxrydkif;vdkŒ qdkEdkifwJh a0g+rdKŒu vmcJhw,f pmtkyf (a'gif;pmay/ 2010)rSmyD*sDpdk;rif;ac: owif;axmufpsmef& ta=umif; a&;vdkŒ&orSs u|efawmf xnfhoGif;a&;om;cJhygw,f? ol[m vkyfom;jynfolŒaeŒpOf owif;pmwdkufudk u|efawmf tvkyfoiftjzpfpwif0ifa&mufcsdef (1964 Edk0ifbmv)up+yD; u|efawmfh&JŒ teD;uyf q&m/ vkyfazmfudkifzuf/rdwfaqG&if;/ &Jabmf&if; wpfa,muftjzpf apmifha&Smuf cJhol jzpfygw,f? u|efawmfhb0rSmtifrwef rarhtyfwJh vlyk*~dKvf wpfa,mufygyJ?

olŒta=umif; u|efawmfodoavmufu yJEG,fukef;Zmwd/ yJcl;trsdK;om;ausmif;utxufwef;atmifw,f? u|efawmfvnf; tJ'Dausmif;xGufygyJ? OD;pdk;rif;u u|efawmfhxuf12 ESpf}uD;awmh pDeD,m}uD;aygh? ol &efukefwuUodkvfqufwuf&if; ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm yg0ifw,f? olu a&SŒxGufwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif r[kwfbJ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ ,l*sDwpfa,muftjzpf yg0if cJhwmyg? ausmif;p&dwftwGuf wuUodkvfaq;&kHrSmpma&;0ifvkyf&if; wuoeJŒ eD;eD;em;em;rSm aexdkif v_yf&Sm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? olwdkŒacwfuausmif;om; acgif;aqmifawG jzpfwJh OD;baumif;/ OD;aZmf0if;wdkŒeJŒ wdkifyifazmf wdkifyifzufjzpfcJhygw,f?

OD;pd k;rif;[m q&m}uD; xGef;aeŒpOf OD;xGef;azwnfaxmifwJh xGef;aeŒpOfowif;pmrSm 1955ckESpfu pwiftvkyfvkyfcJhw,f? (OD;xGef;az[m ES,fES,f&& r[kwfyg?olŒta=umif; u|efawmfh&JŒ "&SmrS&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&;orm;" pmtkyfrSm tawmfuav;a&;cJhzl;ygw,f? ol[m vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD; 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&JŒ tpdk;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;wpfOD;jzpfcJhw,f? aemufawmh OD;Ekudk b0&Sifrif;w&m;}uD;vdk jzpfvm+yDvdkŒ a0zefum 0ef}uD;tjzpfrSE_wfxGufcJhygw,f?1920 wuUodkvfoydwf}uD;&JŒ acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJh+yD; ausmif;uxGufawmh ol&d,owif;pm owif;axmuf/ t,f'Dwmtjzpf ppf}udKacwfuwnf;uxif&Sm;wJh owif;pmq&mwpfa,mufjzpfcJhygw,f?) yD*sDpdk;rif;[m xGef;aeŒpOf owif;pmrSmav;ig;ESpfavmuf t,f'DwmvkyfcJh+yD; OD;Ekvufxuf xGef;aeŒpOf owif;pmtydwfcH&+yD;OD;xGef;az tzrf;cH&csdefrSm jynfaxmifpkowif;pm/ tJ'Duae ,k0wDowif;pmponfjzifhajymif;a&$ŒcJhw,f?

1962ck AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%modrf;+yD; jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD axmifawmhwu,fqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfoGm;awmhr,fvdkŒ ,kH=unfpdwfeJŒ OD;pdk;rif;[m awmfawmfapmapmydkif;rSmudk ygwD0ifcJhw,f? tJ'ga=umifhvJ A[dkEdkifiHa&;wuUodkvf au'goifwef;wwd,ywf wufa&mufcJh&w,f? oifwef;qif;+yD;wmeJŒ tpdk;&owif;pm vkyfom;jynfolŒaeŒpOfudk au'gwpfa,muftaeeJŒ wm0efay;apv$wfjcif;cH&ol jzpfygw,f? ol[m

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Adkvfwaxmif+rdKŒe,f ygwD,lepfe,fajrtwGif;&Sd vkyfom;jynfolŒaeŒpOf (jrefrmšt*Fvdyf)eJŒjrefrmhowif;pOf (jynfwGif;šjynfy)wdkŒ yg0ifwJh ygwDpdwfrSm ygwDpdwfrSL; jzpfvmw,f?ygwDwm0eft& t,f'DwmcsKyf awGuawmif olŒudk av;pm;cefŒ nm;&w,f? ygwDwm0ef&Sdolwpfa,muf taeeJŒ apmifhxdef;aomtm;jzifh oltvGef}udKufESpfoufwJh ,rum rSD0Jjcif;udk10ESpfeD;eD;avmuf vkH;0 a&Smif=uOfaecJhol jzpfygw,f? odkŒayr,fh 1973 rSm ydkvef/ qdkAD,ufpwJh ta&SŒ Oa&my uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHawGudk jrefrmowif;pm udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf vdkufygoGm;+yD; jyefvmcsdefupvdkŒ oltajymif;vJ}uD; ajymif;vJoGm;ygawmhw,f? (rSwfrSwf&& OD;pdk;rif;wdkŒtzGJŒudk xdkpOfu tzGJŒ acgif;aqmiftjzpf OD;aqmifcJholu [Hom0wD OD;0if;wifjzpfygw,f?) OD;pdk;rif; t&ufjyefaomufw,f? vkyfom;jynfolŒaeŒpOfrSm ol yifwdkifaqmif;yg;awG a&;awmh uavmifemrnfudk owif;axmuf psmef&vdkŒay;w,f? psmef&emrnf,lxm;wJhtwdkif; owif;pm nazmifydwfcsdefaemufydkif; trl;aomufawmhwmygyJ? 1970ESpfrsm; apmapmydkif;u vkyfom;jynfolŒaeŒpOfowif;pmyg owif;axmufpsmef& aqmif;yg;awGudk tawmfvl}udKufrsm;=uygw,f? olŒq&m&if; xGef;aeŒpOf OD;xGef;aza&;cJhzl;wJh pwdkiftwdkif; ta=umif;t&m wpfck pmwpfydk'f/ oa&mfpmvdkvdk/ a0zefpmvdkvdk/qufawG;p&mawG trsm;}uD;csef+yD; a&;wwfygw,f?

olŒ&JŒ vlodrsm;wJh rlvuavmiftrnfu yD*sDpdk;rif;yg? yD*sDqdkwm bmvJar;&ifolajzcsifovdkajzw,f? yJEG,fukef;om;rdkŒvdkŒ yD*sDvdkŒ twdkaumuf a&;wmvdkŒ ajymovdkurBmausmf pma&;q&m}uD; yD*sD0k('f)a[muf(pf)udk }udKufvGef;vdkŒ ,lxm;wmvdkŒ ajymcsifajymw,f? uGsefawmfhudkusawmh wdk;wdk;}udwfajymw,f? yD*sDqdkwm jynfolŒajymufusm;(People's Guarilla)udk qdkvdkw,f? 'gayr,fh 'gu vlodcHvdkŒ rjzpfbl;vdkŒ ajymygw,f?

O D;pdk;ri f;[m q&m}uD; xGef;aeŒpOf OD;xGef;azwnfaxmifwJh xGef;aeŒpOfowif;pmrSm 1955ckESpfu pwiftvkyfvkyfcJhw,f? (OD;xGef;az[m ES,fES,f&& r[kwfyg? olŒta=umif;

u|efawmfh&JŒ "&SmrS &Sm;wJh Edki fiHa&;orm;" pmtkyfrSm tawmfuav; a&;cJhzl;ygw,f? ol[mvGwfvyfa&;acwfOD; 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&JŒ tpdk;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;wpfOD; jzpfcJhw,f? aemufawmh O D;Ekudk

b0&Si fri f;w&m;}uD;vdk jzpfvm+yDvdkŒ a0zefum 0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufcJhygw,f?1920 wuUodkvfoydwf}uD;&JŒ acgi f;aqmi fwpfO D;jzpfcJh+yD; ausmi f;u xGufawmh

ol&d,owif;pm owif;axmuf/ t,f'Dwmtjzpf ppf}udKacwfuwnf;u xif&Sm;wJhowif;pmq&mwpfa,mufjzpfcJhygw,f?) yD*sDpdk;rif;[m xGef;aeŒpOf owif;pmrSm av;ig;ESpfavmuft,f'DwmvkyfcJh+yD; OD;Ekvufxuf xGef;aeŒpOf owif;pmtydwfcH&+yD; OD;xGef;az tzrf;cH&csdefrSm

jynfaxmi fpkowif;pm/ tJ'Duae ,k0wDowif;pmponfjzi fh ajymi f;a&$ŒcJhw,f?.......

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u|efawmfu yD*sD}uD; jyefaomufwJh tcsdefrSm jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm wdkufudkt,f'Dwm&mxl;eJŒ ajymif;a&$Œvmwm okH;ESpfavmuf&Sdyg+yD? olrl;vm&if qdk;wdkifyifaumif;wdkifyifjzpfaewJh u|efawmfhudk zkef;quf csdef;w,f? noefaumifausmfrS u|efawmfwdkŒqkHrd=u+yD; acsmifusus qdkifwpfqdkifrSm oGm;xdkif=uw,f? xyfaomuf+yD; olŒ&ifxJjzpfaewmawG zGifhtef awmhwmygyJ? qdk&S,fvpfemrnfcH+yD; tm%m&Sifpepf usifhokH;aeorSsigwdkŒawG b,fawmhrS qdk&S,fvpf yef;wdkifa&mufawmhrSm r[kwfbl;? EdkifiHa&;t& xdef;ndSzdkŒtwdkuftcHygwD &Sd&r,f? pD;yGm;a&;rSm e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;awG zGifh+yD; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGeJŒvGwfvyfpGm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcGifhay;&r,f? cktwdkif; wHcg;ydwf pD;yGm;a&;ykHpHeJŒqdk&ifigwdkŒwdkif;jynfysuf+yD pwmawG ajymw,f?

1974ck OD;oefŒta&;tcif;aemufydkif;rSmawmh psmef&}uD; ydkIaygufuGJvm ygw,f?aemufqkH; 1975 ESpfukefavmufrSm OD;ae0if;qD t}uHay;pm wpfapmifa&;ydkŒvdkufw,f?okH;ywfavmuft=umrSm olŒudk OD;ae0if;u ac:wGŒw,f? wpfem&Dausmf=umw,fwJh? xdkpOfun$efcsKyf OD;omxGef;u rSwfwrf;vdkufa&;w,f? 'gawGu aemuf oljyefajymjywmawGyg?udkpsmef&u t"duESpfcsufwifjyw,f?

(1) 1978 a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcif twdkuftcHygwDwpfck wnfaxmifcGifhjyK+yD;ESpfygwD pepfeJŒ vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJawG vkyfay;zdkŒ?

(2) e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;awGzGifh+yD; yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG azmfxkwfzdkŒ wifjycJhw,f?

OD;ae0if;u xkH;pHtwdkif; "pOf;pm;oifhwJh tcsufawGyJ/ pOf;pm;=uao;wmaygh"vdkŒajymvdkufwmudk udkpsmef&u t[kwf}uD;xif+yD; wuf=uGpGmarSsmfvifhaecJhw,f? wdkwdkajym&&ifolarSsmfvifhwmawG bmwpfckrS jzpfrvmwJhtjyif olŒudk axmufvSrf;a&;u ESpf}udrfruac:ac:oGm;+yD; olŒ&JŒ psmef&aqmif;yg; wcsdKŒxJu t"dyg,f0SufeJŒ a&;xm;wJh pmydk'fwcsdKŒ[mbmudk ajymcsif wmvJ/ bmbmnmnmpwmawG avSsmufar;+yD; tjypf&Sm tr_qifr,fhtvm;tvmawG jzpfvmygawmhw,f?

aemufqkH;awmh olŒcrsm 1976 ESpfukefcgeD;avmufrSm rdom;pkyg ac:+yD; u&ifjynfe,f autif,le,fajr awmvrf;u jzwfvdkŒ xdkif;e,fpyfudk xGufajy;&awmhw,f? olajy;+yDqdkwm odoGm;+yD;r=umygbl;? axmufvSrf;a&; (7)u u|efawmfhudk ac:+yD; oleJŒywfoufwJhppfcsufawG,lygw,f? psmef&pmtkyfawG xkwfa0cJhwJh py,fOD; OD;wifpdk;vnf; ac:,lppfaq;cH&ao;w,f? u|efawmfu tar&duefEdkifiH rpf&SD*efwuUodkvfudk owif;pmynm zJvdk;&Spfoifwef;oGm;wufzdkŒ a&G;cs,fcHxm;&+yD;om; tcsdefrSm ckvdk ppfaq;cH&awmh jynfxJa&;uu|efawmfhudk ywfpydkŒray;zdkŒ uefŒuGufwmeJŒ }uHK&ygao;w,f? aemufawmh jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;u wm0ef,lygw,fvdkŒ axmufcHcsufay;vdkŒ ywfpydkŒ&cJhygw,f?

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u|efawmf rpf&SD*efa&muf+yD; okH;vavmuft=umrSm Asia Week pmapmifrSmOD;pdk;rif;wdkŒ rdom;pk"mwfykHawGeJŒ xdkif;e,fpyfa&mufaewJh jrefrm jynfajy;owif;pmq&mta=umif;qdk+yD; ygvmygw,f? OD;ae0if;eJŒ awGŒqkHt}uHay;cJhykH/ bmrS xl;jcm;r_r&SdvdkŒpdwfysuf+yD; xGufvmcJhykHawG a&;xm;ygw,f? e,fpyfrSm 'kuQa&mufaewmawGudkyg od&vdkŒolŒrdwfaqG&if;csmrsm;tjzpf u|efawmf odxm;wJh tar&duefowif;pm q&m wcsdKŒudkuGsefawmf zkef;eHygwfawG &atmif pkHprf;+yD; ta=umif;=um; cJhao;w,f? olwdkŒvnf; wwfEdkifoavmufulnDr,f ajymayr,fh ratmifjrifygbl;? xdkif;u tar&duefoH&kH;u udkpsmef&udkcdkv_HcGifh ray;bJ aemufqkH;awmh *smreDEdkifiH (xdkpOfu taemuf*smreD)u EdkifiHa&;'kuQonftjzpf vufcHvdkufygw,f? ol[m Oa&mya&mufa&mufcsif; jrefrmjynfajy;rsm;tzGJ@ Political Exiles of Burma qdkwJhtrnfeJŒ tzGJŒwpfzGJŒwnfaxmifwJhta=umif;/jynfajy;tiftm; 40avmuf&Sda=umif; bDbDpD owif;wpfyk'f a=unmwm =um;vdkuf&w,f?

1980jynfhESpf taxGaxG vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdefŒeJŒ OD;Ektygt0if EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG jyefvm=ucsdefrSm oljyefvmrvm;vdkŒ uGsefawmf arSsmfrdao;w,f? vlawmhrvmbJ *smreDuae pm&Snf}uD;wpfapmif u|efawmfhqD a&;vdkufygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSmtwdkuftcHygwD wnfaxmifcGifh&Sd+yD; vGwfvyfpGm EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;cGifh r&SdorSs/ pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh r&SdorSs oljyefvmrnfr[kwfbl;vdkŒ twdtvif; a&;vdkufwm yg? cifAsm;qDtck a&;vdkufwJhpmudk axmufvSrf;a&;awGu azmufzwf+yD; jzpfvdrfhr,f/ cifAsm;qDa&mufvdkŒzwf+yD;&if axmufvSrf;a&;udk tyfvdkufyg? rtyf&if cifAsm; 'kuQa&mufvdrfhr,fvdkŒvJa&;xm;w,f? u|efawmfuawmh axmufvSrf;a&;udk rtyfbJ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeudktyfvdkufygw,f? 0ef}uD;XmeuyJ u|efawmfhudk wpf}udrfac:+yD; OD;pdk;rif;eJŒ ywfoufcJhykHawG

u|efawmfu yD*sD}uD; jyefaomufwJh tcsdefrSm jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm wdkufudk t,f'Dwm&mxl;eJŒajymi f;a&$Œvmwm okH;ESpfavmuf&Sdyg+yD? olrl;vm&if qdk;wdki fyi f aumi f;wdki fyi fjzpfaewJh

u|efawmfhudk zkef;quf csdef;w,f? noefaumifausmfrS u|efawmfwdkŒ qkHrd=u+yD;acsmi fusus qdki fwpfqdki frSm oGm;xdki f=uw,f?

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igwdkŒwdkif;jynfysuf+yD pwmawG ajymw,f?.....

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aemufydkif; olŒowif; r=um;awmhbJae&mu OD;pdk;rif;[m 1983ckrSm bGef;+rdKŒaq;&kHwpfckrSm cGJpdwfukor_ cH,l&if; uG,fvGefoGm;a=umif; toHv$ifhXmewcsdKŒrSm ygvmwm=um;vdkuf&ygw,f?

OD;pdk;rif;&JŒom;}uD;[m csdef;xm;wJh tcsdef twdtus n 8em&DcGJrSm a&mufvmygw,f? &efukefae olŒaqGrsdK;om;csif;wcsdKŒvJ ac:vmao; w,f? olŒudk b,fvdkrS rrSwfrdawmhbl;? olwdkŒxGufoGm;wkef;u 14ESpfom; avmuf/ tck 48 ESpf&Sd+yD? tif*sifeD,m}uD;wpfa,mufjzpfae+yD? oluawmh jrefrmrdef;uav;wpfa,mufeJŒ tdrfaxmifusw,f?olŒatmufu nDeJŒ ESrav;uawmh *smrefeJŒyJ ta=umif;yg=uw,f? olŒtareJŒ oleJŒ 1996ckVisit Myanmar Year rSm *smreDu jrefrm oHtrwfu axmufcHcsufeJŒ jrefrmjynfjyefvmvnf=uao;wm ajymjyvdkŒ tHh=o &ao;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u u|efawmfu axmifxJa&mufaewm&,f/ olwdkŒaemufu axmufvSrf;a&; eSpfa,muf vdkufapmifhaewm&,fa=umifhu|efawmfhtdrfudk rvmEdkifcJhwm ajymjyw,f? "rif;wdkŒ 'Dudk jyefvmaezdkŒ pdwful; &Sdvm;"vdkŒar;=unfhw,f? bmrS jyefrajymbJ &,faeygw,f? olŒtazajymovdk 21 &mpkxJ wu,fa&mufrS jyefvmr,fvdkŒ ajymcsif ovm;rodyg? 21 &mpk rajymeJŒ OD; ighwl/ wdkŒwawG 20&mpkxJuawmif xGufvmao;&JŒvm; jyef=unfh&OD;r,fvdkŒ u|efawmfh pdwfxJu ajymrdygw,f?

armi f0Ho 15 02 2013

(jynfol@acwf*sme,frS)

75


wpf&Hwpfcgu jzpfyg.? u|efawmfonf EkdifiHh0efxrf; b0/ EkdifiHjcm;ynm oifcGifh&&SdcJhojzifh *syefEkdifiHodk@ a&muf&SdcJhzl; ygonf? Oya'ynm&yfrsm; qnf;yl;avh vmrSwfom;&if;wpfae@aomtcg Y wkdusKd+rdKŒ&Sd *syefEkdifiH. w&m; ¶Hk;csKyfodk@ ynmoifzufwpfOD;ESifh twloGm;a&mufavhvmcGifh&&SdcJh ygonf? u|efawmfwdk@udk }udKqdk qufqHa&;t&m&Sdu apmifhqkdif;}udKqkdyg.? w&m;¶Hk;csKyftwGif; vSnfhvnf jyoyg.? &Sif;vif; ajymjyyg.? ¶Hk;cef;rsm;/ w&m;cGifrsm;ESifh w&m;ol}uD; em;aecef; rsm;/ pm=unfhwkduf ESifh rSwfwrf; Xmersm; omru w&m;¶Hk;csKyf y&0%ftESHŒudkvnf; vkdufvHjyoyg.? *syefEkdifiH/ w&m;¶Hk; csKyf taqmuftOD.t0if0nmbuf jcrf;wGif ¶kyfwk}uD;wpfckxm;&Sd&m qufqHa&;t&m&Sdu ,if;¶kyfwk xkvkyfxm;&Sd&jcif; ta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;ajymjy ygonf? a&S;a[mif; *&dacwfrS w&m;apmifh ewforD;(Themis) . ¶kyfwk yHko¾mefudk Oya'orm;rsm; tjriftm¶HkwGif owdjyKrd=urnf [kxifygonf? rsufvHk; ESpfvHk;udk t0wfeufpnf;ydwfvsuf/ b,f bufvufu csdefcGifudk qGJudkifajrSmufxm;+yD;/ nmbufvufu "m;vGwfwpfpif;udk qkyfudkifcs xm;onfh yHko¾mefyifjzpfyg onf?

xkdpOfu u|efawmfjrifawGŒ cJh&aom ¶kyfwk}uD;rSmum; xdkodk@ aom w&m;apmifh

Oya' qdkwmtxufpD;&onfh vlwef;pm;twGuf "m;wpfvuf r[kwfyg

aZ,smwifhndK

76


ewforD;¶kyfwkyif jzpfaomf vnf; ajymif;vJr_ 2 ck&Sdaeonfudk awGŒcJh&ygonf? xdk@twGufpma&;olu ¶kyfwk. rsufvHk; rsm;udk rnfonfhtwGuf a=umifh t0wfpnf;rxm;&jcif; ESifhnmbufvuf&Sd "m;vGwf onf tb,fa=umifh ckwfrnfh [efjzifh udkifajrSmufxm;&yga=umif;Original yHko¾mefESifh uGJjym;aeyga=umif; ar;jref;cJhyg onf?

qufqHa&; t&m&Sdu ¶kyfwkwGif rsufvHk;rsm;udk t0wfpnf; rxm;&onfrSm,if;wkd@. w&m; pD&ifr_ onf rnfol. rsufESmudkrSs r=unfhjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ jynf oljynfom;rsm;. Oya't& tcGifhta&;rsm;/ w&m;rSswr_rsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnD jzpfapa&; =unfh¶_oHk;oyfazmfaqmifay;jcif; jzpfa=umif;/ trSefw&m; udk rsufvHk;rSdwfI &SmazGay;jcif; r[kwfa=umif;/"m;qdkonfrSm xdk;ckwf &eft&mwpfckjzpfa=umif;/ "m;vGwfudk atmufodk@cs+yD; udkifaqmifxm;onfh yHko¾mefonf xdk;ckwfrnfh[efr[kwfI tqkdyg "m;rSm tpGrf;r&Sdyga=umif;/ xdk;ckwfrnf[efjzifh udkifaqmifxm; jcif;rSm tcsdefra&G;toHk;jyKEdkifrnfh t"dym,fudk azmfaqmifyga=umif;/ qkdvdkonfrSm rdrdwdk@. Oya'rsm; onf pmtkyfwGif;Yom a&;om; xm;onf r[kwf/vufawGŒe,fy,frsm;wGif jynfol@twGuf xd a&mufaom/ xufjrufaom/ tumtuG,fay;aom/ tusKd;&Sdaom/ toHk;0ifr_ toHk;jyKr_vnf; &Sdaom Oya'rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ xdk@twGufT¶kyfwk udk rsufvHk;rsm; zGifh+yD; "m;vGwfudk qGJudkifajrSmuf xm;onfh yHko¾mefxkvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfyga=umif; &Sif;jyygonf?

u|efawmfpOf;pm;=unfhyg onf? w&m;Oya'[lonf ormorwfusaom awG;ac:r_/ qifjcifoHk;oyfr_udk tajccH&ayonf? trSefESifh trSm;/ w&m;r_ESifh rw&m;r_wkd@udk vufawGŒusus pOf;pm;I cGJjcm;qHk;jzwf&ygonf? odk@jzpfIvnf; Oya'odyHynm (Jurisprudence)[laom ynm&yf &Sdae&jcif; jzpfyg.? EkdifiHawmfESifh jynfol trsm;twGuf oufqdkif&me,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif vdktyfaom Oya' rsm;udk jyKvkyfjyÏmef;ay;&mY ¶_axmifhrsKd;pHkrStusKd;ta=umif;/ qufpyfqifjcif pOf;pm;jcif;jzifh pnf;aESmifr_ tm;aumif;aom/ tusKd;&Sdaom Oya' rsm;jzpfay:vm&ay onf? pdwful;onf vufawGŒ . tpyifjzpf.? awG;ac:qifjcifr_/ qufpyfpOf;pm;r_/ ydkif;jcm;a0zefr_/ E_dif;,SOfoHk;oyfr_ wkd@onf aumif; usKd;w&m;.tajccHrsm;yifr[kwf ygavm? odk@aomf rdrdwpfOD;wpf a,muf odk@wnf;r[kwf tzGJŒtpnf;wpf&yfudk OD;pm;ay;I pOf;pm; aqmif&Gufjcif;rSmum; trsm;jynfoludk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;r[kwfonfudk owdcsyfoifhayonf?

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vnf; tjiif;rxGufaom tcsuf wpf&yfyifjzpfygonf? vGwfvyf a&;&+yD;aemufydkif;a&;qGJjyÏmef; cJhaom Oya'rsm;onfvnf; rnfodk@ &SdEkdifygoenf;? trsm;jynfol. tcGifhta&;rsm; udk uef@owfonfh Oya'u rsm;rnfomjzpf yg.? yxrESpf Oya'ausmif;om; b0uavhvmusufrSwf zl;ygonf? xdkpOftcsdef umvu jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD OuUÏ}uD;urdef@=um; cJhyg.? "Oya'qdkwm txufpD;&wJh vl wef;pm;u ol@tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fzdk@jyKvkyf jyÏmef;jcif;om jzpfw,f" wJh? xdkpum;vGefpGmyif [kwfrSefvSa=umif; xdkacwfumvrsm;u jyÏmef;cJhonfh Oya'rsm;u oufaocHaeygayonf? xdk acwfumvrsm;om r[kwf+yD;cJh avaom tpdk;&. jyÏmef;Oya' rsm;onf vnf; jynfolrsm;. tusKd;udk rnfrSs umuG,fapmifh a&Smufay;cJhygoenf;? ajz&efvdkrnf r[kwfyg? twdwfudk orkdif;xJwGifxm; vkdufygrnf? ypPKyefukd =unfh onfhtcg 'Drkdua&pD vrf;a=umif;ay: yGifhvif;jrifomr_rsm;jzifh c&D;ESifaeygonf? v$wfawmfrsm;u vnf; EdkifiHESifhjynfolrsm;. tusdK; qxufxrf;ydk; wkd;Iazmf aqmifae=uygonf? topfjyÏmef;jcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ y,fzsufjcif;wkd@jzihf EdkifiHESifhjynfolrsm;twGuf Oya'rsm; wkd;yGm; jyÏmef;Edkifa&; }udK;pm;aqmif&Gufae =uygonf? jynfolrsm;. tusKd;udk trSef wu,f umuG,f apmifha&Smufonfh Oya'rsm;jzpfay:&efvnf; vkdtyfygrnf? Oya'[lonf r=umc% topf jyÏmef;&jcif;/ jyifqif& jcif; rjzpf&efvnf; vkdtyfygonf? EdkifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;yHktajccH Oya'ESifhvnf; udkufnD&ygrnf? acwfpepfESifhvnf;vkdufavsmnDaxG &Sd&ygrnf? jyKvkyfjyÏmef;ol. vdkvm;csufukd azmfaqmif ouJhodk@ oufqdkif&me,fy,f&Sd jynfolrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm; tcGifh ta&;rsm;ukdvnf; tav;*¶kjyK &efvdkygrnf?pnf;aESmiftm;&Sd&ef vkdtyfouhJokd@ jynfolrsm; udk,fwdkif vufcHvdkufem vdkonfh qEN &Sdap&efvnf; vkdygrnf? jyÏmef;+yD;¶HkrSsjzifh Oya' r[kwfao;/ av;pm;vkdufemr_/ pnf;aESmiftm;&Sdr_wkd@vnf; vkdtyfonfjzpf&m xda&mufxufjrufr_/ toHk;0ifr_/ tusKd;jyKr_udkvnf;tav;xm; pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf?

yef;yJzdkrS xGufvmonfh "m;wpfvufonf oHom;rmrm/ ckwftm;aumif;aumif;/toGm; xufxuf "m;wpfvuf jzpf&ygrnf? toHk;rcH OD;usKd;oGm;yJh rjzpfap&yg? Oya'jyKolwdk@u jyÏmef;vkdufonfh Oya' rsm;onf trsm; jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udkxda&mufpGm umuG,fay; Edkif&ygrnf?

aZ,smwi fhndK

(The Myanmar Independent News Journal r S)

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'Drdkua&pDudk pwifxlaxmif rnfhodk@r[kwf Eke,fp 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHrsm;twGuftEœ&m,ft}uD; qHk;ESifh tzsufqD;Edkif qHk; tiftm;pkrSm a&G;cs,f wifajrSmufcHEdkif iHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u tjynfht0 xdef;csKyf Edkifjcif; r&Sdaom ppfwyfyif jzpfonf? vufeufESifhtjcm;ud&d ,mrsm;udk udkifaqmifxm;+yD; ppfa&; qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh udpP &yfrsm;udkpepfwus wwfajrmufxm;+yD; awmifhwif;onfh tzGJŒtpnf; jzpfonfhppfwyfonf 'Drdkua&pDa&; tm;ay;}udK;yrf;csuf rsm;udk wefjyefaESmifh,Suf zsufqD;Edkifonfh taetxm;wGif&Sdonf qdkonfh tcsufudk aumif;pGm od&Sdem;vnf oabmaygufxm;&ef vdktyfonf?

t&yfom;u ppfwyfudkxdef; csKyfxm;&rnfqdkonfrSm 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHwGif EkdifiHom;tm;vHk;u cdkif rmpGm wefzdk;xm; pGJudkifusifhoHk;&rnfh t&mrsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDt&ifhtrmEdkifiH}uD;rsm;jzpf =uonfh uae'g/ =opa=w;vs/ +AdwdefESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuJhodk@aom EkdifiHrsm;wGif ppfwyf udk t&yfom;xdef;csKyfr_atmuf wGif xm;&Sd&rnfqdkonfudkppf wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;uomru ppfom; r[kwfaom t&yfom;rsm;uyg tajccH ,Hk=unfcsuftjzpf vufcH usifhoHk;vsuf&Sdonf? tqkdygEdkifiH rsm;wGif ppfwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; ppfwyf t}uD;tuJrsm;udk jynfolvlxku av;pm;cspfcif=uonfhta=umif; &if;rsm;xJwGif Tonfu tcsufwpfcsuftaejzihf yg0ifayonf? xdk@tjyif tqkdygEdkifiHrsm;Y ppfr_xrf;rsm; ppfwyfrSEkwfxGufonfhtcg odk@r[kwf tem;,l onfhtcg toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;wGif rdrdwdk@t&nf tcsif;/ xif&Sm;ausmfapmr_rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifEdkifonfh tcGifh tvrf;rsm;udkvnf; zefwD;ay;xm;onfudk awGŒ&onf? pD;yGm; a&;avmu/ ynma&;avmu/ vlr_todkif;t0kdif;e,fy,f/ jynf ol@udk,fpm;vS,f ponfjzifh 0ifa&muf vkyfudkif v_yf&Sm;=uayonf?

'Drdkua&pD/ t&yfom;tpdk;&/ ppfwyf

ausmfausmfpkd;(*syef)

79


rsm;jym;vSpGmaom AdkvfcsKyf }uD;rsm;onf EdkifiHhacgif;aqmif rsm;/ orRw/ 0ef}uD;csKyfponf jzifh a&G;cs,fcH=u&onf rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? xkdodk@ a&G;cs,f cH=u&I EkdifiHudk OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyK&aom tcg rdrdwm0ef xrf;aqmif cJhzl;onfh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; tjzpf r[kwfbJ a&G;cs,fcHt&yfom;wpfOD;tjzpf OD;aqmif=uavonf? tmqD,H tzGJŒ0if tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHY orRwplpDvdkbefbef; ,l'dk,dkEdkonf t+idrf;pm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wpfOD;jzpf onfudk tm;vHk; todyifjzpfonf?

Oyrm taejzifh wifjyvdkayonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u ajrmufOa&myr[mrdwfwyfzGJŒrsm;. ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifcJhonfh tar&duef AdkvfcsKyf }uD;'GdKuftdkifpifa[mif0g Dwight Eisenhower onf t&nftcsif; jynfh 0aom ppfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; trsm;. av;pm;r_udk &&Sdaoma=umifh tar&duef EkdifiHa&; ygwDrsm;uppf+yD;acwforRw a&G;aumufyGJwGif ,if;wkd@ygwD rsm;. orRwavmif;tjzpf udk,fpm;jyKa&G;cs,fcH&ef zdwf=um;cHcJh&onf? xkdygwDrsm;u tdkifpif a[mif0g. vlxkt=um; a&yef;pm;r_ESifh vl}udKufrsm;r_udk toHk; csum orRwavmif;tjzpf yg0ifapvdk=ujcif; jzpfonf?tdkifpifa[mif0g uvnf; &DywfAvDuef ygwD udk,fpm;jyK orRwavmif;tjzpf orRwa&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJh+yD; orRw jzpfvmcJhonf?

orRw jzpfvmaomtcg EkdifiHtm; ppftwGif;u acgif;aqmifwpfOD; tjzpfjzifhtkyfcsKyfcJ h jcif; r&S dbJ t&yfom; orRwwpfOD; tjzpf tkyfcsKyfcJ havonf? tar&duefwyfzGJŒrsm;. umuG,fa&;OD; pD;csKyf (Commander-in-Chief) jzpfvmcJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;r[kwfbJ orRwtjzpf udkifwG,fcJhavonf? orRw wm0ef xrf;aqmifcsdef twGif; tdkifpifa[mif0gonf tar&duef jynfoljynfom;rsm;tm; ppfwyf qufEG,fonfh vkyfief;rsm;EdkifiHwGif; tm;aumif;aejcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDudk +cdrf;ajcmufr_jyKEdkifonf [kyif owday;cJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh tpdk;&.bwf*sufwGif ppfwyfESifhoufqkdifaom toHk;p&dwf rsm;udkavSsmhcsEdkifa&; vkyfaqmif}udK;yrf;cJhonf? ppfwyfESifh vufeufqkdif&m toHk;p&dwfrsm;jym;jcif;onf t&yfbufqdkif&m toHk;p&dwfrsm;jzpfonfh ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&;qdkif&mtoHk;p&dwfrsm; tygt0if vloHk;ukef ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&; twGuf toHk;p&dwfrsm;udkavsmhyg;apjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?

'Drdkua&pD t&ifhtrm EkdifiH}uD;rsm;wGif ppfwyf acgif;aqmifonf ,if;.OD;pD;csKyf.trdef@udk emcHjcif; r&SdvSsif &mxl;cscH&jcif; okd@r[kwf &mxl;rS xkwfy,fcH&jcif;ponfh om"ursm;vnf; &Sdonf? xkdtjzpftysuf rsm;onf tar&duef ppfwyftwGif;t}udrf trsm;tjym; jzpfcJhonf? Oyrm taejzihf azmfjyvdkayonf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD; a'guf*vyfpfruftmom Douglas Mac Arthur qkdonfrSm vGefpGm xif&Sm; ausmf=um;aom tar&duefppfAkdvfcsKyfwpfOD; jzpf+yD; *syefEkdifiH 'Drkdua&pDukd OD;aqmifa&;qGJ taumiftxnfazmf

80


cJholtjzpfvnf; *syefwGifxif&Sm; onf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ruftmomonf ukd&D;,m; ppfyGJtwGif;ol. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfaom tar&duef orRw [m&Dx¶l;rJef; Harry Truman .trdef@atmufrS r[kwfbJ rdrdoabmtwkdif; qHk;jzwfvkyfukdifcJhonfrsm; &SdvmcJhonf?ppfyGJtwGif; ol@ukd,fykdif tawGŒt=uHKrsm;tay: tajccHum rl0g'rsm; csrSwf+yD; vkyfaqmifcJhonfh twGuf 'Drkdua&pD. tajccH Oya'wpfckjzpfaom t&yfom;OD;pD;csKyf. trdef@ukdemcH&ef ysufuGufcJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh orRwu ol@tm; &mxl; taqmifta,mifrsm;ukd¶kyfodrf;um t+idrf;pm; ay;cJhav onf?

tar&dueforRwu xkduJhokd@ qHk;jzwfvkyfukdifcJhjcif;ukd tar&duef txufv$wfawmfESihf atmuf v$wfawmf 2 &yfpvHk;rS trwf trsm;tjym;u orRwtm; jypfwifa0zefr_rsm;jyKum AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ruftmomukd &mxl; taqmifta,mifrsm; jyefay;&efawmif;qkdcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; orRw x¶l;rJef;u vufrcHbJ jiif;y,f cJhonf? aemufykdif;wGif trwftrsm;pku orRw. vkyf&yfonf vdktyfaom vkyfaqmifcsufjzpf+yD; 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf rSefuefaomvkyf&yf jzpfonf[k vufcHcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifh qkdaomf ppfwyfacgif;aqmif rSeforSsonf t&yfom; tpdk;& tzGJŒt}uD;tuJ. vuf atmufwGif emcH&rnfqkdonfh 'Drkdua&pD. tajccH tcsufwpfcsufa=umihf jzpfayonf?

tcsKyftjcm tm%moHk;&yf atmufrS vGwfaeonfh ppfwyf'Drkdu&ufwpf tpkd;&wpf&yf. oGifjyifvuQ%mxJwGif ppfwyfonf t&yfom;

tpkd;& vufatmufwGif &Sd&rnfqkdonfhtcsuf onf tcsKdŒaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif wnf&Sdjcif;r&Sdonfukd awGŒ=uHKcJh&avonf? tu,fI ppfwyfonf EkdifiH.tcsKyftjcmtm%m oHk;&yfjzpfaom Oya'jyKtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%m/ pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; tm%matmufrSvGwfuif; aevSsif orRwjzpfap/ v$wfawmf trwfjzpfap/ w&m;ol}uD;jzpfap ppfwyftay:rnfokd@rSs =oZm oufa&mufEkdifawmhrnfr[kwfay? tvm;wlyif ppfwyf acgif;aqmifwpfOD;okd@r[kwf ppfwyfacgif; aqmifrsm;u ,if;wdk@onf orRw/ v$wfawmftrwf/ w&m;ol}uD;wdk@onf ,if;wdk@tay: =oZmouf a&mufjcif;r&Sd[k ,lqvmygu xkdorRwukd &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;jcif;/ v$wfawmfukd zsufodrf;jcif;/ w&m; pD&ifa&;pepfukd 0ifa&mufpGuf zufcs,fvS,fjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyf vmEkdifayonf?

jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,f wpfOD; OD;ukd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;/ z,f&Sm;jcif;rsm;ukd ppfwyfacgif; aqmifrsm;u jyKvkyfaoma=umifh uef@uGuf qef@usifr_rsm; jyKvkyf vmvSsif ,if;wdk@onf a&G;aumufcHjynfol@ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf tusihfysuf vmbfpm;r_rsm; jyKvkyfaejcif;ukd onf;nnf; rcHEkdifawmhonfh twGuf[k qkdum ta=umif;jy vm=uvdrfhrnf? ppfwyftpkd;&u omvSsif wkdif;jynfwGif jynfolrsm; vwfwavm =uHKawGŒae&aom tajctaersm;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdifonf[k qifajc ay;vdrhfrnfjzpfonf?

81


ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf 'Drkd ua&pDukd ta=umif;jyI t&yf om;jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ae&mwGif ppfwyf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; aocsmayguf &,lEkdif&ef a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif tuGufus pDpOfavh&Sdwwf ovdk oD;jcm;ae&m owfrSwfcGJa0um &,ljcif;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? Tokd@aomenf;rsm; jzihf ppfwyfu vuf0g;}uD;tkyfaom trnfcH 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHjzpfvmap&ef vkyfaqmif=uonf?

v$wfawmf tajcjyKtpkd;&ESihf ppfwyfjynfolrsm;u rJay;a&G;cs,fr_rsm;jzihf ygwDrsm;udk ukd,fpm; jyKI v$wfawmf

trwfrsm;jzpfvm+yD; tpkd;& wpf&yftm; OD;aqmif rnfholukd 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fumtpkd;&zGJŒpnf;um wdkif;jynfukd tkyfcsKyf =uonf? xkdodk@ aom v$wfawmfrsm; ay:aygufvmaomfvnf; v$wfawmftxufwGif tjcm;aom tm%mykdif tzGJŒtpnf; odk@r[kwf ppfaumifpD odk@r[kwf tm%m&Sifrsm; &Sdaeygu xkdEkdifiHwGif usihfoHk;aeaom EkdifiHa&;pepfukd'Drkdua&pD[k ac:qkdIr&ay? 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiH wpfEkdifiH. =ueftif vuQ%mxJ wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfonf tjrifhqHk;aom tm%mydkif tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfonfqkdonfukd zGJJŒpnf;yHk tajccHOya'xJwGif twdtvif; jyÏmef; xm;avh &Sdonf? Ttcsufukd EkdifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif usifhoHk;EkdifrSom 'Drdku&ufwpf tpdk;&[kac:qdk&ef oifhavsmfrnf jzpfonf?

,ae@ urBmhEdkifiHwcsKdŒwGif v$wfawmfrsm; wnf&Sd+yD; xkdv$wfawmfrsm; txufwGifbk&ifrsm;&Sdonfukd vufawGŒtm;jzifh jrifawGŒEdkifayonf? okd@aomfvnf; tqkdyg bk&ifrsm;onf EkdifiH. taqmifta,mif *k%fxl;aqmif tqifhtjzpf owfrSwfxm;+yD; edpP"l0 EdkifiHhta&;t&m udpPrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if pGufzufjcif; vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm; r&Sday? xkd@a=umifhxkduJhodk@aom pepfrsm;onf 'Drkdua&pDukd +cdrf;ajcmuf jcif;r&Sday?

v$wfawmfrsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf. vkyfydkifcGifh tm%mjzifh oufwrf;rukefrDzsufodrf;ydkifcGifh qkdonfh tcsufukd ygvDref 'Drkdua&pDpepf usifhoHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGifvufawGŒ vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf? xkdokd@ vkyfaqmifjcif;rsdK; udk EkdifiHtwGuf ta&;ygaomudpPrsm;twGuf oabmwlnDcsuf r&EdkifbJ jzpfaeaom tcgrsdK;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfonfusifhoHk;avh&Sdonf? jynfolvlxku ,if;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;udk rJay;a&G;cs,f+yD;EdkifiHhta&;t&m udpPrsm; wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmif=uaomfvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfolu v$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;jcif;rsdK; udpPrsm;wGif jynfolrsm;taejzifh vufvSrf;rrD jzpf=u&onfudkvnf;od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfonf? 'Drdkua&pD t&ifhtrmEkdifiHrsm;Y xkdokd@aom tjzpftysufrsm;twGuf ppfwyfu 0ifa&muf pGufzufrnfh ta&;udk pdk;&drfp&m rvkdaomfvnf; 'Drkdua&pDEke,fpEkdifiHrsm;/ ,ckrSpI 'Drdk ua&pDvrf; avSsmufvSrf;=urnfh EdkifiHrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tae jzifh TtajctaersdK;wGif txl; owdxm; vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfvSayonf?

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHY txl;ojzifh 'Drkdua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfaqmifp EkdifiHwGif

82


tm%m&SifwpfOD; odk@r[kwf wpfpkwpfzGJŒu ppfwyfudk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifonfh tajctaewpf&yfjzpfxGef;aeygu a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rS wpfqifh ay:xGef;vmonfh tpdk;&/ a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcH jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;onf xkdtm%m&Sif wpfOD;wpfa,muf odk@r[kwfwpfpkwpfzGJŒ. ta=umif;jycsuf wpfckr[kwfwpf ckjzifh z,f&Sm;cH&Edkifonf qkdonfh tjzpfokd@qkdufa&mufEdkifonfudk }udKwifod&Sdxm;&ef vkdtyfonf?

'Drkdua&pD zGHŒ+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifh ppfwyf zGJŒpnf;wnfaqmufr_txufwGif azmfjycJhonfh twdkif; ppfrSeffaom 'Drkdua&pD xlaxmifa&;wGif

ppfwyf. tcef;u¾udk Ek difiHa&;ESif h vHk;0oD;jcm; xm;&Sd&rnfqkdonfh tcsufudktajccHrltjzpf vufawGŒ taumiftxnfazmf usifhoHk;&ayonf? xkdokd@ oD;jcm;xm;&Sd&rnf qkdonfukd aumif;rGefpGm em;vnfEdkifa&;twGuf ppfwyf. zGJŒpnf;yHk/ oabmobm0/ ppfwyf. &nf&G,fcsuf rsm;udk jynfoljynfom;tm;vHk; u od&Sdap&rnf? Tonfudktpdk;&omru jynfol@a&;&m tzGJŒ tpnf;rsm;uvnf; todynmay; Edkifayonf? okd@rSom'Drkdua&pD zGHŒ+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vkyfaqmif}udK;yrf;&mY tEkwfvuQ%m jzpfaprnfhtajctaersm; udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifrnf/ umuG,fEdkifrnf jzpfonf?

ppfwyfqkdonfrSm zGJŒpnf;yHkt& wif;usyfcdkifrmaom tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfonf?tqifhqifh trdef@udk emcH&onf? 'Drkdu&ufwpf tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu zGJŒpnf;yHkt&a&m/ vkyfaqmifyHkt&yg jcm;em;onf? 'Drkdu&ufwpf tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;wGif tzGJŒ0ifrsm;udkwef;wlxm;qufqHonfqkdonfh tcsufESifh,SOfvdkufvSsif vHk;0jcm; em;aeonfukd xifxif

v$wfawmfrsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf. vkyfydki fcGi fh tm%mjzi fh oufwrf;rukefrD zsufodrf;ydkifcGi fhqkdonfh tcsufukd ygvDref 'Drkdua&pDpepf usifhoHk;aom Edki fiHrsm;wGi f vufawGŒ vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf?

xkdokd@ vkyfaqmi fjci f;rsdK; udk Ekdi fiHtwGuf ta&;ygaom udpPrsm;twGufoabmwlnDcsuf r&Edki fbJ jzpfaeaom tcgrsdK;wGi f 0ef}uD;csKyfonf usi fhoHk;avh&Sdonf?

jynfolvlxku ,if;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;udk rJay;a&G;cs,f+yD; EdkifiHhta&;t&m udpPrsm; wGifyg0i fvkyfaqmi f=uaomfvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfolu v$wfawmf

udk zsufodrf;jci f;rsdK; udpPrsm;wGi f jynfolrsm;taejzifh vufvSrf;rrD jzpf=u&onfudkvnf;od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfonf? 'Drdkua&pD t&ifhtrmEkdi fiHrsm;Y xkdokd@aom tjzpftysufrsm;twGuf ppfwyfu 0ifa&muf pGufzufrnfh ta&;udk pdk;&drfp&m rvkdaomfvnf;

'Drkdua&pD Eke,fpEkdifiHrsm;/ ,ckrSpI 'Drdk ua&pDvrf; avSsmufvSrf;=urnfhEdki fiHrsm;rS Edki fiHa&;orm;rsm;taejzifh

TtajctaersdK;wGi f txl; owdxm; vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfvSayonf?........

83


&Sm;&Sm;awGŒ jrifEdkifonf?'Drkdua&pDudk pwifxlaxmif pEdkifiHrsm;/ ppfwyf}uD;pkd;aom EdkifiHa&;tajctaerS

'Drkdua&pDokd@ toGiful;ajymif;p EdkifiHrsm;/ tm%m&Sif vufatmufrS 'Drdkua&pDokd@ ajymif;vJxlaxmifaom EkdifiHrsm;taejzifh ppfwyfacgif; aqmifrsm;/ tm%m&Sifrsm;u ,if;wdk@tm%m&SdaepOfumv twGif; EdkifiHydkifaiGa=u;ypPnf; OpPmrsm;udk ,if;wdk@ydkifqkdifonfht&mrsm;ozG,f &,loHk;pGJ=uovdk EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sd b%frsm;wGif odrf; qnf;xm;jcif;/ EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif &if;ESD;jrSKyfESH xm;jcif;rsm;&Sd=uonf? TonfrSm urBmay:&Sd tm%m&Sif tm;vHk;vkdvkdjyKusifh=uonf? xkdokd@vkyfaqmif =ujcif;rSm xkdol rsm;onf aowpfyefoufqHk; aqGpOfrsdK;quf cs,fvS,f csKyfudkifI r&/ tm%muae jyKwfusoGm; onfhtcg ykdifqkdifxm;&efvkdtyf onf qkdonfudk od&Sdem;vnf xm;jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?

Taqmif;yg;tpwGif azmfjyxm;onfh twdkif; ppfwyfudk t&yfom;tpkd;&utjynfht0 xdef;csKyf xm;&rnf jzpfonf? xkdokd@ r[kwfygu EkdifiHwpfEdkifiHonf rnfonfhtcgrSs 'Drkdua&pD xGef;um;aom EdkifiHjzpf vmrnf r[kwfay?

Ref: How to establish a democracy or Improve the one you now have

“Apractical Guide for Developing Essential Government and Business Struc-

tures and Personal Systems of Value”

By Walter E.Boek-PhD

President, College of Democracy

Virginia, USA

ausmfausmfpkd;(*syef)

(The Myanmar Independent News Journal r S)

84


ordkif;qdkwm vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;/EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&JŒ touf0dOmOfjzpfw,f?toufudk apmifha&Smufovdk/ *&kwpdkufeJ@ xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf &w,f?

EdkifiHa&;udk jyuf&,frjyKygeJŒ

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axmifxJa&mufwJh txd&atmif/ &SmazGzwfcJhwJh pmzwfol wpfOD; ta=umif; ajym&OD;r,f?rmrmOD;wJh...wuUodkvfausmif;xGufyJ? olwdk@ om;tz acsa*GAm;&m; pmtkyfudkifvm+yD;/&xm; tpkef (rEWav;u &efukef) pD;r,fvdk@ &xm;ay: rwufcif tzrf;cH&yga&m? om;tzESpfa,muf pvHk; qGJvdkufwm? rmrmOD; azazuvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;yJav? tJ'Dwkef;u

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rmrmOD;u touf (20) 0ef;usifyJrdk@ uav;pdwfav; usefwkef;?"Adkvf}uD;wdk@ 'Dpmtkyf odrf;vdkufwm zwfzdk@vm;..."qdkawmh"rD;&_d@rSm rD;&_d@rSm" vdk@ cyfqwfqwf ajzwmwJ?hrmrmOD;u tawmfpdwfqdk;+yD;/ vlvm;/ pm;yGJvm;udk vufoD;eJ@ xkd;wmwJh?

wcgwnf; ppfcHk&Hk; a&mufoGm;+yD;/ om;tz ESpfa,mufpvHk;/ axmifoHk;ESpfpD usoGm;awmhwm?

axmifu vGwfvGwfcsif;/ usrqD vmvnfwm? axmifxJrSm usr pmtkyfawGzwf& owJh? "tif=uif;&*Hk " qdkwJh 0wK tawmf }udKufESpfoufowJh? ol usrudkaxmifxJu tawG@t}uHK wpfydkif;wpfp ajymjywm oem;p&mvnf; aumif;&J@? &,fp&mawGvnf; yg&J@?

"arOD; pmtkyfawG jyefxkwfaeawmh orD;udk vufaqmifay;aemf" wJh? wu,fudkpmcspfolygyJ? rEWav;ol tom;vwfvwf/ rsufESm 0dkif;0dkif;/ rsufvHk; eufeuf/ tpOf+yHK;a,mif ESpfcrf; tpHkESifh t&yfredrfh rjrifh/ cEQmukd,f rydefr0/ usrwdk@ tcsdefwdkwdkESifhom;trdvdk cifoGm;=uw,f? ol axmifuvGwfawmh/ puf&Hk tvkyform;awGqD oGm;+yD;/vkdwm tultnDay; v_yf&Sm;aewm? wae@aomtcgrSm ukrR%Dydkif udk&D;,m; tvkyf&Sifu/xkdif oydwform; trsdK;om;udk yg;&dkufvdk@wJh? rmrmOD; oGm;&Sif;w,fwJh? b,fvdk &Sif;vJusr rodbl;? avsmfa=u; rwefwqom awmif;ayawmhvdk@ t}uHay;csifwm/ +yD;awmh0efcs awmif;yefcdkif; vkyfapcsifwm?

rmrmOD; awmfawmf=um aysmufae&mu wpf&uf tarmwaum tdrfajy;vm+yD;/ (6) &uf/ (2) v/ 2012 ck ae@ &ufcsdef;+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; tqdkwpfckudk/ t*FvdyfbmomESihfa&;ay;zdk@ygwJh?

Come, People of Burma, Let us walk the path of peace. On this

path walk the generous type. Lets try teaming of the cruel crooked type

also.

"vmvS!fh ArmEdkifiH jynfolwdk@ +idrf;csrf;wJhvrf;/ av#mufvSrf;=updk@/ 'Dvrf;rSmjrifhjrwfol wdk@ av#muf=uwm...? aemuf &ufpuf =urf;=uKwf/ aumufuspfolrsm; ,Ofyg;vmzdk@ }udK;pm; =u &atmifyg..."

'Dvdk a&;ay;vdkufawmh rmrmOD;rSm ckefaygufrwwf 0rf;omoGm;&Smygw,f?(3)

xl;jcm;wJh o0%fv$musrrSm usr pmawGzwf+yD;/ usrudk &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifwJh vli,fwOD; &Sdygw,f?

pmvnf; tifrwef zwf&Hkru/ tawG@t}uHK jzwfoef;r_awGESifh 0rf;pmrsm;awmh odyfudk

92


awmfygw,f? ol@emrnfudk azmfa&;rSm pdk;&drf&Smvdk@/ trnfrazmfvdkol (anonymous vli,f) jzpfygw,f? olu q&m *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmifvdk a&S@wef; emrnf razmfvdkwJhol?Popular Type r[kwfyg? usr ,cif aqmif;yg;awG a&;cJhzl;wJh / bdkeDatmif qdkwJhvli,fvdk ( q&mr oef;jrifhatmif&J@ om;ozG,frsdK;yg?) oef;jrifhatmifESifhvnf; &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifygw,f?

olu ,cif usr aecJhwJh awmifOuUvmy t&yfom;/ (10) wef; atmif+yD;prSm(88) ckESpf ta&;tcif; e&odefom; jzpfoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u touf 18/ 19ESpfom; xifyg&J@? axmifouf (10) ESpf ausmfausmf/ tjyifxGufvmawmh/ touf (30)jzpfae+yD? wpfOD;wnf;aom om;/ rat rkqdk;r&J@ tonf;ESvHk;aygh...? axmifxJaeraumif;wdkif; idkidk ae&Smwm/ tpmtdrf jzpf+yD;/ tawmfudk aeraumif;wmwJh? ol[mt&G,fi,fi,fwnf;u/ EdkifiHa&; ta&;tcif;awGudk odyfajymwwfwmrdk@/ usrrSm rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh olvmvnfwmudk ar#mfae&wm?

ol wpf&uf nbuf tdrfvmvnf+yD; ajymwm &,fp&mav;?"arOD; usaemf arOD; a&;wJh/ 'oabFmc&D;ESifh usr' zwfawmh/ arOD;[m oabFm

(r[m) ESifh [ef;eD;rGef; qdk+yD; xGufvm=uwm/ arOD;ESifh twl arOD;arar&,f / nDrav;at;yg vdkufygvmwm?"

"[kwfw,fav arOD;oGm;av&m/ arOD; ararESifh nDrav; at;udk ac:r,fvdk@trsdK;om;udk uwdawmif;xm;wm"

"&,f&w,f...arOD;u owdk@om;ESifh twlwl tdyfcef;xJ raeyJ/ tareJ@xGuf pum;ajymwmav? vjy!fhvkvk nawG odyf}udKufwm? [efqk,Of&J@ Many

Splendored Thing rSm a&;xm;wJh Moon Feast }udKufwJh ta=umif; "wdrfeDvm"0wKrSma&;xm;wmav? +yD;awmh bDpuGwfyHk; azmuf+yD;/ om;trdwpfawG pm;=uwmav"

'geJ@ olaxmifxJ &Sdwkef;/ [email protected] oDwif;u|wfrSm arOD;udk tJ'DbDpuGwfyHk;rsdK; 0,f+yD; uefawmhygvdk@ rSmwmwJh? aumifav; axmifu xGufvmawmh

Come, People of Burma, Let us walk the path of peace.

On this path walk the generous type. Lets try teaming of

the cruel crooked type also.

"vmvS!fh ArmEdki fiH jynfolwdk@ +idrf;csrf;wJhvrf;/ av#mufvSrf;=updk@/ 'Dvrf;rSm jri fhjrwfol wdk@av#muf=uwm...? aemuf &ufpuf =urf;=uKwf/ aumufuspfolrsm; ,Ofyg;

vmzdk@ }udK;pm; =u &atmifyg....."'Dvdk a&;ay;vdkufawmh rmrmOD;rSm ckefaygufrwwf 0rf;omoGm;&Smygw,f?

..............

93


touf (30) ausmfeJ@ em;xifpyfrSm qHyifawG jzLae+yD?ol usrqD aemufwpfacguf a&mufvmawmh usr tdrfrSm twlaewJh ajr;rav;

touf (19) ESpf&G,f oDwmjrifhudk pma&; pm;yGJ xdkifcdkif;+yD;/ abmvfyifzGifh a&;cdkif;wm/acgif;pOfu "vufyHawmif;awmif a=u;eD pDrHudef;?"

(1) jynfolawG&J@ ajr,mrsm;udk (768776) {u odrf;ydkufcJhw,f?(2) obm0 0ef;usif npfEGrf;r_awGudk wm0ef r,l=uyg?(3) pDrHudef;ESifh ywfouf+yD; yGifhvif; jrifompGm &Sif;vif;r_ r&Sd?rSwfcsuf...jrefrm OD;ydkif ukrR%DESifh w&kwf (...) ukrRR%D vkyfief;aqmif&Guf

wm/ ESpf (60) pDrHudef;yg?tJ'DtcsdefrSm usr *sme,fawGu wpfqifh tpOD;ydkif;rSmyJ odcGifh&cJhygw,f?

aemifumvrSm *sme,fawG tm;vHk;/ jy!fhjy!fhpHkpHk wm0efausauseJ@ a&;ae=uyg+yD?usrqDu trsdK;orD; ESpfa,muf o0%fv$m awmif;ygw,f? apmapmu usr om;av;uwpfqihf v$wfvdkufwmyg? olu vufyHawmif;awmif a&mufaeyg+yD? ol@&kyfyHkawGvnf;tifwmeufuwpfqifh jrifawG@=u &w,fwJh? usr acwfrDpufawG rjy!fhpHkwmrdk@ rjrifrawG@&yg?

trsdK;orD;av; ESpfa,mufteuf / wpfa,mufu pm=u!fhwdkufr_;? aemufwpfa,mufu r[modyHbGJ@eJ@ tifrwef &dk;pif;wJh 0wfpm;qif,ifr_eJ@ aus;vufolav;awGvdkyJ? olwdk@vnf; usr 0wK aqmif;yg;awG zwfae=uolawG jzpfygw,f? olwdk@vnf; tvkyfvkyfyHk tifrwef zswfvwf=uw,f?

"arOD; 'Dae@nae tqef&xm; vufrSwf ,l+yD;+yD""arOD; o0%fv$m a&;ay;wm odyfaus;Zl;wifygw,f"usrvnf; o0%fv$m rdwWLul;ay;zdk@ rSmayrJh/ olwdk@vnf; vufyHawmif;awmif

a&mufoGm;rSjzihf/ b,fvdkrS bmrS rvkyfEdkifwmhbl;? usrvnf; udk,fa&;wm vufwef;a&;wmrdk@ udk,fa&;wm twdtus rrSwfrdawmhygbl;?

,maysmuf tdrfaysmuf/ tdk;rJh tdrfrJh jynfolawGtwGuf ae&mxdkifcif; &apzdk@/trSwfrdqHk;wpfcku yef;csDq&m jrifharmifausmf ajymcJhwJh pum; pmwef;...

ajrqDv$mxdef;odrf;ygtEkynm idk &ygvdrfhrnf?Save Soil

Art Cry.

orD;av;ESpfa,mufpvHk;/ 'DajrqDv$m xdef;odrf;a&; tawG; aqmifyk'fudk uAsma&;zGJ@xm;wm &GwfqdkjyoGm; =uao;w,f? 'gvnf; usrudk a&;ul;ay;zdk@ tcsdefr&&Sm=ubl;?

94


usrvnf; o0%fv$m rdwK ul;ay;zdk@ rSmayrJh/ olwdk@vnf; vufyHawmif;awmi f a&mufoGm;rSjzihf/b,fvdkrS bmrS rvkyfEdki fwmhbl;? usrvnf; udk,fa&;wm vufwef;a&;

wmrdk@ udk,fa&;wm twdtus rrSwfrdawmhygbl;?,maysmuf tdrfaysmuf/ tdk;rJh tdrfrJh jynfolawGtwGuf ae&mxdkifci f; &apzdk@/

trSwfrdqHk;wpfcku yef;csDq&m jrifharmifausmf ajymcJhwJh pum; pmwef;...ajrqDv$mxdef;odrf;yg

tEkynm idk &ygvdrfhrnf? Save Soil

Art Cry.

....................

ci faqGO D;

'DvdkeJ@yJ usr om;av;a&m / orD;av; ESpfa,mufa&m rawG@=u&awmhyg? olwdk@ jyef=uawmhig;em&D nae &xm;qif;zdk@ ypPnf;awG odrf;=u&OD;r,f...wJh?

usr o0%fv$mudk b,fvdk a&;vdkufrdw,f aoaocsmcsm rrSwfrdayrJh/vufyHawmif;awmif a&mufoGm;wJh/ usr o0%fv$mudk / pdkif;emrnftp &Srf;av; wpfOD;u/vli,fwpfOD; zwfoGm;a=umif; owif;ay;ygw,f? udkudka&$ (Adkvfr_;csKyf ausmfaZm)uG,fvGefwJh vywf tcrf;tem; awmf0ifESif;qDrSm odcGifh&cJhygw,f? aemuf +rdK@awmfcef;rpma&;q&m toif;udk uefawmhcHoGm;awmh uAsmq&m}uD; OD;tHharmifu usr o0%fv$mudk=um;&a=umif; owif;ay;ygw,f? OD;tHharmifu vufyHawmif;awmif a&muf+yD; aeaewm/tawmf=um+yD ajymoH=um;&ygw,f?

usr o0%fv$mudk rdwWLul;xm;wm &cJh&if / uvsmr*~Zif;rSm wpfcsdefcsdef a&;ay;ygOD; r,f? usr tck bk&m;pifa&S@ t=um}uD; xdkif+yD; arwWm ydk@ygw,f? arwWm xkxnfu/b,ft&meJ@rS rwl/ tvGef }uD;rm;&Hkru jrihfjrwfvSygw,f? usrwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH +idrf;csrf;a&;'DarwWmyJ tajccHw,f r[kwfygvm;?

(uvsmr*~Zif;)

95


at;jrvSwJh *syefEdkifiH&JŒ tckvdk&moD nzufawGrSm trdjrefrmjynfudk ydkrdk+yD; owd&vGrf;qGwfrdw,f? atmifharhrdw,f? wrf;wrdw,f? rdom;pktygt0if taygif;toif;awGeJ@ywf0ef;usif awmawmifa&ajr jrefrmwdk@&JŒ "avhobm0awGudkaygh? jrefrmEdkifiHqdkwm vlrsdK;pkaygif;pkH pkaygif;aexkdif=u+yD;/ udk,fydkif,Ofaus;rS_pmay"avhxkH;wrf;pOfvmawG tpkHtvifeJ@aygh? 'ghtjyif ajray:ajratmufo,HZmwawGajrmufrsm;pGmaygºuG,fum/ om,mcsrf;ajr@=unfEl;zG,f awmawmifa&ajr obm0awG 0ef;&Hwnf&SdaewJh tifrwefvSywJh wkdif;jynfyg?rSDwif;aexdkif=uwJh wkdif;oljynfom; taygif;[mvnf; tifrwefrS ,Ofaus;az:a&Gumyifudk,fOm%f&nf xufjruf=u+yD;/ udk,fcsif;pmw&m; vufudkifxm;vsuf udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefvSwJh vlom;awG? 'ga=umifh tdrfeDcsif;wdkif;jynfawGtygt0if urBmhwdkif;jynfawGuyg tav;xm; wefzdk;xm;&wJh wkdif;jynfwpfck? vdkcsifwyfrufae=uwJh urBmajrxJu ae&mwpfae&myg?

"urBmra=u...Armajy...'g'dk@ajr...'g'dk@ajy...'dk@ydkifwJhajr?""urBmra=u...Armajy...'g'dk@ajr...'g'dk@ajy...'dk@ydkifwJhajr?"vGrf;qGwfwyfrufpGm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf cHpm;aewJhtawG;[m oDcsif;oHa=umifh

&kwfw&ufvef@+yD;/ owdjyef0ifvmum vSJavSmif; tdyfae&muae ikwfwkwfxxdkifrdw,f?+yD;awmh bmawG awG;aerSef;rodwJh tawG;awGudk awG;awmaecsdefrSm...

"aqm&D;tudk oDcsif;zGifhwJhtoHu us,foGm;w,f usaemf toH twdk;tcsJŒudkowdrxm;rdvdkufbl;"

"&ygw,fuGm"

twGif;tjyif (10)

wmwD;

96


tcef;az: ucsifav;&JŒ awmif;yefpum;t+yD; jyefajzvdkufrdw,f?"rif;apmapmpD;pD;bmawG=unfhaewmvnf;uG"usaemfh tar;tqkH;rSm..."rapmawmhbl;tudk& tcsdefawmif awmfawmfvifhae+yD tudktdyfaewmeJ@

tifwmeufrSm owif;awG=unfh&if; EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;udk awG@rdvdk@ zGifhvdkufrdwm""owif;awGu bmawGxl;wkef;["

"jrefrmjynfrSm tukefvkH; jy\emawG jzpfaewm wykH}uD;yJtudka& usaemfowdxm;rd+yD; em;rvnfwmu wpfck&Sdw,f/ tudk@udk ar;rvdk@ tudktcsdef&&if tJ'Dta=umif;awG &Sif;jyay;ygvm;"

zGifhxm;wJhoDcsif;udk xydwfvdkuf+yD; ucsifav;&JŒ rsufESmudk aoaocsmcsm=unfhum.....

"bmrsm;vnf;uG tudk 'Dae@tm;ygw,f/ rif;ua&m""usaemfu tm;ygw,f tudk@udkom tm;emwm tudku ydwf&ufqdk&if

[dktpnf;ta0 ;'Dtpnf;ta0;/ [dktvkyf 'DtvkyfawGeJ@ tvkyf&_wfaewwfvdk@yg?"+yHK;&if;yif"'Dae@awmh xl;qef;pGm;tm;y aumif;av;a&"vdk@ajymvdkufrdw,f?tcef;az: twlaewJh aumifav;u tazu&if tarucsif vlrsdK;jzpf+yD; &efukefrSm vljzpf }uD;jyif;vm&wJhoGufvufxufjruf+yD; twwfynmudk w0ufwysufjzifh tvkyfvkyf+yD; ydkufqH&Smaeaomvli,fwpfOD;yg? (2)

"'Dvdktudk&JŒ""taza&m taryg ajym=uw,f? olwdk@ arG;&yfajr ZmwdawG[m tzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh

ajray:ajratmuf opfawmwGif;xGuf ausmufrsuf&wemawG tygt0if o,HZmwajrmufrsm;pGm &Sdw,fwJh? +yD;awmh om,mvSywJh awmawmifa&ajr obm0ywf0ef;usifeJ@pdrf;vef;pdkajyaewmyJwJh? tifrwefrS &dk;om;az:a&GwJh olwdk@vlrsdK; ta=umif; t+rJajymw,f?e,fajra'oawG[m tifrwefrSvnf; at;csrf;om,m+yD; aysmf&$ifzG,f&mtjynfheJ@wJh?"

"tif;av [kwfom;yJ bmjzpfvdk@wkef;""jrefrmjynfrSm b,fae&m b,fa'orSm jzpfjzpf 'Dvkdcsnf;yJuG""tJh'gudkyJ ajymrvdk@tudk""'Dvdkwdkif;jynfrSm tppt&m&m tukefaygrsm; =uG,f0aewJh wdkif;jynf[m tck

bmvdk@ qif;&J'kuQ aygif;pkHeJ@ vlawGiwfjywfae&+yD; tEW&m,faygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmeJ@ rvkHrjcKHjzpfae&wmvnf;[if ! vlawGtusifhpm&dwawGysufqD;+yD; urBmhtv,frSm jrefrmqdkwmtzufzufrSm odrfi,fedrfhusae&wmvnf;" +yD;awmh...."+yD;awmh bmjzpfwkef; aumifav;&"

97


"urBmrSm taºuG;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm ywfvnf0kdif;aewJh wdkif;jynf/ EdkifiHwumu0kdif;0ef;uln DaxmufyHhcHae&wJh wdkif;+ynf/ EdkifiHwumudkawmif rqyfEdkifwJh a=uG;+rDawGudkavsmfypfzdk@eJ@ xyf+yD;acs;iSm;zdK@ toem;cH vuf0g;jzef@ vdkufawmif;aewJh wdkif;+ynfjzpfae+yD?"

0rf;enf;a=uuGJpGmeJ@ a'grmefygyg ajymaewJh vli,fwpfOD;udk ai;arm=unfh&if;usaemf oufjyif;awGcsum awGa0ai;arm&if; owdw&m;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufum...

"'Dr,f tudkajymr,f aumifav;a& tudkwdk@ wdkif;jynf[m wkdif;wyg;vufatmufu vGwfvyfa&;&wm 66 ESpf&Sd+yD? vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemuf wdkif;jynf[mygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfaeao;w,f? tJ'DrSm olwvl igwrif;eJ@ jzpfaewkef;ppfwyfu tcGifhaumif;,lum tm%modrf;+yD; ykHpHrsdK;eJ@ t"rRtkyfcsKyfcJhwm tckqdk&if ESpf51 ESpf&Sd+yD? tJ'DESpf 50 ausmftwGif;rSm jrefrmjynf[m aumifav; ckeuajymwJh b0udkykdifqdkifae&wJh EdkifiHwcktjzpf a&muf&Sdaew,f?"

"tpfudk ajymwm [kwfw,f""wdkif;jynfu b,favmufqif;&J b,favmufedrfhusedrfhus urBmhtv,frSm

b,favmufrsufESmi,fi,f wdkif;jynfxJrSmu csrf;omwJhvlawG t&rf;csrf;om+yD; qif;&JwGif;eufaewJh jynfoltrsm;pku ajrmufrsm;pGmeJ@ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf ydkufqH&&if+yD;a&mbmrqdk r&Sufra=umuf vkyfae&wJhb0awG jzpfae=uw,f?"

"'ghtjyif wkdif;jynfu aºuG;+rDaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm ywfvnf0kdif;aevdk@ csrf;om=uG,f0wJh EdkifiHawGu aºuG;+rDawG avsmfypfwmwdk@/ pdkufxkwf+yD; ay;acsay;wmwdk@/ xyf+yD;acs;ae&wmwdk@ =uHKae&w,f?

*syefEdkifiH wckxJuyJ aºuG;+rD a':vm 3²6 bDvD,H avsmfypfay;cJh+yD;/ urBmhb%feJ@tm&SzGHŒ+zdK;a&; b%fawGu acs;aiGa':vm 1 bDvD,Hausmfudk pdkufxkwf ay;qyfcJh&ao;w,f?'gwifrubl; a':vmoef; 220 udkvnf; vlom;t&if;tjrpfwdk;wufa&;eJ@ tajccHtaqmufttkHu¾ trnfe@J xyfxkwfacs;cJhao;w,f?

'g*syefwEdkifiHwnf;aemf/ urBmhb%fwdk@ tar&duef/ jyifopf/ aemfa0; pwJhEdkifiHawGu aºuG;+rDaiG tajrmuftrsm; avsmfypfay;cJh+yD;/ topftopfawG xyfacs;cJhao;w,f?w&kwfEdkifiH wpfckwnf;uyJ aºuG;+rD oef; 330 ausmf&Sdaew,fvdk@ vuf&Sdtpdk;& b¾ma&;eJ@tcGef0ef;}uD;qdkolu [dkwavmu xkwfaz:ajymcJhao;w,f?"

"'geJ@tpfudk w&kwfEdkifiHu bmaºuG;+rDrS ravsmfypfay;bl;aygh""'gawmh r=um;rdbl;? olwdk@udk twdk;E_ef;}uD;rm;pGmeJ@ acs;xm;wmudk jyefqyf

ae&wmyJ od&w,f? 'gawGu xm;tkef;...ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wdkif;jynfu xGuf&SdwJh ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmwmawG xkwfckwf a&mif;csxm;wmawG/ ra&rwGufEdkifwJh ya&m*sufpDrHudef;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmu &wJhaiGawG/ wdkif;jynfydkif ajrae&m aqmuftOD;awG

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a&mif;csxm;wJh aiGawG/ 'gawG b,fa&mufukefwmwkef;? pOf;pm;aemf aumifav;""wzufu 0ifaiGawG tajrmuftrsm;&Sd+yD; wzufu a=uG;+rDawG tajrmuftrsm;

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104


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112


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(uf) uowftpm; (-H) ao;ao;wifudk oHk;vmjyefw,f?yHk? ? ausmuf] ausmH/aqmH ] aqmufteHvBH ] teufvBuf?ynm&Sdrsm; tuJjzwf=uw,f. eruUm &ygVdawmf ESifh wdkufqdkifE_dif;,SOf=unfh

wmh atmufygtwdkif; awG@&w,f?eruUm&ygVdawmf aupd0g’t& toHxGuf/ukovHukovHZ[H ukovuf ukovufA[uftrwH trwH " trwuf trwuf "uftb,H tb,HXmeH tb,uf tb,ufXmeufo&%H o&%H avmuH? o&%uf o&%uf avmuuf?ynm&Sdrsm;tm;vHk;u (uf) uowftpm; (-H) ao;ao;wif oHk;jcif;udk y,fzsuf

vdkuf=uw,f?yJcl;+rdK@rS q&m}uD; OD;om'if (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if/ 1974- 1978 ) tdrfodk@

q&m}uD ;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if; tvnfa&mufvmaomtcg q&mtdk *g&0jyKoGm;&if; pmta=umif; ayta=umif; aqG;aEG;&mrS " ‚if; " ESifh " vnf;aumif; "tcef;a&mufawmhwuUodkvfu q&mawG " vnf;aumif; " r&Sdawmhbl;[k ajym&if; &,foGrf;aoG;onfudk=um;cJh&zl;yg.?

wzef oHCmhOD;ao#mif yJcl;+rdK@rq&mawmfbk&m;}uD; ( EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJ@ OuUX ) xH nbuf 0wfjyKoGm;&if; =um;emrSwfom;cJh&onfurl Todk@jzpfonf?

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(-H) ao;ao;wifonf uAsmvuFmrsm;wGif um&ef,l&mY (rf) rowfESifhwl.?rEWav;+rdK@wnfpu armfuGef;xdk;&mwGif " &wemyHkrfaejynfawmf "[k armfuGef;xdk;cJh.?

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owfpHk[kac:onf?ynm&Sdtaygif;wdk@pmayjrifhrS vlrsdK;wifhrnfjzpfI jrefrmpmay cdkifrma&;twGuf

ulnDnm0dkif;vdk@ rd_if;r=uygpdk@ ?

usrf;udk;? ? a&S;a[mif;jrefrm ausmufpmrsm;/ y/ 'k/ w rS?

O\mq&mtdk

(jrefrmwdkif;(rf) twGJ(2) / trSwf (21)wGif azmfjy+yD;?)

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wzef oHCmhOD;ao#mi f yJcl;+rdK@rq&mawmfbk&m;}uD; ( EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJ@ OuUX ) xH nbuf 0wfjyKoGm;&i f; =um;emrSwfom;cJh&onfurl Todk@ jzpfonf?

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" [0g " udk csef+yD; pmvdkuf=uawmh q&mawmf}uD; pdwfcsOfayguf+yD; "[Jh oDv&Si fav;awG 'aomfaumif;'rqdk=ueJ@ igqdkovdk qdk=u/ onf vnowf

qdkwJh pum;&Sdw,f? olu vludk 'kuQray;bl;? vHk;}uD;wif qHcwf 0wfq HESpfvHk;ayguf urS vludk'kuQay;wm ?rSwfxm;=u" [lowwf?

.........

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avmu"H tcuftcJawGeJ@ =uHKawGŒ&wJ htcg &E d ki fwJ h tusK d ;aus;Z l ;awG[mwu,fhudk rsm;jym;vSygw,f? tJ'DtxJrSmwefzdk;t&dSqHk;uawmh u|efrwdk@aexdkifaewJhvl@tzGJŒtpnf;&JŒ vlodenf;ao;wJh ta=umif;t&mawGudk pl;prf;avhvmzdk@ wjcm;rSm tcGifh

atmi fqef;pk=unfEternal Light Magazine

March 2013

rdwfaqGppf

ta&;awGay;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sif tpdk;&&JŒ zdESdyfnSif;yef;r_'%fukd vSvS}uD;cHcJh&wJh u|efrwdk@wpfawG&JŒ tawGŒt=uHK[m tcgcyfodrf; oufaomifhoufom&dSwmr[kwfayr,fh tifrwef=uG,f0wJhtawGŒt=uHKyg? w&m;rSswr_uif;rJhjcif;eJ@ &ufpuf=urf;wrf;jcif; qkdwmawG[m pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f&m 0wKZmwfvrf;xJrSm ygwwfwmrsKd; tjzpfuaeae@pOfb0rSm =uHKawGŒ&wJh tE W&m,frsKd;tjzpfudk ajymif;vJukefygw,f?

av;pm;*k%f,lzG,f&m tjyKtrleJ@ qdk;oGrf;=urf;wrf;wJh tjyKtrl/ ol&Jabma=umifwmeJ@ ol&Jaumif;qefwmawG[m wpfcgwkef;u uAsmtawG;awG/ t,ltqawGjzpfcJhayr,fhvnf; tckaetcgrSmawmh omrefjzpfysufaewJh t&mawGjzpfvmum uAsm&Snf}uD;awGrSm zGJŒEGJŒwwfwJh tjzpftysufawG[m ae@pOf=uHKawGŒ&wJh b0jzpfaeygw,f?

vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;jcif;eJ@ opPmazmufjcif;[m pdwful;aumif;wJh pma&;q&mawG&JŒuGufuGufuGif;uGif; zefwD;a&;om;csufrSsom r[kwfawmhbJeJ@ udk,f&JŒcifrifr_udk cHpm;cJhwJh/udk,f&JŒarwWmapwemudk pdwfwdkif;usoHk;aqmifcJhwJh rdom;pkawG&JŒ taqmifta,mifjzpfvmygw,f?

Judas &JŒ terf;qdkwm wifpm;csufr[kwfawmhygbl;? rdwfaqGryDowJh opPmaoGznfr_}uD; udk,fhyg;jyifay:udk vmvm+yD; xdyg;aewmyg? ,Hk=unfav;pm;cJh&wJh olawG[mvnf; olrsm;wumudk vdrfvnfzdk@vkyfwmeJ@ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ twdkif;rod vdrfvnfEdkifpGrf;&dSyHkudk jyoae=uygw,f?

atmi fqef;pk=unf

acwfpum;

115


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tjrefvrf;r}uD;u bmjyKvdk@ rjzwfwmwkef; ?blwm&Hkuav;u bmjyKvdk@ pkwfjywfaewmwkef; ?

bmjyKaewmwkef; / bmudk jyKaewmwkef; / bmawGudk jyKae=uwmwkef; /jyKjcif;[m r&Sif;rvif;.... ?

oJacsmif;=uD;uae ukef;&kef;wuf/ csHKawG =um;rSm qdkif;bkwfuav;awG@r,f?ajymcsifwmu....

csHKawG uG,fxm;w,f qdkif;bkwfudkruG,fedkifbl; ordkif;udk....tJhvdk?

'g[m vlxl;vlqef; wpfa,mufudk iHkxm;wJh +rdKŒaygh ?

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trSefw&m;udk ol@qDu tarG&w,f?"armifzm....rifhom;[m qlqlylyleJ@ tusdK;ay;rJh om;yJ" wJh....

vl}uD;olrawG rSef;wm rrSm;cJhbl; ?

c%c% towfcH&w,f / b,fawmhrS raobl;

116


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a&$bdku t+idrfhrif;orD; ndKndKpdefeJ@ tawG@/ pm&dwWowdWudk vSpfceJtjy"usKyfrSm umrydkifeJ@ As" wJ@ ?

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olu &Hk;oGm;&if; um;ay:uqif; vrf;ab;rSm ta=umfpm;awmhtxl;,mOfwef;eJ@ wdkufypfvdkufolu aooGm;wJh qdkufum;orm; rdom;pkudk

w&m;pGJw,f?olu EdkifiHta=umif;pOf;pm;&if; qHyifnSyfrjyD;cif xxGufoGm;awmh

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wpfqifhcHeJ@ ajymwJh &nf;pm;pum;u"usKyfrSm tcsdefr&Sdbl; / vGwfvyfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;&OD;r,f / usKyfarwWmudk jrefjref

wHk@jyefAsm" wJh ?yxrawmh

&,fcsifp&m}uD;...jyHK;csifp&m}uD;...oabmuscsifp&m}uD;...tm;emcsifp&m}uD; ...tl,m;csifp&m=uD; ?

aemufawmhrJhcsifp&m}uD;...av;pm;csifp&m}uD;...idkcsifp&m}uD;...=unfndKcsifp&m}uD;...&ifxJ

qdk@csifp&m}uD; ?

117


32 ESpfom;uav;[m...e_wfcrf;ar$; aygufroGm;bl;/ usnfqef 13 awmifh&oGm;w,f?t0wftpm;aumif;aumif; r&Sdbl;/ aoG;tdkifxJ vJ aew,f?

Adkufr&$JoGm;bl;/ Adkuf&$J}uD;awGu remvdkw,f?

c%c% towfcH&w,f...b,fawmhrS raobl; ?owfuGif;ae&m ( aiGpuUL / eH&Hay: / oDcsif;xJ / pmtkyfxJ / yef;csDxJ / eSvHk;om;xJ ) ?

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b,folrS wkyfwkyfrv_yf&Jao;bl; ?rv_yf&Jao;bl; / jrKyfaewkef;rv_yf0Hhao;bl; / jrKyfaewkef;rv_yf=uao;bl; / jrKyfaewkef;

v_yfzdk@ r}udK;pm;bl; / jrKyfaewkef;v_yfav jrKyfav r[kwf

igwdk@[m rv_yfav atmufqHk;xd pHk;pHk;jrKyfavaygh ?

usKyfwdk@[m &mZ0ifrSm tqJcH&rJh vlpm;awGvm;&mZ0ifrSm ta&;cH&rJh vlpm;awGvm;rsuf&nfawGawG us&if; jyefpOf;pm;...

tyrma'e bduQa0 orma'xwdkif;&if;om; taygif;wdk@ rarhravsmh =uukefESifh

owdw&m; eJ@ jynf@pHk=uukef ?

[def; (17/ 7/2012)

c&rf;&dyfr*~Zi f; / =o*kwf 2012

(Heinn FiveStrings's Facebook rS uAsmudk ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

118


(u)wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif uAsmq&mESpfOD;onf wESpfxJrSm olwdk@,ufvkyfoDzGJ@

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pmaya0zefqef;ppfcsuf

aEGO D;

awmvm;ESifh vufESdyf"gwfrD;xdk;jyD; a&;wJhuAsm

119


arwWm w&m;ESifh tvSw&m; ( tvSty ) udkay;a0=uolrsm; jzpfonf[k a,bk,sjyK=uonf/xdk@jyif uAsm q&mwdk@onfw&m;r#wjcif; vGwfvyfjcif;twGuf a&S@ajy;wyfOD;ae&mrSaeIawmif;qdk[pfa=uG;,if; wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;vnf;jzpfaewwf=uonf/ wcsdK@EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u uAsmq&monf vlxkpdwf"gwf/ uAsmzwf&_ol.pdwf"gwfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;EdkifpGrf; &Sdonf[lIvnf; qdk=uonf/ xdk@a=umifh uAsmq&mqdkonfu wdk;wufopfvGifaom pdwf"gwfwnfaqmufol?

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uAsmq&m okcrdefvd_ifu xdktarSmifxkvGrf;aomtarSmifacwfudk vGwfvyfjcif;tvif;/ 'Drdkua&pDtvif;/ udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;r_tvif;jzifh vif;vufawmufyap&rnf/tarSmifudkcsLyf+idrf; ypf&rnf/ tarSmifonftiftm;aumif;ygap tvif;cGeftm;owWd&J&JatmufwGif 'l;axmufap&rnf qdkonfh tvif;w&m;udk qGJudkifxm;a=umif; ol&ifckefoHxJwGif awG@&onf?

120


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rif;a=umifhomig tvif;a&mif*k%fowWdawGudk &Sdcdk; OD;nGwfwwfcJhwm?

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xdk@aemuftarSmifudkoa&mfonf/ aighonf/ tarSmifudkzdpD;tkyfpdk;r_udk axhavSmifuef@uGuf onf? xdkaemufqef@usif tHwkypfvdkufonf/ tvif;udkwrf;wa&mf&rf;olwdk@twGuf uAsmtvif;tm; aq;&nfudk wdkufa=uG;jyefonf/ [email protected]"gwfcGeftm;ESifhowWdonftarSmifacwfudk vif;csif;oGm; aponfhtvif;yJ qdkonfh'\eudk uAsmq&mokcrdefvd_ifu a0iSaeojzifh tiftm;jzpfapaom uAsm pmtkyftjzpf owfrSwfydkif;jcm;&ayvdrfhrnf?

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tarSmifqkH; tarSmifxJuJ..............rD;

rif;rvm&if igvmr,fpm- 51

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126


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127


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128


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129


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0wˆKwdk

130


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wpfa,mufu...

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ojzihf ajcwk wyfqifxm;aomol wpfOD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf acgif;udk twkwyfqifI&r&awmh olaoaocsmcsm rod[kqdkonf?

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Tpmom;udk a&;um t,f'Dwmudk ay;vdkufonf? t,f'Dwmu...

131


"cifAsm; acgif;xJrSm bmawGygovJ" [kar;ygonf? olu...

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132


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(opPmeD - tjcm;aomt&mrsm;ESihfvl 0wˆKwdkaygif;csKyf rS)

133


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0wˆKwdk

134


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135


touf&Sifaeonfh t+yHK;rS vGJI wdwfqdyf+idrfouf v#ufom; awG@ae&onf? orD;av;aty &,fpdk;udk apmapmuwJuyif owd&vmcJhonf? orD;av; ta=umif;udk ajymjyrSjzpfrnf? orD; av; pdwfESvHk;wGif pGJ+rJv$rf;rdk;aecJh/ csKyfudkif ajcmufjcm;apcJhonfh a=umufpdwfwap>udk armif; xkwfay;cJhbl;onf? usaemf udk,fwdkifvJ armif;xkwfESifxkwf cJh&onfyJr[kwfvm;?

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"q&mhorD; taxG;qHk;av; aty&,fpdk;[m i,fi,fu tdkar,mvdkygyJ? r&SdwJho&Judk a=umufwwfw,f? wu,fu o&Ja=umufwmxuf tarSmifudk a=umufwm? tarSmifxJudk roGm;&Jwm? b,fvdkyJ jzpfap tJ'Da=umufpdwfudk q&m zsufcscJhbl;w,f? OD;aESmufxJrSmpdwfxJrSm pGJaewJh a=umufpdwfqdkwJh tnpftax; tpGJtvef;udk q&mu azsmufzsufay;cJh+yD; orD;av;udk owW&Sdatmif &Jpdwf&Jrmef jzpfvmatmif vkyfay;cJhblw,f"

roEWmESifh wGma[&mwdk@ ESpfOD;u xyfar;onf? rraty&,fpdk;u tckra=umufawmhbl;/ ra=umufwwfawmh bl;ayghaemf[k tm;yg;w& ar;=uonf?

orD;av; aty&,fpdk;rSm ,QKq,fhajcmufESpforD;t&G,f jzpfaecJh+yD? tar&duefe,l;a,mufjynfe,fwGif arG;zGm;cJ hol? ,QKonf+rdK@wGif txufwef;ausmif;ol?usaemfpmoifay; aepOf tjcm;uav;rsm;udk usaemhudk,fpm; olutul q&mrtjzpfArmpmoifay;aeojzifh usaemh aemufa=umbufwGif &Sdae+yD;om;? Armpum;/ Arm,Ofaus;r_ESifh Armpmayudk orD;u av;b0 xJu tpysdK;oif=um; ay;cJhojzifh ,QK Armpm q&mrjzpfvmaecJhav+yD?

"uJ 'Dausmif;olawGudk orD;ajymjy vdkufprf;yg orD;&,f" orD;u ol@xHk;pH trlt&mtwdkif; +yHK;EGJ@EGJ@jzifh ajymonf?

"[kwfw,f? tpfru odyfa=umufcJhwm? tckawmh o&JvJ ra=umuf/ ntarSmifudkvJ ra=umufawmhbl;? bmrSr&SdwJh o&Judk a=umufcJhwmudk ,QK jyefpOf;pm;awmh &,fp&mtawmfaumif;wm? &Sufp&mvJ aumif;w,f? vlawGeJ@ awG@&ifvJ a=umufvef@wm r&Sdawmhbl;?azazu avhusifhay;cJhvdk@ tckvdk a=umufpdwfr&Sdawmhwm"

&SpfESpfrS q,fhoHk;ESpft&G,f ausmif;olwpkrSm orD;av;udk armh=unfhv#uf t+yHK;t&,fwdk@jzifh vef;qef;aeyHkrSm =umyef;yGifh uav;rsm;ES,fjzpfonf? a=umufpdwfzdpD;r_rS vGwfajrmuf vGwfvyfaeaom orD;av; aty&,fpdk; udk,fwdkifvnf; wu,fh=umyef;yGifh wyGifhjzpf

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aevdk@? wu,fvdk@ a=umufpdwfawGESifh &,f+yHK;aeygv#if =umyef;yGifhrSmvnf; a=umufpdwft qdyfoifhum vGwfvyfvef;qef; EdkifrSm r[kwfawmh?

ausmif;oluav;rsm;rSm orD;av;. a=umufpdwfudk tb,fodk@ wdkufxkwfcJhyHk/owWdcGeftm; tvif;a&mif rnfodk@&&SdcJhyHkudk pI&Sif;jy&m usaemhrsufESm rsuf0ef;ay:odk@ [email protected]=unfhtm¶kHrsm; pkpnf;a&mufvmcJhawmhonf?

(c)taºu;0,fxm;aom usaemhtdrfwGif tay:xyftjyif/ ajratmufwdkufcef;vnf;

&Sdonf? ajratmufwdkufcef;onfum; v#yfppfrD;cvkwf zGifhrxm;v#if rJrJarSmifI arSmifIeufapG;aeavawmhonf? orD;av; EkEki,fi,fu xdktarSmifxkESifh wddwfqdwf+idrfoufr_udka=umuf aecJhavonf?

orD;av;udk a=umydk;um avSum;twdkif; ajratmufwdkufcef;xJJodk@ qif;vmonfESifh a=umufvef@vGef;ojzifh xGef@xGef@vl;um idkavawmhonf? av;ESpforD;uav;r#om jzpfIcGifhv$wfEdkifpGrf; &Sdaomfvnf; orD;av;udk wkwfcsnfxm;onfh a=umufpdwf/ ol@pdwft!Gef@uav;rsm;udk zdIzdI owfjzwfaeonfh xdka=umufpdwfudk vHk;0cGifhv$wfI r&? cGifhv$wfEdkifpGrf;r &Sd? zcifwOD; taejzifh a=umufpdwfzdpD; owfjzwfr_ atmufwGif t!Gef@usdK; aoqHk;aeaomo rD;av;udk b,fvdkrS r¶_&uf? b,fenf;eJ@rS OayuQm rvkyf&uf?

Todk@jzifh a=umufpdwfudk ckcH&efESifh armif;xkwf&ef enf;vrf;&Sm&awmhonf? wae@?orD;av;udk avSum;xdyfrSm xm;&pfcJhum usaemfwa,mufxJ atmufxyf ajrwdkufcef;xJodk@ qif;vmcJhonf?

"orD;av;u azhazhudk =unfhae? yxr t}udrfrSm rD;zGihf+yD; orD;av; a=umufwJho&Judk vdkuf&Smr,f? 'kwd, t}udrfrSmawmhv#yfppfrD; ydwfxm;+yD; tarSmifxJrSm orD;av;u&Sdw,fvdk@ xifaewJh o&Judk vdkuf&Smr,f? [kwfvm;? uJ orD;av;u a[m'DavSum;xdyfrSm&yf+yD; =unfhae? [kwfvm;?"

orD;av;udk ajymjyxm;onfh tpDtpOf twkdif; v#yfppfrD;zGifh+yD; [efjyvdkuf&Smonf?ajratmufxyf&Sd tcef;oHk;cef; pvHk;udk a&mufatmifoGm;+yD;/ a[m'Dtcef;rSmvJ o&Judk rawG@&bl;/ 'Dtcef;xJrSmvJ &Smvdk@r&bl; [lI ol@udk toHay;&onf? jyef=um;&onf? orD;av;uazaz}uD; o&JawG@vm;/ o&J&Sd&J@vm;[k xyfcgwvJvJ ar;ojzifh usaemfu xyfwvJvJxdkodk@ txyfxyf ajz=um;cJh&onf? usaemhtwGuf odyfaumif;oGm;wmu orD;av;u o&Judk&ifqdkif awG@&vdrfhr,fvdk@ }udrf;aowyftyf ar#mfvifhxm;cJhjcif;yif jzpfonf? odyfar#mfvifhxm;cJhonfh o&Ju b,fvdkrS r&SdEdkifa=umif; oufaojycGifh &cJhonfrSm odyfaumif;oGm;onf?

xdk@aemuf v#yfppfrD; cvkwfudk ydwfvdkufjyefonf? yxr t}udrfu uJhodk@yifarSmifarSmifrJrJ tarSmifxkxJ prf;w0g;0g; vSrf;oGm;+yD; orD;av;udk toHay;jyef

137


=um;&jyefonf? odyfpdwfnpfp&m aumif;w,f? 'Do&Jwap>u b,frSmrsm; ykef;a&Smifaeygvdrfhaemf? cufwmu orD;av; t&G,fuae tckorD;azaz jzpfvmwJh 'Dtouft&G,ftxd wcgrS o&JvJ rawG@cJh bl;bl;? jrifvJ rjrifcJhbl;? toHvJ enf;enf;av;awmifr=um;cJhbl; ygbl;Asm? ¶kyf&SifxJu o&J awGu o&Jr[kwfbl;? pdwful;pdwfoef; awGeJ@ o&JudkwrifzefwD;+yD; ¶kyf&Sif¶dkufjywm? vlawGu zefwD;xm;wJh o&JawG? ¶kyf&SifxJrSm azazawmifo&Jvkyfcsifw,f? o&Jvkyf&if aiGawG trsm; }uD; &w,fav?

tvif;a&mif rH_jyjy avScg;&if;wGif usaemfu pHk&yf+yD; orD;av;udk armh=unfhIxdk odk@ ajymjyonf? orD;av;u rsufvHk;t0dkif;om;ESifh tHh=oxl;qef;pGm usaemhudk avScg;xdyfrSiHk@=unfh&if; usaemf ajymor# em;axmifaecJhonf?

ESpf&ufqufwdkuf xdkodk@yif o&Jwap> &SmazGa&;udk o¾mefvkyf o¶kyfaqmifjyonf? r&Sdaom o&Judk [efaqmifyefaqmif vdkufvH&SmazG &onfrSm aysmfp&mvJaumif;/&,f p&mvJ aumif;vSonf? orD;touft&G,f }uD;vmcJh&if 'Dtjzpftysufudk jyefajymif;ajymjy& rnf? orD;av; rnfodk@ jyefvnf pOf;pm;a0zef rnfenf;? E_wfcrf;wzuf rJhumwaomaom &,foGrf; aevdrfhrnf xif&J@?

aemufwywfwGif rD;zGifh+yD; orD;av;udk o&J&SmykHawmf zGifhapcJhonf? orD;bmaumif awGudk awG@ae&vJ[k txyfxyf ar;onf? usaemfu avScg;xdyfwGif &yfv#uforD;av;udk iHk@=unfhaev#ufu ol@udkxdkodk@ wGifwGif ar;cJhonf? orD;av;u rawG@bl; azaz/&Smvdk@ rawG@ bl;/ bmrS rawG@bl; azaz[lI ajzonf? aemufw}udrf rD;ydwf+yD; tarSmifxkxJoGm;=unfhcdkif; jyefonf?

'DwcgwGif tarSmifxkxJ wc%0ifoGm;um wc%rSmyJ jyefxGufvmcJhonf? =um=um rae&Jao;? (txyfxyf avhusifhysdK;axmif cJh+yD;onfhaemuf tarSmifxkxJutcef;oHk;cef; pvHk;udk wnf+idrf =umjrifhpGm ae&JoGm;cJhonf?) v#yfppfrD; jyefzGifh+yD; avScg;xdyfwGif&yf=unfhae onfh usaemhudk orD;av;u o&JrawG@&bl;/ o&JvJ r&Sdbl;/ bmrS rawG@&bl;[lIom ajz awmhonf?

"at;avæ [kwfw,fav orD;av;&,f/ o&Ju &SdrSr&Sdwm/ azazu orD;av;auseyfatmif r&SdwJh o&Judk vdkuf&Smae&wm? wu,fvJ o&JrS r&Sdwm"

"[kwfw,f/ o&Jr&Sdbl;/ o&Jr&Sdbl;aemf azaz""a[; æ o&Jr&Sdbl;uG/ o&J&Sdw,f qdk&if o&JeJ@ awG@csifw,f? o&Jr&Sdbl;a[h/

igwdk@om;tz ESpfa,muf vkduf&Smwm rawG@&bl;/ o&Jr&Sdvdk@ ayghuG [m; æ[m;" usaemfunmoHay;I [pfatmfvdkufonf? avSum;&if;rS aeI om;tzESpfa,muf avSum;xpfrsm;udkeif;v#uf wufvmcJhonf? a[ æo&Jr&Sdbl;uG[k usaemf[pfaºu;onfhtwdkif; yJhwifxyfum[pfaºu; usL;&ifh aeavawmhonf?

138


wywfwcg/ ESpfcg? xdkodk@yif pdwf"gwfavhusifhcef; jyKvkyfay;cJhonf? tdrfESifh reD;ra0;wGif yef;+cHwck &Sdonf? aEGumvrSmyif aejcnfwaysmuf rxdk;Edkifonfh opf&dyf!dk!dk awmtkyfrd_if;rd_if; at;csrf;aom yef;+cH? nwGifarSmifrJum rJcsdwfcJom; v$rf;aewwfonf? xdktarSmifxkxJwGif orD;av;ESifh vrf;av#mufonf? orD;av; a=umuf&GH@wGef@qkwf aecJhbl;onfh tarSmifxkudk &Sif;jyonf?

awmcdkolykef jzpfcJhpOf &efoludk acsmif;ajrmif;wdkufcdkufzdk@/ odk@r[kwf &efolu rdrdwdk@awmfvSefa&;wyfudk &SmrawG@zdk@ opfawmxlxyf&m tarSmifxkudk tm;udk;tm;xm;cJh&a=umif; tarSmifxk xJrSmyJ &efoludk acsmif;ajrmif; apmifh=unfhaecJh&a=umif;/ tarSmif[mtifrweft oHk;0ifa=umif;/ tarSmifxku uwWDyg r[l&m+cHKapmif wxnfuJhodk@ v$rf;+cHKumuG,f ay;xm;cJh ojzifh touftEW&m,frS uif;a0;cJhor# tarSmif;xk[m aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfa=umif;/ aus;Zl;wifcJh &a=umif; orD;av; oabmayguf em;vnfvmatmif yHkaqmifI&Sif;jy&onf?

"tJ'Dwkef;u tarSmifxk[m a=umufp&m raumif;wJhtjyif odyf+yD;cspfp&maumif;wm orD;&J@? tarSmifxk[m azazwdk@&J@ rdwfaqG}uD;aygh? orD;av; a=umufvef@cJhbl;wJhtarSmifudk azazu cspfcJhwm? orD;av;udk cspfovdkyJ cspfcJh&wm? +yD;awmh vltrsm;pk}uD;[ma[m'Dnudk a&mufvm&if tem;,l=uw,f? n&J@ tarSmifxk[m vlawG&J@ tiftm;awGudkjznfhqnf; ay;wJh tdyfpuf tem;,lr_udk vufaqmifay;aeus twdkif; ay;aecJhwm =um+yDyJorD;&,f? ntarSmif a=umifh vlawG[m tem;,lcGifh &=uw,f? tarSmif[m wu,fhudktm;xm;p&m cspfp&m aumif;vSw,fuG,f? wcsdK@ yef;yifawGu nrSm yef;yGifh=u&wm? [dk;ærSm=unfh/ =u,fyGifh uav;awG? wzswfzswf wvufvuf awmufyaewJh =u,fyGifhawG[m'DvdknrSmrS yGifhcGifh&wm? nr&Sd&if vS ywJh =u,fawG vawGudk b,fjrif& ygawmhrvJuG,forD;&,f? 'ga=umifh azazu ntarSmifudk cspfwm orD;&J@?"

xdkodk@ ntarSmif. tusdK;aus;Zl;ESifh cspfp&m aumif;yHkudk at;aq;=unfvef;pGmajymjyonf? n. ¶kyfyHkv$mudk zGJ@EGJ@ yHkajymjyonf? orD;av;u aumufumiifum wkef@jyefavawmhonf?

"orD; oGm;csifw,f? tJ'D tarSmifxJrSm azaz}uD;eJ@ oGm;aecsifw,f?"usaemfu oGm;&rSmaygh orD;&,f[k *wdjyKum aemuf&ufawGrSm xdk rd_if;ndK@

opfawm &dyf tarSmifxJwGif orD;av;udk vufwGJac:&if; vrf;av#mufcJh=uonf? jrufcif;rGrGay:wGif om;tz ESpfa,muf tm;yg;w& xdkifcsvdkuf=uonf? wdwfqdwf+idrfoufat;csrf;aom tarSmif xkxJrSm aexdkif&wm pdwfcsrf;ajr@ aysmf&$ifa=umif; ajymjyonf?

"orD;av; rae@u ajymw,fr[kwfvm;? tarSmifxJrSm azazeJ@ oGm;aecsifw,fqdk wmav? a[m=unfh? tck tarSmifxJrSm azazwdk@ xdkifae=uw,f? wdwfvJ wdwfqdwf/

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at;vJ at;csrf;/ tEW&m,fvJ r&Sd? r&SdwJh o&JvJ pdwfxJrSm a=umufvef@p&m rvdkawmhbl;?tarSmifxJrSm b,favmuf aysmfp&m aumif;vdkufvJuG,f? azazwdk@ ywfywfvnfrSmtdrfawG &Sdaew,fav? wu,fu azazeJ@ orD;av;eJ@ xdawG@aewmu tarSmifxkyJ?tarSmifu azazwdk@udk apmif+cHK ovdk +cHKxm; v$rf;xm;wm r[kwfvm;? orD;av;oabmus&J@vm;/ aysmf&J@vm;?"

"tarSmifu cspfp&m aumif;w,faemf/ orD;r=umufawmhbl;?"orD;av;. tonf;ESvHk;ESifh OD;aESmufxJrS a=umufpdwf tm;i,fpdwfudk qGJEkwf/

qGJc|wf um &Jwif;pdwfudk pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf ysdK;axmif pdkufysdK;ay;cJh&onf? orD;av;.tonf;ESvHk; yifpnf yifrwGif owWdwdk@jzifh pdrf;pdkvef;qef;aom &Jwif;pdwf &GufEk&Gufcsyfrsm;a0pnfaecJhonf udk awG@&pOfcdkuf usaemf aysmfoGm;onf? usaemh vufxJrSmyJ orD;av;udkusaemfudk,fwdkif xk qpfcJh&m &JpdwfowWd cGef;tm;jzifh tvSqifxm;aom ,rif;¶kyfxkuav;jzpfvmcJh ojzifh yDwdjzifh nHhoufvSpGm usaemfaysmfoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? b0wav#mufvHk;onfwcgom &&SdcJhbl;onfh xl; jcm;qef;=u,fonfh cHpm;r_[k qdk&vdrfhrnf? txyfxyf ydaeaoma=umufpdwf ausmufwHk;rsm; atmufrS orD;av; vGwfajrmufoGm;pOf ol@todw&m;onfjrifhrm; jrifhwufoGm;cJh av+yD? a=umufpdwf. aus;u|ef om;aumuf b0rS vGwfajrmufvGefajrmuf oGm;onfh vGwfvyfjcif; tvSudk vdkufrSDatmif tb,fa0g[m& pum;vHk;wdk@eJ@rS azmfusL;jc,foI r&Edkifawmh? ol@rsuf ESm rsuf0ef;wdk@rSmvnf; a=umufpdwf rSJ@pGef;rsm;uif;&Sif;pGm yGifhaeEdkifonfh ar$;jr py,fjzLyGifh uav; wyGifh jzpfoGm;cJhav+yD? (*)

usaemfi,fpOfu a=umufpdwfudk pepfwus ysdK;axmifay;cJholrSm a':av;jzpfonf? rlvwef; ausmif;om;b0wGif a':av;wdk@ rdom;pkESifh twlaecJh&onf? taztaruxGef,uf pdkufysdK;&ef twGuf v,fq,f{u &Sdonf? acsmif;usdK;&GmwGif aexdkif=uonf?aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif acsmif;usdK;&Gmodk@ jyef&avonf? usaemfwdk@ armifESroHk;a,mufausmif;wuf onfh rlvwef;ausmif;&Sd&m zvHk&GmESifh tazhZmwd acsmif;usdK;&Gmu q,frdkifausmf a0;onf? a': av;ESifh twl aexdkifcJh&pOf a=umufpdwfudk pdwfwdkif;us ysdK;axmifcGifha':av;vufxJwGif &&SdcJh avonf?

wcsdK@ nrsm;Y a':av;zefwD;aom tdyf,m0if o&JyHkjyifrsm;u touf¶Sl¶d_ufaeonfh tqkwftdrfESifh ESvHk;aoG; pD;qif;&m ESvHk;tdrfwdk@udk &yfqdkif;oGm; apcJhonf?

odyHpmayonf a':av;b0wGif r=um;bl;onfh a0g[m&? bkef;}uD; OD;Z0exHwGifw ESpfausmfausmf pmoifcJhbl;onf? r+rdKif emrnfudk aygif;wwfonf? aexdkif }uD;jyif;&mzvHk&Gm trnfudk pmvHk;aygif; aygif;wwfonf? taztar OD;zdk;uGef@/ a':oJ!Gef@ trnfudka&;wwfonf? zwfwwfonf? aopm&Sifpmr#om?

140


obm0ody`H ynm&yfqDodk@ oGm;oifhonf ol@ajcvSrf; tpHkonf uefoif;¶dk;ESifhv,fo ref;uGufodk@om oGm;cJh&onf? tdrfrd k;zd k@ tifzufaumuf&ef a0;vHaomopfawm!dk@!dk@ qDodk@oGm; cJh&onf? odk@aomf zefwD;Om%f aumif;ol? tzdk;tzGm; ajymcJhoma&$,kefESifh a&$usm; oufu,f &dwfoGm;onfh yHkjyifvm Zmwfaumifrsm; ae&mwGif o&J/wap>ESifh obuf}uD;rsm;udk tpm;xdk; ajymjy Edkifol? uav;wa,muf. touf¶Sl¶d_ufjcif;udka=umuf&GH@wkefv_yf ajcmufjcm;r_u &yfqdkif;oGm;aponfh txd zefwD;vkyf}uH ydk@csay;wwfol?a':av;onf xdkyHkjyifrsm;udk zefwD;uGef@jrL;&mY r[m0dZ…mbGJ@ &onftxd tvGefawmfonf?bDvl;}uD; yHkjyif/ OpPmapmifhrav; yHkjyif/ em;&Gufwzufudk +cHKapmifvkyf usefem;&Gufwzufudkcif;I tdyfwwfaom bkef;}uD;ausmif; a&S@&Sd rusnf;yiftdk}uD;wGif aexdkifaom obuf}uD;.Zmwfvrf; yHkjyifrsm;rSm wckESifhwck Zmwf vrf;wyk'fESifh wyk'f rxyfap&?

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144


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145


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152


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153


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154


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156


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armi farmi fvwf (Roland Hardy)

qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

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........

157


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Ba Maw

BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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158


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159


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162


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163


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164


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165


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166


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