အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၁၁)

1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&6 / 0gqdkv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf?

2


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3


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4


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5


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6


bmrxD ig

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avScGufrusefawmifrStvHrvSJ?

0i f;wif ([Hom0wD)(tusOf;axmifwGif;rS uAsm 1995)

7


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8


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b,folawG b,fvkdykHeJ h owfowf

9


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( uG,fvGef tedpP a&mufoGm;aom owif;pmq&m=uD; [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif12/3/1930 - 21/ 4/ 2014 tm; OD;nGwf *g&0 +yKyg. ? )

10

1 01 01 01 01 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(11)

b0uAsm&Sif

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*si frD22 {jyD 2014

11


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ri f;udkEdki f14/ 7/ 2014

12


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13


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ukefqHk;oGm;cJh+yD?

(3)usaemfwdk@

ql;awGu aoG;awGudk rwdwfapEdkifbl;?

+idrf;a05/ 1/ 2012

vGwfvyfa&;ae@&JŒ aemufwae@?

14


usKyfomemrnfay;cGifh&r,fqdk&if

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aov#uf&SifaewJhz&efuifpwdef EdkifiHawmfrSmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkwm&Sifv#ufaoaewJh t&momjzpfw,f?

z&efuifpwdef

opPmeD

15


xdkwpfae hrsm;

urBmtwGif;uao&JolawG&JŒ ae@rSm

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yef;awG xdk;azmufae&m,l+yD;yGifh&r[myx0D jrnf[D;wkefv_yf&

avjyif;[m &J&ifhpdwfeJ@ a0SŒ,rf;wdkufcwf+yD;aumif;uifuawmh qdk;,kwfpdwfeJ@ wdrfrJawGyJ

vHk;wufvm=ur,f

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ao&Jolrsm;twGufowf&Jolrsm;vnf; &Sd=u&w,f

urBmrSm ?

vif;cg;(pma&;q&mudkatmifqef;-rS)

16


tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

17


tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

b,fvdkyifzHk;zHk;ukef;p&mrvdkyJ ay:aewJhtm%mrl;orm;wdk@.

trSm;waxmif ....

18


urBm homoemjyK yDeefq&mawmfbk&m;}uD;. twˆKy`wWdtusOf;

urBmhomoemjyK yDeefq&mawmfbk&m;=uD;udk jrefrmEdkifiH/ 0g;c,frjrdKŒ Y c&pfESpf1928/ Zefe0g&Dv 10 &ufae@wGif zGm;jrifawmfrlcJhygonf? touf 14 ESpf t&G,fwGif&Sifomra%jyKjyD; 1948 ckESpfwGif jrifjrwfaom &[ef;tjzpfodk@ a&muf&Sd awmfrlcJhygonf?q&mawmfbk&m;=uD;onf rEWav;jrdKŒ/ &efukefjrdKŒESihf 0g;c,frjrdKŒ rsm;&Sd xif&Sm;aomq&mawmfrsm;xHwGif Ak'<pmayrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhygonf? 1953 ckESpfwGif omoe"Zod&Dy0&"rRmp&d, bGJŒudk &&SdatmifjrifawmfrlcJhonf?

q&mawmfbk&m;=uD;onf udkudk;u|ef;odk@ =uGa&mufjyD; omoemjyKwm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodk@ =uGa&mufomoemjyKcJhonf?

xdk@aemuf tdENd,EdkfifiH/ tef'refu|ef;odk@ omoemjyK&ef qufvuf=uGa&mufcJhjyefonf? xdku|ef;wGif "tuf'refAk'<omoemjyKtoif; (Andaman Buddhist Mission) udkatmifjrifpGm zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhjyD; jrwfAk'<omoem jyef@yGg;a&;twGuf "rRoifwef;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;/0dy\emw&m;rsm; a[majymjyojcif;paom omoemjyKwm0efrsm;udk =udK;yrf;aqmif&GufawmfrlcJhonf?

xdk@aemuf 1963 ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiH/ r'&yfjrdKŒtajcpdkuf awmiftdENd,Ak'<bmomtoif; (South India Buddhist Association). yifrXmecsKyfESihf toif;cGJaygif;13 ckudk pDrHuGyfuJvSsuf omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifawmfrlcJhonf?

q&mawmfbk&m;=uD;onf 1965 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftxd &efukefjrdKŒ/ atmifr*Fvmod'<dpmoifwkdufwGif y&d,wWdpmayrsm;udk oif=um;ydk@csay;cJhonf? 1970 ckESpfwGif

19


jrefrmtpdk;&u rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ yDeefu|ef;/ "rRdum&mrjrefrmausmif;wkdufudk qufcH&eftwGufomoemjyKapv$wfjcif; cHcJh&onf? rav;&Sm;ekdifiHwGif 1970 ckESpfrS 1979 ckESpftxdrav;&Sm;Ak'<bmomvli,frsm;toif; (Youth Buddhist Associationof Malaysia) .=o0g'gp&d,wm0efESihf rav;&Sm;Ak'<bmompmar;yGJ ykp>u wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJhygonf?

q&mawmf=uD;onf we*FaEG Ak'<bmomoifwef;ausmif; (Sunday Buddhist

Institute) udk wnfaxmifzGihfvSpfjyD; Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfrsm;eSihf orx/ 0dy\emw&m;rsm;udk oif=um;ay;cJhonf?

1979 ckESpf/ ESpfukefydkif;wGif tar&duefekdifiH/ umvDzdk;eD;,m;/ avmhpftdef*s,fvdpfjrdKŒodk@ =uGa&mufjyD; jrefrmAk'<bmomausmif;udk atmifjrifpGm wnfaxmifzGihfvSpf cJhygonf?xdktcsdefu q&mawmf=uD;onf avmhpftdef*s,fvdpfjrdKŒ&Sd ta&SŒwkdif;avhvma&;wuUodkvfwGifuxduq&mawmfwpfyg;tjzpf aqmif&Gufay;awmfrlcJhonf? awmifydkif; umvzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f/ oHCmhor*~tzGJŒ. 'kwd,OuUXq&mawmftjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJh&onf?

q&mawmf=uD;onf rqkwfrepfaom ZGJvHk@v 0D&d,rsm;jzihf 1985 ckESpf/ arv/15 &ufwGif tjynfjynfqkdif&m jrefrmoHComr*~DtzGJŒ (International Burmese Bud-

dhist Sangha Organization) udk rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ yDeef;jrdKŒ Y atmifjrifpGmzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhonf?1985 ckESpf/ ZGefv/ 14 &ufwGif puFmylEdkifiH&Sd Ak'<bmomtoif;tzGJwpfck. wdkufwGef;awmif;yefr_jzihf ausmif;wdkufwpfck aqmufvkyf&ef Ak'<bmomtoif;tzGJ@wpfckudk pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf; ay;awmfrlcJhonf?

1986 ckeSpf =opaw;vsekdifiH/ qpf'eDjrdKŒwGif Ak'<bmomausmif;wausmif;/ 1987ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH/ csDum*dkjrdKŒwGif Ak'<bmomausmif;wpfausmif;/ xdk@aemufESpfrsm;r=umrDtwGif; uae'gEd kifiH/ wdk&GefwdkjrdKŒwGif r[m"rRdum&mr Ak'<bmomausmif;wausmif;/ xdk@aemuf 1999 ckESpf/ arv 15 &ufwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ uGmvmvrfyljrdKŒwGif jrefrmrav;&Sm; Ak'<bmomausmif;wausmif;/ 1999 ckeSpf/ 'DZifbmv/ 17&ufae@wGif jrefrmEkdifiH/ &efukefjrdKŒ Y r[moEWdokc Ak'<omoemjyK ausmif;wpfausmif;wdk@udkatmifjrifpGm OD;pD;wnfawmifawmfrlcJhonf?

2005 ckESpfrS ,ae@tcsdeftxd Oa&mywkduf&Sd &HoDausmif;rsm;. y"me=o0g'gp&d,tjzpf aqmif&Gufawmfrlaeygonf? Oa&mywkduf&Sd &HoDausmif;rsm;rSm -

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6? tdkif,mvefEdkifiH/ r*Fv&HoD0d[m&7? t*FvefEdkifiH/ vef'efjrdKŒ/ omoe&HoD0d[m&?2006? ? =opa=wvsEdkifiH/ rJvfbkef;jrdKŒ/ jrefrmAk'<bmomausmif;wnfaxmifawmf

rlcJhygonf?2007? ? rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ yDa*sjrdKŒe,f/ &wem&mr jrefrmAk'<bmomausmif;/

rav;&Sm; š jrefrmAk'<bmomtoif;udk wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf;cJhygonf?2006? ? =opa=wvsEdkifiH/ rJvfbkef;jrdKŒ/ jrefrmAk'<bmomausmif;2008? ? yDeefjrdKŒ/ "rR dum&mrausmif;wkduftwGif;Y tar&duefa':vm

3oef;ukefusaom a&$apwDbk&m=uD;ESihf omoemh,Ofaus;r_jycef;rsm;udk yDeefjrdKŒodk@vmaomurBmhvSnhfc&D;onfrsm; tHh=obeef;ai;arm&onftxd wnfaqmufjyEdkifcJhygonf?

2012? ? tar&duefEdkifiH/ e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ Y tus,ft0ef; 2 {ucGJ&Sdaom Ak'<'DyefurRXmef;ausmif;=uD;udk wnfaxmifawmfrlcJhygonf?

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yDeefq&mawmf}uD; r[moEWdokc ausmif;awmf}uD;udk wnfaxmif&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf

q&mawmftaejzihf jynfyjrefrmbkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;rsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf Edkifrnhf t&nftcsif;jynhf0aom omoemjyK &[ef;awmfrsm; arG;xkwfay;Edkif&eftwGuf &nf&G,fcJhygonf?

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(C) ,if;vkyfief;pOfrsm;aqmif&Guf&mY yifrtajcpdkufpcef;jzpfaom r[moEWdokc Ak'<omoemhausmif;awmf}uD;udk qufvuf&Sifoefwdk;wufa&;/ ,EW&m; vnfywfa&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ef/

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Oyrmtm;jzihf tajccH rlvwef;rSpI tv,fwef;/ txufwef;omru tbd"rRmoifwef;rsm;/ 0dy\emoifwef;rsm;txd tajctaeay;vSsif ay;ovdk zGihfvSpf&ef/,if;twGuf qDavsmfrnhf we*FaEGausmif;/ Oykofae@oifwef;/ orx0dy\em urRXmef;Xmersm;/ pm=unhfwdkufrsm; tqihfqihf xlaxmifzGihfvSpf&ef/

(q) EdkifiHjcm;rS omoemjyKAk'< &[ef;awmfrsm; ESihf oDv&Sifrsm; omoemjyKtzGJŒrsm; =uGa&mufvmygu {nhf0wfauspGmjzihf aexdkifEdkifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;&ef ponfwdk@jzpf=uygonf?

(yDeefq&mawmf}uD; EdkifiHawmforRwodk@ arwWm&yfcHpmrS ul;,lazmfjyygonf?)

22


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"1930 jynf hE Sp fr Sm arG;z Gm;cJ hwJ h O D;0if;wif[mt&if oDwif;ywf urdwfqufay;cJhwJh OD;atmifa&$/ OD;=unfarmif/ OD;wifOD;/ OD;vGifwdk@eJ@rwlwJhtcsufuawmhol[m b,fwkef;urS wyfrawmfom; rjzpfcJhwmygyJ? olusifvnfusufpm;ae&muawmhpmayavmu}uD;xJrSmyJ jzpfygw,f?wuUodkvfuae bJGŒr&cifuwnf;u ol[mjrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyefpmay toif;}uD;rSm vufaxmuft,f'Dwmb0eJ@ tvkyfvkyfudkifae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1954 ckESpfrSmawmhol[m 'wfcsfowif;pmukr%Dwck&JŒ t}uHay;t,f'Dwmtjzpfudk a&mufcJh ygw,f? 'D t,f'Dwmae&mudk&cJhjcif;[m ol@&JŒ&Snfvsm;vSwJh pme,fZif;avmuvkyfoufrSm tjrifhqHk;ae&mjzpfwJh wcgujrefrmEdkifiHrSm xdyfwef;owif;pmwpfapmifjzpfcJhwJh "[Hom0wD" owif;pm&JŒ t,f'DwmcsKyf&mxl;udk &&Sdzdk@twGuftpysKd;cJhwm yJjzpfygw,f?

OD;0if;wif&JŒ [Hom0wDowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyfvkyfcJhwJhESpfawG[m jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDtiftm;cdkifrmvmwJhESpfawGjzpfcJhygw,f?tJ'Dacwfumvwkef;uvGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ udk,fh&JŒqENudkvGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz: jyocGifh/pwmawGudk ydkvdk@ydkvdk@wif;usyfpGm uef@oufcsKyfcs,f cH&ayr,fhvnf; tenf;i,frSsaom pma&;q&mawG/pme,fZif;orm;awG [m wdk@awG&JŒ vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:ajrmfjrifydkifcGifhudk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfeJ@quf+yD; xdef;odrf;cJh =uygw,f?

1978 ckESpfrSm OD;0if;wifOD;aqmifyg0ifcJhwJh "pae pmzwf0dkif;" rSm rqvvrf;pOfudk a0zefoHk;oyfxm;wJh pmwrf;i,fwapmifzwf=um; aqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f?tm%mydkifawGu xkwfa0cGifhydwfvdkufygw,f?tJ'DaemufOD;0if;wif[m bmomjyefwJholtvGwf pma&;q&m b0rSm usifvnf&if;eJ@ q,fpkESpfrSs ol&JŒ0rf;a&; udkajz&Sif;cJhygw,f?

1988 ckESpfrSm pwifay:aygufcJhwJh'Drdkua&pDvSKyf&Sm;rSK}uD;rSm vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:ajrmfjrifrSKeJ@ w&m;rSswmrSKudk,Hk=unfwJholawG a&SŒwef;u yg0ifcJh=uwm[mobm0ygy?J tpydkif;uwnf;u OD;0if;wif[m vSKyf&Sm;rSK}uD; pwifjzpfyGm;cgpuay:aygufvmwJh pma&;q&mrsm; or*~rSm wuf=uGpGmeJ@ yg0ifcJhygw,f?

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acgif;aqmifawGxJu yxrqHk;tzrf;cH&wJh vlwa,mufjzpfvm ygawmhw,f? ol@udkzrf;qD;wJhta=umif;uawmh w&m;Oya'uae a&Smifwdrf;ae w,fvdk@a=unmcH&wJhvli,fwOD;&JŒ zcifjzpfoleJ@ w,fvDzkef; pum;ajymjcif;qdkwJh oufaoaxmuftxm; r&SdwJhpGJcsufeJ@yJ jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf w,fvDzkef;eJ@ pum;ajymjcif;[m oufaot&m

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rwnfbl;vdk@ Oya'uqdkygw,f?'gayrJhvnf;jrefrmjynfrSm ppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfaerSKudkuef@uGufolawG twGuf Oya'u aumif;pGm umuG,frSKray;Edkifygbl;?

tzrf;cH&+yD;+yD;jcif;rSmyJ OD;0if;wifudk 3 &uf=um tpmrauGs;/ rtdyfEd kifatmifvkyfxm;+yD; 'Dydkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;rSm yg0ifcJhwJhol&JŒ vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGudk ppfaq;ar;jrefygawmhw,f? ppfaq;ar;jref;wJh olawGu OD;0if;wif[m usr&JŒ EdkifiHa&;enf;AsL&mqkdif&m t}uHay;yk*~dKvf/ wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&r,fqdk&if usr&JŒ ¶kyfao;q&mjzpfw,fqdkwmudk xGufqkdapzdk@ t"rR vkyfaqmifvdkwJh yHk&SdcJhygw,f?'gayrJh owWdeJ@ jynfhpHk/pdwf"gwfuvnf; cdkifrmvSwJh OD;0if;wifudk trSm;awGxGufqdkzdk@ b,fvdkrS +cdrf;ajcmufvdk@r&cJhygbl;? 1989 atmufwdkbmvrSmawmh ol@udkaxmif (3) ESpfcsvdkufygw,f?ol@udkjyefv$wfzd k@ vtenf;i,ftvdk 1992 ZGefvrSm aemufxyf t"dyg`,fr&SdwJhta=umif;jycsufeJ@ w&m;pGJqdk+yD; axmif (11) ESpfxyfrHcsvdkufyg w,f?

OD;0if;wif[m ol@ta=umif;udk ajymcJygw,f? NLD wnfaxmif+yD;uwnf;uoleJ@usr twlwGJ+yD; ae@wdkif;vdkvdk tvkyfvkyfcJhwm vaygif;tawmf=umrS ol[mvlysK d }uD;jzpfw,fqdkwm trSwfrxif odvdkufygw,f?ol[m wpfOD;xJaexdkif +yD;ol&JŒtdrfrSKudpPawGudk udk,fwdkifvkyf udkifaew,f qdkwmudkvnf; odcJh& ygw,f?1989ckESpfrSmol@udk axmif'%fpD&ifcJh+yD; odrfhr=um cifrSmyJ olESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJ hwJh(vrf;rawmfjrdKŒe,f/vrf;opf&dyfom) Ed kifiHyd kifwdkufcef;wpf ckrSmaexkdifcGif hudky,fzsufvdkufwJhtwGuf olydkifypPnf;awGudk ol@&JŒrdwfaqG taygif;toif; awGutJ' Dwk dufce f ;uae z,f& Sm;ajymif ;a& $ Œay;c J h =u&ygw,f? O D ;0i f ;wif& J Œ¶ ky foGi ftrlt&mwckvHk;udk =unhfvdkuf&if cdkifrmwJh toGiftjyifay:xGef;aewmrdk@ OD;0if;wif[mESvHk;eJ@ywfouf+yD; a0'emwpfck&SdwJhtwGuf t+rJwrf;aq;ukzdk@ vkdtyfw,fqdkwmudk odwJholtenf;yJ&Sdygw,f? aq;0g;ukojyKpk apmufa&Smufzdk@uvnf; jynfhpHkr_r&Sd/ aexdkifr_tajctaeuvnf; qdk;&Gm;vSwJh tusOf;axmifxJrSm umv=um&SnfpGm aexdkif&wJhtwGufol&JŒ usef;rma&;tajctae[m ydk+yD; qdk;&Gm;vmaeygw,f?1994 ckESpfa zaz:0g&DvtwGif;rSmtar&duefjynfaxmifpkuGef*&uftrwf bDvf&pfcswfqifeJ@OD;0if;wifwdk@ awGŒqHk&pOfuOD;0if;wif[m vnfaxmufudk 0wfqifxm;& ygw,f? ausm¶dk;qpfa&m*gudkyg cHpm;ae&vdk@yg?'ghtjyif ol@&JŒoGm;awGuvnf; aq;ukozdk@vdkaeygw,f? 'gayrJh ,ciftwdkif; olŒ&JŒpdwftpOf[m =unfvifvsuf&Sd+yD; pdwf"gwf[mvnf; r,drf;r,dkif }uHcdkifaeygw,f?

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'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD; wyfOD;wGif pdwf"gwfcdkifrmpGmjzifh ,ae@wdkifwdkufyGJ0ifaeaom EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;0if;wifonf owif;pmq&m/pma&;q&m wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? olonf 0if;wif/ 0if;aqG/ ay:opf/ jynfpdk;/ ykn/armif0efZif;/okaooD/ t,f'DwmwOD; ponfh uavmifuGJrsm;jzifh pme,fZif;rsKd; pHkwGif0wˆKwdk / jyZmwf/uAsm/ aqmif;yg;/ pmaya0zefa&; ponfjzif h ta=umif;t &mrsKd;pHkudka&;om;cJhonf?

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xdkoabmonf a&S;ya0%DtcgrSpI vl@ordkif;wGif xif&Sm;cJhaomtcsufjzpfonf? xdkoabmudk xif&Sm;apaom jzpf&yfrsm;onf jrefrmhordkif;wGif tausmft=um;wnf&SdcJhonf?

yk*H taemf&xmrif; oxHkjynfudk csDwufodrf;ydkuf&mY +rdKŒ tapmifht=uyf xlajymIvkyf=uHr&Edkif jzpfaeonf? aemufqHk;wGifrS jrdK h&dk;wae&mY tumtuG,f =uufr w0yfpmtvpftvyf&Sda=umif; odvmonf? xdkae&mrS 0ifwdkufonf? oxHkusonf?

"u%ef;rsufpd" oabmudk xif&Sm;apaom ordkif;jzpf&yfwck jzpfavonf?rGef ol&Jaumif; ordefA&rf;ESifh w&kwfppfonfausmf *gr%dwdk h. pD;csif;xdk;yGJvnf;

xdkoabm. xif&Sm;aom jy,k*fjzpfonf?*gr%donf oHuGefcsm csyf0wfwefqmudk udk,fvHk;jynfh 0wfvsuf ordefA&rf;ESifh

pD;csif;xdk;onf? *gr%d. oHuGefcsm csyf0wfwefqmonf "m;rayguf/ vSHrayguf/ rD;rayguftumtuG,fjzpfonf? TonfrSm tjyifyef;tjrif jzpfonf? ordefA&rf;u xdkodk hrjrif?ordefA&rf; jrifonfrSm *gr%d. oHuGefcsm csyf0wfwefqm vufarmif;csdKif;=um;YvSHwzsm;pm tuGuftvyf/ tvpft[if;&Sdaeonf qdkaomtcsuf jzpfonf?

ordefA&rf;onf xdktuGuftvyfudk tJ armif; vSH ysH pdkufonf? *gr%dusonf?taemufwdkif; pmayESifh ordkif;wdk hwGifvnf; wfoabmwnf;aom tcsif;t&m

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tmcsdvdjzpf&yfonfvnf; xdkoabm. jy,k*fjzpfonf?tmcsdvd arG;uif;pt&G,fwGifjzpfonf? rdcifjzpfol yifv,fewforD;u

pwdkufjrpfxJwGif om;udk a&ESpfonf? jrpfa&jzifh wudk,fvHk;udk pGwfpdkaponf? om;jzpfoltm;"m;vSHusnfrD; jyD;jidrf;vHkjcHKap&ef jzpfonf? rdcifjzpfolu om;i,ftm; touf&SnfpGmtemrJha=umif; aq;pGrf;aumif;jzifh xHkr$rf; umuG,fay;jcif; jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif rdcifvufqkyfudkifcJhaom om;i,f. zaemifhajczsm;onf pwdkufjrpfa& pGwfpdkEdkifjcif; r&SdcJh? odk@jzifhxdkae&monf "m;vSHrD;ayguf ul;a&mufxd&Sr_ uif;vGwfjcif; r&Sdacsav?

tmcsdvd vlvm;ajrmufcsdefESifh [,fvifrif;orD;udk ta=umif;jyKI x&dk*sifppfyGJ=uD;jzpfyGm;csdef qHk=udKufonf? xdkppfyGJ=uD;wGif tmcsdvd 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufonf?atmifyGJtvDvD &onf? x&dk*sifacgifcsKyf ol&Jaumif; [ufwmudk pD;csif;xdk;+yD; okwfoifonf?aemufqHk; tmcsdvd udk,fwdkifvnf; wdkufyGJwGifusonf? &efol hbufrS ypfv$wfaomjrm;utmcsdvd. ajczaemifhudk vmpdkufonf? "m;usdK;IvSHacG remraool[k ausmf=um;aomr[mol&Jaumif;=uD; tmcsdvdusonf?

(pum;pyfIqdk&vSsif x&dk*sif ol&Jaumif; [ufwm usqHk;&onfrSmvnf;[ufwm. oHcsyf0wfwefqm udk,fxnfESifh acgif;pGyftquf vnfyif;ae&mY tvyfay:onfudk tmcsdvd vSHypfpdkufI usqHk;&jcif; jzpfonf)

xdkordkif; '¾m&Dudk ta=umif;jyKvsuf taemufwdkif; qdk&dk;pum;Y "tmcsdvdzaemifh" [laom a0g[m& toHk;wGifvmcJhonf?

{&mr t&m0wK/ wdkif;jynfEdkifiH/ vlyk*~dKvfwdk h. aysmhuGuf/ [muGuf/ +ydKuGuf/ysufuGufwdk hudk &nfn$ef;wifpm;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf?

urBm hordkif;wGif "tmcsdvdzaemifh" jzpf&yfaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm &SdcJhonf?xdktmcsdvdzaemifh jzpf&yfwdk@onf vl@ zGJtpnf;rsm; ysufpD;jcif;/ vufeuf EdkifiHawmf=uD;jydKuGJjcif;/ rif;{u&mZfrsm;/ ppfol=uD;/ ppfol&Jaumif;rsm;/ yk*~dKvfausmfrsm;/ "avSsmusaemufqHk;&Sdacs." tjzpfodk@ a&mufapcJhonf?

vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tcsif;udpP rsm;pGmYom tmcsdvdzaemifh &Sdonfr[kwf?rsufarSmufacwfY txGwftxdyfodk h a&mufvsuf&Sdaom pufr_enf;ynmuJhodk henf;uspepfus vkyfief;rsm;YyifvSsif aysmhuGuf/ [muGuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm; &SdaeI {&mrvkyfief; pDrHcsuf=uD;rsm; ysufjym;&onfh tjzpfrsdK; =uHKae=u&onf? aiGa=u;ukaÉuÉmqHk;&H_;r_rsm; ay:aygufae&onf? vlaygif;rsm;pGm aoa=ur_rsm; jzpfyGm;ae&onf?

qdkAD,ufESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwdk hwGif t%kjrL"mwfaygif;zdk=uD;rsm;"mwfa&mifjcnf ,dkpdrfhjcif;/ aygufuGJjcif; ponfwdk h jzpfyGm;ae&onfrSm trd_ufupjyom'frD;avmif qdkouJhodk h"tmcsdvdzaemifh" udpPrsm;. c|wf,Gif;r_a=umifh aiGa=u;

34


ukaÉuÉm qHk;&H_;r_=uD;rsm; =uHKawGŒ aejcif;jzpfonf?tdENd,jynfY bdkyg;vf+rdK h "mwfaiG hpuf&Hk=uD; aygufuGJr_a=umifh vlaygif;axmifaygif;

rsm;pGm toufqHk;&H_;cJh&jcif;rsdK;onfvnf; tao;tzGJ pufud&d,mwck. aysmhuGuf/tm;enf;csuf=umifh jzpfyGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf?

tar&duef tmumo vGef;ysH,mOf=uD; "csJvif*sm" aygufuGJr_rSmvnf;ypPnf;av;wck. tm;enf;r_a=umifh jzpfay:cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? wGef;wif'Hk;ysH=uD;.udk,fxnfESpfydkif; tqufae&mwGif =um;cHxnfhxm;onfh "tdkuGif;" ac: qDvHkuGif;ae&mrSrD;avmifaygufxGufjyD; 'Hk;ysH=uD;wckvHk; ysufpD;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? tjrifhay 150 eD;yg;wGef;wifpGrf;tm; aygifcsdef oHk;oef; eD;yg;&Sdaom 'Hk;ysH=uD;. {&mr udk,fxnf=uD; ESpfck=um;rSqDvHkuGif;av;onf "u%ef;rsufpd" yif jzpfacs.? xdk qDvHkuGif;av; aysmhuGufa=umifha':vm ukaÉ 300 ausmf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHxm;&onfh tmumo vGef;ysH,mOf pDrHudef;=uD;ysuf&rwwfjzpfcJh&onf?

avmuY rnfonfht&mrS vHk;0O\Hk cdkifjrJjcif;/ vHkjcHKjcif;/ tm;=uD;jcif;/ ab;rJhjcif;[lI r&Sdacs? t&m&mY "tmcsdvdzaemifh" [lI &SdjrJ? t&m&mY "u%ef;rsufpd" [lI &SdjrJ?vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; udpP&yfrsm;Y ol@ tm; udk,fhtm; csifhwGufcsdefq&mY xdkoabmudkaphaphESvHk;oGif;wwf/jrJjrJESvHk;oGif;Edkifzdk h vdktyfvSayonf?

0i f;wif(tawG;tjrif/ 1988 arv)

35


igonf vrf;c&D;jzpf.

auoG,f

yef;awG trsdK;pHkk ta&mifpHkkpGm 0ef;&H aewJh tjyma&mif "gwfyHkk=uD; wyHkk &JŒ / tay:rSm/ t*Fvdyfvdkk a&;xdkk;xm;wJh tjzLa&mif pmwef;=uD;wckku xifxif&Sm;&Sm; &SdvGef;aeonf?"gwfyHkkxJrSmawmh / tjyma&mif tzdkk;=uD; wa,mufu ar;&dkk;awG um;aeatmif eSKwfcrf;udkkwif;wif;aphvdkkŒ ? olŒ&JŒ tb, o¾mef jzefŒum;xm;wJh vuf0g;jyifay:rSmawmhatmifqef;pkk=unf qdkkwJh teufa&mif pmvHkk;u xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ?

tjyma&mif tzdkk;=uD; [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif &JŒ / 0rf;enf;atmufarhbG,f tcrf;tem;udk vmwJh wjcm;vlawG uawmh / tJ'D tay:u pmwef;=uD;ukkd owdrlrdcsifrS rlrd=uvdrfhrnf? ae&m tcif;tusif; tqifajyvdkkŒ om / ,kk'omef cef;r xJrSm vkkyfjcif;jzpfayrJhOD;0if;wif [m / c&pf,mef bmom0if r[kkwfavawmh / 'Dpifjrifh&JŒ ezl;rSm e*dkk wnf;u&SdaewJh / 'D usrf;pm wa=umif;udkk / vlawG odyfjyD; Oy'frd =urnf rxif?

pma=umif; tjynfhtpHkkuI AM THE WAY,THE TRUTH, AND THE LIFE. (John 14:6)

usruawmh xl;jcm; wdkkufqdkkifvGef;vSpGm ,SOfwGJjrifae&wJh bb&JŒ =unfndKp&maumif;vSwJh yHkk&dyf eJŒ tJ'Dpmwef;udkk udkk,fhzmom qufpyfjyD;/ udkk,fhpdwf=udKuf edrdwfyHkk,l=unfh rdawmhonf?

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36


/ olŒ&JŒ om0u awGudkk / tm;ri,fzdkkŒ / =udKwifjyD;awmh rSmcJhwJh pum; wckk yg? b0 udkkb,fvdkk,Hkk=unfcsufeJŒ qufav Ssmuf&rvJ aumif;jrwfwJh tusifhtvkkyfawGudkk b,fvdkkqufvkkyf&rvJ qdkkwmeJŒ aojcif;w&m;udkk ra=uuf&GHŒ zdkkŒ qdkkwJh a'oem oHkk;yg; udkkxif[yfxm;w,fvdkkŒ / usruawmh / em;vnfrdwmygyJ ? wu,fawmh b,fbmom,Hkk=unfrl rSm rqdkk / vlom;&JŒ 0dnOfa&;&m tajccH vdkktyfcsuf awGudkk / olŒenf; olŒ[ef eJŒqHkk;roGefoif xm;wm csnf;ygyJ ? b,f bmomudkk;uG,frl udkkrS r,laqmifxm;wJholawGrSmvnf; / aumif;jrwfwJh 0dnOfpdwfeSvHkk;udkk udkk,fwdkkif wnfaqmufedkkif=uyg w,f?

tckk ajymcsifwmu bmom,Hkk=unfrl ta=umif; r[kkwfygbl;? bbOD;0if;wifu vnf; / olŒudkk b,fvdkk t,l0g'awG udkk;uG,f,Hkk=unfrlawGeJŒ rS wHqdyfuyfcH vdkkyHkk vnf;r&ygbl;? udkk,fhb0 twGuf rawG;yJ / olrsm;awGtwGuf awG;zdkkŒ arG;vmwJh olawmfpifykk*~dKvf=uD;rSm / jA[Rpdkk&f w&m; u vGJvdkkŒ bmudkkrS udkk;uG,f,Hkk=unfp&m vnf; rvdkkygbl;?tae&J ovdkk tao&JwJh usm;&J =uD;rSm / wrvGefudkk vnf; ylyifp&m rvdkygbl;? b,favmufyJcsKyfaeSmifxm;xm; / vGwfvyf jrifhrm;aewJh ol&Jaumif; 0dnOf[m / cE<mudkk,f=uD;csKyfndrf;oGm;aptHkk;awmh / wwdkkif;jynfvHkk;u vlawG&JŒ touf0dnOfawG xJrSm / jyefjyD;&Sifoef aerSmyg ? wu,fawmh bbOD;0if;wif raoygbl;?

tck ajymcsifwmu / bbOD;0if;wif vlŒavmuxJu rxGufcifrSm / wwdkkif;jynfvHkk;udkk xyfumwvJvJ ajymoGm;wJh / olŒ&JŒ vrf;c&D; ta=umif;yg? oludkk,fwdkkif jywfjywfom;om; &yfjycJhwJh vrf;c&D; / vltkkyf=uD;&JŒ =um;xJrSm wa,mufxD;wnf; vufudkk tjrifhqHkk;a&mufatmif axmifjyD; tm;vHkk; jrifatmifjycJhwJh vrf;c&D; ta=umif;yg? olu ajymcJh ygao;w,f? vrf;ckkvwf r[kkwfbl;? vrf;qHkk vrf;cG wJh ? 'Drdkkua&pDudkk oGm;aewJh c&D; vrf;ckkvwfr[kkwfbl;? ppftm%m&Sif ta&jcHKpepfudkk vrf;cGJ &rJh vrf;qHkk vrf;cG wJh ? usr twGufawmhigonf vrf;c&D; jzpf. - vdkkŒ / bb u ajymaeovdkkygyJ ?

usrwdk kŒ ESajrmwo &ygw,f? 'gayrJh / vlŒb0 =uD;rSm jrifhjrifhjrwfjrwf&SifoefjyoGm;jyD; / vljzpf&usdK;eyfvGef;vSpGm / arwWmawG taxmifaomif;eJŒ vlŒavmu=uD;udkktedkkifydkkif; oGm;cJhwJh / bb OD;0if;wif twGuf / usrwdkkŒ 0rf;ajrmuf&ygw,f? igonforRmw&m;vnf; jzpf. - vdkkŒ / bb u ajymaeovdkkygyJ ?

usrwdkkŒ 0rf;enf;rd ygw,f? 'gayrJh / aorif;udk kawmif jyHK;jy oGm;cJhwJh/bbOD;0if;wif &JŒ bmrxD tjyHK;jrjr eJŒ ppftm%m&Sif awGudkk avSmif&,faewJh w[m;[m;&DoH awGu / usrwdkkŒudkk ESpfodrfh yg w,f? igonf touf vnf; jzpf. - vdkkŒ / bb uajymaeovdkkygyJ ?

pifjrifhay:u yef;awG EGrf;roGm;cif / pifjrifhatmufu za,mif;wdkkifrD;awGjidrf;roGm;cif / bb &JŒ tjyma&mif yHkk&dyf=uD;udkk tao tcsm xyf=unfh rd w,f? 'Dwcgawmh

37


bb u rjyHK;yJ / pl;&Sav;eufvGef;wJh t=unfhawGeJŒ / olŒvuf0g;=uD; udkk xyfjyD; jzefŒum;vdkkufw,f? atmifqef; - pkk- =unf qdkkwJh pmvHkk;av;awG u/ ydkkjyD; yDo vmw,f?bmyJajymajym Armjynf&JŒ tem*gwftwGuf / EdkifiHa&; olawmfpif=uD; u / AdwWZH ay;xm;cJhjyD;ygjyD? ol ajymwJh vrf;c&D; twdkkif; qufav#mufEdkif =u zdkkŒomygyJ ?

auoG,f 23 {jyD 2014

( bb OD;0if;wif tm; / T pmpkk jzifh ylaZmfyg. )

(http://kthwe.blogspot.com/ rS &,laz: jyygonf?)

axmifESifhrdcif

vlxk a':trm

- udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm;- zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl- tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf?

xGufjyD

38


*syef/ a[mifaumif/ jrefrmEdkifiHwdk@wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufIvlxkt=um; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&Sdaeonf? tem*wfta&;udk }udKwifawG;um vkyfoihfonfvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf[laom t,ltqjzifh &_jrifokH;oyf umv_yf&Sm;ae=ujcif;jzpfonf?rnfolrSefonf rnfolrSm;onf[k qHk;jzwfjcif;xuf vuf&Sd&ifqdkifae&aomtajctae/ar#mfrSef;wGufqxm;aom tajctaersm;udk rnfodk@udkifwG,fajz&Sif;rnf qdkonfudk}udKwifum tpDtrHcsxm;&ef vdktyfonf?

*syefwGif 0ef}uD;csKyf &Sif;Zdk;tmab; OD;aqmifaom tpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGifyg0ifonhf tkyfpkvdkuf ckcHumuG,fcGifh (Collective self-defense) ESifhywfoufIt"dym,fjyefvnfzGifhqdka&;udk vkyfaqmifaeonf? xdkodk@vkyf aqmif&eftwGuf ta=umif;jycsufrSm *syef.r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;tm; tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiHu ppfa&;t& wdkufcdkufvmonhftcg/ *syefE d ki fi H. tcsKy ftjcmud k xdyg;vmonhftcg/ *syef jynfolrsm;.toufESifhaexdkifr_b0 +cdrf;ajcmufcH&onhftcg ppftiftm;udk oHk;pGJEdkifa&;twGufjzpfonf[ kqdkonf?

*syef@zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif ppfwyfudkzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifydkifcGifhr&Sd/ udk,fydkifumuG,fa&; wyfzGJ@rsm; (Self Defense Forces) udkom zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcGifh &Sdonf[ktwdtvif; azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif *syefonf ppfyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifrnfr[kwf/ EdkifiHwumtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;wGif ppfa&;t& yg0ifywfoufrnfr[kwf [kvnf; tcdkiftrmqdkxm;onf?xdk@a=umihf *syeftpdk;&tqufqufonf tkyfpkvdkufckcHumuG,fydkifcGifhudk vufawG@wGifusihfoHk;jcif;rjyKEdkif[k t"dy`m,f zGifhqdkcJh=uonf? odk@aomf 0ef}uD;csKyf &Sif;Zdk;tmab;u

zGJ hpnf;yHktajccH ESifh vlxktoH

ausmfausmfpdk;(*syef)

39


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40


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41


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42


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wlarmi fndK(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

46


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vufeufu tm%m jzpfaeorSs,kH}unfrSKr&Edkif

aomfaeaZmf (Oya')

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e,fpGef e,fzsm; jynfe,fawG rSmyJ vufeufu wefcdk;xGm;wm r[kwfygbl;?"ppfwyfqdkwm ypf&if rSefatmif ypfw,f/ rdk;ay:axmif+yD; ajcmufwm rygbl;/ tJ'Dawmhaemifukd qlqlylyl vkyfr,fqdk&if wyfudk okH;vdk@&Sd&ifawmh tJ'g qlwJh vlawG roufombl;om rSwfayawm h" tm;vkH; odaom ordkif;0if rdef@cGef;}uD;yif/ tJ'Drdef@cGef;}uD;&JŒaemufydkif;rSm vuf eufu jynfolawG&JŒ qENudk q,fpkESpf ESpfckausmf zdESdyfxm;EdkifcJhygw,f?EdkifiHawmf wnf+idrfa&; qdkwJ@ pum;vkH; atmufrSm aoG;eJ@ rsuf&nf a&muscJh&wJh b0awG/ tcsdefrwefcif a=uGvGifh cJh&wJh toufawGeJ@ rao&ifawmifrS nSOf;yef; ESdyfpufr_'%fcsufawG atmufrSm r¶_rvS &Sifoef ae=u&wJh b0awG renf; vSygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf;jynfolawG [m tm%m& aewJh vufeufawG tay:trkef;}uD; rkef;+yD; ,kH=unfr_ qdwfokOf;cJh=uygw,f?

"u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpk pepfudk yxrOD;qkH; aqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?wdkif;&if;om; tm;vkH; wef;wl tcGifhta&; eJ@ yg0ifEdkifwJh b,fvdk jynfaxmifpk pepfudkwnfaxmif oGm;rvJ qdkwmudk aqG;aEG;&if; tJ'D jynfaxmifpk pepfxJrSm yg0ifoifhwJhjynfaxmifpk wyfrawmf qdkwmudkyg xnfhoGif; aqG;aEG; oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtcsufawGudk aqG;aEG;+yD;rS omvSsif tem*wfrSm u|efawmfwdk@ b,fvdk qufvuf &yfwnf qdkwmudkaqG;aEG;rSm jzpfygw,f? 'DtcsufawG udk raqG;aEG;bJ eJ@ u|efawmfwdk@ wyfawG/ vltiftm;vufeuf tiftm; avSsm@csoGm;zdk@ tpDtpOfawGudk xnf@oGif; aqG;aEG;rSm r[kwfygbl;"vdk@

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vufeufudkif tkyfcsKyfa&; udk pGef@+yD; zGJŒpnf;ykH 2008 udk toufoGif; cJh=ujyefawmhyk'fr 6(p) rSm "EdkifiHawmf. trsKd;om; EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾wGif wyfrawmf uyg0ifxrf; aqmifEdkifa&; udk tpOfwpdkuf OD;wnfonf" vdk@ a=uG;a=umf yg0ifcJh avawmhajymif;awmh ajymif;w,f/ ta[mif;}uD; yJ jrif=u&jyef w,f? 'Dta[mif;}uD; udkajymif;vJEdkifa&; 2012 =um;jzwf a&G;aumufyGJ a=uG;a=umfoHu 2013 rSm us,favmifpGmjrnf[nf;vmvdk@ avhvm okH;oyfa&; aumfrwDzGJ@ um 2013 udk uef@vef@um ydwfcJh w,f?2014 udkawm@ tm%m&Sd olwdk@eJ@ wyfrawmf u jyifcsiforSs yk'frrsm;eJ@ Z,m;rsm;udk omzGJŒpnf;ykHyg jyifqifenf; twdkif;jyif=uzdk@ qdk+yD; pDrHtqdk jyKvdk@ uef@vef@um zGifhay;cJhyg w,f?jyifqifa&; uef@vef@ um&JŒ aemufuG,frSm b,f 'g¶dkufwmawGu b,fvdk n$ef=um;+yD;b,frif;om; rif;orD;awGu ¶_yfaxG;vS wJ@ zGJŒpnf;ykH jyifqifa&; ckepfaxG tu ujy=urvJqdkwm 2014 rSm &ifoyf¶_armzG,f awGŒ=u&OD;rSmyg?

zGJŒpnf;ykH jyifqifa&; uawmh t}uHjyKcsufawG udk av@vm okH;oyfwJh tqifhudkausmfvGef+yD; jyifqifa&; rl=urf; a&;qGJzdk@ jyifqifaewJh tqifh a&mufoGm;+yD? acgif;aqmifr_av[me,fvdk@ EdkifiHa&; ynm&SifawG okH;aewJh orRw ae&m t[}uD;udk b,fykH b,fenf;zmax;=urSmvJ? wyfrawmfuom ESpf&Snf vrsm; ae&m ,lxm;cJhwJh 'Dae&m}uD;udk t&yfom;ppfppf}uD; ay;zdk@ pOf;pm;jyifqif cJh=uw,f qdk&ifawm@ tawmfudk cufcJwJh jyifqifr_}uD; udkvkyfEdkifcJhwmyJ vdk@ vufckyfwD; }udKqdkrdrSmyg? 'DudpPrSmvnf; r,kH=unf=u ao; ygbl;? t&yfom;ppfppf}uD;udk tkyfcsKyfa&; t}uD;tuJ ae&may;zdk@ pOf;pm;&if 2008 zGJŒpnf;ykH u trsm;odwJhyk'fr 59 (p) udk tarGjywfpGef@v$wfa=unm&ygr,f? vuf&Sd tcsdeftxd pGef@v$wfy,fzsuf=uzdk@ ,kH=unf r_ odyfr&Sd=uao;ygbl;?

"jynfoltrsm;pku jyifcsifw,f/ jyifcsifwJh ta=umif;t&muvnf; 'DzGJŒpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'udk jyifrSomvSsif wu,f@udkppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpk u/Gefrwdk@xlaxmifEdkifzdkŒ jzpfw,fqdk&if wyfrawmftaeeJ@ owdW&Sd&SdeJ@ jyifoifhwJh udpPawGudk jyif&r,fvdku|efr 'Dtwdkif;yJ ,kH=unfygw,f/ wyfrawmfvkyf+yD; owWdr&Sdvdk@&Sd&if 'DEdkifiHudk b,fvdkvkyfumuG,frvJ/ tJ'Dawmh owWdqdkwm trsKd;rsKd;yg/ ppfajrjyifrSm wdkuf&JwJh owWdqdkwmvnf; wefzdk;xm;&r,fh owWdyg? odk@aomfvnf; aemufqkH; usawm@ wdkuf&J cdkuf&JwJ@owWdawGxuf tm;vkH txufrSm&SdwJh owWd[m pdwf"mwf tiftm; owWdyJ jzpfygw,f/rSefuefwJh t&mudk vkyf&JwJh owWdxuf }uD;wJh owWd r&Sdygbl;vdkŒ u|efr ajymyg&ap"vdk@

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a':atmifqef;pk =unfu 9/ 1/ 2014 [m;cg;+rdKŒ vlxk a[majymyGJ rSm ajymcJh ygw,f?'g[m wyfrawmf eJ@ jynfol=um;rSmvnf; ,kH=unfr_ rwnfaqmuf Edkifao;wmudk

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2008 zGJŒpnf;ykH tajccH Oya' t& wyfrawmf[m oD;jcm; &yfwnfcGifh/ tkyfcsKyfr_tm%meJ@ Oya'jyKr_ tm%mawGudk oD;jcm;yg0if &,lcGifhawG wpfoD}uD; &xm;ygw,f?'ghtjyif ta&;ay: tajctae rSm wyfrawmf taeeJ@ EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'ESifh tnD w&m;0if xdef;odrf; &,lcGifh &Sdaejyefawmh jynfolawG taeeJ@ a&SŒqufrvm;aemufqkwfrvm; r,kH=unfr_awGeJ@ jynfhaew,f?

EdkifiHa&; okawoD awGeJ@ EdkifiHa&; ynm&SifawG uawm@ wyfrawmf taeeJ@wpfpkH wpf&mudk pdk;&drfvdk@ tm%mudk qufvufpGJudkif xm;wmjzpf+yD;/ xdk pdk;&drfr_wdk@avsm@yg;oGm;wJh tavSsmuf wyfrawmf&JŒ yg0if ywfoufr_ avsmhoGm;Edkifw,f vdk@ ¶_jrif=uygw,f? 'guvnf; "rRwmyJrdk@ rSefEdkifygw,f? b,fpepf urS t+rJwrf; rwnf+rJ avawmhwpfae@ae@ awm@ aemufqkwf oGm;Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJh wjcm;wpfzuf rSmvnf; a&SŒ jyefwdk;+yD;tm%m tcsKdŒwpf0ufudk xdef;odrf;xm;&m uae tvkH;pkH jyefrxdef;odrf; Edkifaybl; vm;vdk@oHo,av; awG0if =uwmvnf; wpfzufu =unfhE d ki fwJ h ord ki f; trSefw&m;wpfckjzpfaejyefw,f? qdk&&if wpfzufeJ@ wpfzuf ,kH=unfr_awG r_ef0g;aew,f? r_ef0g;aewJh,kH=unfr_udk jywfom; &Sif;vif; oGm;atmif awGŒqkH aqG;aEG;=ur,f qdkjyefawmh qdkif&myk*f~dKvftm;vkH;u toifhygyJ ajymayr,fh tckxd rawGŒ Edkif=uao;wm uawmh udk,fhudk,fudk,fawmif ,kH=unfr_ enf;ae=u ao;w,f vkd@ aumuf,l &rvdk jzpfaeygw,f?

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okkd@aomf AmvqkkdwJh vlrkkdufuawmh tESpfom&ukkd jrifEkkdifrSm r[kkwfygbl;?b,fvkkdyif tm%m&Sd+yD; pnf;pdrfOpPm =uG,f0oljzpfapumrl xdkktm%mpnf;pdrfawGukkdrw&m;ojzifh &&Sdxm;olqkkdygu xkkdolukkd Akk'<u Amvvkkd@yJ oufrSwfygw,f?

'Drkkdua&pD tom;us+yD;om; EkkdifiHawGukkd =unfhvkkduf&if EkkdifiHtkyfcsKyfolrsm;eJ@EkkdifiHom;rsm;&JŒ jyKrlvkkyfaqmifykkHrsm;[m tESpfom&tm;jzifh Akk'<vrf;pOfeJ@ ukkdufnDaewmawG@&ygw,f? orRwrS p+yD; jynfol@0efxrf;tm;vkkH; oufrSwfxm;wJh vpmrSwyg; Oya'eJ@rnDwJh tykk d0ifaiG r&Sdyg? vmbfay;vmbf,lr_ r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;ygw,f? vlwkk dif;tcGefaqmif&ygw,f? tcGefa&Smifvkkd@ r&Ekkdifavmufatmif b%fpepfeJ@ Oya'pkkd;rkkd;r_ aumif;ygw,f? tcGefaiGawGukkd ynma&; usef;rma&; pwJh jynfol@0efaqmifr_ vkkyfief;rsm;eJ@vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; pwJh tajccH taqmufttkk H vkkyfief;rsm;rSm jynfhjynfh00tokkH;jyKygw,f? tpm; eJ@ t0wfawGukd vlwkkdif; vufvSrf;rSDEkkdifwJh aps;e_ef;eJ@ vG,fulpGm

58


0,f,lEkkdifw,f? aep&m tdrfcef;eJ@ oGm;p&m ,mOfukkd vlwkkdif; ykkdifqkkdifEkkdifwJh tajctae&Sdygw,f?

um;0,fpD;Ekkdifol[m b0ifjrifhp&m r[kkwfovkkd+ydKifqkkdif rmefwufp&mvnf;r[kkwfyg? ckkd;vkkdolrsm; ckkd;zkkd@ rvG,fovkkd ckkd;p&mvnf; rvkkdojzifh vlawGrSm rw&m; ,lvkkdpdwfeJ@ckkd;vkkdpdwfrsm; yg;oxufyg; &Sm;oxuf &Sm;vmygw,f? 'ga=umifh 0doravmba=umifht'dEMm'ge oduQmykk'fukkd usL;vGef azgufzsufr_ tvGefyJ enf;ygw,f?

tlr awmifhawmh vlawG tvkkdtavsmuf oDv apmifh+yD;om; jzpfoGm;ygw,f?tlr rawmifhvSsuf oDvapmifhEk k difolvnf; &S dEk k difygw,f? okk d@aomfvnf; vlwkk dif;oDvapmifhEkkdifwJh tajctae zefwD;ay;zkkd@ rjzpfrae vkkdtyfw,fqkkdwm ig;ygoDv em;&nf0wJhjrefrmEkkdifiHrSm ig;yg;oDv usdK;aygufr_ rsm;aewmeJ@ ig;yg;oDv r=um;zl;wJh taemufEkkdifiHawGrSm ckkd;r_ vdrfvnfr_ uJhokkd@aom oDvusdK;aygufr_ enf;yg;aewmukkd E_dif;,SOf=unfhjcif;jzifhoabmaygufEkkdifygw,f? Akk'<vrf;pOfeJ@ 'Drkkdua&pDpepf vkkdufavsmnDaxG &Sdaer_rsm;ukkdjrifEkkdifrSmyg?

orRw OD;odef;pdefu 'Drkkdua&pD pHE_ef;jynfh ay;zkkd@ wGef@qkkwfaeygw,f? trSefawmh'Drkkdua&pDpHE_ef;eJ@ w&m;rSswr_/ pD;yGg;a&; tcGifhtvrf;/ pm;0wfaea&; zlvkkHr_/ vlaer_b0jrifhrm; wkkd;wufr_/ EkkdifiHzGH@+zdK;r_awG[m qufpyfaewmyg?

ppfrSefwJh 'Drkkdua&pDukkd cGifhrjyKEkkdifwm[m EkkdifiHom;rsm;&JŒ vlaer_b0 wkkd;wufzGHŒ+zdK;r_ukkd rvkkdvm;bl;vdkk@ qkkdvkkd&m a&mufygw,f? 'g[m Akk'<bmom&JŒ arwWm u&kk%m rkk'dwmukkd,fcsif;pmemr_ vl*kk%foduQmukkd tav;xm;r_ qkkdwJh pHE_ef;awGukkd ypfy,fr_ygyJ?

,ae@ ppft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;&JŒ t,ltqawG[m jynfol@qENeJ@ qef@usifaeovkkdAkk'<vrf;pOf 'Drkkdua&pDvrf;pOfeJ@vnf; vkkH;0 qef@usifaewmyg? ppfwyfu vuf&Sd 2008tajccHOya'ukkd ukkdifpGJaeoa&GŒ ppfwyf&JŒ &yfwnfcsuf[m jynfol@&yfwnfcsufeJ@zDvmuef@vef@ jzpfaetkkH;rSmyg?

avmu vlom;awGtaeeJ@ csrf;om=uG,f0r_ tm%m =oZmt&Sdeft0gwnfaqmuf Ekkdifr_awGukkd =unhf+yD; vlwpfa,muf&JŒ atmifjrifr_ukkd tuJjzwfwwf=uwma=umifh xkkdt&mawGukkd &&Sdol[m atmifjrifolvkkd@ ajym=urSmyg?

{+yDv 21 &ufae@u uG,fvGef tedpPa&mufoGm;cJhwJh NLD em,u q&m}uD;OD;0if;wif&JŒ EkkdifiHeJ@ jynfoltwGuf ukkd,fusdK;pGef@v$wf tepftemcHoGm;cJhykkHawG[m yg&rD&Siftavmif;awmf}uD;rsm;&JŒ ukkd,fusdK;pGef@v$wf tepftemcHoGm;cJhykkHawGeJ@ xyfwlxyfrSs wlnDaewmukkd awG@jrifEkkdif=urSmyg?

jrefrmjynfolvlxkk[m rw&m;ojzifh tm%meJ@ OpPmpnf;pdrfawGukkd &,lykkdifqkkdifxm;=uolawGukkd wefzkd;xm;um atmifjrifolvkkd@ oufrSwf=uygovm;? q&m}uD; OD;0if;wifwkkd@vkkd

59


jynfoltwGuf pGef@v$wftepftemcHwwfolawGudkk wefzdk;xm;um atmifjrifolvkkd@ oufrSwf=uygovm; qkkdwm q&m}uD; rusef;rrm aq;&kkHwufaepOf umveJ@ q&m}uD; qkkH;yg;+yD;aemufq&m}uD;&JŒ atmufarhzG,f tcrf;tem;eJ@ psmyetcrf;tem;awGukkd =unfhvkk duf&iftajzay:ygw,f?

rw&m;r_eJ@ rrSswwJh pepfqkkd;ukkd qef@usifwGef;vSef&if; pGef@v$wftepftemcHtoufay;oGm;=uol yg&rD&Sif olawmfaumif;}uD;rsm;ukkd av;pm;*kk%fjyK trSwf&ae=urSmjzpfovkkd jrefrmEkkdifiHrSm oufqkkd;&SnfaeqJjzpfwJh rw&m;r_ rrSswr_awGukkd &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolvlxkkw&yfvkkH;u qufvufum qef@usifwGef;vSef =u&tkkH;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;c&D;quf&ygtkkH;r,f? jynfolvlxkkw&yfvkkH;&JŒ awmfvSefa&;c&D; jzpfygw,f?

t&Si fpENdrm (rGefpdefawm&)

ZGef 9/ 2014

60


oDvr&SdwJh taqmufttHk }uD;rsm;

udkwm

vl@tzGJŒ tpnf;ukd yg0g tDvdrsm;u v$rf;rkd;xm;onf? xkd yg0g tDvdonf tpdk;&ESihfrD'D,m tygt0if jzpfaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm; yg0if.? Amorality qkdaom t*Fvdyfa0g[m&wck &Sdonf? atmufygtwkdif; teufaumuf Ekdifygonf? Amorality ]oDv&,fvdk@ r&Sdjcif;? tJonf t&nftcsif;udkyJ acwftzGJŒtpnf;awGu ESpfvdk=u/auseyf=uonf? oDv&,fvdk@ r&SdwmudkyJ ya&mfzuf&Sife,f yDojcif; (Professionalism)

/ xdxd a&mufa&mufvkyfwwfjcif; (Efficiency) &,fvkd@ !$ef;=uonf?oDvysufjcif;/ tusifhysufjcif;uawmh Immorality jzpfonf? ukd,fhoabmeJ@udk,f

trSm;vkyfwmrsKd;ukd ac:ygonf? udk,fxif&mvkyfvdk@ tusifhpm&dwW ysuf&onf?oDv&,fvdk@ukd r&Sdwm (Amorality) uawmh tzGJŒtpnf; taqmufttHk

}uD;wcku apvkd@/ tJonf taqmufttHk}uD;u oGefoifxm;wJhtwdkif;vkyfvdk@ jzpf&onf?pm&dwW&,fvkd@ukd r&Sdwmu ydk+yD;qdk;onf? vlrSm&Sdtyfaom wm0ef&dSr_udk jiif;y,fvkd@

&vdk@yg? olwdk@ tzGJŒtpnf;rSm pm&dwW&,fvdk@rS r&Sdwm/ xkdtzGJŒtpnf;u vlonfraumif;r_awG usL;vGefvnf; wm0efr,lawmhyg? wu,fawmh pm&dwW&,fvkd@r&Sd&if vl[mwd&pm>efjzpfoGm;onf? "igwdk@u cdkif;vkd@vkyf&wm wm0eft&vkyfwmyJ" [laom pum;rsKd;udkoDvr&Sdaom tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u vlrsm;ajymqkd=uonfukd usaemfwdk@ =um;zl;=uonf?

,ckacwfumv}uD;Y tiftm; tvGef}uD;ukefaom taqmufttHk}uD;rsm; &Sd.?,if;wdk@onf taumif txnf}uD;/ owW0g}uD;vdkjzpfI ol@oabm olaqmifonf? Oyrmtjzpf aumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;wckukd pOf;pm; =unfhEkdifonf?

EdkifiHwumukr%Dwck. pDtD;tkd qkdygpdk@? olonf vlaumif;jzpfI vlr_wm0efawmhauscsifonf? okd@aomf &S,f,mydkif&Sifrsm;. tusKd;tjrwfudk=unhf&jcif;u ol@tm;uef@owfxm;.? obm0 ywf0ef;usifukd olu rzsufqD;vkdaomfvnf; tjrwf&zdk@omol@tvkyfjzpfonf? tjrwfrxGufaomf tvkyfjyKwfonf? aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf0efxrf;rsm;. apwemESifhwefzdk;wdk@rS uif;vGwfaom taqmufttHk}uD;/ owW0g}uD;jzpfonf?

,if;taqmufttHk}uD;rsm;onf vlwdk@ukd v$rf;rdk;aeonf? Ak'<bmom ¶_axmifhu=unhfaomf avmb tpktaygif;/ a'go tpktaygif;/ arm[ tpktaygif;rsm;jzpfonf?*gvfwGefu xkdtaqmuf ttHk}uD;rsm;. w&m;r&Sdjcif;/ t"rR vkyfaejcif;udk a0g[m&wckxGifonf? Structural Violence [l.? reufaexGufonfrSpI taqmufttHk}uD;rsm;u vlawGtay: oufa&muf=uavonf?

61


avmbtaqmufttHk}uD;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf avmbtaumif}uD; (0g) avmb tifpwDusL;&Sif;

jzpfonf? enf; 2 enf;tm;jzifh jzpfonf?(1) tjrwf&zdk@ b,fawmhrS rwif;wdrf/ c¶kdeD}uD;rsm;ukd erlemtjzpf =unhfEkdifonf?(2) *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf aumfydk&dwf t&if;&Sifpepfjzpf&m "tjrwftpGef;

&jcif;ESifh }uD;jcif;" yJ ta&;}uD;.? ,if; 2 cktwGuf obm0 ywf0ef;usifaomfvnf;aumif;vl@b0 t&nftaoG;aomfvnf;aumif; paw;onf? aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;u ouf&Sdywf0ef;usifukd obm0o,HZmwtjzpf/ vlawGukd vlo,HZmwtjzpfom jrifonf?

xkdtjrifukdpGJvsuf jyKvkyf=uaom oDv&,fvkd@ r&Sd=uonfhtjyKtr_twGufrnfolu wm0efcHrSmvJ? awm aus;vufuvlrsm; pD;yGm;a&;Y udk,fpkd;udk,f rydkifawmhjcif;/ajrudk pGef@cGmajy;&jcif;/ a&ukd a&mif;cs&jcif;/ awmukd zsufqD;jcif; ponfwdk@rSm &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_rsm; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;ESifh qufpyfae onf? xkd'kuQa&mufjcif;rsm;ukd "ppf-c¶kdeD-aumfydk&dwftpkta0;" uyJ wm0efcH&rnf? xkdtpkta0;wGif ygaeaom ppf0g'onfvnf; pm&dwW&,fvkd@r&Sdaom taqmufttHkwrsKd;jzpfonf? Ak'<bmom¶_Œaxmifhu =unhfaomf a'gotaumif}uD; a'gotifpwDusL;&Sif;}uD;jzpfonf?

a'gotaqmufttHk}uD;vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'/ tjypfay;zdk@ oufoufom &nfpl;wJh axmif/ w&m; pD&ifa&;

pepfwdk@onf a'gotifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomf taumif;qHk; OyrmrSmawmh ppfodk@r[kwf ppf}uD;pkd;a&;0g' jzpfonf?

20 &mpkrSm ppfa=umifh vl oef; 170 aoonf? *vkdb,f ppfp&dwfonfppfvufeuf ta&mif;t0,fyg xnfhwGufvSsif 1 x&DvsH a':vm &SdowJh? tar&duef.toHk;p&dwfonf ,if;. w0uf&Sdonf? usaemfwdk@aum? usaemf&JŒ ppfbwf*sufonfvnf;bwf*sufwckvHk;. 24 &mckdifE_ef;&Sdonf?

usaemfwdk@ vl@tzGJŒtpnf;onfyif ppfvkdawG;aeaom vl@tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfae+yDvm;?rwlonfukd vufrcH Edkifjcif;/ r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;jcif;/ tm;enf;olukd tEkdifusihfjcif;/ Ekdif&if+yD;pwrf;/ tiftm;ukdoHk;&ef vufraES;jcif;[laom ppf. vuQ%mrsm;onf Tjynf}uD;wGifysHŒESH@aeonf?

"ppf. jy\emonf usaemfwdk@onf vlaumif;rsm;jzpfonf/ usaemfwdk@onfvlqkd;rsm;jzpfonf[laom jy\emr[kwfbJ ppfa=umifh usaemfwdk@ tZPswWu raumif;aomtykdif;rsm; wkd;vmjcif;/ xkdraumif;jcif;rsm;twGuf ta=umif; ,kwWd&Smvkd@ &jcif;jzpfonf?ppfu usaemfwdk@tm; tjcm;olrsm;udkowf&ef odk@r[kwf &ufpuf&ef tm;ay;onf?wenf;tm;jzifh ppfjzpfonfESifhw+ydKifeuf vlaumif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlqkd;aomf

62


vnf;aumif; r&SdawmhbJ tjcm;vl@tpkukd 'kuQay;&ef }udK;pm;aeaom vlpkom &Sdawmhonf?"ppfwyfukd rvHk+cHKr_ oabmxm;tay:tajccHI wnfaqmufonf? &efolukd/

wzufvl (the other) udk &Sm&aom tzGJŒtpnf;? b,fawmhrS rvHk+cHK[laom tjrifESifhzGJŒonf? "a';ApfvGdKif;" u ppf-pufr_ taqmufttHkonf pkaygif; tEkwfvuQ%m (our

collective negativity) udk azmfaqmifaom a'go tifpwDusL;&Sif;[k a[monf?arm[taqmufttHk}uD;

usaemfwdk@. odyHkodenf;ukd yHkoGif;aeaom tifpwDusL;&Sif;rSm rD'D,m jzpfonf?vlxkonf rD'D,m odapcsifovkdom odonf? 'Drkdua&pD ppfppfonf vGwfvyfaomwwf=uGv_yf&Sm;aom rD'D,m vkdtyfonf? tvGJoHk;pm; trSm;vkyfae=uonfrsm;udkod=u&efESifh EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;udk vlxkyg0ifaqG;aEG;Edkif &efjzpfonf? odk@aomf rD'D,m}uD;rsm;onf wjznf;jznf;}uD;vmI aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;jzpfatmif vkyfvmonfESifhtrSs "rR"dÏmefusjcif;/ trSefukdwifjyjcif;rS a0;=uonf? tjrwfxGufatmif vkyf&aom tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;jzpfI olwkd@twGuf a=umfjim0ifaiGu ta&;}uD;vmonf? tb,f rD'D,mrsm;upm;oHk;jcif;0g' wenf;tm;jzifh aps;0,fjcif; t"du0g' (consumerism) udk ar;cGef;xkwfoenf;? tb,f wDADGa=umfjimu ¶kd;¶kd;&Sif;&Sif; aysmf&$ifaeaom rdom;pkta=umif; v$ifhoenf;?

qGJaqmifaom a=umfjim rsm;a=umifh usaemfwdk@ uav;awG udkumukdvmaomufItoifhpm; bl;pmrsm;/ tr_dufpmrsm; (Junk foods) pm;=uukefonf? qJpmrsm;/ v_HŒqGpmrsm;/v_HŒqGo¶kyfazmfyHkrsm;azmfjyvsuf *sme,frsm;onf taveawm tzsif;todrfrsm;ESifh vlxkukdESdrfhcsvdkufonf? vlxkonf yg;eyfaom vlwpk. upm;jcif;ukd cH&onfrSm ta&;r}uD;oavm? trSefodjcif;. ta&;}uD;onfh tydkif;wckonf "usaemfwdk@u obm0usonf[lIvufcHaeaom oabmxm;rsm;/ 'gawGu a&Smifv$Jvkd@r& xdk@a=umifh vufcH&rnf[laomudpPtawmfrsm;rsm;onf pifppf tajctaeay:rlwnfIom jzpfaeonf? xkd@a=umifh"ajymif;vJypfEdkif"[laom odjcif;jzpfonf? tjcm;tjrifrsm;ukd azmfjyaom rD'D,mrsm;vkdtyfonf? yifra&pD; rD'D,mukd ausmfvGefaom tjcm;tjrif rD'D,m (Alternative Me-

dia) rsm;xHrSom tajctaeukd ajymif;vJEkdifaom tjrifopfrsm; &Edkifonf? usaemfwdk@rD'D,mrsm;onfvnf; arm[taqmufttHkrsm;jzpfEkdifa=umif; usaemfwdk@u owd&Sd&rnf?

jcGif;csuftenf;i,frSvGJI vl@tzGJŒtpnf;ukd yg0gtDvdrsm;u v$rf;rkd;xm;onf?xkdyg0gtDvdonf tpdk;&ESifh rD'D,mtygt0ifjzpfaom ukr%D}uD;rsm; yg0if.? oDvr&dSaom,if;taqmufttHk (0g) tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;tm; oDv&Sdaom taqmufttHkrsm;jzpfatmif vlxk. }udK;pm;wGef;vSefjcif;udkyJ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; (Reform) [kac:onf?

udkwm({&m0wD rD'D,mrS)

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vltqufquf ordkif;tqufqufwnfaqmuf&wJh yHk&dyf

armifomcsdK

(wpf)q&mjroef;wifh bmomjyefqdkcJ honfh urBmausmf 0w ˆK&Snf}uD;awGxJrSm

"a&$jynfawmf ar#mfwdkif;a0;" onfvnf; wpftkyf tygt0ifjzpfygonf? aoG;u t*FvdyfaoG;/arG;awmh tdEdN,rSm arG;onfh pma&;q&mr trftrfau; M.M.Kaye . vuf&mrGef The

Far Pavillion udk bmomjyefqdkxm;onfh 0wKyJjzpfygonf? udkvdkeDacwf +Adwdo# tkyfpdk;r_atmufu rZdPsra'o tdEdN,udkaemufcHxm;um vGrf;armp&m jc,fr_ef;xm;onfh 0wK&Snf}uD;wpfyk'fyJ jzpfygonf? rdcifa&m/ zcifyg uG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf t*FvdyfppfAdkvfuav;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaom tuf&SfESifh tdEdN,r[m&mZmwpfOD;.orD;/ aemif apmfbGm;.ZeD;taxGaxGrsm;xJrS wpfa,mufjzpfvmrnfhol ZlvDwdk@. arwWmZmwfvrf;udk yifrausm&dk;wnfum zGJ@xm;onfh 0wKyJjzpfygonf?

u|efawmf onf0wK}uD;udk zwfzl;cJhonfrSm =umyg+yD? [dkvGefcJhonfh tESpf 20ausmf twGJ (8) wGJcGJum xkwfa0cJhpOfuwnf;u zwfjzpfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? aemuf ESpfwGJcGJumjyefxkwfawmh rdom;pk pmtkyfpiftwGuf 0,fxnfhxm;cJhaomfvnf; jyefrzwfjzpf? xdk@a=umifhtao;pdwfawGudkvnf; u|efawmfrrSwfrdEdkifawmh? odk@aomf bmrS ta&;r}uD;vSonfhZmwfuGufuav;wpfcku u|efawmfhpdwfxJ vm+idaecJhum tckxd arhaysmufjcif;iSmrpGrf;omcJha=umif;udkum; 0efcHvdkygonf?

wpfae@ +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh tvSrf;a0;&m tdEd N,tzsm;tem a'orsm;odk@wm0eft& c&D;oGm;=upOf 0efwifpcef;wpfckrSm pcef;csxm;cdkuf t*FvdyfppfAdkvfuav;tuf&Sf ESifh bD*sL;&ef;wdk@ tcsif;rsm;onf? bD*sL;&ef;u t*FvdyfppfAdkvf tuf&Sfudk &Sif;ypfzdk@

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}udK;yrf;cJhzl;oljzpf&m wpfa,mufajcvSrf;udk wpfa,muf apmifh=unfhaecJh=u&mu 0efwifpcef;tjyifbuf va&mifatmufrSm ESpfa,mufwnf; &ifqdkifrd=u+yD; wdkufcdkufcJh=ujcif;yifjzpfygonf?

ajracG;qefvSaom bD*sL;&ef;u pum;ajymaepOfrSmyif tqdyfvl; "g;ajrSmifjzifhtuf&Sfudk tvpfidkuf0ifxdk;onf? tuf&Sfu a&Smif+yD;ajcxdk;ay;vdkuf&m 0rf;vsm;xdk;vJusoGm;onf? tuf&Sf "g;ajrSmifudkaumufum xdk;rvdk vkyf+yD;umrS wHk@ueJjzpfoGm;onf[kqdkygonf? Tae&mY t*FvdyfppfAdkvf tuf&Sftm; wHk@ueJjzpfoGm;ap&onfhtcsufudkpma&;q&mu rSwfcsufay;onf?

tuf&S f. rsdK;&d k;ADZESif h t*Fvdyfynma&;u Zmwdjy+yD; vlwpfa,mufudkaemufausmudk "g;jzifhxdk;jcif;/ vufeufrJh vlwpfa,mufudk vufeufjzifh wdkufcdkufjcif;/vJusaeonfh vlwpfa,mufudk owfykwfjcif;onf a,muFsm;ryDo&m a&mufonf[k...?

t*FvdyfppfAdkvfuav; tuf&Sf wHk@ueJ jzpfoGm;cJhovdk pmzwfol u|efawmfvnf;wHk@ueJjzpfoGm;&onfrSm trSefjzpfygonf? rsdK;&dk;ADZESifh ynma&;u vlwpfa,mufjcif;udkomru vlrsdK;. p&dkufvuQ%myHk&dyf/ trSwftom;udk jyXmef;owJh? u|efawmfwdk@. charac-

ter/ u|efawmfwdk@. image/ u|efawmfwdk@. idenity?w&m;ojzifhom tEdkif,lvdkaom t*FvdyfppfAdkvfuav; tuf&Sfudk pma&;q&mr

M.M.Kaye u rsdK;&dk;ADZESifh ynma&;.t&dyfjzifh az: jycJhygonf?(ESpf)

u|efawmfwdk@ESifh awmfawmf&if;ESD;onf rGef - jrefrma&;&m ta&;awmfyHkpmtkyfwpftkyf&Sdygonf? &mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfyHkusrf;/ rGef0ef}uD; Anm;'v. bmomjyefvuf&m/ tif;0tajcpdkuf jrefrmbk&if rif;acgifESifh [Hom0wDtajcpdkuf rGefbk&if &mZm"d&mZfwdk@. ppfyGJrsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;pmtkyf? onfpmtkyfyg rGefol&Jaumif; v*Gef;tdrfta=umif;wpfcsufu twk,lavmufygonf?

ppfyGJumvrsm;twGif; r=umc% opPmqdk=u&m wpf}udrfY jynf+rdK@ jroDwif;bk&m;Y+idrf;csrf;a&; opPmjyK=uonf? odk@aomf r=umrDrSmyif jrefrmwdk@u rGef+rdK@&Gmrsm;udk xdyg;+yD;opPmzsuf&m rGefbk&if &mZm"d&mZfu rSwfxm;onf? odk@jzifh jrefrmwdk@ta&;edrfhpOf wpfae@YopPmjyK&ef urf;vSrf;vmjyefygonf? yef;ausmfacsmif;teD; oJaomifjyifY opPmjyK=u&efjzpf+yD;vl (30) pD awG@=u&ef oabmwlygonf?

TwGif &mZm"d&mZfu ordefjrwfZ/ trwfwdef/ ordeft0eHEdkif/ ordeftJjA&J ponfhtrwfaoemywdrsm;ESifh awG@qHkwdkifyif=u&m opPmrapmifhaom jrefrmwdk@udk rdrdwdk@uvnf;opPmrapmifh&ef oabmwlonf? opPmjyK=urnfh yef;ausmfacsmif; oJaomifjyifwGif "m;/vSHwdk@udk }udKwifjrSKwfxm;um jrefrmwdk@udk vkyf}uH&ef qHk;jzwfonf?

65


opPmjyKrnfhae@Y rGef 30/ jrefrm 30/ ESpfa,muf wpfwGJ wGJum twGJoHk;q,fwdk@yef;ausmfacsmif; oJaomifjyifudkjzwfonf? aemufqHk;twGJrSm rGefol&Jaumif; v*Gef;tdrfESifhjrefrmtrwf owdk;wdk@twGJ jzpfygonf? vufeufrygbJ opPmjyK+yD;onfESifh jrefrmrl;rwfwdk@urGefbk&if &mZm"d&mZfESif hawG@/ rGefrl;rwfwdk@u jrefrmbk&if rif;acgifESif h awG@rnfhtpDtpOfjzpf&m rGefwdk@u oJaomifwGif jrSKwfxm;onfh vufeufrsm;udkaz:um jrefrmwdk@udkwdkufcdkufzrf;qD;&ef tpDtpOfyifjzpfonf?

odk@aomf xdktpDtpOfysufygonf? rGefol&Jaumif; v*Gef;tdrfa=umifhyJ jzpfygonf?jrefrmtrwf owdk;u opPmjyKyGJ rSefrrSefar;&m v*Gef;tdrfu rrSefa=umif;ajymvdkufojzifhopPmjyKyGJysufum a&Smifom/ wdrf;om jzpfoGm;=ujcif;yif? onfhtwGuf &mZm"d&mZf. trdef@uv*Gef;tdrfudk ajc/ vuf jzwfIowfap? TwGif yg;uGuftm%mom;wdk@u csufcsif;ruGyfjrufbJ tcsdefqdkif;xm;cJh&m rl;rwfwdk@. t}uHjyKcsufjzifh v*Gef;tdrfudk ac:ppfonf?v*Gef;tdrfuvnf; rdrda=umifh opPmjyKyGJysufonfudk 0efcHygonf? Tr#ru rGefvlrsdK;[email protected]&dyftwGuf ordkif;&mZ0iftqufquf ta&;}uD;aom pum;wpfcGef;udk wifav#mufcJh&m[Hom0wD eef;awmfwpfckvHk; wkefvSKyfoGm;cJh&onf?

"w&menf;vrf;rusonfh atmifjrifr_udk u|EfkyfrESpfouf" [laom pum;yJjzpfygonf?

uwdopPmrwnfaom taumuf}uHaomyHk&dyf/ vlrsdK;tay: Y pGef;xif;roGm;&efv*Gef;tdrf. tar#mftjrif}uD;r_yif jzpfygonf? v*Gef;tdrfu vlrsdK;.yHk&dyfudk xdkodk@jrSifhwif+yD;aemufwGifrS wdkufyGJudk Edkifatmufwdkufjyum tr_awmfxrf;cJholvnf; jzpfygonf?onfwpfyGJwGif taumuf}uHum Edkifvdkufjcif;jzifh ordkif;tqufquf &H_;+yD;&if;&H_;um vlrsdK;emrnf tzwfq,fr& jzpfroGm;atmif &yfwnfcJhyHkudk u|efawmf pGJaerdonf?

(oHk;)"e/ jrefrmh"e ponfh pD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;wdk@ t&Sdeft[kefaumif;cJhpOf umvwkef;u

tifwmAsL;wpfckudk u|efawmf trSwf&rdonf? 0rf;wGif;wdk@/ rHk&Gmwdk@/ tr&yl&wdk@vdktxnftvdyfvkyfief; wGifus,f&m +rdK@wpf+rdK@[k qdkygpdk@?

tifwmAsL;vkyfolu +rdK@cHvkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm ar;onfh arcGef;awGxJwGift&nftaoG; rjynfhrDonfh &ufuef;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; &SdcJhaomf rnfodk@aqmif&Gufoenf;qdkonfh ar;cGef;yg0if&m/ u|efawmf pdwf0ifpm;oGm;rdonf? bmqdkifvdk@vJaygh? udk,fhypPnf;udk,faumif;atmif vkyfaygh? olrsm;xkwfukef nHhwm udk,fhudpPrS r[kwfwmaygh? odk@aomfajzqdkol. tajrSmftjrif}uD;aom pdwftqifhtwef;u ol@tajzrSm xif;ueJ ay:vGifaeygonf? olwdk@u xdknHhzsif;aom vkyfief;&Sifudk ac:,laqG;aEG; t}uHay;owJh? pdwf"mwfnHhaomf pdwf"mwf/ enf;ynmnHhaomf enf;ynm/ puf,EW,m;nHhaomf puf,EW,m;/ b,fvdk

66


jyKjyifygqdkwm t}uHay;owJh? olwdk@u olwdk@ "+rdK@" emrnfysufoGm;rSm pdk;&drfwm[kqdkygonf? txnfay:u wHqdyfwGif rHk&Gm+rdK@/ 0rf;wGif;+rdK@/ tr&yl&+rdK@ ponfjzifh &dkufESdyfxm;wwf&m/ nHhzsif;r_udk +rdK@ESifhwGJum rHk&GmxnfawG/ 0rf;wGif;xnfawG/ tr&yl&xnfawGponf ponfjzifh yHk&dyfnHhroGm;atmif 0dkif;0ef; xdef;uGyf=uwm[k qdkygonf?

(av;)jrefrmawGu azmfa&Gw,f/ tpPa&;awGu nDnGwfw,f/ tnmom;awGu &dk;w,f/

qGpfb%fawGu pdwfcs&w,f/ jyifopfawGu vGwfvyfw,f/ rEWav;olawGu ,Ofaus;w,f/ ponf ponfjzifh yHk&dyfawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygonf? yJcl;ig;csOf/ wdkuf}uD; wHjrufpnf;/wGHaw; rmvum/ uavm 0dkif/ rEWav; xdk;rkef@/ ykodrf [mv0g/ yckuULxnf ponf ponf?

onfyHk&dyfawG &vmatmif wpfOD;pD/ wpfa,mufpDu yg0ifxnfhoGif; vmcJh=u&jcif;jzpfygonf? wpfa,mufup wpf&m raumif;&mu yHk&dyfysufoGm;onfh vlrsdK;awG/ a'oawG/ypPnf;awG u|efawmfwdk@a&S@rSm trsm;tjym;jzpfygonf? acwf}uD;u olwdk@udk roHk;awmh/toH=um;&HkeJ@ ESmacgif;&H_@ae+yD?

t*FvdyfawG[m b,fawmhrS aemufausmuae "m;eJ@rxdk;bl; qdkaomyHk&dyftwGuf a&$jynfawmf ar#mfwdkif;a0;xJu t*FvdyfppfAdkvfuav; tuf&SfrSm wm0ef&Sdovdk/rGefawG[m b,fawmhrS taumufr}uHbl; qdkaom yHk&dyftwGuf v*Gef;tdrfrSm wm0ef&SdovdkrHk&GmxnfawG/ 0rf;wGif;xnfawG/ tr&yl&xnfawG rnHhbl;qdkaom yHk&dyftwGuf &ufuef;wpfpifcsif;qDrSm wm0ef&Sdovdk/ jrefrmawG[m bmqdkwm yHk&dyftwGuf u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdonf?

wpfa,mufcsif;. vkyf&yf?wpfa,mufcsif;. pdwf"gwf?wpfa,mufcsif;. udk,fusifhw&m;?wpfa,mufcsif;. Om%fynm?ordkif;tqufquf qufvufqifhurf;&rnfh emrnf tqdk;/ taumif;rsm;?

armi fomcsdK(jynfol@acwf*sme,frS)

(ayunpfrsm;qDrS avSum;xpfrsm;qDodk@ pmtkyfrS)

67


1962 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 7 &ufae@ ta&;awmfyHkonf jrefrmhorkdif;Yomru&efukefwuUodkvfordkif;Yyg ta&;ygaom ae@/ arhaysmufI r&aomae@/ azsmufzsufIr&aomae@wpfae@ jzpfonf? xdkae@wGif ppftm%m¶Sif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;;aqmifaomawmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf ausmif;om;xktay: &ufpufpGm acsr_ef;cJhonfomruudkvdkeDe,fcsJ@pepf wdkufzsufa&;/ zufqpf qef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESihfvGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ordkif; wavSsmufwGif trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if a¶SŒwef;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk arG;xkwfay;cJhaom orkdif;0if&efukefwuUodkvfausmif; om;or*~ taqmuftODudkyg 'dkif;erdkufjzihfazgufcJG +zdKzsufcJhaoma=umihf ,cktcg (51) ESpf wkdif ¶Sd+yDjzpfaomfvnf; &[ef;/ ¶Sif/ vl/ jynfolw&yfvHk;utrSwfw& owd&aeqJjzpfonf?

aemufcHorkdif;+AdwdoSstpdk;&onf 1920 jynhfESpf 'DZifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvf

Oya'udk jyÏmef;cJh+yD;aemuf umvuwWm;wuUodkvf. vufatmufcH &efukefaumvdyfESihf,k'oefaumvdyfwdk@udk aygif;pnf;I &efukefwuUodkvfudk pwifzGihfvSpfcJhonf? xdk@aemufjrefrmEdkifiHqkdif&m +AdwdoSsbk&ifcH qm[mukwfbwWvm (G.C.I.E , I.C.S) u 1927 ckESpf'DZifbmv 5 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~taqmufttHk ESihf 8

Zlvdkif 7 &uf (odk hr[kwf)jrefrmhorkdif;Y arhaysmufI r&aom ae hwpfae h

oef;0if;v_dif

7 Zlvdkif ta&;awmfyHk ( 52 ) ESpfjynfh atmufarhzG,f armfuGef;pmrsufESm

68


&ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvf pm=unhfwkdufwdk@udk tkwfjrpfcsay;cJhonf? bk&ifcHqm[mukwfbwWvmonf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ taqmuftODaqmufvkyf&eftwGuf ukefusaiGudk pyg;yGJpm;=uD;ESihf qefpufydkif¶SifolaÏ; a'gufwmOD;ndK(K.S.M , LL.D) xH arwWm&yfcH tvSLcHay;cJhonf? or*~taqmuftOD aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf a'gufwmOD;ndKonf 1926 ckESpfwGif aiGom;usyfwpfodef; ckepfaomif; (170˜000)udk apwemtjynhfjzihf vSL'gef;cJhonf?

Todk@jzih f 1929 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaqmufcJ haom &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftODrSm 1930 jynhfESpf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uf rwkdifrDoHk;vcef@ tvdk ZGefvcef@wGif +yD;pD;oGm;cJhonf? tapmydkif;umvwGif ,if; &efukefwuUodkvfor*~taqmuftODudk or*~ausmif;wkduf[k ac:qdkcJh=uonf? odk@aomf &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~taqmuftOD}uD; +yD;pD;oGm;aomfvnf; wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJŒudk rzGJŒ&ao;ay?

odk@jzihf 1930 jynhfESpf pufwifbmv 12 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om; udkausmfcif/ udkwihfaqG ESihf udkb*srf;wdk@u &efukefwuUodkvfudk,fpm; t"dywdw&m;ol}uD; OD;b ESihf oGm;a&mufawGŒqHkum &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDudk zGJŒpnf;cGihf&¶Sd&ef aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? xdkpOfu &efukefwuUodkvft"dywd jzpfol qmcsm;vfpftvufZef;'g;tif;epf vef'efacwWjyefoGm;aepOf jrefrmtrsdK;om;qma*satarmif}uD;tm; acwWbk&ifcHtjzpf cef@tyfxm;csdefjzpfonf?

ausmif;om;or*~tzGJŒ1930 jynhfESpf pufwifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvftm;upm;¶kHY

ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;yum wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo)udk zGJŒpnf;&ef qHk;jzwfvkduf=uonf? ,if;aemuf ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS or*~pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDudkvnf; zGJŒpnf;vdkufonf? or*~pnf;rsOf; a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDwGifOuUÏtjzpf udkausmfcif/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf udkb*srf;ESihf tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf udkausmfodef;/udkwihfaqG/ udkxGef;wif/ udkbodef;/ rpPwmat&m¶Spf/ udktHk;/ rpPwm yg&mumqef/udkpHazmfatmif/ udkbaz/ udknGef@wkd@ jzpf=uonf?

pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDonf wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJŒ (wuo)zGJŒpnf;a&; twGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;a&;qGJ+yD;aemuf 1931 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 9 &ufae@wGifudkodef;armif (,k'oefaumvdyf) obmywdvkyfaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;xyfrHac:,lum vufcHtwnfjyKcJhonf? ,if;aemuf 1930-31 pmoifESpftwGuf&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒudk a¶G;cs,fwifajrSmufcJh=u&mOuUÏtjzpf udkausmfcif (B.Sc , B.L) twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf rpPwm at&m¶Spf (B.Sc , B.L)

69


wdk@tm; a¶G;cs,f wifajrSmufcJh=uonf? Todk@jzihf &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~(wuo) tzGJŒ[lI txift¶Sm; ay:aygufvmcJhavonf?

&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) zGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) zG J@pnf;yH kpnf;rsOf;rSm

udkvdkeDacwfumvjzpfI +AdwdoSs tm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ wifjy&I ,if;pnf;rsOf;udkt*Fvdyfbmomjzihf jyKpkxm;ygonf? pnf;rsOf;. acgif;pOfudk The Constitution of the

Rangoon University Student’s Union, 1931 [lI acgif;pOfwyfxm;onf?&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) zGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;wGif tcef;

(Chapter) 22 cef; yg0ifonf?tcef; (1) wGif tzGJŒtpnf;. obm0ESih f t"dy`g,fzGih fqd kcsuf rsm;udk

azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif pum;&nfvkyG Jrsm;/ a[majymyG Jrsm; usif;yEd kifcGih fESih fywfoufIvnf; azmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (2) wGif wuo tzGJŒodk@ tzGJŒ0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufEdkif&ef owfrSwfcsufrsm;udkazmfjyxm;onf? tao;pdwftcsuftvuf 18 csufyg¶Sd onf?

tcef; (3) wGif or*~ydkif ypPnf;rsm;ESihf oHk;pGJEkdifyHkwdk@udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyifor*~y&0%ftwGif; aqmif&ef a¶Smif&efrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (4) wGif or*~tr_aqmifrsm;udk azmfjyItcef; (5) wGif OuUÏ. tcef;u¾rsm;udk azmfjyxm;.? OuUÏudk ESpfpOfa¶G;cs,f

wifajrSmufa&;rS tp OuUÏ. vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;/ t&nftaoG;rsm; ponfjzihf tao;pdwftcsuftvuf 9 csufjzihf jynhfpHkpGm azmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (6) wGif 'kOuUÏtm; ESpfpOf OuUÏESihf w+ydKifeuf a¶G;cs,f&ef azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif 'kOuUÏonf vufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcGihfESihf aiGpm&if;rsm;tm; ppfaq;ydkifcGihf¶Sda=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (7) wGif aiGxdef;tm; a¶G;cs,f&efESih f aiGxdef;wpfOD;wGif ¶Sd&rnhft&nftaoG; rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (8) wGif taqmifrSL;rsm;tm; wm0efay;tyfjcif;ESih f ywfoufIazmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (9) wGif tr_aqmiftzGJŒESihf ywfoufI tr_aqmiftzGJŒ Y OuUÏ/ 'kOuUÏ/aiGxdef;/ pm=unhfwkdufrSL;/ t,f'DwmESihf tr_aqmif 6 OD;wdk@ yg0ifrnfjzpf+yD; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;udk tr_aqmifrsm;xJrS a¶G;cs,f&ef/ pm=unhfwkdufrSL;ESihf t,f'Dwmwdk@udk ,if;6 OD;rS jzpfap/ tjcm; wuo tzGJŒ0ifwpfOD;OD;udkjzpfap cef@tyfEdkifa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (10) wGif b¾ma&;qkdif&m udpP&yfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/

70


tcef; (11) wGif tpnf;ta0;usif;yyHkudk vnf;aumif;/tcef; (12) wGif txl;tpnf;ta0;ESihf oufqkdif&mudkvnf;aumif;/tcef; (13) wGi f pum;&nfvky G Jr sm; usi f ;yE k di fy H kud k vnf;aumif;

tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf?tcef; (14) wGif taxGaxGtpnf;ta0;/tcef; (15) wGif pcef;csc&D;pOfrsm;/tcef; (16) wGif a¶G;cs,fwifajrSmufyHk/tcef; (17) wGif pm=unhfwkduf/tcef; (18) wGif or*~r*~Zif;udpP udk azmfjyxm;onf? r*~Zif; qyfaumfrwDwGif

t,f'Dwm/ refae*smESihf tzGJŒ0if 5 OD; yg0if&rnfjzpf+yD; vkyfaqmif&rnhf vkyfief;rsm;udktao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (19) wGif tjcm;wuUodkvf/ aumvdyfrsm;¶S d toif;tzGJŒrsm;ESih fqufoG,faqmif¶GufyHkudk azmfjyxm;.?

tcef; (20) wGif ausmif;wGif;tm;upm;ESihf ywfoufI azmfjyxm;onf?tcef;(21)wGifrl oufomacsmifcs da&; pm;aomufqkdifESih f ywfoufI

azmfjyxm;onf? pm;aomufqkdiftwGuf ESpfpOfwif'gpepfjzihf a¶G;cs,fac:,l&efrStptao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf?

tcef; (22) wGif tzGJŒtpnf;tm; tcsdefumv owfrSwfxm;yH krsm;udkazmfjyxm;onf?

wuo OuUXrsm;&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~wGif acwftqufquf OuUÏtjzpf

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(10) udkatmifqef; (1938-39)(11) udkA[def; (1938-39)(udkatmifqef;ae&m qufvufaqmif¶Gufol)(12) udkvSa¶$ (1939-40)(13) udkAaqG (1940-41)(14) udkvSarmif (1941-42)*syefacwfwGif &yfem;onf?(15) udkoef; (1945-46)(16) udkoef;armif (1946-47)(17) udkpdefvS (1947-48)(18) udk&efa0; (1948-49)(19) udkarmifarmifausmf (1949-50)(20) udkudkav; (1950-51)(21) udkpdefbef; (1951-52)(22) udkudk}uD; (1952-53)(1953-54 wuo a¶G;aumufyGJ ysufonf?)(23) udkwifxGef; (1954-55)(24) udkwifxGef; (ewfarmuf) (1955-56)(25) udkpodef;[ef (1956-57)(26) udkpdk;odef; (1957-58)(27) udkcifarmiftkef; (1958-59)(28) udkvSwif (1959-60)(29) udkwifat; (1960-61)(30) udkAaqGav; (1961-62) wdk@ jzpf=uonf?

Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHk1962 ckESpf rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek OD;aqmifaom w&m;0if

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72


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74


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jrufcif;jyiftpyfwGif a=uG;a=umfoH qdkif;bkwfrsm;udk pkdufxl=uonf? a'gufwmoD[/ bkef;}uD;av;ESifh yef;csDq&mOD;atmifpdef(,ra'g atmifpdef) wdk hESifh oufrsdK;atmifwdk@vlopfoHk;OD;udk rdwfqufay;onf? a'gufwmoD[u jynfwGif;rSm oGm;bufqkdif&mq&m0eftjzpfESifhtr_xrf;bl;onf? xif&Sm;onfh yef;csDq&m}uD; OD;b=unf. om;taxG;qHk;? 74-75ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif twuf=uGqHk;yg0ifcJhol? 88 ta&;awmfyHkumv}uD;Y tdENd,e,fpyfokd hxGufcGgoGm;cJhol? awmfvSefa&;olykefjzpfcJhol? xdk@aemuf ,dk;',m;e,fpyfawmfvSefa&;a'oodk@ ajymif;a&G@vmcJhol? befaumufwGif EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;wckausmif;om;ESifh vlxk xlaxmif=upOf jynfya&muf 'Drdku&ufwpf Armausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;t&Hk;. OuUX jzpfvmol?

yef;csDq&m}uD; OD;atmifpdefu rGeftrsdK;om;}uD;? bm;tH+rdK hom;? 88 ta&;awmfyHkwGif yg0ifvmcJhonfh tEkynm&Sif? ppftkyfpku tm%modrf;t+yD;wGif rdom;pkwckvHk;awmfvSefa&; e,fajrodk hcsDwwfvmcJh=uonf?

"bkef;}uD;av;u bkef;}uD;vnf;r[kwfygvm; q&m"patmifxGef;u usaemfteD;odk hcsOf;uyfa&mufvm+yD; usaemfudk &,foHjzifh

86


ar;onf? usaemfu &Sif;jy&jyefonf? 88 ta&;awmfyHkrwdkifrSDu "gwfyHkq&m? 88ta&;awmfyHkrSm ouFef;0wf+yD; yO …if;cHonf? OD;yO …if;tjzpfESifh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGifjrKyfESHyg0ifcJhol? vl0wfvJaomtcg bkef;}uD;av; trnfwGifusefcJhonf? oluAk'<bmomu&iftrsdK;om;? bkef;}uD;av;. trnft&if;rSm udkatmifjrifhxGef;?

"bkef;}uD;av;vJ xl;qef;wmyJ? q&muvJ wu,fhvlxl;vlqef;? wuUodkvfq&mawGxJrSm awmcdk+yD; olykefvkyfvmcJhwJh vlxlvlqef; ausmif;q&m b,fESpfa,muf&SdvJ"

"oHk;a,muf""q&meJ husaemfeJ@u awmxJrSm rkefwdkif;ppfqifa&; ppfa=umif;q,fhESpfrSm

twlwuG yg0ifvmcJh=uayrJh rqHkqnf;jzpfcJh=ubl;aemf? q&mu oxHkaemufa=umbufrSmwm0efusw,f/ usaemfu zmyGefbufudk oGm;&w,f? 'ga=umifh ppfa=umif;wl+yD; vrf;cGJcJh=uawmh rqHkqnf;cJh=uwm? b0awGu tdrfrufvkdyJaemf q&m?"

"igwkd huao&GmjyefawGyJ? awmxJrSm &efoludkaoewfeJ hwdkufcJhw,f? bwjyef/usm;wjyef taotvJwdkufcJh=uwm? vufeufudkifwkdufyGJeJ hwkdufcJh=uwmaygh? tckvJyJraovdk husefaewJh toufeJ h&efoludk vlxkwdkufyGJeJ hwdkuf&ao;wmayghuGm &Jabmf&,f/patmifxGef;&,f"

&kwfw&uf &ifcsif;tyfum ESpfaxmif;tm;& zufxm;vkduf=uonf? oufrsdK;atmifESif h apmaumhrl;u usaemfwdk hESpfa,mufudk vSrf;ai;=unfh/ waomaom&,faecJh=uonf? oufrsdK;atmifu usaemfuJhokd hyifausmif;om;wyfu wyfzGJ h0if&Jabmf?oufrsdK;atmifESifh ausmif;om;wyf&if;jcif; rwl=u? usaemfu wyf&if; 208? olu wyf&if;102? ppftkyfpktm%m odrf;+yD;p oufrsdK;atmif awmcdkolykefjzpfvmawmh ol htouf (16)ESpf?

wpfOD;jcif;pDwGif xl;jcm;csufawGu &SdESifh+yD;jzpfonf? apmaumhrl; rdbawGuppfajy;'kuQonfawG? &efolppftkyfpku aumhrl;wkd hrdbrsm;aexdkif&Gmudk rD;wif&_d@pOfxGufajy;vmcJhonf? ajy;&if;v$m;&if;u awmwGif;wae&mwGif aumhrl;udk arG;zGm;cJhonf?0g;pdrf;a=umjzifh tcsif;jzwfcJh&onf? wawmifqif; wawmifwwf/ wawm0if wawmxGufppfESifha0;&modk h &Gufv$ifhcJh=uonfh rdom;pk? *dwfqHk;jzpfonfh 'kuQonfpcef;odk h a&muf&SdvmcJh+yD;'kuQonfpcef;rSmyif }uD;jyif;vmcJhonfh vli,f?

bma=umifhppfajy;'kuQonf jzpfcJh&ovJ? b,folawGu wGef;ydk@zefwD;cJhovJ? bmub,fvdk bma=umifh xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk olajzwwfyHkr&? us,fjyef heuf&_if;aom ppfu|efacwfordkif;.jrpf0Srf;a'oodk haumhrl;onf tdyfrH_pHkr$m; ea0wdrfawmifjzifh a&muf&SdvmcJhonf?uav;oli,f. rsufvHk;tdrfxJwGif t&m&monf &_yfaxG;ayGvD aeayvdrfhrnf? 'kuQonf

87


pcef;odk holpwifajccsawmh wESpfom;? 'kuQonfpcef;wGif (18) ESpf aecJh&ol? ,QK(19)ESpfom;?

"usaemfhOD;av; ajymwmuawmh q&mwdk@ tckvdkEd kifiHa&; vkyfaewmuwae@ae@rSm ArmjynfjyefjyD; tpdk;&0ef}uD; jzpfzdk@ vkyfaewmvdk@ ajymw,f tJh'g [kwfygovm;q&m? q&mwdk@eJ@ wGJrvkyfeJ@wJh rSm;vdrfhr,fwJh ?"

a'gufwm oD[u usaemhfudk vufndK; xdk;vsuf cGufcGufvef &,fonf?bkef;}uD;av;u vnf; wonf;onf; &,foGrf;um aoygjyDAsm / aovdkufygawmh AdkvfcsKyfr_K;}uD;&,f[k a&&Gwfonf? aumhr_;u usaemfhudk jyL;a=umifa=umif t=unfh jzifh =unfhonf?wcdk;cdk; wcpfcpf &,foHrsm;u usaemhfxH ul;qufvmcJhonf? usaemfu a'gufwmoD[ESifhbkef;}uD;av;udk =unfhum &,fawmhonf? yef;csDq&m OD;atmifpdef. Ekwfcrf;axmifhwGifpdwfysufoGm;onfh &H_@ rJhrJh trJhu rsOf;auG; auG;um wGef@aeavonf?

"apmaumhrl;&,f rif;OD;av;u ighudk EdkifiHa&;owfjzwfr_awG vkyfaeyga&mvm;uGm? aemufausmudk "g;eJ@ xdk;&ufavjcif;Asm? tJ'D "g;u ppftm%m&SifawG&J@ "g;yJAs ?EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm; olawGudk tm%m &l;awGqdkjyD; pGyfpGJcJhwJh tm%m&l; ppftkyfpk&J@ "g;As?"

bkef;}uD;av;u uGrf;wHawG;udk xGDceJ axG;xkwf? ol@ tmcHwGif; xJwGif pum;vHk;rsm; ukefqHk;oGm;onfESifh wdueJ &yfxm;vdkufonf? &,foHrsm;u aqmif;av=urf;uodrfhueJ o,faqmif oGm;onf?

w&m;&Hk; tay:qHk;xyf eH&HwGif txif;om; jyKvkyfxm;aom em&Dudk usaemfvSrf;=unfh &if; w&m;&Hk; rsufcif;jyifrS xGufcGmvmcJhonf? apmaumhr_; ar;onfudkvdrfhywfvnfatmif rajzqdkEdkifawmh? t*Fvdyfpm oifwef;rSm qufvufaqG;aEG;=uwmayghuGm [k wkef@jyefcJhonfu vGJI ?

(C)owfrSwfxm;onfh pk&yfrsm; &Sd&modk@ rdk;ESif;puf onf;onf;r_efr_efatmufwGif

um;udk oGufoGuf armif;vmcJhonf? +rdK@v,f ESifh oHk;rdkifausmf a0;aom +rdK@. awmifydkif; &Sdb&if'g0k(of) ( Brander Wood ) tiSm; tdrfcef;rsm; &yfuGufodk@ a&mufvmcJhonf?onf&yfuGufwGif u&if ArmESifh Arm rGwfpvif trsm;pk aexdkif =uonf?

tzm;bD tdrfa&S@odk@um;xdk;&yfvkdufonfESifh [Gef;wD; tcsufay;vdkufonf?jrnf[def;oGm;aom um;oHu tdrfwHcg; eH&Hrsm;udk ajy;&dkufavonf? tzm;bDESifhtrsdK;orD;rsm; tdrfwHcg;udk wGef;zGifh xGufvmcJh=uonf? usaemhfum;ESifhtoifhjyifxm;aomum;ESpfpD; / pkpkaygif; um;oHk;pD;? oydwfwyfom;rsm; um;rsm;ay:odk@ tajy;tv$m;a&mufvmcJh=uonf?

at;pufwdwfqdwf idkufrsOf;aeaom ESif;r_efatmufu &yfuGufudk oydwfwyfom;

88


wdk@. atmfoH/ ac:oH / &,farmoH/ aemufajymifusDp,foHrsm;u v_yfEd_;vdkufonf/ vufyHyifp&uf usavonf?

"b,fvdkvkyfrvJq&m? um;oHk;pD;eJ@ ravmufbl;? vdkufrJhvlawGu usefaeao;w,f q&m"

tzm;bDu jyHK;I armhvsuf owif;ydk@onf?"udpPr&Sdbl; tzm;bDusaemfwdk@ um;oHk;pD; jyefvmcJhr,f aemufwacguf

um;oHk;pD;eJ@ vmo,fr,f qdk&if tm;vHk; vdkufEdkifr,f r[kwfvm;? "tzm;bDu odyfaumif;wmaygh[k tm;yg;w& atmf[pfvdkufpOf usaemfwdk@um;

armif;xGuf vmcJh=uonf? tckyJ jyefvmcJhr,f / tdrfxJ jyef0ifjyD;apmifhae=uzdk@ arwWm &yfcHpOfvl ESpfq,fausmfonf wa[;a[; atmf[pfum wHcg;rsm;udk wGef;zGifh 0ifoGm;=uonf?yef;cwfaom vkyfom;ysm;rsm; uJhodk@yif jzpfonf?

wcsdK@u usaemfESifh twl oHk;av;}udrf csDwufcJhbl;onf? xdkif;-Arm e,fpyf'kuQonf pcef;rsm;rSa&mufvmcgp 'kuQonfrsm;twGufrl yxrqHk;aom yGJjzpfonf? txl;tqef; tjzpftysuf wck qef;opfonfh tawG@t}uHK wck jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf?

tzm;bDonf usaemfhum;xJwGif vdkufygvmcJhonf? EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGifwuf=uGonfh trsdK; orD;}uD; om;orD; ajcmufa,muf. rdcif ? toufig;q,f qdkaomfvnf; oGufvuf jzwfvwf wkef;? 'Dw=udrf xl;jcm;onfrSm olr cifyGef;udkyg t& pnf;&Hk;ac:vmEdkifcJh jcif;yifjzpfonf ? t*Fvdyfpm oif,lonfhtcg pdwf"gwf usqif;aeor# EdkifiHa&;ta=umif; aqG;aeG;aomtcg olr rsuf0ef;rsm;rSm awmufyaewwfol ? &efukefjrdK@awmfodk@wacguf rGefjynfe,f jrdK@awmf armvjrdKifodk@ wacguf a&mufcJh bl;a=umif; =uHK =udKufwdkif;xkwfazmfwwfol / ESpfjcdKufvSpGm i,frl jyefwwfol //

"igwdk@ [m bmawGvnf;a[h""igwdk@ [m rD;awmifawGyJa[h"pmoifcef;wGif pmroifrSD q,fhig;rdepf EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;t+yD; xdkokd@yif q&mESifh

oifwef;om;wdk@ twdkiftazgufvkyfum ed*Hk;csKyfaeus? a':tzm;bDonf wcgw&H xdkodk@twdkiftazmuf vkyfay;wwfol?

"Adkvfoef;a&Gwdk hAdkvfcif!Gef@/ Adkvfodef;pdefwdk@ vkyfwJh trsdK;om;nDvmcHqdkwmppftm%m&SifpESpfeJ h ppftm%mudk qufvufcdkifcef hwnfwef hatmif wrif&nf&G,f+yD;vkyfwJhuvdefuswJh nDvmcHyJ r[kwfvm;Asm"

vGefcJhonfh&ufu apmaX;atmifu xdkokd@ pwifar;cGef;xkwfcJh&mrS EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJ pwifjzpfcJhonf? vlxkxJrS trsm;pkrSm acwfa&S@ajy;rsm; jzpfae=uonf?ppftkyfpkonf rnfodk hrnfyHkauG hI aumufaeonfudk }udKwifodESifhae=u+yD;jzpfonf? wcsdK@u

89


EkdifiHa&;ESifh vHk;0ywfoufjcif; r&Sdovkd uif;uif;aevdk=uonf? ppftkyfpkt}udKuf&Sifoefaeolrsm;uvnf; &Sdao;onf?

vGefcJhonfh wywftwGif; ppftkyfpk. uvdrfusaom trsdK;om;nDvmcHESifhppfzGJpnf;yHkOya'udk pmoifcef;xJwGif aqG;aEG;jzpf=uonf? a[m...xdkzGJ hpnf;yHkudk ,QKvlxkqENcH,lyGJvkyf+yD;axmufcHckdif;awmhrnf? aoeyftm%m rdk;xm;onfh atmufrSmaxmufcHcdkif;awmhrnf? xdk haemuf vlxkw&yfvHk;u axmufcHcJha=umif; 99 &mckdifE_ef;axmufcHojzifh twnfjyKa=umif; ajymifajymif wif;wif; uvdefus a=unmayawmhrnf?

qENjy oydwfarSufyGJodk hra&mufvmrSD xkdpOfuwJu pmoifcef;xJwGif txyfxyfaqG;aEG;um tar;tajz jyKvkyfcJh=u+yD; jzpfonf?

"oifwef;om;rsm; tm;vHk; taeeJ@ ppfu|efjyKa&; zGJ@pnf;yHkudk twnfjyKaxmufcHay; =urSmvm;"

"vHk;0 raxmufcHbl; ppftm%m&Sif&J@ pdwfwkdif;us a&;qGJxm;wJh olwdk@&J@ ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkudk vHk;0 qef@usifw,f/ vHk;0 uef@uGufw,f"

xdkodk@yif pmoifcef;xJwGif rD;awmifrsm; pkpnf; aygufuGJcJh=ujyD; jzpfonf?um;xJwGif wa,mufwayguf atmf[pfajymqdkae=upOf vGefcJhonfh EdkifiHa&;

aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonfh pmoifcef;xJodk@ tawG;vdyfjymu r=umc% 0JysHvl;vmaecJhonf?

"orD;uawmh EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGudk v$wfay;zdk@ qENjy&mrSm yg0ifcJhbl;w,f?EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om; qdkwm ppftkyfpk EdkifiHa&;upm;&mrSm vdktyfovdk upm;Edkifatmifwrifoufouf vkyfxm;wJh EdkifiHa&; "g;pmcHawGyJ? ab;usyfeHusyf jzpfvmwJh ppftkyfpk[mEdkifiHa&; "g;pmcH tusOf;om;awGudk v$wfay;cJh&w,f ? bmyJjzpfap vlxk wdkufyGJxJrSm usryg0ifcGifh &cJhwmudk auseyfw,f? tck ppftkyfpk &J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkudk qef@usif oydwfarSmuf&rSmrdk@orD; ydkjyD; auseyfw,f? orD;awmh aoaysmfjyD vljzpfusdK; eyfjyD ? woufvHk; wHk;atmufuzm;jzpfcJhwJh b0 ? jym;cJh&wJh b0 rw&m;r_ atmufrSm w&m;r#woltjzpfeJ@ &J&J0Hh0Hh &yfwnfjycGifh&wJhtwGuf vljzpf}udK; eyfjyD q&m ? vlqdkwm wHk;atmufu zm; r[kwfbl;q&m"

um;aemuf=unfhrSefrS wqifh vSrf;=unfhvdkufpOf &J&Jawmuf rmrmrif;udkawG@&onf? rmrmrif; jzpfaeonf? pmoifcef;xJrSm pnf;urf;taumif;qHk;/ twnfjidrfqHk;/tdajENt}uD;qHk; rdef;cav; tjzpf todtrSwf jyKxm;cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;udk 'dk;'dk;a'gufa'gufjywfjywfom;om; ajymwwfol? &yfwnfcsufaumif;aom tn=w EdkifiHa&; orm;? xdkpOfuawmiftm&SESifh ta&S@awmif tm&S / vufwiftar&duESifh tmz&durS ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udkaqG;aEG; =upOf olru awmifudk&D;,m;/ ,dk;',m;ESifh ygupPwef ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk y,fy,fe,fe,f a0zefoHk;oyf jyEdkifaomol? EdkifiHa&;tjrif&Sdonfhtjyif wuf=uGwdk;wuf

90


toGifaqmif,lol?rmrmrif;ESifhtwl ,SOfwGJxdkifaeolrSm vS,rif;jzpfonf? aemufwa,mufu

ausmif;om;wyf&if; 208 rS usaemfh rdwfaqG &Jabmf zdk;qdwf. ZeD; aemfazm?rmrmrif;udk vufckyfwD; =obmay;=uyg[k usaemfu &kwfw&ufvH_@aqmfvdkufpOf

oydwf wyfom;tm;vHk;u vufckyfwD;tm;ay;vdkuf=uonf? vufckyfoHrsm; jynfhv#HxGufoGm;jyD; vufckyfoH um;}uD; jzpfoGm;onf? xdkvufckyfoH tjynfhtv#Hudk o,faqmifajy;v$m;aeonfh um; jzpfaecJhonf?

vufckyfoH &yfqdkif;oGm;onfESifh twdkiftazmufvkyfum [pfa=uG;vdkufonf?"igwdk@[m bmawGvJa[h""igwdk@[m rD;awmifawGyJa[h""b,fvdkrD;awmifawGvJa[h""rw&m;r_ zdESdyfr_awGudk +zdKcGJ awmfvSefwJh rD;awmifawGa[h""rD;awmif odk@r[kwf""rkefwdkif;awGyJ .... rkefwdkif;awGyJa[h""uAsmwydk'fudk &Gwfqdk=updk@""b,fajrrSmae / b,fa&aomufaomuf/ vrf;raysmufzl; / vSrf;av#mufcsDwufaerSmyJ"uAsmwydk'f &GwfqdkjyD;onfESifh wa[;a[; atmf[pfum tm;yg;w& vufckyfwD;

=obm r*Fvm jyKvkduf=uonf?(i)

b&if'g0kxf &yfuGufodk@ 'kwd,t=udrf oydwfwyfom;rsm;udk oGm;ac:,lo,faqmif cJh&jyefonf? yGJpwifrnfh tcsdefrSm ae@vnf 2 em&D ? jrdK@v,fudk tcsdefrSDjyefa&mufzdk@ =udK;pm;aomfvnf; ig;rdepf aemufusaecJhonf // yGJusif; yrnfh tvHwdkifrsm;qdkif;bkwfrsm; pdkufxl&m ae7modk@ tajy; csDwuf=u&onf? oydwfwdkufyGJudk em&D0uftwGif;jyD;pD;atmif usif;y=u&rSm jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh a&cJjzpfrwwf at;cJjyD; oydwfwyfom;rsm;vJjydK arharsm oGm;rSmudk pdk;&drfcJh=uonf? [if;vif;jyifwGif tylcsdef 10 'D*&D zm&if[dkufom&Sdonf?

oydwfzGifhyGJudk a'gufwmoD[ pwifzGifhvSpfcJhonfudk odvdkuf&+yD? xdkae&modk@usaemftajy;tvGm; a&mufvmcJhonf? oydwfwyfom;wOD;. vufxJrS qdkif;bkwftydkwckudk vSrf;qGJ,lvdkufonf?

"ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;ypf"yef;csdDq&m}uD; OD;atmifpdef a&;om;xm;aom a=uG;a=umfoH jzpfaeonf? a'gufwm

91


oD[ ajym=um;csufudk tm&Hkpdkuf em;axmif&jyefonf?"usaemfwdk@ 'Dae@ oydwfwdkufyGJudk txl; &Sif;jyp&m vdkr,f rxifawmhygbl;?

ppftkyfpk pdwfwdkif;us a&;qGJcJhwJh ppf zGJ@pnf;yHkudk jynfwGif;vlxk toD;oD;u qef@usifuef@uGuf aeovdk jynfya&muf ArmjynfbGm; vlxkawGuvJ uef@uGuf qef@usifa=umif;xkwfazmfjyojcif;jzpfw,f? aemufwck jynfwGif;u vlxkawG tm;wufapzdk@ twGuf vJjzpfw,f? tck 'DoydwfwdkufyGJ udk a&muf&SdvmcJh=uwJh usaemfwdk@ tm;vHk; ppfzGJ@pnf; yHkudkaxmufcHrSmvm; qef@usifrSmvm; tav; teuf xyfrH twnfjyK =u&atmif"

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98


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bmawGajymaeonfudk cspfEdkifr=um;&ay/ xdk@aemuf awZonf ol.OD;acgif;&kyfumaemufodk@ t&ifqkwfvdkuf+yD; aumifav;udk =unhfvdkufavonf? xdk@aemuf ol.vufudkaumifav; qDrSz,fcGmum w&m;xdkifonhfyH kpHrsK d;jzif h vufawGudk 'l;ESpfbufay:wifvdkufonf?

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OayuQm/ OayuQm / jA[Rpdk&fw&m;av;yg;xJu vdkufemtm;xkwf&rnhfpwkwWajrmufusifhpOf/ ol@oabmoljzpfwm[k rSwf,lum xm;&Sd&rnfh pdwfoabmxm;jzpfonf?

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"OayuQm/ OayuQm"

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99


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ausmfausmfpdk; (*syef)

(aemufvwGif tqHk;owfygrnf?)

100

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a'gufwmbarmf.

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Ba Maw

BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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101


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102


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103


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108


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TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU

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TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178

Japan.

TEL

080-5070-0080

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