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3f]/fxL, @# sflt{s . lhNnf lzIff sfof{no bfªn] z'? u/]sf];fIf/ 3f]if0ff sfo{qmd aLr}df cnkq ePsf] 5 .

sfof{non] cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷)&! df lhNnfsf @! uflj;nfO{ ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ug] { nIo lnP klg clxn];Dd !! uflj;df dfq 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . tL uflj;df ;d]t 3f]if0ff sfo{qmddf ;fIf/x?sf]Go"g ;xeflutf b]lvPsf] lyof] . s]xL uflj;df t 3f]if0ff sfo{qmddf Pshgf klg sIff lnP/ ;fIf/ePsfx? pkl:yt ePsf lyPgg\ .

sfof{nosf] cg'udg k|lqmof lkmtnf] ePsf sf/0f lhNnfdf ;fIf/tf sIff k|jefjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n]atfPsf 5g\ . lzIff dGqfnosf k"j{;x;lrj lji0f's'df/ b]jsf]6fn]sfof{nosf] cg'udg k|0ffnL Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sfn] ;d:of b]lvPsf] atfpg'eof] . …gLltdf s'g} ;d:of 5}g, ;d:of eg]s}

sfof{Gjogdf xf]Ú–pxf“n] eGg'eof]– …tYof+ssf] k/LIf0f Jojl:yt x'g g;Sbf ;fIf/ePsfx? klg sIffdf ;xefuL x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .Ú lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lgoldt cg'udg ug'{kg] { pxf“n] cfjZostf cf} +Nofpg'eof] .

;fIf/ eO;s]sf uflj;df 3f]if0ff x'g g;Sg' /3f]if0ff sfo{qmddf ;fIf/x? pkl:yt gx'g'n] ;fIf/ sIff kf/bzL{ x'g g;s]sf];/f]sf/jfx?sf lrGtf 5 . t/lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] eg]jiff{ofd / cGo ljleGg sf/0fn];fIf/ 3f]if0ff x'g g;s]sf] atfPsf]5 . lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L k|x\nfb cof{nn] cfly{s jif{ cGTosf] ;do ePsfn] cfkm"x?n] 3f]if0ff sfo{qmd ug{ g;s]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxf“n]rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] r}tleq lhNnf

;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ug] { tof/L ul//x]sf]atfpg'eof] . sfof{no h;/L eP klg

lhNnfnfO{ ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ug] { tof/Ldf h'6]sfn] w]/ } lg/If/x? sfo{qmddf 5'6\g] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n];/sf/n] u/]sf] s/f]8f} +sf] nufgL …afn'jfdf kfgLÚ h:t} x'g] b]lvG5 .

rfn' cfjdf eg] cg'udg k|lqmofnfO{ cln Jol:yt ul/g]cof{nn] bfjL ug'{eof] . …ut jif{ d cfpg'eGbf klxn] g} sIff ;~rfng eO;s]sf] lyof]Ú–pxf“n] eGg'eof]–

…clxn] eg] df};dsf] cj:yfnfO{ d"Nof+sg u/]/ sfo{qmd to ul/Psf]5 .Ú ;/sf/n] 6]08/dfkm{t ;fIf/ sIff ;~rfng ug] { ;+:yfx?sf] 5gf]6 u5{ . pgLx?n] ;~rfng u/]sf] sIffdf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx? cg'udgdf lj/n} hfg] u/]sf] o;cl3 g} u'gf;f] a9]sf] lyof] . k|lt JolQm ;fIf/ agfPjfkt ;+:yfx?n] /sd kfpg] ePsfn] pgLx?n] tof/kf/]sf] tYof+s k"0f{?kdf ;xL gePsf]lzIff sfof{nosf Ps sd{rf/Ln]atfP . …lzIff sfof{no cfkm}n] a9L ;lqmotf b]vfpg'k5{Ú– pgn] eg]– …;+:yfx?sf] e/kbf{ ;fIf/tf sIff k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g .Ú ;/sf/n]of] jif{ klg lhNnfdf ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng ug] { tof/L ul/x]sf] 5 . sIff ;~rfng gul/Psf uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfsf j8fx?df ;fIf/tfsIff ;~rfng ug] { tof/L eO/x]sf]cof{nn] atfpg'eof] . …;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfngsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ tof/L k"/f eO;s]sf] 5Ú–pxf“n] eGg'eof]– …clxn]cfO/x]sf u'gf;fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { u/L sIff ;~rfng u5f} {+ .Ú

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/f]Nkf, @# sflt{s . !) jif] { hgo'4sf];dodf cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] /f]Nkf //f]NkfnLnfO{ e]6\g PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Ú em08} Ps;ftf nfdf] /f]Nkf e|d0fdf cfp“b} x''g'x'G5 .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ;jfndf k|d'v bnx?;“usf] ;Djfb k|lqmof c;kmn ePkl5 pxf“ /f]Nkf cfpg nfUg'ePsf] xf] . /f]Nkfdf s'g} cf}krfl/s sfo{qmd gePsfn] o;k6ssf]pxf“sf] /f]Nkf e|d0fnfO{ cy{k"0f{?kdf x]l/Psf]5 .

a]nf–a]nf …cK7\of/f] kbf{ /f]Nkf ?s'dsf hgtfsf] pmhf{ lnP/ cufl8 a9\g]Ú pb\3f]if ub} { cfpg'ePsf cWoIf k|r08 nfdf] ;dokl5 /f]Nkf cfpg yfNg'ePsf] xf] . zflGt k|lqmofkl5sf];a}eGbf nfdf] /f]Nkf a;fO klg pxf“sf] o;k6s g} x'g] ePsf] 5 . cfh ;f]djf/ /f]Nkf k|j]z ug'{x'g] k|r08 sflt{s @* ut];Dd /f]Nkfd}/xg'x'g]5 .

;f]djf/ /f]Nkfsf] xf]n]/Laf6 k|r08sf]/f]Nkf ofqf z'? x'g] ePsf] xf] . k|r08sf] ;fydf dxf;lra s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f, ;lrj jif{dfg k'g, :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o gGblszf]/ k'gnufotsf g]tfx? /xg' x'g]5 . k|r08sf] nfdf] a;fO x'g] ePkl5 To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu kf;fªnufotsf g]tfx? /f]Nkf k|j]z ul/;s]sf]Pdfcf]jfbL ;|f]tn] hgfPsf] 5 .

Pdfcf]jfbL /f]Nkfn] klg cWoIfsf] /f]Nkf a;fOnfO{ x/]s tj/n] Jojl:yt, ;'/lIft / dxTjk"0f{ agfpg nfluk/]sf] hgfPsf]5 . dfcf]jfbL /f]Nkfsf cWoIf ;'/]Gb| 3tL{n]cWoIf k|r08sf] /f]Nkf a;fO cjlwe/sf] ;a}

Joj:yfkg k"/f ul/Psf] atfpg'eof] . pxf“sf cg';f/ k|r08sf] :jfutsf nflu ljleGg 7fp“df :jfut u]6 lgdf{0f, af; a:g] 7fp“sf];'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .

/f]Nkf a;fOsf] qmddf cWoIf k|r08n]sfo{stf{, zxLb kl/jf/, 3fOt] ckf+u;“u cfGtl/s e]63f6 ug] { hgfOP klg cGo sfo{qmdaf/] v'nfOPsf] 5}g . Ps g]tfsf cg';f/ o;k6s k|r08 ufp“df a9L s]lGb|t x'g'x'g]5 . Pdfcf]jfbL /f]Nkfsf ;lrj k"0f{ s];Ln]cWoIf sfo{stf{ txdfq xf]Og hg:t/;Dd k'Ug]/ hgtfs} 3/x?df a;]/ e]63f6 ug] { sfo{qmd ldnfOPsf] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“sf] /f]Nkf e|d0f @)%@ kmfu'g ! k|x/L rf}sL cfqmd0f u/L hgo'4 z'? ul/Psf]xf]n]/Laf6 z'? eO{ uh'n uflj;df uP/ ;lsg]5 . To:t} pxf“n] afx|a'“b] ;dembf/Lsf] d'Vo cfwf/ tof/ ug{ Pdfn];“u jftf{ ul/Psf]3tL{ufp“sf] nf];]afªb]lv hgo'4sfndf vlgPsf] zxLbdfu{ x'“b} o'4sfndf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no /x]sf] ufla; /fª\;L;Dd k'Ug] sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] 5 .

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k|r08 cfh bfªdf Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08;lxt g]tfx?

cfh ;f]djf/ bfª cfpg] ePsf 5g\ . /f]Nkf hfg] qmddf bfª cfpg nfUg'ePsf k|r08;“u cfh lbp“;f] @ ah] 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsfsf] xndf bfª lhNnfsf kf6L{ cu'jf sfo{stf{x?;“u e]63f6 sfo{qmd /flvPsf] Pdfcf]jfbL bfªsf cWoIf s'j]/jnLn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

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3f]/fxL, @# sflt{s . ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ubf{ dlxnfsf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yodf ljs/fn ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . cf]/ ]s g]kfnn] bfªsf kf“r :yfgdf u/]sf] dlxnf :jf:Yo lzlj/df hf“r u/fPsf dlxnfx?sf] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ubf{ k|hgg\ :jf:Yodf ;d:of b]lvPsf] xf] .

cf]/ ]s g]kfn bfªn] cfOtjf/ 3f]/fxLdf :jf:Yo gLlt tyf lzlj/sf] k|ltj]bgsf ljifodf cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ubf{ pTkGg ePsf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;d:of w]/ } /x]sf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] xf] .

lhNnfsf 8'?jf, km"njf/L, t'n;Lk'/gu/kflnsfsf] !) / * gDa/ j8f / 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsfsf] & g+= j8fdf ;~rfng ul/Psf]lzlj/df pkrf/ u/fPsf ! xhf/ ! ;o (*

hgfdWo] ( ;o #$ hgf @) jif{d'lgsf ljjflxt dlxnfx?n] :jf:Yo hf“r ul/Psf] lyof] . !) b]lv !% jif{ pd]/sf # ;o %^ / !^ b]lv @) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf % ;o &* hgf ljjflxt dlxnfsf]:jf:Yo k/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] qmddf @! b]lv @% jif{ pd]/sf ! ;o *@ ljjflxt / *@ hgf cljjflxt dlxnfx?n] tL lzlj/x?df :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fPsf] cf]/ ]ssL lhNnf ;+of]hs kDkmf kGtn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

lzlj/df kf7]3/sf] d'v ;'lGgPsf ! ;o #^ hgf, kf7]3/sf] klxnf] l8u|L v;]sf ! ;o #! hgf, bf];|f] l8u|L v;]sf ^* hgf / t];|f] l8u|L v;]sf ^& hgf dlxnfx?n] :jf:Yo hf“r u/fPsf lyP .

To:t} tNnf] k]6 b'Vg] @ ;o !!, ;]tf] kfgL aUg] ! ;o @), 9f8 b'Vg] &!, 6fpsf] b'Vg] #^ hgf lj/fdLsf] lzlj/df :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ul/Psf]

lyof] . o:t} dlxgfjf/L u8a8L / lk;fasf];+qmd0f %! hgf, /ut aUg] #^ hgf, of]gL lrnfpg] $& hgf, pRr /Qmrfksf @^ hgf lj/fdLn] pkrf/ ;]jf lnPsf lyP . o;}u/L /QmcNktfsf ^@, 9f8 b'Vg] &! hgf, hf]gL{ b'Vg]$@ / @) hgf ue{jtLn] klg :jf:Yo hf“r u/fPsf ;+of]hs kGtn] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf sd pd]/df ljjfx ubf{ /nfk/jfxLsf sf/0fn] dlxnf :jf:Yo gfh's aGb}uPsf] / ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf]5 . dlxnfx?df dfl;s, zf/Ll/s, of}lgs lx+;f ePs} sf/0f pgLx?sf] :jf:Yo gfh's ag]sf]cf]/ ]sn] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . ;fy} tgfjdf kg] { dlxnfx?nfO{ dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf cfjZos kg] { cf]/ ]sn] hgfPsf] 5 .

cf]/ ]ssL lhNnf ;+of]hs kDkmf kGtsf]

;fg} pd]/sf] ljjfxn] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo vt/fdf

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3f]/fxL, @# sflt{s . s[lif, ko{6g /pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;/sf/n] d'Vo k|fyldstf lbPsf] s[lifdGqL xl/k|;fb k/fh'nLn]atfpg'ePsf] 5 . cfOtjf/ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no bfªsf] cg'udgdf cfpg'ePsf dGqL k/fh'nLn] o:tf] atfpg'ePsf] xf] .

dGqL k/fh'nLn] ;/sf/n] s[lif, ko{6g /pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf; nflu ah]6 lgdf{0f u/]/

NofPsf] atfpg'eof] . bfª a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLsf nflu ks]6 If]q /x]sfn] To;sf nflu /fHo nufgL ug{ tof/ /x]sf] pxf“n]atfpg'eof] .

;g\ @)!% b]lv )@% ;Dd ;/sf/n]#) k|ltzt sfd :yfgLo s[ifs ;d"xaf6 ug{]u/L lgb{] lzsf tof/ ug{] nfu]sf] eGb} dGqL k/fh'nLn] To;sf nflu :yfgLo s[ifssf]cfo:t/df Wofg lbg'kg{] pxf“n] atfpg'eof] .

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sf7df8f} +, @# sflt{s . g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]skf Pdfn]n] ;xdlt x'g g;s] ax'dtLo k|lqmofaf6} eP klg df3 * df ;+ljwfg hf/L ug] { 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] cfOtjf/;+o'Qm kqsf/ ;Dd]ng u/L To:tf]3f]if0ff u/]sf x'g\ .

kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf sf+u|]; ;efklt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] df3 * ut] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g]df ;a}nfO{ 9'Ss x'g cfu|x ug'{eof] . o;sf nflu ;a}sf] ;fy / ;xof]u cfjZos kg] { eGb} pxf“n]gof“ ;+ljwfgn] zflGt, :yfloTj /ljsf;sf] 9f]sf v'nfpg] ljZjf; JoQm ug{'eof] . …g]kfnsf] ^) jif{]Oltxf; ;+3if{df g} laTof] ca klg slt ;+3if{df g} latfpg] < ul/aLsf]gfddf slt /fhgLlt ul//fVg] <Ú– pxf“n] eGg'eof] .

cfkm"x?n] cl3 ;f/]sf] ;ft k|b]zsf] k|:tfjeGbf Pdfcf]jfbL bfof‘afof“ ug{ g;Sg] bfjL klg pxf“n]ug'{eof] . g]sf / g]skf Pdfn]sf]k|:tfjdf Pdfcf]jfbL cfpnfg\ t

eGg] k|Zgsf] lh1f;fdf k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfn] gcfP/ sxf‘“ hfg'xf]nf t < 6]an jftf{df a:5f} + / pxf“x?;“u 5nkmn u5f} {+ eGg] hjfkm lbg'eof] .

…bnx?sf] ;femf ;xdltsf]b:tfj]hsf ?kdf ;+ljwfg cfp‘5 . xfdLn] NofPsf ;femf cjwf/0ff klxn] ;+j}wflgs /fhgLlts ;+jfb tyf ;xdlt ;ldltdf hfG5 . Toxf“ 5nkmn x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;efdf k|j]z x'G5 . Toxf“ k"/f 5nkmn x'G5 . o;kl5 hgtfsxf“ hfG5 k'gM;ldltdf cfp“5 . To;}n] cfkm\gf ;xdltk|lt Pdfcf]jfbL clxn] g}s]–s] g} eof] egL cflQg' x'‘“b}gÚ–k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfn] eGg'eof] .

pxf“n] k|hftflGqs d"nwf/df cfP/ klg Pdfcf]jfbLn] wDSofpg], t;f{pg] sfd hf/L /fv]sf] cf/f]k nufpg'eof] . pxf“n] eGg'eof]– …Pdfcf]jfbL cfkm"n] eg]h:tf] eof]eg] ;a} 7Ls c? bnsf sfd ;a}a]7Ls eGg] dfgl;stfn] u|:t 5, k|hftGqdf o:tf] x'g ;Sb}g .Ú pxf“n];+ljwfgsf nflu ;xdlt af]n]/ x'Gg Jojxf/df b]vfpg'kg] { atfpg'eof] .

zflGt k|lqmofdf dxTjk"0f{ sfd

xltof/ Joj:yfkg, n8fs" ;dfof]hg 6]an jftf{sf dfWodaf6 g} ePsf]atfp“b} k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfn]g]sf, Pdfn], /fk|kfnufot bnn];+ljwfgsf ljifodf NofPsf ;+o'Qm k|:tfjk|lt Pdfcf]jfbLsf] lrQ ga'em]sf] eP 6]and} a;L xn vf]Hg ;lsG5 eGg'eof] .

Pdfn] cWoIf s]kL zdf{ cf]nLn]b]z / hgtfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/;ft k|b]zdf ;xdlt ePsf] xf] . ca of]eGbf dfly hfg ;lsb}g eGg'eof] . pxf“n] ;+ljwfg;efleq /aflx/ /x]sf bnx?sf] ;fy, ;xof]u / ljZjf;df g} df3 * df ;+ljwfg cfp“5 eGg'eof] . cWoIf cf]nLn]df3 * df ;+ljwfg Nofp‘5f} + eg]/hgtf;dIf k|lta4tf hgfPsf lyof} +, oxL k|lta4tf k"/f ug{] sfd u/]sf] :ki6 kfg{'eof] .

…;+jfb ;ldltsf ;efklt c:j:y x'g'ePsf] xf]nf, ;~rf]ePkl5 a}7s af]nfO xfNg'x'G5 lgÚ– ;~rf/sdL{sf] Ps lh1f;fdf cWoIf cf]nLn] eGg'eof] . Pdfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf Pj+ pRr:t/Lo /fhgLlts ;+oGqsf cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn

…k|r08Ún] af]nfPsf a}7sdf lsg guPsf] eGg] lh1f;fdf pxf‘n]eGg'eof]– …klxn] g} a}7s ga:g]eg]sf] lyof} +, pxf‘ s] sfdn]l;+xb/af/ hfg'ePsf] lyof], pxf‘n]c?nfO{ bf]if y'kfg{' dfq ePsf] xf] .Ú

kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf /fk|kfsf dxfdGqL bLks af]x/f, ax'hg zlQm kf6L{sf cWoIf ljZj]Gb| kf;jfg, :jtGq ;ef;b\ ctx/sdfn d';ndfg / rGb|]Zj/ emf klg ;xefuL x'g''x'GYof] . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dGqL 8f= dLg]Gb| l/hfnn];+o'Qm k|]; lj1lKt jfrg ug{'ePsf]lyof] .ax'dtLodf uP d'7e]8M k|r08

Pdfcf]jfbL cWoÔ k|r08n]ax'dtLo bDedf ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ vf]lhP d'n's d'7e]8df hfg] r]tfjgL lbg'ePsf] 5 . cfOtjf/ wg'iffdf cfof]lht kf6L{ k|j]z tyf :jfut sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ pxf“n]sf+u|]; / Pdfn]n] k|lqmofaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L u5f{} + eGg' j]OdfgL ePsf]cf/f]k nufpg'eof] . wg'iffdf ljleGg kf6L{ ;Da4 g]tf sfo{stf{ cfOtjf/Pdfcf]jfbLdf k|j]z u/]sf lyP .

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j} b] lzs / f] huf/ sf] ;'j0f{ cj;/o; lb l/ e/ cf] e/ l;h zfvf sfof{no bfªdf ljleGg b] zsf sDkgLx?af6 g] kfnL sfdbf/ x?sf] ef/ L dfu eO{ cfPsf] n];SsnL / fxbfgL;lxt ;Dks{ ug'{xf] nf .b] z sDkgL sfdbf/sf] kb ;+Vof ;do tna vfg÷a:g cGtjf{tf;fpbL S.G.B. Helper 25 12 hrs. 41,000/ - 5÷5;fpbL K.F.C. Team member 100 8 hrs. 27,000/ - 5÷5;fpbL Work shop helper 25 8 hrs. 27,000+OT 5÷5;fpbL Maintanance helper 30 8 hrs. 27,000+OT 5÷5;fpbL Car wash helper 20 8 hrs. 32,400/- 5÷5b'aO{ Amaij catering Waiter 25 8 hrs. 25,000/ - 5÷5b'aO{ Helpine Building Cleaning Cleaner Male/ Female 30 8 hrs. 28,350/ - 5÷5b'aO{ Wastage General worker 20 8 hrs. 21,600/ - 5÷5b'aO{ Al-wathba Heavy Driver 25 11 hrs. 67,500/ - 5÷5stf/ Trans guard group Carpenter 50 9 hrs. 39,000/ - 5÷5s'j] t Lee Royal Waiter 70 8 hrs. 26,000/ - 5÷5s'j] t American Camp Cleaner 50 8 hrs. 27,000/ - 5÷5dn] lzof Pentagon Security Security Guard 50 12 hrs. 46,500/ - 5} g÷5dn] lzof Cheung Woh Technologies General worker 20 11 hrs. 53,000/ - 5} g÷5dn] lzof Security-pro Protection Sec. Security Guard 12 12 hrs. 48,000/ - 5} g÷5dn] lzof Wunson industries Production operator 25 11 hrs. 42,180/ - 5} g÷5dn] lzof Maxter Glove General worker 50 10 hrs. 27,140/ - 5} g÷5stf/ EMCO (ETA Group) Light G.C.C. Driver 10 8 hrs. 39,150/ - 5÷5stf/ All Mandar Carpenter/Mason 60 8 hrs. 32,400/ - 5÷5stf/ All Mandar Heavy Driver GCC 30 8 hrs. 72,900/ - 5÷5stf/ All Mandar Light Driver GCC 20 8 hrs. 45,900/ - 5÷5stf/ Toyota Heavy Driver GCC 50 10 hrs. 94,500/ - 5÷5stf/ Electromechanical Group Electrican 15 8 hrs. 35,100/ - 5÷5

gf] 6 M o; zfvfsf] ;Dks{ sfof{no t'n;Lk'/sf] sfof{no Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] 7Ls pQ/ lt/ / x] sf] ;xif{ hfgsf/ L u/ fp“5f} + .

;Dks{ M lb l/ e/ cf] e/ l;h zfvf sfof{nozxLbrf] s 3f] / fxL, bfª kmf] g )*@–%^@%*^, rGb| hLPd -/ f] Nkf_

(*%&*#!*(!, cd/ / fgf–(*$&*$%%%& -lahf} / L_, ljgf] b v8\sf (*$&*)&#*& -t'n;Lk'/ _, lzv/ la=s= (*^*^@!*)$ -?s'd÷;Nofg_

b'aO{l:yt cn km';f{g sDkgLdf lk|m le;f lk|m l6s6;lxt ef/L dfu eO{ cfPsf]n] OR5's JolQmn] t'?Gt ;Dks{ /fVg'xf]nf .

lk|m le;f lk|m l6s6;lxt j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ;'j0f{ cj;/

b] z sDkgL sfdbf/sf] kb ;+Vof ;do tna vfg÷a:g cGtjf{tf{dn] lzof kk}of sDkgL hg/n js{/ !% * 306f $#,$)).– 5} g÷5 –dn] lzof TSS Security Guard ;]So'l/6L uf8{ !)) !@ 306f $*,))).– 5} g÷5 –dn] lzof Ding Tai Fung (Fc Club) j]6/ %) * 306f #*,%)).– 5} g÷5 –stf/ sDa|f08 KnDa/ %) * 306f #%,!)).– 5÷5 –stf/ sDa|f08 On] lS6«l;og %) * 306f #%,!)).– 5÷5 –stf/ sDa|f08 x] Nk/ !)) * 306f @&,))).– 5÷5 –b'aO{ cn km';f{g hg/n js{/ %)) * 306f @!,^)).– 5÷5 –

;Dks{ M df]le/f Pr=cf/ = ;le{;] h k|f=ln=jLkL rf]s 3f]/fxL, bfª sfof{no kmf] g )*@–%^@%$#

l;wf ;Dks{ M k"0f{ / f] sf du/ – (*$&(%*(&^, v8\u 8f“uL (*)^@&&%*&, lbg] z l5gfn (*%&*$))#), /ljg ;] jf (*$&(^))^)

xfdLsxf“ cGo b] zsf l8df08x? klg 5g\ ;fy} cGo b] zsf l8df08sf] nflu sfof{nodf ;Dks{ / fVg'xf] ;\ .

shf{ tyf aSof}tf /sd r'Qmf ug]{;DaGwL #% lbg] ;"rgf †tkl;ndf pNn]lvt C0fLx?n] o; ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] C0f shf{sf] zt{ adf]lhd lgoldt

a'emfpg'kg]{ ;fjfF–Aofh efvf gfl3;Sbf klg glt/L C0f /sd afFsL /lx/x]sf] tyf k6s–k6s lnlvt tyf df}lvs tfs]tf tyf 3/b}nf] ubf{ ;d]t lghx?n] shf{sf] ls:tf e'Qmfg ug{tkm{ s'g} rf;f] gb]vfPsf] / ;+:yfsf] cfly{s jif{ )^^÷)^& sf] n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgcg';f/ k"j{ sf=;f=sf] gfddf /x]sf] s]xL /sd k6s–k6s tfs]tf ubf{ klg ltg{ cfn–6fn u/]sf] x'Fbf ldlt @)&! c;f]h @% ut] a;]sf] ;fwf/0f;efsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq ;Dk"0f{ shf{ tyf gfddf /x]sf] gub /sd e'Qmfg ug'{x'g of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . cGoyf ;xsf/L P]g @)$* tyf lgodfjnLcg';f/ pQm /sd c;'n pk/ ul/g] Joxf]/f tkl;nsf ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .

tkl;n

!= k"j{ sf=;= sf] gfd M dfof cfrfo{ -a~hf8]_;;'/fsf] gfd M nf]sdl0f a~hf8]>Ldfgsf] gfd M cf]dgfy a~hf8]7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–% sfnfkfgLcf=j= @)^^÷)^&

@= C0fLsf] gfd M cf]dgfy a~hf8]afh]sf] gfd M ltns/fd a~hf8]afa'sf] gfd M nf]sdl0f a~hf8]7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–% sfnfkfgLC0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^&.(.! ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)^*.*.#)

#= C0fLsf] gfd M dfof rf}w/L;;'/fsf] gfd M h+uaxfb'/ rf}w/L>Ldfg\sf] gfd M df]xgk|;fb rf}w/L7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–& n¶xjfC0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^(.(.!@ ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)&).(.!!

$= C0fLsf] gfd M s[i0fL rf}w/L;;'/fsf] gfd M ljkg rf}w/L>Ldfg\sf] gfd M lzjs'df/ rf}w/L7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–* kTy/u9jfC0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^(.!@.& ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)&).^.^

%= C0fLsf] gfd M lg/h kl/of/afh]sf] gfd M ========================a'afsf] gfd M lht] kl/of/7]ufgf M nfndl6of–$ nfndl6ofC0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^(.&.@& ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)&).!.@^

^= C0fLsf] gfd M ;'dg rf}w/Lafh]sf] gfd M ;}h' rf}w/La'afsf] gfd M b]jL/fd rf}w/L7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–# efgk'/C0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^(.&.@! ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)&).!.@)

&= C0fLsf] gfd M dfwjnfn rf}w/Lafh]sf] gfd M a'w/fd rf}w/La'jfsf] gfd M lzjk|;fb rf}w/L7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–@ cg{xgk'/C0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^(.^.@# ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)^(.!@.@@

*= C0fLsf] gfd M kb\df jnL;;'/fsf] gfd M zflns/fd jnL>Ldfg\sf] gfd M bnaxfb'/ jnL7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–! a8\sf l;;xlgofC0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^*.^.@% ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)^(.^.@$

(= C0fLsf] gfd M lagf ;'gf/;;'/fsf] gfd M lbnaxfb'/ ;'gf/>Ldfg\sf] gfd M zfGtjL/ ;'gf/7]ufgf M nfndl6of–( gofFufpFC0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^(.!!.$ ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)&).%.#

!)= C0fLsf] gfd M d~h' u'Ktf;;'/fsf] gfd M lzjaxfb'/ u'Ktf>Ldfg\sf] gfd M /fw]Zofd u'Ktf7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–$ lkk/LC0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^(.(.@ ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)&).#.!

!!= C0fLsf] gfd M lji0f'k|;fb rf}w/Lafh]sf] gfd M b'vL/fd rf}w/La'afsf] gfd M hLjnfn rf}w/L7]ufgf M l;;xlgof–* dem]l/ofC0f nu]sf] ldlt M @)^(.!@.@& ut]r'Qmf ug]{ ldlt M @)&).^.@^

laxfgL art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=l;;xlgof–% sfnfkfgL b]pv'/L, bfª kmf]g M )*@–$)@)#^

cfjZostfo; ljBfnosf] lg=df=lj= ul0ft ljifodf cWofkg ug{ ;Sg]

Pshgf of]Uo / cg'ejL lzIfs cfjZostf k/]sf]n] b/vf:t cfx\jfg ul/G5 .

of]Uotf M cfO=P= jf cfO=P8= ul0ft ljifo lnO{ pQL0f{ jf cfO=P:;L= pQL0f{ u/]sf] .b/vf:t lbg] clGtd ldlt M @)&!.&.@* ut];Ddk/LIffsf] lsl;d M df}lvs / cGtjf{tf{b/vf:t b:t'/ M ?= @)).– dfq;Dks{ kmf]g M (*$&*%&*!%, (*$&(^#%@@, (&$*%&@)&&

lk|lG;kn ;f}l8of/ lrN8«]g Psf8]dL

;f}l8of/–^ k;f{, bfª

cfjZostfo; /fKtL cfjf;Lo dfWolds ljBfnonfO{ Pshgf bIf

cfjf;Lo -xf]:6]n_ lzIfssf] cfjZostf k/]sf] x'Fbf OR5's of]Uo pDd]bjf/af6 b/vf:t cfx\jfg ul/G5 . b/vf:t lbg] clGtd ldlt M @)&!.)&.@*b/vf:t b:t'/ M !%).–k/LIffsf] lsl;d M cGtjf{tf{of]Uotf M la=P= jf ;f] ;/x -lj1fg±ul0ft_ ljifo lnPsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .

lk|lG;kn

/fKtL cfjf;Lo dfWolds ljBfnoafn'jf6f/–^ 3f]/fxL, bfª

kmf]g g+= )*@–%^!%!$, df]= (*$&*#$*^^

:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L

af]nkq cfx\jfg;DaGwL ;"rgf †

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% sf] bkmf @!% / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g t];|f] ;+zf]wg;lxt lgodfjnL @)%^ sf] lgod @)& / @! cf} + lhNnf kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt Ko"7fgn]nufpg ;Sg] s/, b:t'/ / ;]jf z'Ns c;'npk/ ug{ cf=j= )&!÷)&@ sf] cjlwsf] nflu lgDglnlvt j:t'x?df 7]Ssf p7fpg] j:bf]j:t ug{ OR5's JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLx?af6 tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd c+saf6 a9fa9 u/L ldlt @)&!÷)*÷)* ut]leq :jo+ cfkm} pkl:yt eO{ o; sfo{fnodf af]nkq vl/b u/L !^ cf} + lbg cyjf ldlt @)&!÷)*÷)( ut] lbgsf] !@=)) ah]leq lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, Ko"7fgdf /Ltk"j{s lznjGbL jf]nkq dfu ul/Psf] 5 . k]z x'g cfPsf af]nkqx? ;f]xL lbgsf] !=)) ah] lh=lj=;= sfof{no k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df lh=lj=;=df vf]lng] 5 . af]nkq vl/b ug{ / btf{ ug] { lbg ljbf kg{ uPdf nuQ} sfof{no v'n]sf] csf] { lbgnfO{ vl/b ug]{ / k]z ug] { lbg ;DalGwt JolQm jf kmd{ :jo+ pkl:yt x'g'kg] {5 . ;f] gePdf clws[t af/];gfdf k|df0fkq k]z ug'{ kg] { Joxf]/f ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf]nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnolhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no

vn+uf, Ko"7fg

bf];|f]k6s k|sflzt ldlt M @)&!.)&.@$

zt{ jGb]hx?!= dfly pNn]lvt k|To]s 7]Ssf?sf] af]nkq vl/b ubf{ g]kfnL gful/s eP gful/stfsf] k|df0f–kq,

kmd{ jf sDkgL eP, gjLs/0f ePsf] lgdf{0f Joj;foL btf{ k|df0fkq, :yfoL n]vf gDj/ k|df0fkq /s/ r'Qmf k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg /fvL 5'§f5'§} af]nkq kmf/d vl/b u/L 5'§f5'§} k]z ug'{kg] {5 .

@= af]nkq ;fy cfkm"n] saf]n u/]sf] c+sdf ;os8f %Ü∞/ ljb]zL gful/s eP !)Ü n] x'g] w/f}6L/sd o; sfof{nosf] g]=a}=ln= Ko"7fgdf /x]sf] !^# u # w/f}6Lvftfdf hDdf u/]sf] ;Ssn a} +s ef}r/ ;+nUg /xg' kg] {5 .

#= af]nkq kmf/ddf cfkm"n] saf]n u/]sf] /sd c+s / cIf/df k|i6;Fu n]v]sf] x'g'kg] {5 c+s / cIf/df km/s k/]df cIf/nfO{ dfGotf lbOg] 5 .

$= af]nkq :jLs[t ePsf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] & lbgleq 7]Ssf c+ssf] %)Ü n] x'g cfpg] /sd Psd'i6 a'emfO{ ;Demf}tf ug'{kg] {5 / To;kl5 #)Ü /sd @)&! kf}if d;fGtleq / afFsL @)Ü /sd @)&! r}q d;fGtleq a'emfO{ ;Sg'kg] {5 . ;Demf}tf ubf{ bf];|f] / t];|f] ls:tf jfktsf] %)Ü /sd a/fa/sf] @)&@ c;f/ d;fGt;Dd cjlw ePsf] o; sfof{nosf] gfddf hf/L ul/Psf] dfGoftfk|fKt a} +ssf] a} +s Uof/]G6L -k/km/d]G; a08_ k]z ug'{kg] {5 . tf]lsPsf] ;doleq ls:tf /sd ga'emfPdf !)Ü Aofh ;lxt ls:tf c;'nL u/L w/f}6L hkmt u/L csf] { Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 .

%= ;Demf}tfsf avt 7]Ssf c+ssf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd Psd'i6 a'emfpg]nfO{ !)Ü 5'6 lbOg]5 .^= ljut jif{x?df lh=lj=;=nfO{ /sd a'emfpg afFsL /x]sf JolQmx?n] lgodfg';f/sf] k"/} /sd r'Qmf

u/]kl5 dfq 7]Ssfdf efu lng kfpg]5g\ .&= k|fKt af]nkqx? :jLs[t ug] { gug] { clwsf/ lhlj;df /xg]5 . 7]Ssf jf ;t{;DaGwL s'/fdf s'g}

emd]nf kg{ cfPdf lhlj;sf] lg0f{o dfGo x'g] 5 . 7]s]bf/sf] s'g} ph'/L nfUg] 5}g .*= Ps :yfgdf s/ a'emfPsf] /l;b k]z u/]df ;f]xL j:t'df k'gM s/ lng kfOg] 5}g .(= 7]Ssfdf lng] 7]s]bf/n] tf]lsPsf] ;+sng s]Gb|df s/sf b//]6 ;lxtsf] ;fOgaf]8{ ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L

/fVg'kg] {5 / ;f]xL s]Gb|df s/ ;+sng ug'{kg] {5 . /fli6«o jf ;xfos dfu{df 9f6 jf cj/f]w v8fu/L s/ p7fpg kfOg] 5}g .

!)= /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tfcg'?k :yfgLo s/ lng gkfOg] egL lg0f{o ePsf cfof]hgfx?sf xsdf s/ lng kfOg] 5}g .

!!= k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd nfUg] s/ b:t'/ cflb 7]s]bf/n] g} a'emfpg'kg] {5 .!@= 7]Ssf zLif{s cg';f/sf s/ p7fpg /l;b 5'§f5'§} #÷# k|lt 7]s]bf/n] g} 5kfO u/L sfof{nodf

bflvnf u/L sfof{noaf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ k|of]udf Nofpg'kg] {5 .!#= af]nkq k]z ubf{ vfddf nfxf5fk nufO{ lznaGbL u/L bfofFkl§ sfof{nosf] gfd, 7]ufgf, afofFkl§

af]nkq bftfsf] gfd pNn]v u/L af]nkqsf] ljifo ;d]t n]lvPsf] x'g'kg] {5 .!$= o; afx]s cGo s'/f k|rlnt P]g lgod / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL @)%^ -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_

adf]lhd nfu' x'g]5 .!%= ;t{ /fvL k]z ePsf af]nkq / ;t{ aGb]h ljk/Lt jf Dofb gf3L cfPsf af]nkqdfly s'g} sf/afxL

ul/g] 5}g .!^= r'/] ;+/lIft If]q / kSsL k'nsf] tn dfly lgif]lwt If]qaf6 tyf lh=lj=;= sf] :jLs[t k|f/lDes

jftfj/0f k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg (IEE) @)^( / @)&! sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L 9'+uf, lu§L, afn'jf pTvgg\ / bf]xg ug{ kfOg] 5}g .

!&= Ko"7fg lhNnfl:yt hldgsf] e"–;txaf6 pTvgg\ ul/Psf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg k|of]u u/] afkt ;a}kIfn] s/ ltg'{ kg] {5 .

!*= IEE sf] k|ltj]bg tyf 3f6u2L;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf gbL lsgf/f afx]s cGo :yfgaf6 9'+uf,lu§L afn'jf lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .

!(= cGo lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu sfof{nosf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf x]g'{x'g jf kmf]g g+= $@))@$, $@)!$& /$@)@$@ df sfof{no ;dodf ;Dks{ /fVg'x'g hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .

l;=g+= 7]Ssf g+= 7]Ssfsf] ljj/0f Go"gtd 7]s c+s af]nkq kmf/fd b:t'/!= @÷)&!.)&@ 9'+uf, lu§L, afn'jf @@,%),))).– d"=c=s/ afx]s !))).–

j} b] lzs / f] huf/ Lsf nflu ;'j0f{ cj;/o; v'Da' cf] e/ l;h ;Dks{ sfof{no bfªdf ljleGg b] zsf sDkgLx?af6 ef/ L dfu eO{ cfPsf] n] hfg rfxg] OR5's JolQmx?n] ;SsnL / fxbfgL;lxt t'?Gt ;Dks{ ug'{xf] nf .b] z sDkgLsf] gfd sfdbf/sf] kb ;+Vof ;do tna vfg÷a:g dn] lzof Panasonic General worker 30 9 hrs Rs 35,000 5} g÷5dn] lzof Pkagro General worker 300 11 hrs Rs 48,000 5} g÷5dn] lzof Armour Security Security Guard 50 12 hrs Rs 65,000 5} g÷5b'aO{ Group 4 Security Security Guard 50 12 hrs Rs 72,000 5}g÷5;fpbL Al Watina Helper 35 8 hrs Rs 25,000 5÷5stf/ KFC Bike driver 100 9 hrs Rs 40,500 5÷5 stf/ KFC Team member (male/Female) 200 9 hrs Rs 32,500 5} g÷5stf/ Campass Catering Cleaners 200 8 hrs Rs 20,000+ OT 5÷5

;Dks{ M v'Da' cf] e/ l;h;Dks{ sfof{no M t'n;Lk'/ rf] sb] lv pQ/ –klZrd u0ftGq Pkm=Pd=sf] cufl8

k|bLk s] =;L=– (*%&*#)@#^, (*)@(#)@#^lrqaxfb'/ lai6– (*)!#@*#@%, (*%&*#$)(%

a'l4 s] =;L= (*)!##)@!&, (*$&*^%!%), x] d/ fh / fjt– (*)!##)%(^, b] a] Gb| v8\sf– (*)!##)!$(

5f]/f–5f]/L

b'a} a/fa/L

q gf/fo0f ljjz

3f]/fxL, @# sflt{s . ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]un] e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L tyf cJojl:yt a;f]af;LnfO{ lgj]bg lbg cfx\jfg u/]sf]Dofbsf] ;do hlthlt glhs cfp“b}5 pltplt ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] yfdL g;Sg' eL8 al9/x]sf] 5 .

;'s'Daf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]udf lgj]bg lbg] Dofb )&! sflt{s d;fGt;Dd tf]lsP klg cl3Nnf];do eGbf kl5Nnf] ;dodf eL8 a9]sf]xf] .

sflt{s @# ut] cfOtjf/sf lbg dfq} klg cfof]udf lgj]bg lbg s/Lj % xhf/ dflg;x?sf] eL8 b]lvGYof] . lgj]bg lbg]x? cfof]usf] kl/;/ / aflx/ ;8s hfd x'g] u/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no;Dd nfOgdf a;]sf b]lvGy] .

kf“r xhf/ dflg;x? nfOgdf a;]klg a9Ldf b}lgs ;ft cf7;o lgj]bg dfq btf{ ug{ ;Sg] cfof]udf hgzlQm 5 . cfof]un] tLg 7fp‘af6 lgj]bg btf{ ug] { u/]sf]df cfOtjf/ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nodf klg e"ldxLg ;'s'Daf;Lx?sf] lgj]bg btf{ ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . cfof]un] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no;‘u ;xof]u dfu]kl5 cfof]usf] ;xof]usf nflu e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{nodf btf{ sfpG6/ /fvL ;xof]u u/]sf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf zfvf clws[t /fdk|;fb zdf{n]atfpg'eof] .

otf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non];xof]usf] gfddf cfkm\g} sfof{nodf btf{ sfpG6/ /fVbf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf]sfd;d]t k|efljt x'g yfn]sf] b]lvGYof] .

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;a} If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?sf]cf–cfkm\g} lsl;dsf e]ife"iff, /xg;xg,/Lltl/jfh, vfgkfg / rf8kj{x? 5g\ .lxdfndf a:g], ef]6], z]kf{, tfdfª, nfdfx?,t/fO{df a:g] yf? bg'jf/, kf;jfg, d';x/ /aLrsf] kxf8L efudf a:g] a|fx\d0f, If]qL,7s'/L, du/, sfdL, bdfO{, ;a}sf cf–cfkm\g}lsl;dsf efiffz}nL, /xg;xg 5g\ . ;a}sfcf–cfkm\gf] df}lnstf 5 . ;a}sf cf–cfkm\gfdft[efiff 5g\ . lxdfndf a:g] tfdfª,ef]6]x?sf] efiff t/fO{sf yf? bg'jf/n] a'‰b}gg\. eg] kxf8df a:g] du/ / v; efiff klglxdfnL / t/fO{af;Ln] a'‰b}gg\ t/ cf–cfkm\gf]7fp‘df cf–cfkm\g} dft[efiffsf] rngrNtLeP tfklg ;a}n] dfGg] / ;a}n] a'‰g] vfnsf]Pp6f sfg'gL efiff b]zdf x'g}k5{ . To;}n]g]kfndf klg ;a}n] hfGg] a'‰g] vfnsf]efiffnfO{ g]kfnL efiff eg]/ sfg'gL ?kdfsfdsfhsf] efiff eg]/ klxn]b]lv g} b]zsf]/fi6«efiff dflgPsf] a'lemG5 . b]zsf] /fi6«efiffclxn];Dd lxdfnb]lv t/fO{;Ddsf ;a}hfthflt ju{ ;Dk|bfosf dflg;x?n] a'‰g/ af]Ng ;S5g\ . efiffafx]s e]ife"iff klgcfkm\gf] a;f]af; u/]sf] 7fp‘ 5f]8]/ aflx/lg:sbf ;a}n] g} Ps} lsl;dsf kf]zfsx?klxl/g] ub{5g\ . h;sf] dft[efiff g} /fi6«efifflyof] p;nfO{ sfg'gL?kdf / n]vk9 ug{ klgs]xL ;lhnf] x'g] / cfkm\gf] dft[efiff km/sePsfnfO{ sfg'gL efiffdf s]xL c;lhnf] ePtfklg vf;} km/s kb}{g . kxf8 / lxdfnIf]qdf dfgj a:tL cToGt} Go"g 5 / Toxf‘ef}uf]lns ljs6tfn] ubf{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsfsfdx? klg Tolt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;fy}lzIff :jf:Yoh:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfkl/k"lt{ ug]{ vfnsf ;+/rgfsf] klg sdL 5 .t/fO{sf dflg;nfO{ hlt ;'ljwf 5 Tolt;'ljwf kSs} klg kxf8 / lxdfndf a:g]dflg;x?nfO{ 5}g . t/fO{ e"agfj6n] g};dy/ ePsfn] oftfoftsf] ljsf; ug{ klgw]/} ;lhnf] 5 . To:t} lzIffsf] If]qdf klg:s"n, sn]hx? klxn] g} v'n]sf x'gfn] t/fO{sfdflg; g} a9L lzlIft 5g\ . /fd|/L lgofn]/vf]Hg] xf] eg] t/fO{sf dflg;x?sf] /fhgLltdfklg alnof ] pkl:ylt 5 . /fi6 «klt,pk/fi6«kltb]lv dlGqd08ndf ;d]t t/fO{af;Lg]tfx?sf ] pkl:ylt sd 5}g . To:t}/fi6«;]jssf s'/f ubf{ klg pRr cf]xf]bfb]lvlgDg ju{;Dd klg t/fO{af;Lsf] alnof]

t/fO{ / kxf8aLr åGå lsg <

?b|k|;fb zdf{pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . gfkL sfof{no, ;8sljefu, jg ljefunufot ;/sf/sfljleGg lgsfodf pRr cf]xf]bfdf a:g]t/fO{af;L g} 5g\ . t/fO{df lzlIft JolQmx?a9L ePs} sf/0fn] ubf{ s}of}+ t/fO{af;Lo'jfx? hflu/sf] nflu h'Dnf, x'Dnf, 8f]Nkf,dgfª, d':tfª;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . pBf]uwGwf,snsf/vfgf klg kxf8sf] bf‘hf]df t/fO{dfg} a9L 5g\ / Toxf‘ sfd ug]{ 7"nfb]lv;fgf] cf]xf]bf;Dd hgzlQm ToxL+s} 5 .w]/} hg;+Vof ePsf] 7fp‘df s]xL dflg;x?cfkm\gf] sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ clzlIft c;Eo /ul/j x'g' :jfefljs g} dflgG5 . h:t}kxf8df hlt hg;+Vof 5}g Tolt dflg;x?t/fO{df jf 7"nf zx/x?df les dfUg] u5{g\-dfu]/ vfG5g\_ . s'g} ;dodf eGg] ul/GYof]–g]kfnsf] hg;+VofeGbf a9L dflg; ef/tdflesf/L 5g\ eg]/ . ef/t g]kfnsf] bf‘hf]dfcToGt} 7"nf], ljsl;t / x/]s s'/fdf cufl8/x]sf] b]z xf] . t/ Toxf‘sf] Tof] lesf/Lsf];+Vofn] ubf{ s] ef/tnfO{ cljsl;t, c;Eod'n's dfGg ;lsG5 < To:t} xf] g]kfnsf]t/fO{ / kxf8sf] s'/f klg . t/fO{sf] vfBfGgn]kxf8 / lxdfndf a:g] dflg;x?n] k]6 kfNgkfPsf 5g\ . t/fO{sf] cGge08f/ g]kfnLx?sf]k|f0fkfns xf] eg] bnxg, t]nxg, d;nf,t/sf/L cflbn] k"/} b]znfO{ g} wfGg] u/]sf]5 . kxf8 / lxdfndf h8La'6L, kmnk"mn,l3p, kz'x? dfq} pTkfbg x'G5g\ . tL klgs]xL /sd cfh{g ug]{ dfq x'g\, vfgsf]nflu ds}, sf]bf], kmfk/, hf} cflbn] Toxf‘sfdflg;nfO{ 5 dlxgf klg vfg k'Ub}g .t}klg pgLx? b'Mvlhnf] u/]/ af‘r]sf 5g\ .ef/L af]s]/, kz'kfn]/ jf ko{6snfO{ 3'dfP/xf]6n Joj;fo u/]/ lbg lat]sf] 5 . To;}n]t/fO{sf dflg;n] kxf8 / lxdfndf a:g]nfO{klg efOrf/fsf] Jojxf/ ug'{k¥of] / lxdfnL/ kxf8Ln] klg t/fO{af;LnfO{ cfk"mn] ;Sg]hlt ;xof]u ug'{k¥of] . kxf8 / lxdfnsfdflg;x? ;fn;fn} t/fO{lt/ a;fO ;g]{ qmdtLa| x'‘b} uPsf] 5 eg] t/fO{sf dflg;x?kxf8df a;fO;/fO u/]sf] kfO‘b}g . olbt/fO{af;L / kxf8af;Ldf åGå rls{b} uof]eg] o;n] b'a}y/LnfO{ xfgLafx]s c? s]xLklg ub}{g . To;}n] xfdLx? lxdfndf a:g]eP klg kxf8df a:g] eP klg, rfx] t/fO{/ dw]zdf hxf‘ a:g] eP klg cflv/dfxfdL g]kfnL g} xf}+ . xfd|f] b]z g]kfn xf] .oxL efjgfn] k|]defj /fVb} uof}+ eg] xfd|f]ljsf; klg x'G5 . Ps cfk;df l/;/fu /ljjfb rsf{p‘b} uof}+ eg] o;n] b]znfO{ åGåsf]lbzfdf n}hfG5 . b]z ;d]t 6'qmf–6'qmfdfljeflht x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . To;}n]t/fO{ / kxf8sf] aLrdf åGå x}g, cfk;L;b\efj /fvf}+ / efOefO ldn]/ a;f}+ . b]z,e]if, efiff arfp, ;fj{ef }d, b]zeQmgful/s eP/ af‘Rg ;sf}+ . oxL xf] cfdg]kfnLsf] rfxgf .

:s"ndf c+u|]hL efiff lzIf0fsf nfluljifout 1fg / ;Lk ePsf ] lzIfsx'g'kb{5 . jt{dfg ;dodf c+u|]hLsf] dxTja9]sf ] 5 . o:tf ] ljifo k9\g ] OR5fljBfyL{x?df 5 . of] ;dosf] dfu klgxf] . x/]s afa'cfdfn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{c+u|]hL efiff k9fpg rfxG5g\ . To:tf]:s"nsf] vf]hL klg u5{g\ . ;fd'bflos:s"neGbf af]l8{ª :s"n c+u|]hL efiffsf]k9fOsf nflu pQd x'G5 . o:tf] ;f]rfO/fVg' unt ;fljt ul/lbPsf 5g\– af]l8{ª:s"nx?n] . x'g t sltko ;fd'bflos:s"nx?n] klg c+u|]hL k7gkf7gsf] dfWodagfPsf 5g\ . To:tf :s"nx?n] c+u|]hL efifflzIf0f ug]{ bIf / ;Lko'Qm lzIfs kfpg;s ]sf 5}gg \ . :s "nsf ] k7gkf7g;DaGwdf cleefjsx?sf] ljZj;gLotfx'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;fd'bflos :s"nx?df tflndk|fKtlzIfsx? w]/} 5g\ . pgLx?sf] k9fO /fd|f]eP klg gful/ssf] ljZjf; kfpg ;s]sf5}gg\ . o:tf] b]lvg' c+u|]hL efiff k9fpg]lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] k7gkf7gsf] k |efjljBfyL{x?df kfg{ g;Sg' xf] . o:tf :s"nx?ljBfyL{x?sf nflu pkof]uL aGg ;s]sf5}gg\ . 1fg / ;Lk ePsf lzIfs w]/} af]l8{ª:s"ndf 5}gg\ . ePsf lzIfsn] klg k9fpg?rfp‘b}gg\ . pgsf] k9fOk|lt ?lr g/xg'sf]d'Vo sf/0f tflnd gkfpg' xf] eg] tflndkfPsf jf To; ljifosf lzIfs eP klga9L d]xgt u/]/ k9fpg ?rL ub}{gg\ . hlta9L d]xgt u/] klg :s"naf6 ;'ljwf,k|f]T;fxg / k|]/0ff kfPsf x'‘b}gg\ .

c+u|]hL efiff k9fpg] lzIfsn] efiffsf]Letters and sounds hfGg'k5{ .sltkon] Letters hfG5g\ t/ Sounds

hfGb}gg\ . To;df pgLx?nfO{ 1fg / ;Lkx'‘b}g . 5lAa; cIf/ ePsf letters df @!Consonants / kf‘r vowels x'G5 eGg]1fg 5 . To:t}af6 k9\b} cfPsf c+u| ]hLlzIfsx? ag]sf 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ Soundssf] 1fg / ;Lk 5}g . To;sf nflu Lin-guist k9\g'k5{ . h;df Phonology sf]/fd|f] cWoog x'g'k5{ . Phonetic df pho-neme phonetic transcript sf] 1fgug'{k5{ . phonetic transcripts cWoogubf{ monohthongs / diphthongs sf]1fg ug'{k5{ . h;df consonants–@$ /vowels–!@ x'G5g\ . vowels–!@ dWo]long–$ / short–* k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . diph-thongs–* transcripts sf] 1fg geP;Ddc+u|]hL efiffsf] z'4 pRrf/0f Oxford ad-vanced learners' dictionary sf ]cfwf/df n]lvPsf zAbsf] pRrf/0fsf nfluphonetic transcripts of sounds nfO{a'em\g ;s]sf x'‘b}gg\ . zAbsf] pRrf/0f z}nLklg hfGg ;Sb}gg\ . cGtdf c+u|]hL efiffk9fpg] lzIfssf] k9fO cw'/f] x'G5 . To:tfljBfyL{x?n] c+u|]hL k9fO g]kfnL af]nfO u5{g\ .

g]kfnsf x/]s :s"nx?df c1fgtfsf]k|a[lQ al9/x]sf] 5 . :s"nx?n] cf–cfkm\gf]:s"nsf] k7gkf7gdf cw'/f] lzIf0f k|ljlwrnfO/x]sf 5g\ . k9fOdf cw'/f] lzIf0f k|ljlwePkl5 ljifosf] 1fg / ;Lk ljsf; ug{ljBfyL{x? k5fl8 k5{g\ / c+u|]hL k9fO km]zgdfdfq ;Lldt x'G5 . ljBfnosf ] ef }lts;+/rgfn] dfq k7gkf7gsf] :t/a[l4 x‘'b}g .To;sf nflu ljifout 1fg / ;Lk ePsf]lzIfs rflxG5 . :t/Lo k7gkf7gn] dfqu'0fjfg ljBfyL{x? pTkfbg x'G5g\ / /fi6«sf]bIf hgzlQm a9\5 . t/ sdhf]/ ljifoutlzIfs ePdf ljBfyL{x? sdhf]/ aG5g\ .

pgLx?n] dfgl;s ljsf; ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .pgLx?n] c+u|]hL efiffsf] efiffut 1fg / ;Lksf]ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf x‘'b}gg\ . sdhf]/ k9fOsfsf/0f cfkm"nfO{ lxgtfaf]w u/]sf x'G5g\ . x'gt :s"nx?n] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] dfkb08sfcfwf/df lzIfs 5gf]6 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .To:tf lzIfsx?sf] ljifout 1fg / ;Lksf;DaGwdf Wofg lbg] u/]sf] kfOGg . To;sf/0fc+u|]hL k9fpg] bIf lzIFssf] cefj w]/}:s"nx?df 5 . sltko lzIfsx?df 1fg /;Lk x'‘bfx '‘b} klg k9fpg] k|ljlwsf] 1fggePsfn] /fd|/L k9fpg ;Sb}gg\ / ljBfyL{x?sf]k9fOtkm{ Wofg lbb}gg\ .

lzIfssf nflu ljifo lzIf0f ug]{ ;Lkljsf; ug{ tflndsf] w]/} dxTj 5 . o:tftflndn] ljifo lzIf0fsf] dxTj a9fp‘5 .lzIfsn] c+u|]hL efiff lzIf0f tflnd kfPsf5g\ eg] pgdf k9fpg] snfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .k9fp‘bf ljifosf] 1fg / lzIf0f ;Lksf] ljsf;ub}{ uPdf cg'ejLo 1fg a9fpg ;S5g\ .o:tf] cEof; / k|of]u ug]{ lzIfsn] c+u|]hLefiffsf intonation, stress, rhytham,pitch, jucture h:tf ptf/ / r9fjsf]WjgLsf] em6\sf ;DaGwdf /fd|f] 1fg u5{g\ /c+u|]hL efiffsf] z'4 pRrf/0f ug{ ;kmn x'G5g\ .

af]l8{ª :s"nn] c+u|]hL dfWodsf] :s"neGb} w]/} k};f p7fpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgLx?n]g;{/Lb]lv !) sIff;Dd k9fp‘bf ljBfyL{x?n]!# jif{ nufp‘5g\ . olt nfdf] calw nufP/k9]sf ljBfyL{x?n] z'4 pRrf/0f u/]/ c+u|]hLefiff af]Ng ;s]gg\ eg] pgLx?sf] !# jif]{c+u| ]hL efiffsf] k9fO Joy{ x'G5 . o:tf]cj:yfdf ljBfyL{x?n] lxgtfaf]w u5{g\ eg]afa'cfdfn] kZrftfk . Psftkm{ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]eljio cGwsf/ aG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ wgsf]ajf{b x'G5 . o:tf af]l8{ª :s"nx?k|lt xf]lzof/

c+u|]hL k9fO g]kfnL af]nfO

o'j/fh zdf{

of]hgf cfkm}df To:tf] ;'lgof]lhtsfo{k4lt xf] h'g s'g} lglZrt p2]Zok|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] ckgfOPsf] x'G5 h;sf]th'{df / sfof{Gjog s'g} a:t' jf ;]jfpTk fbg ug ] { cyjf s'g } lg lZrt/rgfTds sfo{ ug{sf ] nflu ul/G5 .lglZrt ;|f]t / ;fwg, sfo{ ;Dkfbgug{sf nflu nfutsf] cg'dfg / sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ;do cyf{t\ p2]Zo k|fKtug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] nflu pkof]uul/g ] ;fwg , sfo{k |0 f fnL cf lbsf ]k " j { lg wf { l /t k | f¿ksf ] df Woda f6ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;kmntfsf]dfu{df nDsfpgsf nflu cfjZostof / L , ;dGjo / k | lq m of Pjsfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . h;n]Joj l:yt ljsf;sf ] cfwf /tTjsf ]k|Tofe"lt u/fp‘5 .

b]zsf ] s'n e"–efudWo] @=))&k|ltzt cyf {t\ @ xhf/ ( ;o %% ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] bfª lhNnfdWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If ]qsf ] d'6 'dflgG5 h;n] b'O{j6f gu/kflnsf /#( ufp‘ ljsf; ;ldltx?;lxt % nfv%@ xhf/ % ;o *# dflg;x?nfO{cfkm\gf] If]qdf /fv]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] t]xf} +of ]hgf -@)&)÷@)&!– @)&@÷@)&#_sf] sfof{Gjog ul//x‘bf /fKtL c~rnsf];b /d 's fd ;d ]t /x ]s f ] b f ªd flhNnf:t/af6 b'O {j6f of ]hgf -k|ydcfj lws lhNnf ljsf; of ]hg f -@)%&÷%*–)^#÷^$_ / bf];|f ] cfjlwslhNnf ljsf; of]hgf -@)^(÷)&)–@)&#÷)&$_ nfu' ePsf ] / s]Gb|:t/af6 …Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbgs fo {q mdÚ s f ] ?kdf …a fv | f k fngsfo{qmdÚ / t'Nf;Lk'/–k'/gwf/f ;8sof]hgf Pj+ k|uGgf tyf a8\sfky l;+rfO{cfof ]hgf of ]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf ]?kdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . /fi6«klt r'/];+/If0f sfo{qmd, d'Qm sDnx/Lsf nflulZfIff sfo{qmd, pBf]u dGqfnocGtu{tl;d]G6 pBf ]usf nflu cfjZos ljB't; ]jf pknAw u/ fpg ] l;nl;nfdfx fn;Dd s'; 'd–xfk '/ ] !@@ s] e Lk|;f/0f nfOgsf ] %*=!! Kf |ltzt /ndxL–3f ]/ f xL !#@ s] dL k |;f/0fnfOgsf] *% k|ltzt dfq sfd ;DkGgePsf h:tf of ]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?x?/x]sf ] bfªdf /fKtL nf ]sdfu{sf ] ljsf;uf }/jsf ] ljifo klg ag]sf] 5  . :yfgLo:jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% / lgodfjnL@)%^ sf ] cfwf /df /x ] / :yfgLolgsfon] cfkm \gf ] If]qsf ] lbuf] / qmldsljs f ;s f n f lu cNks fn Lg /bL3{sfnLg cfjlws of ]hgf agfO {sfo f { Gjog ug ] { ] k |of ;:j?k b fªlhNnfsf ] k |yd cfjlws lhNnf ljsf;of]hgf -@)%&÷%*–)^#÷^$ _ k"/f eO{bf ];|f ] cfjlws lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf -@ ) ^ ( ÷ ) & ) – @ ) & # ÷ ) & $ _sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5 .

cfly{s jif { @)&!÷@)&@ sf ];/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf …s[lifqmflGt bzsÚ 3f ]if0ff u/L vfBfGgdfcfTdlge{/ agfpg ] gL lt cjnDagul/g]5 elgP klg bfªdf o;sf] s'g}k|efjsf/L k|of; ePsf ] b] lvb }g  .…:jo+;]jf cleofgdf kl/rfng sfo{qmdÚ,

bfªsf of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf…Ps lgjf{rg If]q Ps v]n d}bfg sfo{qmdÚtyf …cgnfOg ;]jf dfkm{t /fxbfgL b/vf:tbtf{ ug]{ sfo{qmdÚ h:tf ;/sf/sf sfo{qmdklg sfuhdf dfq ;Lldt ePsf] o;lhNNffdf rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)&!÷@)&@sf] ah]6 jStJodf zxLbdfu{ -3f]/fxL–xf]n]/L_ ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt Pj+ sfnf]kq] ug]{elgP klg o;n] k|efjsfl/tf kfpg ;s]sf]5}g . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] tYof+sx]bf{ ! nfv # xhf/ & ;o ^@ 3/w'/Lcfkm\g} 3/df a;f]af; ug]{ cj:yf /x]sf]bfªdf $& xhf/ % ;o &) 3/w'/Ln] dfqwf/fsf] kfgLsf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfPsf

tbf?stf b]vfpg g;s]sf] v08df of]hgfsf]bL3{sfnLg ;f]r …xl/tqmflGt, cfTdlge{/tf/ ;dtf, @! cf}+ ztfJbLdf bfªsf] ;DkGgtfÚgf/fdf dfq ;Lldt x'g]5 .

nIfsf cfwf /df of ]hg fa4?kdfk|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmdx?sf] 5gf]6 u/L;f]xLcg';f/ ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{tkm{ lhNnfsf]Wofg hfg g;Sg' tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]ljsf;tkm{ hf ]8 lbOPsf ] b]lvP tfklgof]hgfa4 ;f]rsf] cefjsf sf/0f nufgLsf]pRrtd + pkof]u x'g g;Sg' Pj cfjZosef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ljz]if1, 8fS6/ Pj+cGo :jf:YosdL{x?sf] sdLsf sf/0f :jf:Yo

lji0f'k|;fb vgfn

/fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"Nof +sg lgb] { lzsf, @)&) nfO{lhNnftxdf k lg k |e fjsf/ L ag fpg 'kb {5 . o f ]hgfs f ]sfof { Gjogdf of ]hgfsf ] p2 ]Zocg';f/ lk5l8Psf, lgDg:yfgdf /x]sf, ;'ljwfljxLg pTkLl8t ju{ / hfltnfO{ ;xefuLu/fpg'kb{5 . nlIft ju{ jf ;d"xnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]df dfqcfof ]hgf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 .

5g\ eg] cem} klg $ xhf/ * ;o ^*3/w'/L gbL tyf vf]nfsf] kfgL lkpg afWo5g\, vfgf ksfpgsf] nflu ce}m klg **xhf/ * ;o @& 3/w'/L bfp/fdf lge{//x]sf 5g\ . o;n] lhNnfaf;Lsf] cfly{scj:yfsf] lrq0f ub{5 .

:o"hf, ;}3f, nf ]x f/kfgL, sfe | ] /xf‘:fLk'/h:tf kxf8L uflj;x? tyf cGouflj;x? Pj+ gu/kflnsfx? ;d]tdf of]hgftof/ ubf{ Pj+ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ljz]if Wofg hfg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo:t/af6 ul/g] ;j]{If0f / :yfgLo?kdf ul/g];j]{If0faf6 lg:sg] lgisif{df Ps?ktf x'Gf;s]sf] 5}g . hDdf @* uflj;df dfq afx|}dlxgf oftfoft rNg] cj:yf / ljB'tnfOgn] g5f]Psf] uflj; cem} Pp6f x'g'n]klg of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tfdfk|ZglrGx v8f u/]sf] 5 . of]hgf eg]sf]eljiosf] clglZrttfnfO{ j:t'ut cfwf/dflglZrttfdf kl/0ft u/L eljiodf rfx]h:tf]cj:yf -bL3{sfnLg ;f]r / nIocg'?k_To;tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg ;Sg' xf] . of]hgfcjlwleq lhNnfn] rfx]sf] lglb{i6 lbzftkm{s] slt ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sof] eGg] s'/f;f] ;DaGwdf ;dLIff d"Nof+sgaf6 hfgsf/Lk|fKt x'g;S5 . cfGtl/s of]hgf th'{df /sfof { Gjog kI f lhlj;sf ] / ]vb ]v /lgoGq0fdf kb{5 . lhlj;sf] k"0f{ lgoGq0fdfgx'g] t/ lg0f{odf k|efj kfb}{ gLltut ;'wf// dfu{bz{gdf ;xof]u ug]{ of]hgf vf;u/Lu}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fd'blos ;+3, ;+u7g /lghL If]qsf sfo{qmdsf ;fy} s]Gb|Lo /If]qLo:t/af6 ;~rflnt of]hgfdf tYof+s,; "rg f , hfgsf/ Lsf ] ckof { Kttf Pj +;Lldttfsf] sf/0f jfx\o kIfaf6 ;~rflntof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff d"Nof+sgug{ cfjZos tYof+s pknAw x'g g;Sg',kof{Kt ;"rgf k|fKt gx'g', sltko k|fKt; "rg fx? a Lr tfnd ]n gx 'g 'h:tf;d:ofx?n] bfªsf of]hgf k|efjsf/L x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . klxnf] of]hgfdf nueu$) k|ltztdfq nIo k|fKt u/]sf] bfªn]cfkm\gf] bf];|f ] ofhgfsf] pknlAw *) k|ltztk'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . lhNnfdf cjl:ytljleGg sfof{nox?n] of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf

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l bu f ] ljs f; , ;xe f lut f Tdssfo {k4 lt, n } + lus ;dtf , ; 'z f;g ,ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, dfgjclwsf/, åGåkLl8tsfnflu sfo{qmd h:tf lgb] {zs l;4fGtx?T fyf sfo {g L ltx?s f ] k |e fjsf l/tfn ]lhNnfsf] ljsf;, :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/tlghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf / :t/sf]k |ltlglWfTj ub{5 / Go"gtd dfkb08k"/f ug{ c;kmn 3f ]lift x'g ] uflj;x?nfO{;'wf/sf ] dfu{ k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ Ufb{5 .

lhNnfa f;Lsf ] :j f : Yo , ;d [4 ,;dtfd"ns / ;Ddfghgs hLjg:t/ sfodug]{ nIf tyf pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs cj:yfdf;'wf/, cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/, dlxnf tyfafnaflnsfx?sf] ;jf{ËL0f l:yltdf ;'wf/,:jf :Yo ;' ljwfdf clea [ l4 , lzIf fdf;+VofTds tyf u'0ffTds?kn] a[l4 eO{dfgjLo ;+zf]wgsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;, ;'/lIftvfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] ;'ljwf la:tf/,s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f u/fO{pTkfbsTjdf a[l4, k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf]klxrfg u/L ;+/If0f, ljsf; / ;b'kof]uaf6lbuf ] ljsf;, ef } lts tyf ; +:yfutk "jf {wf/x?sf ] la:tf/, pBdzLntf /cf}Bf]lus ljsf;åf/f /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?dfa[l4, :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf a[l4 eO{s'zntfk"j{s ljsf; Joj:yfkg, lk5l8Psfblnt, pTkLl8t, cflbjf;L, hghflt /;'s'Daf;Lsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/, P]ltxfl;s,wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, k'/ftflTjs tyf dgf]/dk|fs[lts ;Dkbfx? ko{6sLo:ynsf] ?kdfljsf; / ;~rf/ If]q -kqsfl/tf, kqklqsf,PkmPd_ sf ] ljsf; tyf la:tf/ eO {;j {;fwf/0f ;';" lrt x 'g ] jftfj/0fsf ]

ljsf;h:tf Ps bh{g p2]Zox? dfqlgwf{/0f u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . p2]Zo tyfnIf k"/f ug{sf nflu hg;xeflutf,hjfkmb]xLtf, k|efjsfl/tf, nugzLntf/ s fof { Gjog ug ] { lgsfolhNnfaf;Lx?k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g' h?/L 5 .

cg'udg / d"Nof+sg sfo{n] dxTjgkfpg', cg'udg / d"Nof+sgaf6 k|fKtk[i7kf]if0fnfO{ gLlt lg0f {o k|lqmofdfcfj4tf ug{ g;lsg', bIf tflndk|fKttyf gjLgtd ;Lk / k|ljlw k|of]u ug{;Sg]hgzlQmsf] cefj / of]hgfx¿n] cg'udgtyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ k|d'v sfdsf ¿kdfglng] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ lhNnfdf 5g\ .cg'udg tyf d"Nof +sgnfO { ljleGgtxut¿kdf geO { PsLs [t ¿kdfsfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{, of]hgf th'{df ubf{sf]cj:yfdf cg'udg ul/g] lqmofsnfk /d"Nof+sg ul/g] pknlAwnfO{ j:t'ut tyfdfkgof ] Uo¿kdf k l/ef l i ft gu/ Lljifout¿kdf sfod ug]{, d"Nof+sgnfO{sfo{;Dkfbg / hjfkmb]xLtf;‘u cfj4gu/L ;fdfGo kf7 l;sfOsf] ¿kdf lng]k|a[lQnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ b]lvg'sf] ;fy}cg ' udg tyf d " No f +sgnfO { ykglthfd"ns agfpgsf nflu /fli6 «ocg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lgb]{lzsf, @)&)nfO { lhNnftxdf k lg k |e fjsf/ Lagfpg'kb{5 . of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdfof]hgfsf] p2]Zocg';f/ lk5l8Psf, lgDg:yfgdf /x]sf, ;'ljwfljxLg pTkLl8t ju{/ hfltnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 . nlIftju{ jf ;d"xnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]df dfqcfof]hgf sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 .

jt{dfg t]x|f }+ of]hgf -@)&)÷@)&!–@)&@ ÷@)&#_ df cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsfo{qmdcGt{ut cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf]dfWodaf6 of ]hgf tyf gL ltlgdf {0fk|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t u/fpg],;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtf clea[l4 ug]{ /ljsf; gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf]sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg] h:tfnIfx? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . oL nIfx?k | f Kt ug {sf nf lu cg 'udg tyfd"NofÍgnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg tof/ul/Psf ] PsLs [t lb Ubz {gn fO {k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg],cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;+:yfut;'wf/ u/L ;Da¢ ;+:yfx?sf] e"ldsfnfO{;'b[9 u/fpg]h:tf /0fgLltx? canDagul/Psf] eP klg o;nfO{ bfª lhNnf;Ddk'¥ofpg' / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{bfªdf cjl:yt :yfgLo lgsfo, /fhgLltsbn, kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs :yfgLo ;~rf/dfWod / lghfdtL sd{rf/L tyf :jo+bfª lhNnfaf;Lsf] klg st{Ao xf] .

x'g'k5{ . x'g t sltko :s"nx?df k9\g]ljBfyL{x?n] c+u|]hL efiffsf] efiffut ljsf;u/fpg g;s]/ grammar translationmethod g} k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . direct/drill method c+u|]hL efiff lzIf0fsf nfluw]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t gu/]sfw]/} lzIfsx? kfOG5g\ . sltko lzIfsn] o:tfmethods sf] tflnd kfPsf x'‘b}gg\, cg'ejLo1fgsf] cefjdf lzIf0fsnf k|efjsf/L aGg;s]sf] x'Gg . ljBfyL{x?sf] 1fg / ;Lksf]ljsf;sf nflu k9fO xf] eGg] 1fg lzIfsn]ug'{k5{ . af]l8{ª :s"nsf] !# jif]{ k9fO klgpknlAw dfkgdf sdhf]/ ag]sfn] P;Pn;Lk/LIffdf l8l:6ª;gdf pQL0f{ eP klg c+u|]hLefiffsf] efiffut 1fg / ;Lkdf sdhf]/b]lvG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yf b]lvg' g;{/Lb]lvsf]c+u|]hL efiff k7gkf7gdf sdL x‘'b} cfPsfn]xf ] ] . h;sf] ;d:of pRr lzIff k9\bfljBfyL{x?n] ef]Ub} cfPsf 5g\ .

Psk6s Pshgf c+u|]hL ljifo k9fpg]lzIfs;‘u e]6 x'‘bf pxf‘n] sounds sf];DaGwdf hfGg rfxg' ePsf] lyof] . pxf‘nfO{linguistic sf] k':ts k9\g ;Nnfx lbPsf]lyP‘ . pxf‘n] pQm k':ts k9]kl5 cfkm"nfO{sounds sf] 1fg ePsf] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .t/ pQm k':tsdf letters sf] cfwf/df w/ y nfO{ semi–vowels eG5g\ . s;/Lelgof] a'em\g ;s]g / pQm k':ts k9\bf klgkfOg eGg'eof] . To; k':tssf] cfwf/df pho-netic transcripts k9\g 'k5{ . w sf ]sound n] o lbG5 eg] y n] i sf] soundlbG5 . To;}n] semi vowels eg]sf ]hfGg'k5{ . To:t} letters sf vowels kf‘rk|sf/sf x'G5g\ . h;df a e i o u x'g\ . To;sf/0f alphabetic vowels sf] cufl8cfpg] r pRrf/0f ubf{ silent x'G5 . h:t}

father sf] pRrf/0f kmfb/ geg]/ kmfbeGg'k5{ . o; zAbdf e cuf8L r cIf/sf]sound nfO{ silent ug'{k5{ .

w]/}h;f] c+u|]hL lzIfsn] c+u|]hL efiffsf]WjlgnfO{ Vofn ug{ g;s]/ cz'4 pRrf/0fz}nLsf] k9fO u/]sf x'G5g\ . h:t} thigh zAbsf]pRrf/0f yLu eg]sf ] / k9fPsf] x' ‘bfljBfyL{x?n] To:t} pRrf/0f u5{g\ . jf:tjdfTo:tf] pRrf/0f unt xf] . To;sf] pRrf/0fphonetic transcripts sf cfwf/df yfO{x'G5 . vf;u/L zAbsf] 1fg oxford ad-vanced learners dictionary sf ]cfwf/df thigh sf] phonetic transcriptssf] pRrf/0f yfO{ n]v]sf] x'G5 . t/ sltkolzIfsx?n] phonetic transcripts a'em\g;s]sf x‘'b}gg\ . To;}n] ubf{ unt pRrf/0fug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f ;fd'bflos :s"nxf]; jf af]l8{ª :s"n sIffut c+u|]hL k9fpg]n]x/]s zAbsf] pRrf/0f z}nL pQm l8S;g/LcWoog u/]/ k9fpg'k5{ . cGoyf cfkm\gf] k9fO;fy{s aGg ;Sb}g .

lzIfsn] ljifout 1fg /fd|f];‘u a'emfP/lbg ;s]g eg] ljBfyL{x?df unt k9fOsf]jftfj/0f aG5 . To;sf/0f lzIfsn] c+u|]hLefiffsf] literary, methodology / com-municative English language sf] /fd|f]1fg x'g 'k5{ . To;;‘u ;DalGwt ;Gbe{k':tsx? k9\g'k5{ . cfkm\gf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]3d08 ug'{eGbf cfkm\gf] ljifodf 1fg / ;Lka9fpg' k5{ . k]zf Pp6f dfWod xf] t/ c+u|]hLefiff lzIf0f Pp6f snf xf] . snfnfO{ ;'Gb/agfpg To;sf ;Lkx?df Wofg lbg'k5{ /To:tf ;Lkx?sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . o;/LcWoogzLn aGg] lzIfsnfO{ kf‘r jif{;DdcEof; / k|of]u ug{ ;do nfUnf t/ pgdfa9\g] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf;n] ubf{ k9\g]

ljBfyL{x?sf] eljio ;k|g] x'G5 . o;}dflzIfssf] lzIf0f snfsfl/tfsf] k|efjsf/Lk|efj ljBfyL{x?df kb}{ hfG5 . ta dfqc+u|]hL k9fO g]kfnL af]nfO geP/ c+u|]hLk9fO ;kmn x'G5 .

lzIf0f ;+:yfdf lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfssf]k9fOsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . k9fOaf6ljBfyL{x? hLjgf]kof]uL aG5g\ . jt{dfg;dodf a9\bf] c+u|]hL efiffsf] efiffut 1fg/ ;Lk a9fpg ;Sg] cj;/ kfp‘5g\ . olb:s"nn] c+u|]hL efiffsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0fug]{ lzIfssf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;s]sf] 5}geg] To:tf] :s"nsf] dxTj x'‘b}g . zAbsf]Vofn u/]/ c+u|]hL efiffsf] zAbf]Rrf/0fug'{k5{ . cz'4tfn] unt cy{ lbG5 . untpRrf/0f ug]{sf] JolQmTj ;'Gb/ aGb}g .t;y{ c+u|]hL efiffsf] efiffut zAbsf:j?knfO{ Vofn ug'{k5{ / pRrf/0fdf Wofglbg'k5{ . z'4 zAbf]Rrf/0f u/]/ c+u|]hLaf]Ng'k5{ .

efiff ;Eotfsf] kl/ro xf] . x/]sdflg;n] af]Ng] efiffn] cfk;df efiffut;DaGw a9fp‘5 . ljZjdf c+u|]hL efiffcGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] ePsf] 5 . cfjfudg,cf}iflw pkrf/, /xg;xgdf c+u|]hL efiffn]lgjfx{ u/]sf] e"ldsf w]/} 5  . efiffsf]zAbf]Rrf/0f z'4 x'g' cfhsf] cfjZostfxf] . To;sf/0f lzIfsn] c+u|]hL efiff lzIf0fubf{ ;dodf zAbx?sf] z'4 pRrf/0ftkm{Wofg lbg'k5{ .

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kmf]g M )*@–%^@(*#, df]= (*$&*&&!!$

;]S;f]nf]lhi6 8f= ab|Lk|;fb e§/fO{ 3f]/fxL, bfªdf

tkfO“x?n] kfpg] ;]jfx? M k'?ifdf b]lvg] M zL3| ktg, of}g ;Gt'li6 gx'g], of}g rfxgf gx'g], ln+u pQ]hgf gx'g], ln+u lrnfpg], :jKg bf]if, ;?jf of}g/f]usf ;fy} pd]/ cg';f/sf] of}g c+usf] ljsf; gx'g' . dlxnfdf b]lvg] M ;]tf] kfgL aUg], of]gL lrnfpg], dlxgfjf/L u8a8L, tNnf]k]6 b'Vg], of}g ;Gt'li6df sdL ePsf] dx;'; x'g], kf7]3/;DaGwL ;d:of, of}g c+usf] ljsf; gx'g' . dfgl;s M dfgl;s 8/, eo, lbdfusf] af]wf]kg, lg/fzf, lvGgtf, clgb|f . lg;Gtfgkg M dlxnf tyf k'?ifdf x'g] af“emf]kg -lg;Gtfg_ sf] uf]klgotfsf ;fy ljz]if k/fdz{ tyf pkrf/ .

lj/fdL hf“Rg] ldlt tyf ;do MoxL sflt{s @(, #) ut] ljxfg ( ah]b]lv % ah];Dd .

kmf]gaf6 klg gfd btf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fy} k|To]s lbg 8fS6/ k|ljg emfåf/f lj/fdL r]shf“r ul/G5 .

d]/f] lgDg Joxf]/fsf] /fxbfgL ldlt @)&! c;f]h !( ut];'G8a/Laf6 ndxLtkm{ hf“Fb} ubf{ x/fPsf] x'“Fbf km]nf kfg'{x'g]dxfg'efjn] glhssf] k|x/L sfof{no jf lgDg 7]ufgfdf ;Dks{ ul/lbg'xf]nf .

gfd M dfwj a:g]t /fxbfgL g+= M )%&((#&*7]ufgf M ;f]gk'/ uf=lj=;=–*, bfª ;Dks{ g+= M (*%!))(*)^

/fxbfgL x/fPsf] ;"rgf †

@)&!.)&.@$, ;f]djf/dfu{ s[i0fkIf, rt'yL{ ltly, d[ulz/f gIfq

cfh bfªsf] ;"of]{bo ^M##M)$, ;"of{:t %M@#M)$

g]kfn Hof]ltif kl/ifb\lhNnf zfvf, bfª

Hof]= e'jg]Zj/ a~hf8]df]afOn M (*$&*$!@%!

d]if -r",r],rf],nf,nL,n",n],nf],c_ M wg ;DklQsf] nfe / ;'vsf] cg'e"lt x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo ;d:of klg /xg ;S5g\ .

t'nf -/f,/L,?,/],/f],tf,tL,t",t]_ M ;/sf/L sfdsfh tyf GofoIf]qdf l9nf;':tL / wfld{s If]qdf k|lts"ntf /xg ;S5 .

ldy'g -sf,sL,s",3,ª,5,s],sf],x_ M >L k|flKt x'g] of]u 5 . :j:ys/ ef]hg k|fKt x'g] / cGgflb kbfy{af6 nfe x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

wg' -o],of],ef,eL,e",w,kmf,9f,e]_ M wg / ;'vsf] a[l4 x'g] tyf ljk/Lt lnª\uLaf6 kmfObf x'g] b]lvG5 .

l;+x -df,dL,d",d],df],6f,6L,6",6]_ M ;a} If]qdf nfesf] of]u b]lvG5 . cj;/sf] kmfObf p7fpg k|oTg ug'{xf]nf .

s'De -u",u],uf],;,;L,;',;],;f],b_ M ug{ vf]h]sf] sfd eª\u x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ;fjwfg /xg' xf]nf .

j[if -O{,pm,P,cf],jf,lj,j",j],jf]_ M tkfO{sf] cfh wg vr{ x'g] / b|Jo nfe klg x'g] b]lvG5 .

j[lZrs -tf],gf,gL,g",g],gf],of,oL,o"_ M 3fprf]6 nfUg ;Sg] jf :jf:Yodf afwf kg{ ;S5 . Sn]z kg{ klg ;S5 .

ss{6 -xL,x",x],xf],8f,8L,8",8],8f]_ M :jf:Yodf c;xhtf cfpg ;S5 . vr{df ;fjwfg x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

ds/ -ef],hf,hL,h",h],hf],vf,vL,v",v],vf],uf,uL_ M wg jf s'g} hfoh]yf k|flKtsf nflu k|oTg ug'{xf]nf . z'e of]u 5 .

sGof -6f],k,kL,k",if,0f,7,k],kf]_ M ;do anjfg 5 . ;'vsf] a[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .

dLg -bL,b",y,em,~f,b],bf],rf,rL_ M l;l4 k|flKt x'g] / :jf:Yo ;'wf/ x'g]5 . s;};“u emu8f kg{ klg ;S5 .

q bz/y l3ld/]

b]pv'/L, @# sflt{s . sfof{nodf lzIfsx? 5g\ . t/ sIffsf]7f vfnL5g\ . ljBfyL{x? rf}/df v] ln/x]sf 5g\ . laxfg !! ah] ;"o{ljgfos dfWolds ljBfno ;f]gk'/–! gtL{df k'Ubf ljBfnodf b] lvPsf] b[Zo xf] of] .

…;/ eP klg k9fpg cfpg'x'Gg, 3fd tfKg rf}/df cfPsf xf} +Ú– sIff ( df cWoog/t ;ljgf bnf{dLn]eGg'eof] – …sf];{ klg k"/f x'g ;s]sf]5}g, r}dfl;s k/LIff klg ePsf] 5}g .Ú ljBfnodf k|c lgo'lQmsf] ljjfbn]clxn] ljBfyL{x?sf] k9fO k|efljt ePsf] 5 . ltxf/kl5sf] Ps dlxgf nfdf] ljbf ;lsPkl5 ljBfno v''Nof] . ltxf/cl3 ljBfyL{x?n] ljBfnodf cfGbf]ng u/] / jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug{ cfu|x u/] klg cj:yf p:t} 5 . sIff lzz'b] lv bz sIff;Dd s/Lj kf“r ;o ljBfyL{ cWoog/t 5g\ .

ljBfyL{x? lgoldt ljBfnodf cfp‘5g\ . k9fO x'“b}g clg kmls{G5g\ . …xflh/;Dd x'G5 . To;kl5 d'l:snn]Ps b'O{ lk/]8 k9fO x'G5Ú– sIff ( df cWoog/t ljBfyL{ gLd/fh uf}tdn]eGg'eof] – …xfd|f] eljiodfly v]njf8 ul/b}5 . cfhef] ln k9\g klg dg nfUb}g\ . ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f slxn]b] lv ;'lw|Pnf <Ú ljBfnodf clxn] b'O{j6f k|wfgfWofks 5g\ . /fhgLltsf] k|efj k|ToIf ljBfnodf b] lvbf o:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] xf] . ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldlt /lzIfsx?df /fhgLlt xfjL ePkl5 k9fOeGbf /fhgLlts bfpk]r j9L x'g yfn]sf] 5 ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf .

s[i0fs'df/ rf}w/L k|flj txsf]:yfoL lzIfs ePsfn] k|csf] lhDd]hf/L rf}w/Ln] ;DxfNb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . t/k|c rf}w/Ln] ljBfnodf ;do lbg g;s]sf] eGb} ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn] /fxt lzIfs xl/nfn rf}w/LnfO{ k|csf] lhDd]jf/L lbPkl5

ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] xf] . lghL ;|f]taf6 /flvPsf lzIfsnfO{ lgoldt kfl/>lds glbbf tL lzIfsn] dg nufP/ k9fpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

s[i0fs'df/ rf}w/Ln] ljBfnodf ;do lbg g;Sbf ljBfnosf] z}lIfs jftfj/0f lalu|Psf] cleefjsx? atfp“5g\ t/ lgodfg';f/ k|c km] /abn x'g'kg{] :yfgLo lzIffk|]dL g'd/fh kf}8]nn] atfpg'eof] . …cf–cfkm\g} x7sf sf/0f ljBfno / ljBfyL{sf] eljio cGwsf/df kg{ yfNof] Ú– pxf“n] eGg'eof] – …s;n]a'e\mg] ljBfyL{sf] eljio <

ljBfnodf clxn] lhNnf lzIff sfof{non bfªn] lgdflj txdf ;/sf/L b/aGbL sf]6fdf gf/fo0fk|;fb zdf{nfO{ k7fPsf] 5 . lgodcg';f/ca ljBfnosf] k|csf] lhDd]jf/L zdf{df hfg] b] lvPkl5 ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf k'/g rf}w/Ln] zdf{nfO{ ljBfnodof xflh/x'g glbPsf] / xflh/ eP klg /ftf]nufpg] sfd u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

…lzIff ;ldltn] dnfO{ b/aGbLcg';f/ljBfnodf k7fof] t/ xflh/ x'g lbg] jftfj/0f ldn]g . kl5 xflh/eP klg xflh/df /ftf] nufpg] sfd eof] Ú– zdf{n] eGg'eof] – …of] sxf“sf]lgod xf] < lgodfg';f/ d}n] ;a} sfd ul//x]sf] 5' . t/ ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfn] xflh/df /ftf]nufp“b} x'g'x'G5 .Ú

otf ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf rf}w/Ln] eg]ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug{ xl/nfn rf}w/LnfO{ k|csf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] atfpg'eof] . …lgoldt k9fO gx'g] ;d:of 5 . To;nfO{ ;'wf/ug{ xl/nfn rf}w/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf xf} +Ú– pxf“n] eGg'eof] – …s[i0f rf}w/L k|c x'“bf ljBfnodf ;do lbg g;s]sf] u'gf;f] ljBfyL{af6 cfPkl5 o:tf] lg0f{o u/]sf xf} + .Ú ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn] lgod sfg"geGbf klg /fhgLlts?kdf k|efljt x'“bf ljBfnosf] z}lIfs jftf/0f w'dlnPsf]:yfgLo afl;Gbfx? atfp“5g\ .

k|c ljjfbn] ljBfyL{sf] eljio cGof}ndf

q k|zfGt jnL

3f]/fxL, @# sflt{s . lhNnfsf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] dflgPsf];/sf/L sfof{no lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no bfªsf] ;"rgf kf6L s}of} + dlxgfb]lv cnkq cj:yfdf 5 .

sfof{nosf dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx? ;fj{hlgs ug] { egL sfof{nosf] d"n u]6sf] 5]pdf /flvPsf] ;"rgf kf6L k|of]ulaxLg ePsf] xf] .

pQm ;"rgf kf6Ldf hfnf] nfu]sf] 5 eg] s]xL ;"rgfsf kqx? kf6Lsf] e'O“df v;]sf 5g\ . ;"rgf kf6Ldf rf/ jif{ eGbf cl3sf ;"rgfx? cem}6f“l;Psf 5g\ . oBlk s}of};"rgfx? sfof{non] ;do–;dodf cBfjlws ug'{kg] { ;d]t

x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ;]jfu|fxLx?

;d]t dsf{df k/]sf 5g\ . pQm ;"rgf kf6L cnkq ePkl5 laleGg ;/sf/L sfof{no ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt af9L kLl8t /fxtsf]if ;DaGwL ljj/0f ePsf];"rgf glhs}sf] afx\o leQfdf 6f+luPsf] 5 .

o:t} ph'/L k]l6sf klg k|of]ulaxLg cj:yfdf 5 . sfof{nosf k|zf;sLo clws[t u0f]zk|;fb cfrfo{n] cfkm"x? ;'wf/tkm{ s]lGb|t ePsf]atfpg'eof] . o;}aLr k|zf;gn]cfkm"x?n] u/]sf ultljlw lgoldt?kdf ;fj{hlgs gu/]sf]kfOPsf] 5 . jflif{s?kdf sfof{nosf ultljlw tLgk6s ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg] { k|fjwfg 5 .

q k|tLs OR5's zdf{

;Nofg, @# sflt{s . lhNnf 6«flkms sfof{no ;Nofgn] 6«flkms lgod pNn+3g u/L ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpg]dfly ul/Psf]sf/jfxLaf6 rf/ dlxgfdf # nfv a9L /fh:j ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . 6«flkms k|x/Ln]rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ;fpgb]lv zlgjf/;Dd ljleGg ! xhf/ & ;o $% ;jf/L ;fwgdfly u/]sf] sf/jfxLaf6 # nfv @# xhf/ # ;o %) ?k}of“ /fh:j ;+sng u/]sf] xf] .

6«flkms k|x/Ln] lgodljk/Lt ;~rfng u/]sf 6«s, a;, hLk sf/, df]6/;fOsn, 6\ofS6/nfO{ sf/jfxL u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . sf/jfxLdf kg] {df ;fpgdf $ ;o &&, ebf}df # ;o ((, cflZjgdf ^ ;o %# / sflt{s @# ut]

;Dd @ ;o !^ /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfdf cf=j=@)^*÷)^( df

! xhf/ ! ;o ^$, )^(÷)&) df @ xhf/ # ;o ^) / )&)÷)&! Df $ xhf/ ̂ ;o *) ;jf/L ;fwg sf/jfxLdf k/]sf lyP . sf/jfxL k/]sf ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 qmdz ! nfv #) xhf/ * ;o, # nfv $* xhf/ & ;o %), /* nfv $@ xhf/ * ;o u/L s'n !# nfv @@ xhf/ # ;o %) ?k}of“ /fh:j ;+sng ePsf] lyof] . lhNnfsf ljleGg If]qdf 6«flkms k|x/Lsf] pkl:yltn] klg /fh:j ;+sngsf] bfo/f a9]sf] k|x/Lsf]egfO 5 .

o:t} lhNnfdf ;jf/L b'3{6gf klg klxn] eGbf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . )^*÷)^( df b'3{6gfaf6 ;fthgfsf] d[To' ePsf]lyof] eg] !# hgf 3fOt] ePsf lyP .

)^(÷)&) df gf}hgfsf] d'To' %# hgf 3fOt] ePsf lyP . o:t} )&)÷)&! Df !^ hgfsf] d'To' / $( hgf 3fOt]ePsf lyP . )&!÷)&@ sf] rf/dlxgfdf @ sf] d[To' / !& hgf 3fOt]ePsf 5g\ .

lhNnfdf cl3Ngf] jif{ eGbf of] jif{ w]/ } lgod pNn+3gsf] sf/jfxLdf kg] {sf];+Vof a9]sf] 6«flkms k|x/Lsf] egfO 5 . rfnsx?n] oftfoftsf ;fwgx? rnfp“bf kfngfsf ug'{kg] { 6«flkms lgodx? Kffngf gubf{ sf/jfxL ug'{k/]sf]6«flkms k|x/L sfof{no ;Nofgsf k|d'v k|x/L gfoj lg/LIfs /fdk|;fb kf]v|]nn]atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] eGg'eof]– …cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] cefjdf ;jf/L ;fwg rnfp“bf sf/jfxLdf k/]sf] kfOG5 . sf]xL eg]c6]/L u5{g\ .Ú

o'uaf]w ;dfrf/bftf

b]pv'/ L, @# sflt{s . r}nfxL–@ ndxLsf k|bLk zdf{n] a|f] On/ s'v'/ f kfNg yfn]sf] Ps jif{ hlt eof] . nfvf} +sf] nufgLdf s'v'/ f kfn] klg s'v'/ fdf b] lvg] ;fdfGo / f]usf af/ ]df hfgsf/ L gx'“bf x} / fgL x'g] u/ ]sf] b'Mv];f]pxf“sf] 5 .

…slt / f]usf] klxrfg ;d]t x'g ;Sb}g . s'v'/ f ljz] if1 e]6fpg klg ufx|f]5 . dnåf/df sL/ f k/ ] / s'v'/ f d5{g\, kx] +nf] lb;f u5{, pkrf/ ubf{ klg lgsf]x'“b}gÚ– zdf{ s[lif kmfd{sf ;~rfns;d]t /xg'ePsf k|bLkn] eGg'eof] – …oL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ klg ;fdfGo pkrf/ ljlw yfxf gkfp“bf lgs} x} / fgL v] Kg'k/ ]sf]5 .Ú

cfOtjf/ ndxLdf b]pv'/ Le/sf s'v'/ fkfns ls;fgx? Ps} 7fp“df e]nf eP . pgLx?n] s'v'/ fkfngdf b] lvPsf ;d:ofaf/ ]df v'n] / 5nkmn u/ ] . …;fdfGo nfk/jfxLn] klg vf] /df / f]usf];+qmd0f km} lng] /x]5 . ca xfdLn] vf] /sf];'wf/ , xfd|f] Aojxf/df ;d]t ;'wf/

Nofpg'kg{] cfjZostf 5Ú– s'v'/ fkfns ls;fg Clif ;'j]bLn] eGg'eof] – …;fdfGo s'/ fdf klg ;fjwfgL gkgfp“bf nfvf} + ?k}of“sf] 3f6f Aoxf]g{' kl//x]sf] lyof] . s]xL eP klg k|fljlws / Aofj;flos 1fg eof] .Ú

a|f] On/ kfns ls;fgx?n]Joj:yfkg tyf / f]u lgoGq0f ljlwsf af/ ]df 5nkmn u/ ]sf x'g\ . ls;fgx?n]/ f]uL / lg/f]uL s'/ fx?sf] km/s 5'6\ofpg g;Sbf klg / f]usf] ;+qmd0f km}ng ;Sg] s'v'/ f ljz] if1 8f= cgGt bfxfnn] atfpg'eof] . …xfjf, s'v'/ f kfns ls;fgsf] nfk/jfxL, s'v'/ fnfO{ Gofgf] agfpg g;Sbf klg / f]un] l5§} cfqmd0f ug{;S5Ú– 8f= bfxfnn] eGg'eof] – …vf] /sf] klg lgoldt ;/;kmfO gx'“bf, hf] kfof] ToxL AolQmnfO{ vf] /df k;fNbf ;d:of x'G5 .Ú

lzv/ kf] N6«L ljlN8«u k|fln lrtjgsf] cfof]hgf / b]pv'/ L s'v'/ fkfns s[ifs ;d"xsf] Aoj:yfkgdf *) a9L cu'jf ls;fgx?nfO{ s'v'/ f kfng Aoj;fosf] Aoj:yfkg / / f]u

lgoGq0fsf pkfox?sf af/ ]df cGtlqm{of cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] . …b]pv'/ Lel/ ;fgf tyf 7"nf u/L kf“r ;ohlt s'v'/ fkfns ls;fgx? x'g'x'G5, pxf“x?nfO{ s'v'/ f kfngsf jf/ ]df ;fdfGo eP klg 1fg cfh{g xf];\ eg] / o:tf] sfo{qmdsf]cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] Ú– b]pv'/ L s'v'/ fkfns s[ifs ;d"xsf ;Nnfxsf/Pj+ dgsfdgf kf] N6«L P08 lkm8 pBf]usf ;~rfns cho Gof}kfg]n] eGg'eof] – …ls;fgx?nfO{ Aofj;flos?kdf bIf agfpg x/ ]s jif{ o:tf] tflnd cfof]hgf ul//xG5f} + .Ú ls;fgx?n] ;fdfGo pkrf/ ljlw klg ghfgLsg s'v'/ fkfng Aoj;fo u/ ]sf 5g\ . …ls;fgx?nfO{ / f]u lgoGq0fsf af/ ]df hfgsf/ L u/fpg 3f] / fxL / t'n;Lk'/df o;cl3 tflnd rnfO;s]sf 5f} +Ú– cfof]hs sDkgLsf cWoIf 1fgaxfb'/ la;'/ fnn] eGg'eof] – …ls;fgx? bIf eP eg] dfq u'0f:t/Lo s'v'/ f tof/ x'G5g\ .Ú

tflnddf 8f= / ]jGts'df/ e§/fO{ /8f= cgGt bfxfnn] Aoj:yfkg / / f]u lgoGq0fsf pkfoaf/ ] k|lzIf0f lbg'ePsf]lyof] .

;'g;fg sIff M lzIfs sfof{nodf eP klg ljBfnodf ghf“bf ljBfyL{x?sf] eljio cGof}ndf 5 .

Aoj:yfkg / /f]u lgoGq0f pkfo l;Sb} ls;fgx?

rf/ dlxgfdf ;f9] Ps xhf/;jf/L ;fwg sf/jfxLdf

k|zf;gsf] ;"rgf kf6L cnkq o'uaf]w ;dfrf/bftf

af“s], @# sflt{s . g]kfnu~hsL dLgf sfsL{ 5fqfaf;af6} n'l6PsL 5g\ . g]kfnu~hsf] xf]nLNof08 :s"nsf] 5fqfaf;df sfd ug] { sfsL{nfO{ ckl/lrt o'jfn] cfqmd0f u/]/ n'6]sf x'g\ . dLgfsf] ltnx/L n'l6Psf]5 .

…;/nfO{ e]6\g' 5Ú eg]/leq l5/]sf o'jfn] dLgfnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]kl5 ltnx/L lnP/efu]sf lyP . …9'+ufn] 6fpsf]df xfGof] clg ltnx/L lnP/efUof]Ú– dLgfn] eGg'eof]– …sfnf] ;6{, kfOG6 nufPsf] /

emf]nf le/]sf] o'jf lyof] .Ú6fpsf]df uDeL/ rf]6

nfu]sL dLgfsf] g]kfnu~hsf]e]/L c~rn c:ktfndf k|f/lDes pkrf/kl5 l;6L :Sofgsf nflu gl;{ªxf]ddf nluPsf] 5 . g]kfnu~h–!@ sL dLgf 5fqfaf;df vfgf ksfpg] sfd ug'{x'GYof] .

36gf x'“bf 5fqfaf;df sf]xL lyPgg\ . sf]xL gePsf]a]nfdf ;/nfO{ e]6\g' 5 eg]/…l;lnkÚ lnP/ tL o'jf hfg'n]36gf of]hgfj4 b]lvG5 . k|x/Ln] cleo'Qmsf] vf]hL yfn]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . j8f k|x/L sfof{no g]kfnu~hsf O~rfh{ x]d zfxLn] kLl8tn]

af“s], @# sflt{s -o';_– g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf / l;lag g]kfnåf/f ;~rflnt afn x]NknfOg g]kfnu~h af“s]aLr ;g\ @)!$ g]fe]Da/b]lv ;g @)!% l8;]Da/ ;Ddsf nflu lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d /]fsyfd tyf Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf]5 .

g ] k f n u ~ h gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t nf]saxfb'/ ;'gf/ /l;lag g]kfnåf/f ;~rflnt afn x]NknfOg g]kfnu~h af“s]sf k|d'v l;4/fh kg]?n] ;Demf}tfkqdf

x:tfIf/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . lgs[i6 k|sf/s]f

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cGt/;bgfTds nf]suLt k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg ePsf]5 . k|ltof]lutfdf sIff !) sL ;'lgtf ljs k|yd, sIff ( sL b]jsf g]kfnL / bLkf lh;L låtLo / sIff * sf ljho 3tL{ t[tLo x'g'ePsf]lyof] .

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* www.nayayougbodh.com@)&! ;fn sflt{s @$ ut] ;f]djf/ (Nov. 10, 2014) ;dfrf/

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hUufsf] d'cfAhf w]/ } lbg' gkg] { ePsfn] klg k|flws/0fn] rfNg]6f/ljdfg:ynnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy x]/ ]sf]5 . …oxf“sf] ljdfg:ynn] :yfgLodf kx'“r a[l4;“u} cfly{s qmflGt g}u5{Ú– ;j] {sf] sfddf ;xefuL k|flws/0fsf Ol~hlgo/ ;To/fd b'jfnn] eGg'eof]– …ljdfg:yn;“u wfld{s tLy{:yn :ju{åf/L hf]8\g]d'Vo nIo /x]sf] 5 .Ú oxf“sf]ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f;“u} Ko'7fgdf xjfO{dfu{af6 cfpg] / le+u|Laf6 :ju{åf/L;Dd s]a'nsf/ ;+~rfng

u/] lhNnfsf] ljsf;df km8\sf] dfg] { pxf“n] atfpg'eof] .

ljdfg:ynsf] ;j] { z'? eP;“u}:yfgLon] /f]huf/L tyf k"jf{wf/ljsf;sf] cfzf u/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLosf] @ ;o (%, ljBfnosf]!^ / ;'s'Daf;L a:tLsf] % /f]kgL hUUff cltqmd0f x'g] eP klg pgLx? ljdfg:yn aGg] ePkl5 xlif{t x'“b}hUuf pkAw u/fpg ;xdt ePsf]uflj;sf lgjt{dfg pkfWoIf eLdaxfb'/ v8\sfn] atfpg'eof] . oxf“ ljdfg:yn ag];“u} g'g]kfgL

emf]n'Ë] k'nnfO{ kSsL k'nsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{kg] { :yfgLosf] dfu 5 . ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f eP;“u}:yfgLon] /f]huf/L kfpg] eGb}:yfgLo r]tL dxt/fn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f tyf >Ldfg\x? ca ljb]lzg' gkg] { atfpg'eof] .

…d}n] ufp“d} ;fgf] k;n u/]sL 5'Ú– :yfgLo nlntf hL;Ln]eGg'eof]– …xfn cfkm} af]s]/ ;fdfg Nofpg] u/]sf]df ljdfg:yn ag]kl5 af]Sg' gknf{ eGg] cfzf u/]sL 5' .Ú oxf“sf] ljdfg:ynnfO{ /fli6«o of]hgfsf] ?kdf x]l/Psf] 5 .

wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts;“u}:yfgLosf] cfly{s kIf;“u hf]l8Psf] oxf“sf] ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cfkm"x?n] dxTjsf ;fy x]/ ]sf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf 8f= uf]ljGbk|;fb kf]v|]nn]atfpg'eof] . …of]hgfsf] b[li6sf]0fn]dfq} xf]OgÚ– pxf‘n] eGg'eof]– …d]/f]cfkm\g} lhNnfsf] of]hgf ePsfn]klg d]/f] klxnf] k|fyldstfdf of]of]hgf 5 .Ú oxf“sf] ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f of]hgfnfO{ clxn] lhNNff tyf :yfgLo dfq} geO{ /fli6«o uf}/jsf] ?kdf x]l/Psf] 5 .

cWoIftf Pj+ lhNnf hg:jf:Yo k|d'v 8f= e'jg kf}8]nsf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltly kf}8]nn]:jf:Yo gLlt /fd|f] cfP klg To;sf] sfof{Gjog txdf sdhf]/L /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . ;LdfGts[t / ul/jL Pj+ ljs6 If]qsf gful/sx?n]clxn] klg :jf:Yo clwsf/sf]pkof]u ug{ gkfPsf] pxf“n]atfpg'eof] . :jf:Yodf vr{ ug'{ g} nufgL ePsf] eGb} 8f= kf}8]nn] ljsf;sf] Ph]08fdf :jf:YonfO{ lng'kg] { pxf“sf]egfO 5 .

sfo{qmddf /fKtL pkIf]qLo c:ktfnsf 8f= lbkLsf ;'j]bLn] ufp“ / zx/sf dlxnfx?sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo cj:yfdf vf;} km/s gePsf]eGb} cfkm\gf] :jf:Yodf :jo+ dlxnfx? ;hu x'g'kg] {df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

;r]tgfsf] clea[l4;“u}/fHon] :jf:Yo ;+:yfx? dlxnfd}qL / ;|f]t ;fwgo'Qm agfpg cfjZos /x]sf] 8f= ;'j]bLsf] egfO 5 . kqsf/dxf;+3sf cWoIf ;'bLk uf}tdn] :jf:Yosf] clwsf/;a} gful/sx?nfO{ k|Tofe"t u/fpg ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf x'g'kg] {df hf]8 lbg'eof] . :jf:Yo gLlt ;xL eP klg sfof{Gjogdf lkmtnf] x'“bf ;a}gful/sx?n] :jf:Yo ;]jf kfpg g;s]sf] pxf“sf] egfO lyof] . cf]/ ]ssL sfo{qmd ;'k/efOh/ kß rf}w/Lsf]:jfut dGtAoaf6 z'? ePsf]sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/0f bLkf lwtfnn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

pxf“n] b]ze/ s[lif If]qdf sfd ug{] u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?n]:yfgLo s[ifs ;d"xsf] /sd nlIft ;d"x;Dd k'Ug glbPsf]eGb} To:tf] sfo{ tTsfn aGb ug{ lgb{]zg lbg'eof] .

cfufdL k'; dlxgfb]lv s'g} o'jf ljb]lzg' gkg{] u/L o'jfnlIft sfo{qmd klg ;/sf/n]cufl8 NofPsf] dGqL k/fh'nLn]atfpg'eof] . ;/sf/n] s[lif If]qdf sfd ug{] o'jfsf nflu jflif{s ^ k|ltzt Aofhdf C0f lbg nfu]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

s[lif=== bfªnufot b]ze/ df6f]df cDnLokgfsf sf/0f kl5Nnf]r/0fdf cGg pTkfbgdf sdL cfPsf] eGb} dGqL k/fh'nLn]g]kfndf klxnf] k6s :jfolnª 6]li6ª Eofg leœofpg nfu]sf]hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

o'uaf]w ;dfrf/bftf

gf/fo0fk'/, @# sflt{s . gf/fo0fk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] cfOtjf/ a;]sf]a}7sn] s]xL ;b:o tyf ;Nnfxsf/ dgf]gog u/]sf]5 .

;+3sf cWoIf uf]kfnk|;fb nD;fnsf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf]a}7sn] ;b:odf ef]nf a'9fyf]sL / s'n/fh vgfnnfO{

dgf]gog u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L dfgfy{ ;b:odf

dfwjk|;fb kf08]onfO{ dgf]gog u/]sf] 5 eg];Nnfxsf/x?df 1fgaxfb'/a:g]t / sfzL/fd vgfnnfO{ dgf]gLt ul/Psf] 5 . sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/df clwjQmf k|jL0f nD;fnnfO{ dgf]gog ul/Psf];+3sf ;lrj l6sfbQ vgfn …;fu/Ún] hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf]5 .

gf/fo0fk'/ pjf;+3df dgf]gog

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