၁။ ႏြမ္ဂ်ာသုိင္း- လြမ္းေလကညင္း
DESCRIPTION
Myanmar Novel-Nun Gyar Thine-Lwan Lay Ka NyinTRANSCRIPT
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 293
EGrf*smodkfif;
vGrf;avunif;
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xkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olOD;Ed kifrs d K;xGef; (tifyg,mpmay)OD;Ed kifrs d K;xGef; (tifyg,mpmay)OD;Ed kifrs d K;xGef; (tifyg,mpmay)OD;Ed kifrs d K;xGef; (tifyg,mpmay)OD;Ed kifrs d K;xGef; (tifyg,mpmay)
wdkuf 21? tcef; 11?wdkuf 21? tcef; 11?wdkuf 21? tcef; 11?wdkuf 21? tcef; 11?wdkuf 21? tcef; 11?pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdrf,m?pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdrf,m?pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdrf,m?pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdrf,m?pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdrf,m?
OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*Hk/OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*Hk/OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*Hk/OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*Hk/OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*Hk/
y H kE S dy foly H kE S dy foly H kE S dy foly H kE S dy foly H kE S dy folOD;armifarmifvGif (u0d&wematmhzfpuf)OD;armifarmifvGif (u0d&wematmhzfpuf)OD;armifarmifvGif (u0d&wematmhzfpuf)OD;armifarmifvGif (u0d&wematmhzfpuf)OD;armifarmifvGif (u0d&wematmhzfpuf)
204? vrf; 30? &efukef/204? vrf; 30? &efukef/204? vrf; 30? &efukef/204? vrf; 30? &efukef/204? vrf; 30? &efukef/
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wdkuf 21? tcef; 11 pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdrf,m OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*Hk/ zHk;-581733-444
wdkuf 9? wwd,xyf (0J) ,kZevrf;? ppfawmif;&dyfrGef ,kZeO,smOfNrdKUawmf/ zkef;-593265
E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box-234
tifyg,mtifyg,mtifyg,mtifyg,mtifyg,mpmaypmaypmaypmaypmay
EMPIREPUBLISHING CENTER
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EGrf*smodkif;
vGrf; avunif;
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(jr0wDrif;BuD;a&; ...cGmjymoif;ywfysdK;rS)
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arQmfvifhjcif;qdkwm aqmif;aESmif;rSm a0wwfwJh ESif;awGvdkygyJ &ifNidrf;/
ta&SU taemuf xufatmuf b,fnm b,ft&mudkrSjywfom;pGm rjrif&ayr,fh &ifxJrSmawmh Nidrf;at;vSw,f/
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&ifNidrf;/&ifNidrf;eJY awGU&OD;r,f? tcGifhtcgoifh&if ukefvGefcJhNyD;wJh
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;8
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vGrf;cJh&wJh umvav;awG ukefygapawmh &ifNidrf;&,f/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 9
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( 1 )
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;12
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csKyfyg qJGxm;aomaMumifh um;av;u 0l;ceJ toHus,fus,fjrnfNyD; Edk;oGm;onf/
um;pufylvmonftxd apmifh&if; pJGNrJu olYtpDtpOfudk oljyefwGufonf/
onfuae xGufonfESif h a&T*H kwdkifbufudkywfNyD;oli,fcsif;0if;aX;udk ac:rnf/ NyD;vQif tcsdefrqdkif;awmhbJwpfcgwnf; qufoGm;rnf/ a&TanmifyifrSm wpfacguf 0ifuefawmh? axmufBuHU*dwfrSm tppfaq;cH? Mum;rSm vHk;0 rem;awmhbJ wdkufBuD;avmuftxd awmufavQmufarmif;rnf/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 13
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&,f&if;ajymcJhMuaom i,fi,fu pum;rsm;udk owd&rdjyefonf/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;14
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ESif;rIefxJwGif um;udk t&SdefavQmhvdkuf&if; pJGNrJuNyHK;onf/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 15
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;16
( 2 )
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tcsdKUtwdwfrsm;onf ukefvGefNyD;avaom tcsdefrsm;ESifhtwl arS;rSdefaysmufqHk;oGm;Mu\/
tcsdKUusawmh ukefvGefcJhNyD;aomtcsdefrsm;udk vGefajrmufEdkifHkomru vuf&Sd jzwfoef;ae&aom ypKyefumvrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? aemifaomtcgrS BuHKqHkvm&rnfh tem*gwfumvrsm;udkvnf;aumif; BudKwifyif vTrf;NcHKvTrf;rdk;aeao;onf/
pJ G NrJ\ b0twGuf arhr&aomtwdwfuav;rsm;taMumif; jyefajymif;atmufarhrnfqdkvQif ypKyefumv ol
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 17
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;20
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 21
r[kwfbl;? t&ifwkef;u bDvl;awGaewJhNrdKU? rif;vnf; bDvl;NrdKUa&mufwmeJY bDvl;pdwf 0ifrvmeJY? Munfhr&&if aqmifhuefxnfhvdkufvdkY oGm;acs;,dk;',m;u xGufoGm;r,f odvm;}
taz a'guefaeyHkudkMunfh pJGNrJ bmrSrajymbJ &,faevdkufonf/
tazESifh onfNrdKUuvnf; tJ'Dudpu wpf&efjzpfae\/tpu pJGNrJwdkYu onfur[kwf? NyD;cJhonfhESpf pJGNrJ
pmar;yJGajzNyD; purS ajymif;vmjcif; jzpfonf/]tJ'gqdk rif;udk ig aocsmrSmxm;r,faemf? ausmif;rSm
vnf; taygif;toif; Munfhaygif;? a,mufsm;av;yJjzpfjzpf?rdef;uav;yJjzpfjzpf? tukefvHk; 'DNrdKUu vlrSeforQ bDvl;awGvdkYyJoabmxm;? odyfta&mr0ifeJY? olwdkYvkyfwdkif; vkdufrvkyfeYJ ...Mum;vm;}
][kwfuJh}]aemufNyD;awmh tJ'Dausmif;u pnf;urf;BuD;w,fvdkY
ajymw,f? tJ'gawmh igoabmusw,f? tJ'Du q&mawGxJrSmtdkuftMurf;qHk;q&mudk aocsmar;NyD; b,folvJqdkwm ighudkajymjy}
][kwfuJh? tJ'g bmvkyfzdkYvJ taz}]bmvkyf&rSmvJ? rif; toHk;rus&if oleJYqdkifqdkif rqdkif
qdkif awGUwJhae&mrSm uJRdkufEGm;dkuf dkufzdkY aocsmrSwfxm;rvdkYayghuG}
]jrwfpGmbk&m;}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;22
onfwpfcgawmh yg;pyfuyif [kwfuJhrvdkufEdkifawmhbJpdwfxJuae bk&m;wvdkufonf/ bk&m; ...bk&m; ...olyJbDvl;NrdKUvdkYvnf; ajymao;onf/ bDvl;NrdKUu q&mudk uRJdkufEGm;dkuf dkufcdkif;OD;rnfqdkawmh ...
apmapmu ausmif;wufcsifpdwf jyif;jyaeaom pJGNrJ?ausmif;wuf&rSmyif cyfvefYvefYjzpfoGm;\/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 23
( 3 )
]'umBuD; OD;tkef;}]bk&m;}]a&mh ...tJ'g 'umBuD;ajymwJh 'Dausmif;rSm tdkuf
tqdk;qHk; q&mndKwkwfqdkwmyJ? 'umBuD;om;udk oleJYxnfhvdkuf}]wifyg? aocsma&mdkuf&JUvm; bk&m;}tazhtar;tavQmufpum;tqHk;rSm OD;yif;u NyHK;
onf/]dkufwmawmh bmrSryleJY 'umBuD;? r[kwfwm vkyfvdkYu
awmh ndKwkwfu ausmra&G;wwfbl;? 'DNrdKUrSm pmqdkawmif&Sdw,f?qm;pnfrSm AdkvfvkyfwJh ndKwkwfqdkwm olyJ? 'umBuD; pdwfcsrf;om vufcsrf;omom jyef}
]wifyghbk&m;? q&mndKwkwfvufudk wynfhawmfom;udkvnf; aocsmtyfxm;vdkufyghr,f bk&m;}
]at; ...at; ...aumif;NyD}rauG;rSm qm;pnfausmif; pwufonfhaeYuawmh rSwf
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;24
wrf;wifavmufonfhaeYjzpfonf/wpfcgrS onfvd kausmif;rs d K; rawGYzl;ojzif h pJ G Nr J
wpfa,muf rsufpdoli,fem;oli,fESifh tawmfxdwfvefYtHhMovnf; aeonf/
ausmif;\trnftrSefu tvu (1) rauG;? t&Snfajym&vQif tpdk;&tv,fwef;ausmif; trSwf (1) rauG;NrdKU jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rnfolrQ onfvdkrac:Mu/ tm;vHk;u qm;pnfausmif;[kyJ ac:onf/
xdkpOfu rodao;aomfvnf; aemifaomtcgusrSrauG;NrdKU\ qm;pnf&yfwGif&SdaomaMumifh qm;pnfausmif;[kac:jcif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
ausmif;u tpdk;&tv,fwef;ausmif;jzpfaomfvnf;wu,fusawmh bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;yHkpHrsdK;vnf; 0ifaeonf/
a&S;wkef;u bkef;awmfBuD;tkyfcsKyfaom bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;b0uae tpdk;&rlvwef;ausmif;? tv,fwef;ausmif;ponfjzifh wdk;csJUvmcJhonfrdkY ausmif;rSm bkef;BuD;ausmif;wpfydkif;tpdk;&ausmif;wpfydkif; jzpfaeonf/
q&mawmfuvnf; ausmif;0if;xJrSmyif ausmif;xdkifvlrI0efxrf; y&[dwa*[mwpfckvnf; yl;wJGzGifhxm;ao;onf/bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;vnf; jzpfaeonfrdkY ausmif;0if;twGif;0ifvQif rnfolrQ zdeyfrpD;&/
ausmif;0if;BuD;uvnf; {&mrtus,fBuD;/wpfxyfaqmif? ESpfxyfaqmif ...aygif; ckepfaqmif
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 25
avmuf ausmif;aqmifawG trsm;BuD;&Sdonfhtjyif refusnf;yif?xef;yif? wrmyif? zefcg;yif? Am'Hyif ponfjzifh tyifBuD;awGuvnf; wpfausmif;vHk;rSm ae&mtESHY tkyfrdk;aeonf/
NyD;awmh bk&m;tdk? bk&m;ysufawGa&m? ausmif;tdkausmif;ysufawGa&m ausmif;0if;xJESifh ausmif;0if;ESifh uyfvsufae&mrsm;wGif ae&mtESHY &Sdao;onf/
onfavmufylaom ajrvwfa'orsdK;rSmyif ausmif;0if;xJ 0ifvdkufygu pdrfhceJat;oGm;onf/ t&dyfaumif;aom opfyifBuD;rsm;aMumifh at;wmu wpfrsdK;? xdkYtjyif ausmif;xJrSm&Sdaeaom ywf0ef;usif\ xl;jcm;qef;Mu,frIaMumifh ausmpdrfhwmuwpfrsdK;? ESpfrsdK;avmuf pdrfhp&mpHk&onfhtxJ ckwpfcg Oy"dkyfaumif;aumif;? vkyfp&m&SdvQif wu,fvkyfrnfh q&mawmfESifhqm;pnfrSm Adkvfvkyfonfh ndKwkwfqkdaom q&m 00rnf;rnf;ykykcefYcefYBuD;ESifhyg &ifqdkifvdkuf&aomtcg pJGNrJ\ wpfreufvHk;&SdaecJhaom ausmif;oGm;csifpdwfav;onf MuufaysmufiSuf aysmufaysmufoGm;awmh\/
]rif;emrnf b,folvJ}]pJGNrJcdkifrmyg q&m}]at; ...emrnfuawmh aumif;w,f? yxrwef;pm;
yJ? rif; emrnftwdkif;a&m wu,fpJGpJGNrJNrJ&Sd&JUvm;? &J&ifh&JUvm;?atmifjrifatmifa&m BudK;pm;rSmvm;}
]vkyfyghr,f q&m}]BudKufNyD? rif;ajymovdk vkyf&ifvkyf? rvkyfvdkYuawmh
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;26
a[m'DrSm BudrfvHk;awGYw,fr[kwfvm;? 'Dausmif;rSm r[kwfwmvkyfzl;wJh aumifrSeforQ 'DwkwfeJY wpfcgrS rvGwfao;bl;? OD;yif;ndKu rif;tazudk ajymvdkufwma&m rSwfrdao;vm;}
]rSwfrdygw,f q&m}]bmwJhvJ jyefajymprf;}]qm;pnfrSm AdkvfvkyfwJh ndKwkwfqdkwm q&myJvdkY ajym
ygw,f q&m}pJGNrJpum;aMumifh q&mndKwkwfu olYuGrf;pm;xm;aom
yg;pyfeDeDBuD;udkNzJ&if; oabmuspGm w[m;[m; &,fonf/]at; ...rif; rqdk;bl;? rSwfPfaumif;w,f? 'gayr,fh
ndKwkwfqdkwJh igu raumif;wJh tvkyfvkyfwJholrS qHk;rwmyguGm?aumif;wmvkyf&if rif; ighudk odyfcspfoGm;rSmyg}
xkdpOfuawmh q&mhpum;udk pJGNrJ odyfr,Hkrd? onfq&mudk cspfzdkYaeaeomom awGYwmESifhyif aMumufacs; rygrdatmifrenf;xdef;xm;ae&onfhtcsdef/
tazuvnf; bmudpESifh rdbarwmudk rQtwHk;vdkuf twpfvdkufjyoGm;onfrod/ q&mhvufudk tyfNyD;uwnf;u wpfcsdK;wnf; vSnfhjyefoGm;vdkufonfrSm pkyfpjrKyfprS rawGY&awmh/
][dka&SUu jrifae&wJh e0a';aqmifqdkwm rif;wuf&r,fh taqmifyJuG ...Mum;vm; pJGNrJcdkifrm? tJ'DrSm &SdorQ tcef;awGtm;vHk; ig;wef;csnfhyJ? wef;cJGawmh rif;[mrif; &Sm,lawmhMum;vm;}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 27
][kwf [kwfuJhq&m}]uJ oGm;awmh}q&mhcGifhjyKcsufpum;tqHk;rSm pJGNrJ ...aemufrS jzpfcsif
&mjzpf? avmavmq,f onfem;u ajy;&vQifNyD;a&m[k oabmydkufum a&SUrS jrifae&onfh e0a';aqmiftrnf&aom ausmif;awmfBuD;qD ajy;xGufvmcJhonf/
jzpfEdkifvQif aemufaeYup onfausmif;rwufawmh[kvnf; pdwfxJrSm cdkifcdkifrmrm qHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf\/
][Jh eifbmMunfhaewmvJ}olwuf&rnfh tcef;udkawmh pJGNrJ &SmrawGYp&m r&Sd? onf
avmufawmh pJGNrJ rt/ twef;xJrSm q&mrwpfa,mufuvnf;tqifoifh &Sdae? ae&mvnf; csay;vdkufojzifh vG,ftdwfudkudk,fhae&mudk,fxm;cJhNyD; ausmif;rwufcif pyfMum;tcsdefav;twef;jyifxGuf [dkonf penf;emavhvmMunfhonf/
taqmifu ESpfxyfaqmif? t,fvfyHkpH taqmufttHkBuD;? taqmifaemufbufrSm tdrfomrsm;&Sd aemufwpfjcrf;ab;bufrSm a&pifBuD;wpfckESifh a&puftaqmufttHkav;&Sdonf/a&puf[dkbufrSmawmh taqmifBuD;wpfaqmif &Sdao;onf/
[dkonfMunfh&if;uae wHcg;ydwfxm;aom tcef;udkjrifojzifh bmrSef;od&atmif jywif;rSefMum;rSae acsmif;Munfh
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;28
aeqJ? ausmbufu ycHk;udkwdkYNyD; avoHjzifh wdk;wdk;av;ar;vdkufaom toHaMumifh pJGNrJudk,fav; cgceJjzpfatmif wkefvIyfoGm;onf/
vSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh aumifrav;wpfa,muf/yxrawmh oufouf olYvmvSefYonfxifNyD; pJGNrJ
a[mufypfvdkuf&ef pdwful;vdkufao;onf/ odk Yaomf ...aumifrav;rsufESmu xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tav;teufyHkpHav;wpfck0ifaeojzifh tHhMooGm;NyD; ...
]eif ighudk bmvmvkyfwmvJ}]bmvmvkyf&rvJ? ar;Munfhwmaygh[}]bmar;MunfhwmvJ}]eif awGY&vdkYvm;qdkwm odcsifvdkY ar;wmaygh}]awGY&vdkY [kwfvm;}]tif;}]igu bmawG&rSmvJ}]'gjzifh eifckeu bmMunfhaewmvJ? r,foDv&Sif acgif;
jywfMunfhwm r[kwfbl;vm;}]bm r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywf [kwfvm;? bmudp igu
r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywfMunfh&rSmvJ}]rodbl;av[m? eifu 'Dtcef;xJudk wpfa,mufwnf;
wdwfwdwfacsmif;Munfhaeawmh r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywfudk awGYNyD;acsmif;aewmyJxifvdkY ighvnf; ar;Munfhwmaygh}
a&mf ...tawmfxl;jcm; tawmfqef;jym;aom
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 29
jyemESifh awGYqHkae&NyDyJ[k pJGNrJu awG;vdkuf&if; ...]aeygOD; aeygOD;? eifajymwJh tJ'Dr,foDv&Sifacgif;jywf
qdkwJhtaMumif; ighudk aocsmajymjyprf;ygOD;? igu rauG;udk ckrSajymif;vmwm[? 'Dausmif;udkvnf; 'DaeYrS pa&mufzl;wm?eifajymwJhudp ig bmrSrodbl;}
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh aumifrav; pdwfysufoGm;yHkjzifhoufjyif;BuD; wpfcsufcsonf/ NyD;rS ...
]tif; ...'kuygyJ? iguawmh olYyHkpHMunfhNyD; txifwBuD;eJY vmar;&w,f? ckawmh tukefvHk;awmif igu jyef&Sif;jy&OD;rSmwJh? pdwfukefvdkufwm? eifhemrnf b,folvJ? eifu bmudpeJY ckrS rauG;udk ajymif;vmNyD; 'Dausmif; a&mufvm&wmvJ? 'Dausmif;rSma&m eifu b,fESpfwef;rSm wufrSmvJ? t&ifwkef;uusawmh eifu b,fausmif;rSm wufcJhvdkYvJ}
olYar;cgrS olu w&pyfquf jyefar;vdkufaom ar;cGef;rsm;aMumifh pJGNrJ rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;onf/
][Jh ...ajzav? bmtlaMumifaMumifeJY ighudk rsufvHk;jyL;jywmvJ}
a&m*g ...tawmfpGmwJh csmwdwfrygvm;[k pJGNrJuawG;&if; ...
]eif ar;wmu trsm;BuD;[? igu b,fvdkvkyfNyD;csufcsif;ajzvdkY&rSmvJ? pOf;pm;&ao;wmaygh aocsmem;axmif?ighemrnfu pJGNrJcdkifrm ...wJh? oli,fcsif;awGuawmh pJGNrJvdkYyJac:w,f}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;30
][if ...emrnfuvnf; pJGNrJwJhvm;? vlemrnfvnf;r[kwfbl;}
][ ...vlemrnfr[kwfbJ vludk rSnfhrvm;[? iguvlyJ}
aumifrav;u rsufESmrJh acgif;cgonf/]wdkYNrdKUrSm pJGNrJvdkY ZGJwdkYqdkwm[m vlemrnf r&Sdbl;? jrif;
vSnf;emrnf&,f qdkufum;emrnf&,f'gyJ&Sdw,f? uJygavxm;ygawmh? eifu 'DNrdKUurS r[kwfbJ? qufajzygOD;}
]igu &efukefu ajymif;vmwm? &efukefrSmaeawmh&efukefu ausmif;rSmyJ wufwmaygh[? ck 'Dajymif;vmrS 'Dausmif;wuf&wm? igwuf&rSmu ig;wef;? igausmif;tyfwmu aemufusvdkY 'Djyiftwef;rSm ae&mr&Sdawmhbl;? &SdwJhig;wef;tD;wpfwef;rSmyJ wuf&awmhr,fwJh}
]aMomf ...ig;wef;u tD;cef;rSmvm;? 'gqdk igeJY rwlbl;[k? igu ig;wef;atu? ighemrnfu &ifNidrf;rGefwJh? 'gayrJheifhvdkyJ igholi,fcsif;awGuawmh ighudk &ifNidrf;rGefvdkYY rac:bl;?&ifNidrf;vdkYyJ ac:w,f}
]'gqdk igvnf; &ifNidrf;yJ ac:rSmaygh[m? eifuvnf; ighudkpJGNrJvdkYyJac:aygh? tJ'Dawmh cPaeygOD; &ifNidrf;? ckepum;ajymqufygOD;? eifajymcJhwJh r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywfqdkwm bmvJ}
cpfceJ &ifNidrf;u &,fonf/ NyD;rS ...]eifua&m 'Dtcef;xJudk bmvdkY acsmif;Munfhae&wmvJ}]igu 'DwpfaqmifvHk;rS 'Dtcef; bmjzpfvdkY ydwfxm;&
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 31
wmvJ odcsifvdkY Munfhwm}]b,fodrvJ? igu eifMunfhaeyHkaxmuf&if wpfckckawmh
awGYaevdkYjzpfrSmyJqdkNyD; ar;Munfhwmaygh? eifu ckrSa&mufvmwJholqdkawmh odrSmr[kwfbl; pJGNrJ? igajymjyr,f 'Dausmif;rSmaMumufp&maumif;wmawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f odvm;}
]bm ...aMumufp&maumif;wm [kwfvm; &ifNidrf;}]tif; ...}]b,fvdk aMumufp&maumif;wmvJ}]aMomf ...aMumufp&m aumif;ygw,fqdkrS b,fvdk
aMumufp&maumif;wmvJ ar;&ao;vm;? aMumufp&maumif;wm[m aMumufp&maumif;wmyJaygh}
]at;yg [kwfygNyD? igar;wmu aMumufp&maumif;w,fqdkwm b,fvdk[mrsdK;awGvJvdkY ar;wm}
]b,fvdk[mrsdK;&rSmvJ? o&JwdkY wapwdkYaygh}][if ...o&Jwap[kwfvm;}]tif; ...trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f? NyD;awmh OpmapmifhawG
vnf; &Sdw,f}jrwfpGmbk&m; ...[k pJGNrJpdwfxJu wrdjyefonf/ pdwf
vnf; 0ifpm;oGm;ojzifh ...]b,fvdk&SdwmvJ[m? ighajymjyprf;ygOD;}xdkpOf ausmif;wufonfh acgif;avmif;xdk;oHu ay:
xGufvmonf/ &ifNidrf; ysmysmovJ jzpfoGm;&if; ...]at; ...at; ...aemufawmh igajymjyr,f? ckawmh
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;32
ausmif;wufNyD[m? twef;xJ oGm;Mu&atmif? awmfMum q&mOD;ndKwkwfeJYawGUvdkY olYBudrfwkwfpmrdaeOD;r,f}
ajym&if;ESifh vSpfceJajy;oGm;onf/apmapmu o&J wap Opmapmifhwkef;u onfavmuf
raMumufaomfvnf; OD;ndKwkwfqdkaomudpudkawmh emrnfMum;kHESifhyif pJGNrJ aMumufonf/
odkYtwGuf &ifNidrf;ajymovdkyif aemufuaevdkufajy;NyD; pmoifcef;xJ 0ifcJhonf/
xdkpOfu &ifNidrf; q,fhESpfESpf? ol q,fhoHk;ESpf/uAsmxJuvdkyif uav;t&G,f i,fuwnf;u pcJhMu
aom Zmwfvrf;jzpf\/ xdkenf;wl apmapmu qHk;jzwfcsufudky,fzsuf onfausmif;rSm twef;&SdorQ tptqHk; ausmif;wufjzpfoGm;aom taMumif;vnf;jzpf\/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 33
( 4 )
]at; ...t"du q&majymcsifwmuawmh rif;wdkYvdkvli,fawG[m tusifhaumif;? pdwfaumif; ESvHk;aumif;av;awGxm;MuNyD; wpfzufzufrSm xl;cRefajymifajrmufwJh vli,fav;awG jzpfvmatmif BudK;pm;MuzdkYyJ? xl;cRefwJhvlwpfa,muf[molY*kPfolvnf; aqmifEdkifw,f? olYrdb? olY&yf&Gm? olYNrdKU? olYEdkifiH*kPfudkvnf; aqmifEdkifw,f? Oyrm pmodyfawmfwJh uav;wpfa,mufqdkygawmh? tJ'Dolav;u pmawmfvkdufwm? olYemrnfu b,folvJwJh ...vdkY tar;cH&&if olY*kPfol paqmifEdkifNyD? NyD;&if qufar;OD;rSmyJ? tJ'g b,folYom;orD;vJ? olYq&mu b,folvJqdk&if olYrdb*kPf? olYq&m*kPfudkvnf; qufaqmifEdkifNyDyJ}
q&mhtoHu refusnf;yifatmuf at;jraomavnif;xJrSm wnfwnfNidrfNidrf atmifatmifjrifjrifESifh ay:xGufaeonf/
]olYxl;cRefrI us,fjyef YvmwmESif htrQ 'Duav;u
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;34
rauG;NrdKUuaemf? rauG;ol rauG;om;awG w,fxl;cRefygvm;qdk&if NrdKU&Gm*kPfvnf; wufvmwmyJ? urmeJYcsDNyD; xl;cRefvmwJhtcgusawmh ...[ ..'Daumifu jrefrmjynfuuG? jrefrmjynfom;awG w,f[kwfygvm; qdkjyef&if ukd,fhjynftrsdK;*kPfudk udk,fjrifhay;Edkifjyefa&m? tJ'gaMumifh udk,fhudk,fudk,f xl;cRefatmifpvkyfvdkY q&majymwmyJ}
qm;pnfausmif;\ t"du xl;jcm;csufrsm;wGif wpfcsufvnf; yg0ifonf/
reufq,fem&DrS naeav;em&Dtxd wuf&aomausmif;wGif ausmif;qif;cgeD;aemufqHk;tcsdefudk pm&dwtcsdef?zGHYNzdK;a&;tcsdeftjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/
xdktcsdefusvQif ig;wef;udk ig;wef;? ajcmufwef;qdkajcmufwef; twef;vdkuf wef;cJGtm;vHk;udkaygif;NyD; tcef;tjyifxGuf t&dyfaumif;aom opfyif&dyfwpf&dyfrSm pkMu&onf/
xdkYaemuf q&mu bmoma&;? vlrIa&;? pm&dwzHGYNzdK;a&;wdkYESifhqdkifaom qHk;rpum;rsm; oifMum;ydkYcscsufrsm; ajymqdkoifMum; qHk;ronf/
odkYtwGuf qm;pnfausmif;rS ausmif;om;ausmif;olwdkif;vdkvdk bmoma&;? vlrIa&;usifh0wfrsm;? jynfolYeDwdrsm;?&yfordkif; &Gmordkif; NrdKUordkif;? EdkifiHordkif;rsm;udk em;&nf0aeMuonf/
pJGNrJtzdkYawmh tcsdefrsm;twGuf ESpfrsdK;ESpfyHkudk auseyf&onf/ wpfrsdK;wpfzHku olMum;csifaom olodyfodcsifaom
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 35
ordkif;aMumif;rsm;Mum;& jzpfNyD; aemufwpfrsdK;wpfzHku atcef;ESifh tD;cef; uJGuGmaeaom &ifNidrf;udk xdktcsdefusrS wpfwef;wnf;twlwljyefjzpfNyD; vSrf;jrifaecGifh&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
]0Spf ...}q&mhpum;udk tmkHpdkufaeqJrSmyif vQmESifh tay:tm
acgifudkuyfNyD; toHjyKvdkufaom avoHwpfckaMumifh pJGNrJ csmceJvSnfhMunfhonf/
xifonfhtwdkif;yif &ifNidrf;/pJGNrJu bmvJ[laom t"dym,fjzifh acgif;qwfar;vdkuf
onf/&ifNidrf;u bmrSrajymbJ vufxJuae bmrSef;rodaom
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av;jzpfatmif vHk;xm;onfh pm&GufvHk;av;/&ifNidrf;u pm&GufvHk;av; &SdEdkifrnfhae&mudk vufndK;xdk;
&if; vuf0g;ESpfzufjzifh jzefYjzefY jyonf/pJGNrJu oabmaygufvdkufNyD; acgif;ndwf pm&GufvHk;
uav;udk aumuf,lonf/xkdYaemuf jzefYzwfrnfjyKqJ em;xJ0ifvmaom q&mh
toHaMumifh jyefacgif;axmifMunfhvdkuf\/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;36
]tJ'Dawmh rif;wdkYtm;vHk;[m NrdKU*kPf? &Gm*kPf? EkdifiH*kPfaqmif&rSm jzpfovdk? udk,fhNrdKUudk,fh&Gm? udk,fhEkdifiHordkif;taMumif;awG jzpfpOfawGvnf; oabmaygufxm;&r,f? 'DaeY rif;wdkYudkq&m ...a[m'DrauG;NrdKUqdkwm b,fvdkjzpfvmovJqdkwmudkajymjyrvdkY}
a&m*gyJ ...[k pJGNrJpdwfxJu atmufarhvdkufonf/onftaMumif;awGu olodyfodcsifaeaom taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf/ onftcsdefusrS qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf ab;udk a&mufvmaom &ifNidrf;\ pm&GufvHk;av;xJu pmudkvnf; zwfcsifaeonf/
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]rodbl;uG? 'DxJrSm wpfckcka&;xm;r,f xifw,f? zGifhzwfMunfhwJh? 'DxJrSm bma&;xm;wmvJ rodbl;}
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qdkwmav; em;axmifcsifvdkY}]tJ'gudk ighudkay;? igu tJ'gawG odyfpdwf0ifpm;wm
r[kwfbl;? olYpmudk igzwfNyD; rif;udk tusdK;taMumif; ajymjyr,f}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 37
tJ'gvnf;rqdk;[k oabm&ojzifh pJGNrJu pm&GufvHk;av;udk aZ,stm; vSrf;ay;vkdufonf/
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]a[haumif pJGNrJ}][if}ta&;xJ pmzwfNyD; aZ,su vufukwfaeao;ojzifh
pJGNrJu vSnfhrMunfhbJ xl;vdkufonf/odkYaomf aZ,suawmh olYyHkpHtwdkif; jyL;jyL;ysmysmjzpf
ae\/]a[haumif ...rif;wdkY[mu bmvJ}]bmvJuG? b,f[mu bmjzpfaevdkYvJ}]'DrSm pmxJrSm a&;xm;w,f? naeus&if [dk[mrvkyf
awmhbl;? reufjzefusrSyJ vkyfawmhr,fwJh? tJ'g bmajymwmvJ}aZ,spum;aMumifh pJGNrJ&,fonf/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;38
]&ifNidrf;u tJ'Dtwdkif; a&;xm;vm;}]&ifNidrf;qdkwm tJ'Daumifrav; emrnfvm;}]at;}]rif;eJY oleJY odvdkYvm;}]at;}]b,fwkef;u odwmvJ}][dkwavmurS}][m tJ'gudk b,fvkdjzpfNyD; 'Dvdka&;&wmvJ}]b,fodrvJuG? tJ'geJY aeygOD;? rif;ua&m bmjzpfae
wmvJ}][m rif;wdkY[mBuD;u b,fvdkvJuGm? naeus&if tp
u rif;wdkYu bmvkyfMur,f BuHxm;vdkY [dk[mrvkyfawmhbl;vdkYolua&;xm;&wmvJ}
]aMomf ...'gvm;}pJGNrJu &,fonf/ &,f&if;ESifh wpfpHkwpfck &Sif;jyrnf
jyifvdkufaomfvnf; q&mxHrS qufMum;&aom pum;rsm;aMumifh q&mhpum;rsm;xH tmkHpdkufvdkufonf/
]wdk YjrwfpGmbk&m; 0gawmfESpfq,fausmf&wJh tcsdef?om0wdjynf aZw0efausmif;awmfrSm oDwif;oHk;aeowJh? tJ'Dumvu tck wdkYrauG;wdkif;taemufbufjcrf;BuD;wpfckvHk;udkbmac:ovJqdkawmh okemy&Ea,meuwdkif;vdkY ac:w,f}
odkY pwif&if;jzifh q&mu rauG;NrdKUjzpfay:vmyHktxda&mufatmif ordkif;aMumif;udk ajymjyonf/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 39
aemifaomtcg ol Yb0udk vTrf;rd k;vmawmhrnf/abmaom abmausmfESifhp&if;ESD;cJh&jcif;rSmvnf; pJGNrJtwGufxdktcsdefuyif pcJhjcif;jzpf\/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;40
( 5 )
&mZ0ifxJwGif ...abmaom-abmausmf bDvl;nDaemifwdkY\ Zpfjrpfudk odyftao;pdwfESifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHkawmhazmfjyrxm;/
olwdkYrSm nDtpfudkarmifESr ajcmufa,muf&SdaMumif;ESifholwdkYaexdkifaom t&yfrSm ,ck rauG;NrdKUwnf&m ywf0ef;usifa'ojzpfaom {&m0wDjrpf ta&SUbufurf; bDvl;wdkYae&mawmtkyf[kom tMurf;zsif;azmfjyonf/
aemufwpfcsufu abmaom-abmausmfwkd Y bDvl;nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;aeaom t&yfwGif Mupkzefcg;[kac:aomzefcg;oD;rsdK;rsm; tvGefaygrsm;aMumif;od&onf/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 41
auvmoawmifac: pudef;wJawmif odMum;jA[mwdkY\ tylaZmfcHaepOf? jrpfta&SUrS abmausmf? abmaom? abmol&? abm&o? ,uom*D? ,u'gvD bDvl;nDtpfudkarmifESrajcmufa,mufteufrS abmausmf? abmaom? abmol&? abm&o nDtpfudk av;a,mufonf bk&m;&Sif&Sd&m vma&mufzl;ajrmfNyD; Mupkzefcg;oD;rsm; qufuyfvSL'gef;onf/
jrwfpGmbk&mu bDvl;nDaemifwdkYtm; w&m;jy odMum;rif; qufxm;aom jrom;ovGefudk udk;uG,f&mtjzpf ay;tyfNyD;igbk&m;\ ovGefawmfwnf&m aemiftcg0,f? omoemyGifhvif; a[mawmfrl&if; Xmermu&a'o em*&NrdKUBuD; jzpfvwHY[kAsm'dwfpum; rdefYMum;awmfrl\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ Asm'dwfpum;ESifhtnD ...aemifaomtcg yk*Hacwf apmvlrif;vufxufrSp rauG;NrdKUBuD; jzpfvmonf/
bDvl;nDaemifwdkYvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; ay;tyfawmfrlonfh jrovGefudkyifh rdrdwdkYae&if;Xme awmtkyfwGif; apwDwnf XmyemNyD; udk;uG,fMuonf/
xdktcg jrovGefudk bk&m;tm;vSLcJhol odMum;rif;uonfae&m onfXmewGif onfvkdyHkpH zGifhwnf&ef r[kwfaomaMumifh oludk,fwdkifapwDudk NzdKzsufNyD; jrovGefudkjyefyifh jrpfqdyfurf;rS ESpfOwcefYa0;aom awmifukef;ay:wGif oDwif;oHk; aexdkifMuonfh 'dApuK? 'dAaomw? 'dACme trnf&Sdaom&aohoHk;OD;xH tyfESHxm;cJhonf[k qdkonf/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;42
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 43
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ao;ao;av;awG wef;pDNyD; oGm;aewwfowJh}]wu,f}]olajymwmyJavuGm ...ppfjzpfwkef;u tJ'Dausmif;
0ef;xJ AHk;usNyD; bkef;BuD;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ysHvGefawmfrloGm;owJh? tJ'g wcsdKUbkef;BuD;awGu ruRwfbJ wapjzpfaewmwJh}www.burmeseclassic.com
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;44
][muGm ...igawmif aMumufvmNyD? aemufudk tJ'Dtdrfom rwufawmhbl;}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 45
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vdkY &ifNidrf;u ighudk vdkufjyr,fqdkNyD; csdef;xm;wmuG? 'DnaeoGm;MunfhMurvdkY? tJ'g bmudp&SdvdkYvJ rodbl;? naeu pma&;NyD;'DaeY tJ'Dudp rvkyfjzpfbl;vdkYajymwm ...&Sif;NyDvm;}
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aMumufw,f ajymao;w,f? NyD;awmh Munfhvnf; Munfhcsifw,fajymw,f? Munfh&rSmawmh raMumufbl;vm;}
aZ,su rsufvHk;jyL;vsuf ...]aMumufawmh aMumufwmayghuGm? 'gayr,fh Munfhvnf;
Munfhcsifao;wmaygh? rif;u raMumufbl;qdkawmh rif;eJYuG,fNyD;
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;46
MunfhvdkY&wmaygh}]vmjyefNyD &ifNidrf;wpfa,muf? &ifNidrf;uvnf; 'Dwdkif;yJ
ajymwmyJ}]vkyfyguGm? ighvnf; ac:oGm;prf;yg}]at;av? tJvdkqdkvnf; vdkufcJhaygh? reufjzefnaeus
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odkYaomf xdktjzpftysufuav;rsm;u olESifh&ifNidrf;wdkY\ pwifawGYqHkjcif;ESifh qufpyfaeovdk? olwdkYESpfa,muf cifrif&if;ESD;rIrsm; pwif&mvnf; jzpfonf/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 47
tysufrsm; jzpfonf/&ifNidrf;ESifh olYtMum; b,folrS rodvdkufpGmjzifh vQdKU0Suf
pGm jzpfyGm;cJhaom ta&;tcif;av;rsm;[k qdkEdkif\/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;48
( 6 )
]&Spf ...}onfjrnfoHav;\ toHxGuftppftrSefudk wdwdus
us azmfjyzdkYawmhcufonf/ EIwfcrf;udk [onfqdkkHav; [xm;vQmxdyfudk oGm;aemufu tmacgifav;rSmuyfNyD; aemufuaeavudk cyfjyif;jyif;rIwfxkwfonfhtoH/ &Spf[kvnf; tyDtoBuD; rxGuf? cspfqdkaom toHvnf;r[kwf/ Mum;oHwpfrsdK;/
odkYaomf wpfckaocsmonfu xdktoHav;udk &ifNidrf;tNrJvkyfwwfonf/ yxrqHk;tBudrf Mum;puawmh olYudk ac:aomtoH[k pJGNrJrodao;/ em;xJudk0ifvmaom xdktoHav;uxl;qef;aeojzifh trSwfwrJhvSnfhMunfhvdkufjcif;om jzpfonf/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 49
MumNyD? eifvSnfhrMunfhawmh ighudk eif rrSwfrdawmhbl;awmifatmufarhaewm}
pJGNrJ NyHK;vdkuf&if; ...]&Spf ...&Spf ...qdkwJh toHawmh Mum;om;yJ? 'gayr,fh
tJ'g ighac:rSef; rodvdkYyg[m? eifhudk ig bmjzpfvdkY rrSwfrd&rSmvJ &ifNidrf;&? eifhemrnf &ifNidrf; ig;wef;atu ...uJ ...awGYvm; ig tukefrSwfrdw,f}
&ifNidrf;ESifh aemufESpf&ufavmuftMumrSm jyefqHkjcif;jzpfonf/ onfwpfcgawmh reufausmif;rwufcif tcsdefr[kwf/aeYv,frkefYpm;qif;csdefBuD; jzpfonf/
&ifNidrf;yHkpHu [dkwpfaeYuESifh bmrSrajymif;vJ/ [dkwpfaeYuvdkyif ausmif;0wfpHkESifh jzpfonf/ qHyifudkvnf; [dkaeYuvdkyif ESpfzufcJG pnf;xm;onf/ vufxJrSm udkifxm;aom vufudkify0gav;wpfckom t0ga&mifrS yef;a&mifodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh &ifNidrf;u auseyfpGm NyHK;onf/]at;yg? ppcsif; ighemrnfudk ac:vdkufuwnf;u
eifrSwfrdw,fqdkwm odoGm;ygNyD pJGNrJ&,f? tJ'geJY eif tck 'DrSmbmvkyfaewmvJ}
]bmrSrvkyfygbl;? &yfaewm}]tdk &yfaewmawmh odwmaygh? &yfNyD; bmvkyfaewmvJ
odcsifwm}pJGNrJ&,fonf/]&yfNyD; bmrSrvkyfygbl;[m? [dkMunfh'DMunfh avQmuf
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;50
MunfhaewmygyJ}]avQmufMunfhaeawmh bmawGYvJ}]bmrS rawGYygbl;? bmvJ eifu r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywf
awGYvm; ar;OD;rvdkY r[kwfvm;}&ifNidrf;u &,fonf/]r[kwfygbl;? tJ'gu 'DvdktjyifrSmrS r&Sdwwfwm?
r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywfu pmoifcef;xJu pm;yJGay:rSmyJ &SdwmwJh? 'Djyif[mawGrsm; awGYovm;vdkY}
]vkyfjyefNyD[m? 'geJY aeygOD;? raeYu pum;jywfoGm;vdkY?tJ'gawG &Sdw,fqdkwm eifhb,folajymvdkYvJ}
]tJ'gawGqdkwm b,f[mawGvJ}]eifajymwJh o&JwdkY wapwdkYqdkwmawGaygh}]tHr,f tpu igomrodwm? ightpfrawGu tukefod
w,f[? t&ifwkef;u ighudk bmrSajymrjybl;? ckausmif;ydwf&ufurS ajymjywm? ausmif;xJrSm o&JawGa&m? OpmapmifhawGa&mtrsm;BuD;wJh}
&ifNidrf;u b,fwkef;uwnf;u wpfa,mufa,mufudkjyefajymjycsifaeonf rod/ olYtpfrrsm; ajymjyxm;cJhonfqdkaom tdrfomatmufu bkef;BuD;ao;ao;av;rsm;taMumif;?yef;a&mifpHkrsm; yefxm;onfhOpmapmifhrrsm;taMumif;? ta&mifawmufaom a>rBuD;taMumif; w&pyfajymjyawmhonf/
olYpum;qHk;rS pJGNrJu ...]igawmh [kwfr,frxifygbl;[m}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 51
&ifNidrf;trlt&mav;u a'gojzpfonfhtoGifodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;onf/
]tHr,f? bmvdkY r[kwf&rSmvJ? igajymwJhpum;udk eifur,Hkbl;aygh? bmvJ ignmajymw,f atmufarhvdkYvm;}
pJGNrJu &,f&if; ...]tJvdkajymwm r[kwfygbl;[m? 'gayr,fh igpOf;pm;Munfh
wmu eifvnf; 'Dausmif;rSm aevmcJhwm MumNyDyJ? wu,fomtJ'gawG&Sd&if olwdkYrajymcsifuwnf;u eif awGYzl;ae&rSmaygh?ck tJ'gawG wu,fr&SdvdkY olwdkYajymwmawmif eifvdkuf&SmvdkYrawGY&bl; jzpfaew,fr[kwfvm;}
]r[kwfbl; pJGNrJ&? t&ifwkef;uawmh 'Dvdk'Dvdk&Sdwmudk iguodrSrodwm? tJ'Dawmh awGUjrifae&ifawmif owdxm;rdrSmr[kwfbl;aygh? NyD;awmh tJ'Dwkef;u igu uav;yJ? o&JeJYawGY&ifawmif o&JrSef; igb,fodrvJ}
onfwpfcgawmh pJGNrJ [uf[ufyufyuf &,fypfvdkufonf/ odkYaomf odyf&,fvdkufvQifvnf; olY avSmifonfxifNyD;&ifNidrf; pdwfqdk;oGm;rSm owd& uref;uwef; t&,fudkjyef&yf&if;/
]at;aygh[m? tJvdkvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrSmaygh? 'gjzifh 'DvkdvkyfMur,fav ...eifvnf; ausmif;xJrSm owdxm;Munfhxm;?igvnf; Munfhxm;ay;r,f? wpfckckawGY&if wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf jyefajymMuaygh? raumif;bl;vm;}
]at; aumif;w,f? eifowdxm;Munfhay;aemf pJGNrJ?
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;52
raygheJY o&JwpfcgawGYwdkif; eifhudk ig rkefYwpfckauR;r,f? awGY&ifvnf; ighudk csufcsif;vmac:jy? igwdkYatcef;udk eifodw,fr[kwfvm;}
pJGNrJuawmh &,fNyD;&if; &,fcsifaeawmhonf/]o&Judk Munfhcsif&atmif eifraMumufbl;vm; &ifNidrf;}&ifNidrf;u Zufuav;udk ykvdkuf&if; ...]aMumufawmh aMumufwmaygh[? ig tck tdrfom
awmif wpfa,mufwnf; roGm;&Jawmhbl;? 'gayr,fh Munfhwmuvnf; MunfhcsifwmyJ? ig wpfa,mufwnf;vnf; b,fMunfhrvJ?eifeJYtwlwl oGm;MunfhrSmaygh? eifu a,mufsm;av;yJ[m? o&Jjzpfjzpf raMumufeJYaygh}
]igu raMumufygbl;}]at;yg ...igodygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh eifhudkvnf; ig
tm;udk;wmaygh pJGNrJ&}[kwfonf r[kwfonf tyxm;? rauG;u zefcg;oD;pm;
NyD; a&aomuf&ovdk csdKwdkwdkav;jzpfaeonfhtjyif cRJwJwJav;yg xyfjznhfpGuf tm;udk;pum;ajymvmaom &ifNidrf;pum;aMumifh uav;BuD; jzpfaeaom pJGNrJpdwfxJrSm ay;tyfaomwm0efESifh0w&m;udk ausyGefatmif pGefYpm;xrf;aqmifvdkonfhpdwfuav;rsm; jzpfvm\/
i,fi,fuwnf;u uwfoD;uwfowf cdkif;wwfaom&ifNidrf;/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 53
( 7 )
]awGYvm;}&ifNidrf; ZJGaumif;wwfjcif;udpudkawmh pJGNrJ ...
ausmufwdkifwpfckckwGif armfuGef;xdk;xm;csifpdwfyif ay:vmonf/
pwif wm0efay;tyfonfhaeYrSp &ifNidrf;ESif holaeYv,f rkefYpm;qif;wdkif; awGYonf/ awGYwdkif;vnf; ...&ifNidrf;xHrS yxrqHk; xGufay;vmaom pum;oHu xdktar;csnf;jzpfonf/
wpfywfajrmufaom umvwGifyif pJGNrJu ckepfBudrfajrmuf acgif;cg&if; ...
]rawGYygbl; &ifNidrf;&m? eifajymwmrsdK; bmwpfckrS igrawGYygbl;}
]r[kwfao;ygbl; pJGNrJ&m? eif aocsmrMunfhvdkY jzpfygvdrfhr,f}
pJGNrJ rsufvHk;yifhvdkufonf/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;54
]aMomf ...igu aocsmMunfhygw,f &ifNidrf;&,f? eifhOpmawGu &Sdudkr&Sdwmyg? aocsmpOf;pm;MunfhygOD; ...'Dausmif;rSm igwdkYESpfa,mufwnf; &Sdwmr[kwfbl;[? eifa&m iga&m rawGYawmif 'gawG&Sd&if wpfa,mufr[kwf wpfa,mufuawmh awGYrSmaygh? awGY&ifvnf; wpfausmif;vHk; tkwfatmfaomif;wif;jzpfoGm;rSmaygh}
]r[kwfbl;av? awGYwJholu olrsm;udk jy&rSmpdk;wmeJYolY[mol Nidrf&ifNidrfaerSmaygh}
onfwpfcgawmh pJGNrJ &,fonf/]uwfoD;uwfowf &ifNidrf;&,f? o&JawGYwm a&Ttdk;
awGYwmrS r[kwfbJ? Nidrfaervm; vefYNyD;xGufajy;rSmaygh}]'gjzifh bmjzpfvdkY rawGYwmvJ}&ifNidrf;u rsufarSmifav; MuKwfNyD; pOf;pm;ovdkvdk
avoHjzifh ajymonf/ NyD;awmhvnf; ar;axmifhav;udk vufndK;xdyfjzifh axmuf tdkufwifav;jzifh awG;aevdkufao;\/
]r&SdvdkYyg[m}pJGNrJu acgif;cg&if; nnf;ajym ajymaomfvnf; &ifNidrf;
u *kyifrpdkuf/ bmwpfcGef;rS rMum;onfhyHkpHjzifh olY[molomqufawG;aeonf/
cPMumrS Pftvif; yGifhoGm;[efjzifh ...]tJh ...odNyD? igodNyD pJGNrJ}]bmodwmvJ}]tomaeprf;yg? igajymjyrSmaygh? 'Dvdkjzpfvdrfhr,f[}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 55
]tif; ...ajymygOD;}]eifa&m iga&m wpfckvGJaew,f? trSefu ckvdk aecif;
aeYv,f ausmif;om;ausmif;olawGa&m? q&mq&mrawGa&m&SdaewJhtcsdef vlawGtrsm;BuD;xJ b,fo&Ju vmrvJ ...aemh...r[kwfbl;vm;}
vkyfjyefNyD? ighudk nBuD;rif;BuD;rsm; o&Jvm&Smcdkif;OD;rvdkYvm; rodbl;[k pJGNrJ awG;&if; vefYoGm;onf/
]trSefu o&Jqdkwm nrSajcmufwm}pJGNrJu tvefYwMum;jzifh acgif;cg ...][m ...nbufBuD;awmh b,fvdk vm&SmvdkY jzpfrvJ
[}&ifNidrf;rsufapmif; 'dkif;ceJ a&mufvmonf/]odygw,f? olYvnf; b,folurS nbuf vmMunfhzdkY
rcdkif;ygbl;? jzpfaevdkufwm? eifhudk nbufvmMunfhzdkY ajymrvdkYr[kwfbl;}
]'gjzifh b,fvkdvkyfrvdkYvJ}]ausmif;qif;NyD; vl&Sif;wJhtcsdef apmifhMunfhrvdkY ausmif;
qif;vdkY vlawGtm;vHk; jyefoGm;&if vlvnf;&Sif;NyD; arSmifvnf;enf;enf;arSmifawmhr,f? tukefvHk;rjrif&awmif wpfa,mufwavawmh cyfapmapmxGufNyD; ajcmufcsifajcmufrSm}
]tJ'Dawmh eifu nae ausmif;qif;csdef apmifhMunfhr,faygh}
]at; ...naepm&dwtcsdefNyD;&if eifrjyefeJYOD;? vl&Sif;
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;56
atmifapmifhNyD; ighudkvmac:? igygvdkufcJhr,f}]eifu b,fu apmifhrSmvJ}]&SmMunfhaygh[? eifjrifEdkifwJhae&mrSmyJ ig apmifhaerSmaygh?
'Dausmif;xJuae b,foGm;rSmvJ}at;yg ...at;yg ...tJ'gqdkvnf; NyD;a&m? ig
jrifEdkifavmufwJh ae&muawmh aeaemf}enf;jzifh pm&dwtcsdefrSm &ifNidrf; ...pm&GufvHk;
av;ESifh ayguf aemufwpfaeYodkY xyfcsdef;onftxd jzpfvmjcif;yif/
ckusawmh tazmfwpfa,mufyif xyfwdk;vmao;onf/tif; ...oHk;a,mufaygif; avmif;ausmf? ausmif;ay:
rSmawmh bmawGjzpfukefMuOD;rnf rod[k awG;vdkufrd\/
ausmif;ay:rSmawmh bmrS rjzpf/ausmif;atmufrSmom pJGNrJwpfa,muf ausmaumh
atmif cHae&awmhonf/]rSwfyvm;uG}]&Trf;}]tm; ...rSwfygNyD bk&m;}]at; ...aemufwpfcg xyfrSwfvdkufOD;uG}]&Trf;}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 57
]tm;}]a[haumif ...ajymavuGm? aemufwpfcg xyfrSwfNyD
vm;}]&Trf;}]tm; ...aemufwpfcg xifrSwfygNyD bk&m;}]at; ...wwd,rd oHk;Budrfajrmuf rSwfvdkufOD;uG}]&Trf;}]tm; ...rSwfygNyD bk&m;}]igajymwm 'Dvdkr[kwfbl;uG}]&Trf;}]tm; ...wwd,rd oHk;Budrfajrmuf rSwfygNyD bk&m;}qm;pnfausmif;\vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwf&efBudK;
pm;Muaom &JoHk;azmf\ tajctaeu vHk;0raumif;awmh/usef&Jabmfrsm;\ tm;udk;&mjzpfaom acgif;aqmifBuD;
pJGNrJu OD;yif;ndK\vufaxmuf OD;yif;wpfyg;\ vufrSmig;z,fawovdk tawcHae&onf/
TefMum;a&;rSL;jzpfaom a':&ifNidrf;rGefu aoG;oH&J&Jjzpfaeaom ajcz0g;udkzd&if; IHUrJhIdufidkaeonf/
aor,fhESpfrS ppfxJvdkufonfh tulwyfacgif;aqmifBuD;aZ,suawmh a&wpfyHk;NyD;wpfyHk; acgif;rS avmif;csdK;jcif;cHae&um b,fvdkrS jrifraumif; Iraumif;aom tajctaerSma&muf&Sdaeonf/
cPMumaomtcg &ifNidrf;tdrfrS rdbrsm;ESifh aZ,stdrfrS
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;58
rdbrsm; um;wpfpD;pDESifh a&mufvmMu\/
jzpfyHku onfvdk/yxraeYu tqifrajycJhaom udpudk? 'kwd,aeYwGif
qufvufaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf reufydkif;rS pJGNrJESifh&ifNidrf; cPqHkonf/
]raeYu bmjzpfvdkY rMunfhawmhbl;vdkY pma&;ajymwmvJ&ifNidrf;}
]r[kwfbl;[? raeYwkef;u tdrfu apmapmjyefvmzdkYrSm vdkufw,f? tJ'gudk igarhoGm;vdkY}
]'DaeYa&m}]'DaeYawmh jzpfw,f? tJ'g ...naeus aocsmayguf
apmifhaemf}uref;uwef;om awGYvdkuf&onfrdkY aZ,s vdkufvm
rnfhtaMumif;udkyif xnfhrajymjzpfvdkuf/naeausmif;qif;csdef qHkrdawmh aZ,sygvmojzifh
&ifNidrf;u tHhMooGm;um/][if ...olu bmjzpfvdkY ygvm&wmvJ}pJGNrJu &,f&if; .../]olu aZ,swJh[? igwdkYtwef;xJuyJ? raeYu ighqD
ypfay;vdkufwJh pmudk olvnf; ab;uae zwfMunfhNyD; awGYoGm;
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 59
w,f? tJ'g tusdK;taMumif;ar;awmh igu ajymjyvdkufw,f?ajymjyawmh olvnf; Munfhcsifw,f? olvnf; ac:ygqdkwmeJYig ac:vmwm}
]eifuvnf;[,f ...bmjzpfvdkY [dkvlonfvl ac:vm&wmvJ? o&Ju vlrsm;&if rajcmufygbl;vdkY ajymxm;&JUom;eJY}
]aMomf wpfa,mufwnf;yg[? vlrrsm;ygbl;}]at;av 'gjzifhvnf; NyD;a&maygh? eifaMumufvdkY tazmf
ac:vmwmawmh r[kwfygbl;aemf}]tHrSm ighu bmaMumuf&rSmvJ? oluvnf; eifhvdkyJ?
igygrS Munfh&Jr,fqdkNyD; ightm;udk;eJY vdkufvmwm}][,f tJvdkqdk&if 'kuyJ}]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}]eifu ighem;rSm tNrJaerS jzpfrSmaygh? awmfMum ol
aMumufvdkuf? olYqDoGm;vdkuf? ig aMumufvdkuf ighqDvmvdkufvkyfaevdkY rjzpfbl;}
pJGNrJu &,fvdkufjyef&if; .../]tJ'Dvdkawmh rvkyfygbl;[m? eifu rdef;uav;yJ? eifhem;
rSmyJ ig tNrJaerSmaygh}]wu,faemf}]at;yg? wu,fyg}]uJ 'gjzifh oGm;r,f? ausmif;xJrSm vl&Sif;oGm;NyD}ajymajymqdkqdkESifh oHk;a,mufom; ausmif;aqmifaemuf
buf ausmif;ysufrsm; tdrfomrsm;&Sd&mbufodkY avQmufcJhMu
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;60
onf/][if}ajymif;vJoGm;aom ywf0ef;usif taetxm;aMumifh
apmapmu owdaumif;aeaom pJGNrJyif wGefYceJjzpfoGm;\/&ifNidrf; ajymovdkrsm; jzpfaervm;qdkaom tawG;u
vnf; kwfjcnf; 0ifa&mufpdk;rdk;vmonf/ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;u vHk;0acsmufcsm;zG,f&m
taetxm;odkY ul;ajymif;aeNyDjzpfonf/ cgwdkif;qdk onfvdktcsdefqdk trsm;ESifh a&m ausmif;jyif tdrfem;odkY a&mufaeNyDrkdY onfvdktcsdefrSm onfvdk&SdaewwfrSef; rodcJh/
ckawmh ausmif;0if;wpf0if;vHk; wdwfqdwfaeNyD; opf&Gufrsm;udk avwdk;oHESifh taumifyavmiftcsdKU\ atmfoHav;rsm;rSty bmoHrS rMum;&awmh/
naeapmif;NyD;rdkY t&dyfaumif;vSaom opfyifBuD;rsm;jzifhtkyfrdk;aeaom ausmif;0if;xJrSm arSmif&Doef;aeonf/ txl;ojzifh olwdkYoGm;aom ausmif;aebufrSmu tkwfwdkufysufrsm;?tdrfomrsm;? csHKykwfrsm;? opfyifBuD;rsm;om &Sdonf/ vlolt&dyfta,mifvnf; rjrif&/
apmapmu xGufvmcJhaom ajcvSrf;rsm;onf oHk;a,mufpvHk; aES;ukefMuonf/
]0l; ...zvyf ...zvyf}]tarh}][ pJGNrJ& ...vkyfygOD;}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 61
bmiSufrSef;rodaom iSufwpfaumifu tem;u jzwfysH&if; awmifyHcwfoHudkvnf; us,fus,favmifavmif jyKoGm;onf/
tem;u wGef YqkwfqkwfavQmufvmaom &ifNidrf;wpfa,muf apGYceJ pJGNrJem;a&mufvmNyD; vufarmif;udk tveYfwMum; qkyfudkifvdkufonf/ Mum;rSm oHk;av;ig;udkuftuGmavmufxm; avQmufvmaom aZ,syif txdwfwvefY atmfpJGNrJab; a&mufvm\/
pJGNrJ&ifxJrSmvnf; 'def;ceJ jzpfoGm;NyD; ESvHk;ckefoHawGbmawG csufcsif; jrefwufvmonf/
tajctaeuawmh p vmuwnf;u odyfraumif;csifawmh/ ESmacgif;rsm;xJodkYvnf; ykyftuftufteHYwpfrsdK; 0ifvmonf/
]a[haumif pJGNrJ ...tykyfeHYBuD; r&bl;vm;}]at; [kwfw,f pJGNrJ? igvnf; aMumufvmNyD}pJGNrJvnf; aMumufawmhaMumufonf/ odkYaomf onfxJ
rSmu olwpfa,mufom owdaumif;zkdY usefawmhojzifh pdwfudkvnf; wnfNidrfatmifjyK&if; ywf0ef;usifudk avhvmvdkufonf/
awGYvnf; awGYonf/acG;aoaumifykyfBuD; aoaewm b,favmufMumae
rSef;rod/ wpfaumifvHk; jynhfwif;azmif;um;NyD; ,ifdkif;awGvnf; rnf;tHkaeonf/
][dkacG;aoaumifykyfuyguGm? rif;wdkYuvnf;}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;62
]aMomf ...[kwfom;yJ}]tif; awmfygao;&JU}aemufxyf cPMumonftxdawmh bmrSxl;xl;jcm;jcm;
rjzpfawmh? wpfckyJ tcuftcJ&Sdaeonfu tkwfwdkufysufBuD;rsm;xJodkY 0ifa&; r0ifa&;udpyif jzpfonf/
0ifcsifolu &ifNidrf;/]aeygOD; &ifNidrf;&m? tJ'DxJawmh t&rf;roGm;ygeJY a>ryg;
uif;yg; awmfMum wpfckckjzpfrSjzifh}pJGNrJu tajrmftjrif BuD;pGmjzifh wm;ao;onf/ odkYaomf
&ifNidrf;uawmh r&/][m bmrSrjzpfygbl;[? igvnf; 'DtxJudk 0ifMunfhcsif
aewm MumNyD? roGm;&JvdkY? tck eifvnf;ygwmyJ oGm;r,f[m}]cufaeygNyD? eifuvnf;[m? igygawmhvnf; igu bm
vkyfwwfrSmvJ? eifhudk ajymaewmu o&JawG wapawGudpr[kwfbl;? atmufuvnf; csHKawGql;awGeJY? 'Dhjyif tE&m,fwpfckck jzpfrSmpdk;vdkY ajymaewm}
]MunfhoGm;rSmaygh}&ifNidrf;u ZGwf/pJGNrJu aZ,sbuf vSnfhMunfhonf/ aZ,suawmh ol
vdkufvmrdcJhonfrSm rSm;NyD[k tBuD;tus,f aemifw&aeonfhyHkpHjzifh ...
]roGm;ygeJYuGm? ig rvdkuf&Jbl;}]at; eifrvdkufcsif&if 'DrSmyJ aecJhav? igeJY pJGNrJeJY oGm;
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 63
r,f}aZ,spum;udk pJGNrJu wpfckckjyefajym&ef jyifwkef;&Sdao;?
&ifNidrf;u Zdk;Zwfqdk 0ifajymonf/]'Dae&mrSmawmh eifae&JrSmaygh? a,mufsm;av;yJ tJ'Dem;
rSm &yf&if;eJY tdrfombuf Munfhaeaygh[m? ta&;BuD;wmutv,fu oHk;vHk;wJGtdrfomudk *kpdkufMunfh? o&J&Sdwm tJ'DxJrSm? uJ ...vm pJGNrJ ...oGm;r,f}
&ifNidrf;u ajymajymqdkqdkESifh pJGNrJvufudk qJG&if; twif;ac:onf/ pJGNrJu usef&pfcJhonfh aZ,s'kuudk em;vnfojzifhvSrf;awmh Munfhvdkufao;onf/ odkYaomf bmrSvkyfcsdefr&awmh&ifNidrf;qJGonfhaemufom aumufaumufygatmif vdkufoGm;&awmh\/
rqifrjcifESifh olrsm;udp 0ifygrdwm rSm;NyD[k aZ,stBuD;tus,f aemifw&onf/
ckrS wpfa,mufwnf;vnf; bmvkyf&rSef; rodawmh/tcsdefu tykyfcsdef/ apmapmu tykyfeHYBuD;uvnf; ESmacgif;xJpJGaeao;onf/ onfMum;xJrSm opf&Gufajcmufrsm;udk avwdk;oHu w&Syf&SyfESifh ajcoHawGvdkvdk/ [dkESpfa,mufuvnf; wdkufysufBuD;rsm;xJ 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;NyD/
aZ,sAdkufxJu &pfoD&pfoDESifh emovdk jzpfvm\/ qD;
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;64
uvnf; oGm;csifvmonf/'kuyJ ...[k acR;jyefvm\/ckcsdefusrS wpfa,mufwnf; tdrfomoGm;zdkYuvnf; vefY
p&maumif;onf/ jyemrS jyem/]tm;}wpfa,mufwnf; toHxGufatmif atmfvdkufrdonf/
Adkufu ydkemvmonf/ tajctaeu [dkem;onfem; rdk;wdk;rwfwwfyif rjzpfEdkifawmh? tdrfomudk oGm;rS jzpfawmhrnf/
cufonfu aoaocsmcsm oyfoyf&yf&yf cdkifcdkifcefYcefY&Sdaom tdrfomrsm;qDvnf; roGm;&J/ xdktdrfomrsm;u &ifNidrf;txl;jyKajymoGm;aom oHk;cef;wJGem;rSmcsnfh/
onfbufem;rSmawmh caemfceJYeJY tdrfomwpfvHk; &Sdao;onf/ ypfxm;onfh tdrfomta[mif;vdk jzpfaeonfh wpfvHk;/onftdrfomuawmh apmapmu tdrfomrsm;ESifh tvSrf;a0;onf/
rxl;awmh/tJ'DyJ ajy;rnf[k qHk;jzwf xdktdrfom csnfhcsnfheJYeJYav;
qD ajy;onf/][ ...[}caemfcaemfeJYrS wu,fhudk caemfeDcaemfeJY? twGif;jyK
onfh avSum;uvnf; tv,fqifhr&Sdawmh? wHcg;vnf; ywmESpfckavmuf jyKwfaeNyD? Murf;cif;awGuvnf; vlwpfudk,fpma&Sma&SmSLSL 0ifomxGufomatmif usdK;yJhaeNyD; qifhwef;ESpfckom
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 65
wpfckESifhwpfck wpfawmifavmuf jcm; cyfwnfwnfusefaeonf/
xdkqifhwef; ESpfwef;rSm tawmfyHkysufyef;ysuf cGxdkifaZmacR;jyef&if; aqmif&Gufp&m&Sdonfudk uref;uwef; aqmif&Gufonf/
]uRd ...0kef; ...0kef; ...0kef;}kwfw&uf acsmufcsm;zG,faumif;aom toHBuD;wpfck
ay:xGufvmonf/ aZ,s uref;uwef;ESifh tvefYwMum; x&yfNyD; tdrfomatmuf ajy;qif;&ef jyifonf/
]tm ...tm ...tm ...tHr,fav;}qifhwef;ay:u ajcaxmuftvGwf aemufajcwpfzuf
u ,dkifoGm;onf/ udk,f[efuvnf; ysufoGm;NyD/ qifhwef;ESpfckMum;odkY jyKwfusoGm;awmh\/
][if}tjyifbufrS qlqlnHnHtoHrsm;ESifh aZ,s\atmfoH
aMumifh pJGNrJa&m &ifNidrf;yg xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;onf/][m ...tjyifrSm aZ,srsm; o&JeJY awGYaeNyDvm; rod
bl;? vm ...pJGNrJ xGufMunfhMu&atmif}pJGNrJ bmrSrwm;vdkuf rqD;vdkufEdkifrD &ifNidrf;u vSpfceJ
xGufajy;onf/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;66
NyD;awmh ESpfvSrf; oHk;vSrf;xufyif rydkvdkuf ...]tm;}ajy;aeaom &ifNidrf;wpfa,muf acGceJ jzpfoGm;onf/][if ...bmjzpfwmvJ &ifNidrf;}pJGNrJu pdk;&drfwBuD; ajy;oGm;NyD; Munfhonf/]tm;}jrif&aom jrifuGif;u xdwfvefYp&m aumif;vS\/
&ifNidrf;ajcz0g;tpyf zdeyfvGwfaeaom ae&mrSm ykvif;zifjywfBuD;wpfcku wef;vef;BuD; pdkufaeonf/
pJGNrJ uref;uwef; xdkifcsNyD; ykvif;uJGcRefBuD;udk qJGEIwfvdkufonf/
]tm; ...tHr,fav; ...emw,f}&ifNidrf;\ i,foHygatmif atmfoHESifhtwl pJGNrJvufxJ
ykvif;jywfBuD; ygvmonf/ &ifNidrf;ajcaxmufrS wpfvufrausmfausmf [ufwufBuD;jzpfaeaom ae&muvnf; azG;ceJwpfcsuf tom;wpfrsm; ay:vm csufcsif;yif aoG;rsm; aigufceJ yef;xGufvmonf/
][m ...aoG;awGtrsm;BuD;ygvm;? 'kuyJ? vmMuygOD;uG? vkyfMuygOD;}
pJGNrJ bmvkyf&rSef;rodjzpfNyD; xlylaeaom pdwfESifhtwlvlBuD;wpfa,mufwav a&mufvmvdk a&mufvmjim; xatmfonf/
cPMumaomtcg ausmif;rS uy d,BuD;ESif htwl
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 67
OD;yif;wpfyg;yg a&mufvmawmh\/
pm&if;csKyfvdkufawmh &ifNidrf;u ajcz0g;rS ykvif;uJG&Saom 'Pf&mtwGuf pkpkaygif;ig;csufavmuf csKyfvdkuf&onf/'gawmif aq;kHa&mufawmh aoG;txGufvGefNyD; ajrmhajrmhom&Sdawmh\/
tdrfomwGif;odkY jyKwfusaom aZ,srSmvnf; wpfudk,fvHk; a&csdK;vdkYrEdkif aersdK;wdkYqdkif jzpfaeawmh\/
pJGNrJuawmh OD;yif;Budrf'Pfjzifh ESpf&ufavmuftdyf&mrSrxEdkif/ 'gawmif qwfqwfaqmhaqmhvkyfaom xkdoHk;a,mufudk q&mawmfu ausmif;xkwfypfrnf wuJuJvkyfaeojzifh rdbrsm;u OD;csNyD;&if; OD;csum renf;awmif;yefEdkifaomaMumifhausmif;jyefwuf&jcif; jzpfonf/
tdrfusawmh zsm;aeaom &ifNidrf;rSty aZ,sa&m pJGNrJygtazrsm;\ ynmay;wHjrufpnf;jzifh aovkajrmyg; tdkufcHvdkufMu&ao;\/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;68
( 8 )
i,fb0av;awG jyefawG;rdwdkif; ...pJGNrJ&ifxJodkY xdktjzpftysufuav;rsm;u t&ifqHk; wdk;0ifa&muf&Sdvmwwfonf/
xdktjzpftysufuav;rsm;onf &ifNidrf;ESifh pwif qHkqnf;jcif;twGuf wpfoufvHk; trSwfw&jzpfp&mav; jzpfcJhovdk aemifaomtcg BuHKBudKuf&rnfholESifh &ifNidrf;wdkY\ b0Zmwfvrf;wpfcktwGuf a&SUajy;edrdwfwpfckvnf; jzpfonf[katmufarhonf/
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf xdktjzpftysufrsm;aMumifh olwdkYemrnfonf qm;pnfausmif;wpfckvHk; rodol rusefatmif xifay:ausmfMum;oGm;cJhonfawmh trSef/
pJGNrJrSwfrdoavmuf qm;pnfausmif;wGif wpfavQmufvHk; olwdkYaecJhMuNyD; qm;pnfausmif;\ aemufqHk;ESpftwef;jzpfaom &Spfwef;pmar;yJG ajzcgeD;umvrSmyif xdktjzpftysufudkjyefajymol &Sdaeao;onf/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 69
ajymolu q&mOD;ndKwkwf/xdkaeYu q&mOD;ndKwkwfu pJGNrJudk wul;wuyif vSrf;
ac:&if; ...]a[haumif pJGNrJ ...b,fvdkaeyvJ? pmar;yJGtwGuf
tawmfav; [efusaeyvm;} ...u tpcsDum *kwpdkufar;onf/
pJGNrJu acgif;ndwfvsuf ...][kwfuJh q&m ...tawmfav;awmh tajctae
aumif;ygNyD}}*kPfxl; oHk; av;ckavmuf &Edkifrvm;}i,fi,fwkef;u aMumufcJh&oavmuf aemufydkif;rSm
t&G,f&av q&mhudk av;pm;NyD; cspfcif&avjzpf&onfrSm xdktaMumif;rsm;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/
pifppf ...pJGNrJ &Spfwef;rSm atmif ratmif? *kPfxl;& r& qdkonfhudpu q&mESifh bmrSrqdkifawmh/ ti,fwef;rSmom pmoifaomq&m\ wynfhb0u pJGNrJ vGwfcJhonfrSmvnf;MumNyD/
odkYaomf q&mhoHa,mZOfu wynfhrsm;tay: b,fawmhrS vGwfxGufroGm;/
txl;ojzifh pJGNrJwdkYvdk xl;cRefaomwynfhrsm;tay: ydkoHa,mZOfBuD;onf/
q&mhtar;aMumifh pJGNrJu acgif;ndwfjyNyD; ...]&r,fxifygw,f q&m}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;70
]b,fbmomawG &r,fxifovJ}]ocsFm? odyHeJY jrefrmpmawmh uRefawmf aocsmayguf
arQmfvifhw,fq&m? t*Fvdyfpmuawmh rajym&Jbl;? yx0DeJY ordkif;ESpfckrSmawmh wpfck0ifatmif vkyf&rSmyJ}
udk,fhtaetxm;udk,f ,Hk,Hk&J&J ajymaeaom pJGNrJudkMunfh q&mu auseyfpGmNyHK;onf/
]at;ayghuGm ...udk,fhtajctaeudk,f trSeftwdkif;oHk;oyfEdkifNyD; wdwdusus BudK;pm;Edkif&if arQmfvifhorQtm;vHk;jzpfvm&rSmaygh? rqdk;ygbl; ...rif;ajzyHkudk ig oabmusygw,f}
ajym&if;ESifh q&mu &,fonf/]at;av ...qm;pnfausmif;u o&JawGudk rawGU
awGYatmif vdkuf&SmcJhzl;wJhvlyJ? 'Davmufawmh &Sd&rSmaygh ...r[kwfbl;vm;}
pJGNrJuvnf;&,f&if; ...]q&m ...tukef rSwfrdaewmyJ}]rrSwfrdbJ aervm;uGm ...qm;pnfausmif;rSm Adkvf
vkyfaewJh ndKwkwfyJ? 'Dausmif;rSm ig rrSwfrdwm wpfckrSr&Sdbl;?tJ'Dwkef;u rif;&JUuGefref'dkwyfzJGUxJrSmygwJh aZ,seJY &ifNidrf;rGefwdkYudkvnf; ighqD vTwfvdkufygOD;? olwdkYudkvnf; tusdK;taMumif;ar;Munfhcsifao;w,f}
][kwfuJhq&m ajymvdkufyghr,f}]rif;wdkYoHk;a,mufudk tJ'Dwkef;uwnf;u igodwm
wpfck&SdcJhw,fuG? tJ'g bmvJqdkawmh ...udk,fhpdwfxJrSm vkyfcsif
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 71
aewmwpfckudk jzpfatmif vkyfypfvdkufMuwJhpdwfyJ? 'DpdwfrsdK;uvlYb0rSm wefzdk;awmfawmf&Sdw,faemf? wpfckyJ&Sdw,f ...udk,fvkyfcJhwJhtvkyf[m aumif;zdkY rSefzdkYudkvnf; owdxm;? ae&mwdkif;rSm pdwftvdk rvdkufeJY? tJ'Dwkef;uwnf;u rif;wdkYudk ig tJ'Dpum;ajymcsifwm? 'gayr,fh rif;wdkYu i,fao;vdkY igrajymcJhbl;?ckawmh aemufESpfqdk&if rif;wdkYu txufwef;ausmif; ajymif;awmhrSm? 'gaMumifhrdkY rif;wdkYudkvnf; tJ'gav;awmh ajymjzpfatmifajymvdkufOD;r,fqdkNyD; wrifac:awGYwmyJ? igajymwm em;vnfvm;}
]em;vnfygw,f q&m}]b,fvdkem;vnfvJ? jyefajymprf;}]pdwfxJrSm vkyfcsifaewm wpfckudkjzpfatmif vkyfwwf
wJhpdwfu aumif;w,f? 'gayrJh vkyfcsifwJhtvkyf[m aumif;zkdYrGefzdkYawmh owdxm;? ae&mwdkif;rSm pdwftvdkrvdkufeJY}
]at; ...[kwfw,f? aumif;wJhtvkyfudk a&G;NyD;vkyfw,fqdk&ifvnf; ratmifjrifwmeJY pdwfrysufeJY? udk,fhcsdKU,Gif;csufudk,fjyef&Sm? NyD;awmh jzpfatmifjyefvkyf? tJ'gvnf; rarheJY}
][kwfuJhq&m}]at; ...at; ...oGm;awmh? oGm;awmh}ig;wef;wkef;u jzpfcJhaomtjzpftysufudk q&mrarh
ovdk xdkaeYu q&mhpum;rsm;udkvnf; ckwdkif pJGNrJrarh/rarhonfhjyif q&mhtrSmpum;rsm;twdkif; vdkufem
aqmif&Gufjcif;vnf; jzpfonf/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;72
rauG;a&muf &ifNidrf;ESifhawGYNyD; tm;vHk;tqifajyoGm;ygu ESpfa,mufom; q&mudk t&ifqHk; oGm;uefawmh&rnf[kvnf; awG;vdkufrd\/
]aeygOD; pJGNrJ ...rif;u bmpdwful;aygufvdkY 'Davmufc&D;ta0;BuD;udk qdkif;rqifh AHkrqifh xxGufvm&wmvJ? enf;enf;yg;yg; tusdK;oifh taMumif;oifhav;a&m ig rod&bl;vm;}
0if;aX;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJ NyHK;onf/&efukefu xGufvmuwnf;u udk,fhtawG;ESifhudk,f
twdwfc&D;ESifaerdojzifh 0if;aX;ESifhyif pum;aumif;pGm rajymjzpf/ 0if;aX;uvnf; tvdkufodpGmyif Nidrfvdkufvmonf/
wdkufBuD;a&muf vufzuf&nf 0ifaomufawmhrSqdkifxJrSm 0ifxdkif&if; 0ifaX;u ar;onf/
pJGNrJu NyHK;&if; ...]rif;ua&m bmudpxifvdkY rar;rprf;bJ xvdkufvmcJh&
wmvJ 0if;aX;}0if;aX;u acgif;cgonf/]rvdkygbl;uGm? rif;vdk tvkyfMurf;ydk;u ta&;rBuD;bJ
'Davmufc&D;a0; xoGm;p&mudk taMumif;r&Sdygbl;? oGm;oifhoGm;xdkufvdk YoGm;w,fqdkwm ig oabmaygufygw,f? ckvnf;ajymcsifrS ajymyg? ig ZGwfrar;ygbl;}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 73
onfwpfcgawmh pJGNrJ&,fonf/&,fNyD;rS ...]at;yguGm? igvnf; ightawG;eJYig jzpfoGm;vdkY bmrS
rajymjzpfwmyg? wrifoufouf vQdKU0Sufwmawmh r[kwfygbl;?tcktajctaerSmayghav? a&SUydkif;wkef;uawmh rif;tygt0ifb,folYudkrS igrajymcJhzl;bl;0if;aX;? uJyguGm ...vufzuf&nfaomufvdkufygOD;? oGm;&r,fhc&D;u ta0;BuD; usefygao;w,f?vrf;usrS um;armif;&if; ajymjyr,f}
0if;aX;udkawmh odyfi,fi,fwkef;u taMumif;awGajymrjyawmh[k qHk;jzwfrdonf/
udk,fh[mudk,fom rarhEdkif trSwf&aerdaomfvnf;olESifh &ifNidrf;wdkYb0rSm ...ig;wef;? ajcmufwef;? ckepfwef;?&Spfwef;avmuftxd tjzpftysufawGu bmrSxl;jcm;vSonfr[kwf/
i,fi,fwkef;u oli,fcsif;jzpfcJh&aom tjcm;olrsm;tjzpftysufrsm;ESifh r,dk;rpJGavmufom &Sdrnf/ xnfhajym&rnfqdkvQifvnf; ...
]ighb0rSm &ifNidrf;qdkwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf &SdcJhzl;w,f 0if;aX;? [dkwkef;u ig rauG;rSmaecJhwkef;uayghuGm? oleJYigu ig;wef;avmufuwnf;upNyD; cifcJhMuw,f? &Spfwef;avmuftxdqdkygawmhuGm? tJ'Dtxdawmh igwdkYESpfa,muf[moli,fcsif;awG b0eJYyJ&SdcJhygw,f? tJ'DZmwfvrf;u b,fusrSpovJqdkawmh ...}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;74
[k tpcsDum cyfusOf;usOf; NcHKajymvdkufvQif vHkavmufEdkifyg\/
wu,fvnf; &Spfwef;pmar;yJGrsm; ajzNyD;onftxdavmufuawmh bmrS Zmwfvrf;&,fvdkY rpjzpfcJh/
Zmwfvrf;pwifcJhaom tcsdefonfum;/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 75
( 9 )
]awmuf ...emw,fuGm? 'DESpf wdkYausmif;udk ajymif;vmwJhtxJrSm tom;em;qHk;u 'Dwpfa,mufyJ ygvdkY 0rf;om&rvm; atmufarhw,f? tJJ'Dwpfa,mufuvnf; &nf;pm;vufudkifBuD;eJY? oGm;NyD ...a&a&vnfvnfaqG;wmyJ}
olwdkYudk wdkufdkufajymaompum;awmhr[kwf? ausmif;ayguf0wGif pka0;xdkifaeaom q,fwef;u ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;?olwdkYtcsif;csif; ajymovdkvdkESifh ajymvdkufaompum;om jzpfonf/
odkYaomf jzwfavQmufvmaom pJGNrJESifh&ifNidrf;wdkYem;xJodkYyDyDooBuD;ESifh wef;wef;rwfrwfBuD; 0ifvmonf/
yxrtBudrf Mum;zl;onfqdkvQifawmh &ifNidrf;ESifholYudk&nf&G,fajymonf[k pJGNrJ ...xifrdrnfr[kwf/ ckawmhvnf;'Dpum;rsdK;u Mum;&aygif;rsm;NyD/
tem;rSm b,folrSr&Sdjcif;uvnf; 'hDjyifvludkajymwmr[kwfaMumif; taxmuftuljyKaeonf/
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;76
ESpfa,mufom; acgif;iHkY xdkae&mwpf0dkufrS cyfoGufoGufavQmufxGufvmcJh\/
awmfawmfa0;a0;a&mufrS &ifNidrf;u acgif;iHkY&if; cyfwdk;wdk;avoHjzifh ...
]wdkYudk ajymwmr[kwfvm; pJGNrJ}pJGNrJ yifhoufwpfcsufIdufonf/]xifwmyJ &ifNidrf;? eifeJYig twlwloGm;wdkif; 'Dpum;rsdK;
awG Mum;Mum;ae&w,f? eifvnf; Mum;wmyJ r[kwfvm;}&ifNidrf;u acgif;ndwfonf/pJGNrJu oufjyif;cs ...]'kuyJ[maemf? igwdkYawG qm;pnfausmif;rSm 'DvkdyJ
wpfavQmufvHk; aevmcJhwm bmrSajymoH rMum;&bl;? 'Dtxu(1) a&mufrS 'grsdK;csnf; tajymcHae&w,f? bmawGrSef;vnf;rodygbl;[m}
]bmawGrSef; rodwm r[kwfbl; pJGNrJ? eifeJYiguvnf;t&ifvdk uav;awG r[kwfawmhbl;? 'Dt&G,fa&mufrS 'DvdkqufqHaeawmh vlajymp&mjzpfaewmaygh}
][if}pJGNrJu txdwfwvefYjzifh vSrf;Munfhonf/&ifNidrf;uawmh at;at;aq;aq; wnfwnfNidrfNidrfyif
&Sdae\/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 77
][kwfom;yJ pJGNrJ? &ifNidrf;ajymwmvnf; trSefyJ[m?rif;wkdY igwdkY olwdkYu uav;awGrS r[kwfMuawmhbJ}
aZ,su &,f&if;ajymonf/ apmapmuwnf;u rausreyf jzpfaeaom pJGNrJ&ifxJodkY a'gotenf;i,f yg0ifvm&if;...
]bmqdkifvdkYvJuGm? uav;r[kwfayr,fh vlBuD;awGvnf; jzpfao;wmrS r[kwfbJ? wpfoufvHk; 'DvdkyJ aevmcJhNyD;rS}
aZ,su &,fNrJ&,fonf/]wpfoufvHk; aevmcJhayr,fh ck aevdkYjzpfcsifrSjzpfrSmaygh
uG iwHk;&? 'gaMumifh vltxifvJG rcH&atmif &ifNidrf;u rif;udk,Of,Ofav;eJY cGmvdkufwmaerSmaygh}
]b,fvdk ...&ifNidrf;u ,Of,Ofav;eJY cGmvdkufwm[kwfvm;}
]at;av ...'DvkdyJ jzpfrSmaygh}]rif;ajymwmudk igem;rvnfbl; aZ,s? bmtaMumif;eJY
olu ighudk tJ'Dvdkvkyf&rSmvJ}aZ,su olYudkMunfh &,fjyefonf/]rif;uvnf; pJGNrJ&m ...awmfcsifwJhae&musawmh
vTwfawmfNyD; nHhcsifwJhae&musawmh vTwfnHhaejyefygNyD? rif;uom i,fao;w,fxifwm? rif;wdkYigwkdY toufawGu q,fhajcmufESpf q,fhckepfESpfxJ 0ifaeNyDuG? 'Dt&G,fu i,fcsif&ifvnf; uav;yJ? BuD;csif&ifvnf; vlBuD;yJ? oabmaygufvm;}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;78
]raygufbl;}]at; ...rif;uawmh b,faygufrvJ? 'gayr,fh aygufwJh
olawGu aygufukefMuNyDav? &ifNidrf;u 'DESpfausmif;jyefzGifhrSwtm;vSaewm? ydkvnf; jyifqifwwfaewm rif; rodbl;vm;}
]ighrsufpdxJrSmawmh 'DvkdygyJuGm}]'DhjyifvlrsufpdxJusawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfawmhbl; pJGNrJ? txl;
ojzifh ckrS &ifNidrf;udk jrifzl;awGUzl;wJhaumifawG rsufpdxJrSmawmh&ifNidrf;u tysdKyJ? &ifNidrf;vnf; olYudk,fol 'DvdkyJ wGufawmhrSmaygh}
]tJ'geJY igeJY bmqdkifvdkYvJ}]qdkifwmayghuG? tysdKqdkawmh vlysdKvdkY olwdkYudk,folwdkY
xifwJhvlawGu irf;MuNyDaygh? tJ'Dvdkirf;MuwJh yk*dKvfawGxJrSm&ifNidrf;uvnf; wpfa,mufa,mufudk oabmrusbl; b,fajymEdkifrvJ? tJ'DvkdtcsdefrSm rif;u bmr[kwfnmr[kwfeJY tem;rSm tNrJ&Sd&Sdaeawmh tvum;ae&if; ol vmbfydwfw,fxifNyD;rif;udk cGmcdkif;wmjzpfrSmaygh}
aZ,spum;aMumifh pJGNrJidkifoGm;onf/rjzpfEdkifbl;[k jiif;csifaomfvnf; naeu ausmif;qif;
tjyefrSm &ifNidrf;ajymoGm;aom pum;u onfvdk,lqp&mjzpfaeonfhtwGuf jiif;&efjyifaomEIwfu tvdkvdk ydwfoGm;onf/
cPMumrS aZ,sbufvSnfh&if; ...]rif; tJ'DvdkyJxifvm; aZ,s}]awG;Munfh&wmyJavuGm}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 79
]at; ...tJ'Dtwdkif; jzpfzdkYrsm;wmawmh trSefyJ? igudk;dk;om;om;yJaewJhaumifqkdawmh kwfw&uf tJvdk b,fawG;rdrvJ? 'gayr,fh rif; tckajymwJhyHkpHeJY awG;Munfhawmh [kwfovdkvdkjzpfaew,f}
rsufpdxJrSmvnf; ckESpf ausmif;zGifhawmhrSyJ zJjym;a&mifpHkav;awG pnf;pnf;NyD; wpfrsdK;jyKjyifvmaom &ifNidrf;\ qHyifyHkpHudk jrifvmonf/ NyD;awmh cgwdkif;vdk oeyfcg;csnf;oufoufrvdrf;awmhbJ rsufESmav;azG;azG;rIefrIefjzpfatmif b,fvdkvkyfvmrSef;rodonfh &ifNidrf;\rsufESmav;udkvnf; jrifa,mifonf/
NyD;awmh ab;uae rMum;wMum;pvQif acgif;iHkYiHkYoGm;NidrfNidrfoGm;wwfaom trlt&m/
NyD;awmh ajymwmqdkwmutp enf;enf;Nidrf0yfvlBuD;qefvmaom &ifNidrf;\ taetxdkif/
pJGNrJu oufjyif;csvdkuf&if; ...]'gjzifh ausmif;rSm &ifNidrf;udk BudKufaewJhaumifawG &Sd
aeNyDaygh [kwfvm;}aZ,su [m;wdkuf&,fonf/]wpfodef;avmuf&Sdw,f yk*dKvf? rif;u xlvGef;vdkYom
rodwm? ausmif;rSm &ifNidrf;udkBudKufNyD; rif;udk dkufcsifaewJhaumifawG wpfyHkBuD; jzpfaew,f? rif; wu,frodbl;vm;}
]rodbl;awmh r[kwfbl;ayghuGm? 'gayr,fh 'Dt&G,frSm 'DvdkrsdK; rawG;oifhao;bl;yJ atmufarhwmaygh? olwkdY pwm aemufwmvdkYyJ atmufarhaerdw,f}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;80
]at; ...tckodNyD r[kwfvm;? 'gaMumifh igawmif'Dausmif;a&mufawmh olu odyfra&mbJ cyfwef;wef; vkyfaewmaygh}
pJGNrJpdwfxJ raumif;ovdk jzpfoGm;onf/ qm;pnfausmif;rSmwkef;u 'Dhjyifoli,fcsif;rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdaomfvnf;olwdkYoHk;a,mufu cifvnf; ydkcif? pmvnf; ydkawmfMuolrsm;rdkYydkwJGjzpfonf/
tajctaeawGu onfrQajymif;ukefMuNyDvm;/b0rSm wpfcgrS rjrifzl;aom tjrifrsm; 0ifvmovdk
r&zl;cJhaom cHpm;rIrsm;vnf; yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf pwif&vmonf/
tem;u wrmyifBuD;ay:&Sd pdrf;Ek&Gufopfuav;rsm;udktvefYwMum;ESifh vSrf;Munfhvdkufrd\/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 81
tydkif; (2)
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( 1 )
aer& xkdifr& qdkaom pum;\t"dym,fudk pJGNrJ tckrSwjznf;jznf; oabmaygufvmonf/
xdk&ufowywfwpfywfvHk;rSm pJGNrJ b,fvdkrS udk,fhudk,fudk,f tom;usatmif aexdkif r&/
bmtaMumif;awG;awG; tmkHu onfyJ jyefa&mufonf/ b,foGm;oGm; bmvkyfvkyfvnf; pdwfu onfudpxJrSmom &Sdaeonf/
pm&if;csKyfvdkufwdkif; &ifNidrf;ESifhol a0;aeygvm;qdkaomtodjzifh 0rf;enf;pdwfraumif; jzpfoGm;onf/ udk,fcEmtpdwftydkif;wpfckck yJhusaeovdk? rdrdESifh rcJGrcGm&Sdae&rnfh t&mwpfckckaysmufqHk;aeovdk vyf[maeonf/
cufonfu tvdktavsmuf taMumif;udpwpfckckjzifhcJGcGmae&jcif;rsdK; r[kwfbJ wrifruJGatmif vkyfxm;&ovdk jzpfaerSef; odaejcif;u qdk;onf/
onf&ufydkif;twGif;rSm &ifNidrf;ESifhtwl pum;wpfcGef;
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;84
yif rajymbJ a&SmifaecJhonf/ cgwdkif; ausmif;qif;csdef twlwljyefaeusudpudkvnf; &yfqdkif;xm;vdkufonf/
yxrydkif;rSmawmh &ifNidrf;u bmrSrodbJ cgwdkif;vkdyifac:ajymqufqH&ef vkyfao;onf/ aemufydkif;rSm pJGNrJwrifa&SmifaerSef; odoGm;vm; rajymwwf? oluvnf; bmodbmomESifhrodusdK;uRHawG jyefvkyfvmonf/
pJGNrJwpfa,muf tvl;tvJcHae&\/ pdwfxJrSm tvdkvdktm;i,fndK;EGrf;rIuvnf; wpfcgrS rBuHKpzl;atmif cHpm;ae&onf/
]pJGNrJ ...eifeJY&ifNidrf; bmjzpfaewmvJ? &efjzpfxm;vdkYvm;? 'grSr[kwf &ifNidrf;u pdwfaumufaevdkYvm;}
ta&;xJ &ifNidrf;ESifhvnf; cif? olESifhvnf;cifaom rdk;rdk;u vmpyfpkaeao;onf/ pJGNrJ rIefukyfukyfESifh acgif;cg&if; ...
]rodbl;[m bmjzpfwmvJ? eifh&ifNidrf; eifyJar;Munfh?ighvmrar;eJY}
bkawmovdkawmh jzpfoGm;onf/ odkYaomf rwwfEdkif? 'gyJajymwwfawmhonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk,fvnf; bmjzpf bmjzpfaerSef;yif rod/
wevFmaeYu aomMumaeYtxd ausmif;zGifh&ufwpfywfvHk;vHk; onftwdkif; ukefvGefoGm;cJhonf/ pae? we*FaEGausmif;ydwf&ufusawmh wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf awGYyifrawGY&awmh/
aemufqHk;awmh avmuBuD;rSm &ifNidrf;om r&SdvQif
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 85
bmrS t"dym,f r&Sdawmhovdkyif jzpfaeygvm;[k r0Hhr&J awG;vm&awmh\/
]pJGNrJ}][if}trSwfwrJhrdkY pJGNrJwpfudk,fvHk; wkefoGm;onf txdyif
vefYoGm;onf/ onfvdkBuHK&vdrfhrnf[kvnf; vHk;0rawG;xifrxm;rd/
&ufowywf ukefqHk; ausmif;jyefzGifhonfh wevFmaeY? aeYv,f rkefYpm;qif;csdefBuD; jzpfonf/ pdwf"mwfu tawmfusqif;aeNyDrdkY tcef;tjyifyif rxGufawmhbJ udk,fhcHkae&mrSmyifayawxdkifae&if; acgif;iHkYvsuf udk,fhtawG;ESifhudk,f aqG;aerdonf/
tem;uyf ac:vdkufaom toHaMumifh vefYoGm;NyD;uysmu,m armhMunfhonf/
&ifNidrf;/b,ftcsdefu tem;a&mufNyD; a&SUwnfhwnfhvm&yfae
onfrod/ ac:oHu rmqwfovdk rsufESmwpfckvHk;uvnf;oHrPdom;vdk wif;rmaeonf/
pJGNrJ pdwfudk tawmfNidrfatmif xdef;vdkufNyD;rS ...]bmvJ &ifNidrf;}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;86
]vm ...igeJY tckvdkufcJh}]bmvkyfrvdkYvJ}]vQmr&Snfprf;eJY[m? vdkufqdk&if vdkufcJhprf;? tydkawG
avQmufar;aewm igodyfrkef;w,f}a&mf ...tom;vGwfuawmh tom;vGwfBuD;yif jzpf
onf/ odkYaomf b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,mufpMum0VmwpfckpD a0;ae&ovdk jzpfaeonfhcdkuf ckvdk awhawhqdkifqdkifav; jyefqHkpnf;&ojzifh 0rf;omovdkawmh jzpfoGm;onf/
&ifNidrf;uawmh pJGNrJ uwkefu,ifjzpfaejcif;udkyif pdwf&Snf[efrwl/ pm;yJGudkvufjzifh wpfcsufykwf&if; ...
]igajymwm Mum;w,fr[kwfvm; pJGNrJ? igac:aewmvdkufrvm; rvdkufbl;vm; 'gyJajym}
]igu b,fvdkuf&rSmvJ}]b,fjzpfjzpf vdkufqdkvdkufcJh}ajymajymqdkqdkESifh csmceJ vSnfhxGufonf/pJGNrJ tMumBuD; Nidrfae r&awmh/ ckcsdefMurSawmh bmyJ
jzpf&jzpf& olac:wm vdkufoGm;wm taumif;qHk;[k oabmaygufojzifh ajcvSrf; oHk;av;vSrf;pm a0;aeNyDjzpfaom &ifNidrf;aemufodkY aumufaumufygatmif xvdkufcJhonf/
][D ...[D}avSmifovdkvdkESifh rcdk;rcefY&,fvdkufaom toHaMumifh
vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/rdk;rdk;/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 87
rdk;rdk;u olYudk NyHK;pdpd? pyfNzJNzJ? avSmifawmifawmifrsufESmay;jzifh Munfhaeonfudk awGUvdkuf&\/
]tJ'gu bmtcsdK; csdK;aewmvJ pJGNrJ? eifu bmoabmvJ}
jyefawG;&if;ESifh &,fp&maumif;wmwpfckudk oGm;owd&onf/ olESifh &ifNidrf; udprsm;wGif tdrfomonf tb,faMumifhrMumcPqdkovdk ta&;yg t&ma&mufaomae&mwpfck jzpfvm&onfqdkonfudk pOf;pm;r&/ pqHkcJhwkef;uvnf; tdrfomudpESifhyif ywfoufcJhonf/
ckvnf; &ifNidrf; rma&ausma&ajymqdkNyD;aemuf ac:p&m&Sm;onfhtvm; tdrfombuf ac:xkwfvmonf/ vl cyf&Sif;&Sif;?tdrfomESifh reD;ra0;a&mufrS bmrSpum;csD;yif cHraeawmhbJwdkufdkuf[pf xcsJawmhonf/
pJGNrJu rxHkwwfaw;vkyfvsuf ...]igu bmtcsdK;csdK;aevdkYvJ&ifNidrf;? igu bmjzpfaevdkYvJ}]tHr,f ...tckrS rodcsifa,mifaqmifraeeJY pJGNrJ?
NyD;cJhwJh wpfywfvHk;vHk; eif bmudp ighudk a&SmifaewmvJ? bmvJeifu igeJY taygif;toif;rvkyfcsifawmhvdkYvm; ..&Sif;&Sif;ajym}
]bmqdkifvdkYvJ? 'Dudpu ighaMumifh jzpfvmwmrS r[kwfwm? ighvmar;vdkY igu bmajymwwfrSmvJ}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;88
]'gjzifh b,folYaMumifh jzpfvmwJh udpvJ}]eifhaMumifh}]bm ...ighaMumifh [kwfvm;}][kwfw,fav? eifajymcJhwJh pum;twdkif; igu ae
wmyJ}]ig b,fwkef;u bmajymvdkYvJ}&ifNidrf; Za0Z0g jzpfoGm;onf/ olY[molvnf; uref;
uwef; jyefpOf;pm;yHk&\/pJGNrJu oufjyif;wpfcsufcs&if; ...]eifyJ [dkwpfywfaomMumaeYu ajymcJhw,f r[kwfvm;
&ifNidrf;? eifeJYigu t&ifvdk uav;awG r[kwfawmhbl;? 'Dt&G,fa&mufrS 'DvdkqufqHaeawmh vlajymp&mawG jzpfaewmayghqdk?q,fwef;uaumifawG 0dkif;aemufawmh ajymwmav}
]tJ'g bmjzpfvJ}]aMomf ...tJvdkqdkawmh igu eifeJYt&ifvdk qufqHae
awmh aumif;awmhrvm;? ighaMumifhyJ eifu vlajymcHae&ovdkjzpfaeawmh eifhem;rSm igr&Sd&if eif tajymrcH&awmhbl;qdkNyD; iga&Smifae&wmaygh}
][m ...bmqdkifvdkYvJ[m? igajymwm 'Dt"dym,frSr[kwfbJ}
]'gjzifh bmt"dym,fvJ? eifhudk vdkufaewJhaumifawGutxifvJGrSmaMumufvdkYqdkwJh t"dym,fvm;}
&ifNidrf;rsufESm wif;ceJ jzpfoGm;onf/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 89
]eif bmpum;ajymwmvJ pJGNrJ? igu bmudp tJ'DaumifawG txifvGJrSm aMumuf&rSmvJ? tJ'DaumifawGudk igu wpfpufrS *kpdkufwm r[kwfbl;? olwdkY[molwdkY txifvJGkHruvdkY ay;pm;yJaeae? igu ta&;pdkuf&rSmvm;}
]'gjzifh bmjzpfvdkY tvdkajymvJ}]aMomf ...'guawmh tJ'DvdkyJjzpfaevdkY tJ'DvdkyJajym
wmaygh[? olwdkYu eifeJYigeJY dk;dk;cifaewmudk &nf;pm;vdkY atmufarhaewmudk;}
]at;av? tJ'gaMumifh tJvdkrxifatmif ig 'Dvdk aeay;wmaygh}
]bmqdkifvdkYvJ? olwdkY[molwdkY xifcsif&mxif? xif b&ifaygh[? olwdkYxifwmeJYyJ eifeJYigu rcif&awmhbl;vm;? tvum;yg? eifom ab;vl txifvJGrSmaMumufNyD; igeJYrcif&Jbl; jzpfoGm;wmyg? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;}
]bmrS rqdkifbl; &ifNidrf;? ighrSm 'grsdK; r&Sdbl;}]at; ...'DvdkyJ ighrSmvnf; 'grsdK;r&Sdbl; pJGNrJ}csufcsif;jyefyufvdkufaom &ifNidrf;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJu
&,fonf/ NyD;rS rsufESmydk;owf ...]at;av tJ'gqdkvnf; NyD;a&maygh? igawG;wm rSm;oGm;
wJhtwGuf igawmif;yefygw,f? tJ'DaeYu eif tJvdkajymvdkufawmh ig t&rf;pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;w,f &ifNidrf;? eif ighudk rcifapcsifawmhbl;vm; rodbl;qdkNyD; ig t&rf;0rf;enf;oGm;w,f?tJ'gaMumifh ig tJhvdkaevdkufwm}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;90
&ifNidrf;u rsufapmif;xdk;onf/]eif tydkawG odyfvkyfw,f pJGNrJ? eif tJ'Dwkef;u raus
eyf&if csufcsif; ighudk ajymp&m&Sdwm ajymygvm;? bmvJ a,musfm;r[kwfovdkyJ? tHkYykef;vkyfNyD; pdwfaumufovdkvdk bmvdkvdk vkyfaew,f}
]tJvdkawmh r[kwfygbl;[m? ig wu,fpdwfraumif;vdkYyg}
]tJvdkvkyfawmha&m? igu pdwfraumif; rjzpfbl;vm;?eif 0rf;enf;ovdk igvnf; 0rf;enf;wmyJ}
ajym&if;ESifh &ifNidrf; rsuf&nf0dkif;vmonf/pJGNrJu oufjyif;wpfcsufcs ...]at;yg[m ig eifhoabmudk em;vnfygNyD? aemufudk
tJvdkrjzpfap&ygbl;? eifhudk ig wu,fcifygw,f? igvnf; tJvdkom eifhudk a&Smifae&wmyg? wpf&ufrS aevdkYxdkifvdkY rwwfygbl;}
]aemufudk tJ'grsdK;vkyf&if eif taoyJ pJGNrJ? ckvnf; eifhudkigowfypfcsifavmufatmif a'gojzpfaewm od&JUvm;}
pJGNrJ NyHK;onf/&ifxJrSmvnf; b,fvdkoufom&m&oGm;rSef; rodatmif
oufomoGm;\/
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 91
( 2 )
]eif wu,fajymwmaemf &ifNidrf;}]bmvJ? bmudkajymwmvJ}xdkaeY nae ausmif;tjyefrSm cgwdkif;vdkyif jyefjzpfonf/cgwdkif;vdkqdkonfu ausmif;rSae ESpfa,muftwl jyefNyD;
&ifNidrf;wdkY tdrfa&SUtxd pJGNrJu vdkufydkY? xdkrSpJGNrJu oltdrfoljyefjcif; jzpfonf/
reufqdkvQifvnf; pJGNrJu &ifNidrf;wdkYtdrf t&if0if&ifNidrf;udk ac:NyD;rS ausmif;vmMujcif; jzpfonf/ onfxHk;pHuajcmufwef;avmufuwnf;u &SdaecJhaom xHk;pHyif/ &ifNidrf;wdkYtdrfuvnf; pJGNrJudk ,HkMunfyHk&onf/ onfxHk;pHtwGuf wpfcgrSjyemrjzpfcJh/
&ifNidrf;wdk Yrdbrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;orm;rsm;/&ifNidrf;tazu c&D;a0;oGm; avmfvDum;BuD;rsm;ESifh tvkyfIyfaeolrdkY tdrfrSm tNrJr&Sdwwfovdk? &SdaevQifvnf; olYtvkyfESifholIyfaewwfonf/ &ifNidrf;taruvnf; aps;xJrSm txnfqdkif
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;92
zGifhonf/ reufrdk;vif;onfESifh aps;oGm; naeaps;odrf;csdefusrStdrfjyefonf/
tdrfrSm tNrJwrf;&Sdaeonfu &ifNidrf;wdkY nDtpfrrsm;om/ &ifNidrf;wdkYrSm nDtpfrcsnfh oHk;a,muf&Sdonfhteuf &ifNidrf;u tvwf? &ifNidrf;txufu wifwifodef;qdkaom wpfa,mufu q,fwef;oHk;cgavmufusNyD; tjyifu ajz&onf/ &ifNidrf; xufti,f pdk;pdk;usawmh ckrS ajcmufwef;? qm;pnfausmif;rSmyJwufae&onf/
odkYtwGuf ausmif;qif;ausmif;wuf tazmfr&Sdaom&ifNidrf;udk pJGNrJuyJ tBudKtydkYvkyfay;&\/ tNrJwrf; vrf;avQmufNyD; oufoufawmhr[kwf? wpfcgwpf&H pufbD;ESifh ausmif;wufovdk? wpfcgwavvnf; wpfa,mufa,muf pufbD;tqifrajyvQif vrf;avQmuf toGm;tjyefvkyfonf/
xdkaeYuawmh &ifNidrf;rSm pufbD;rygojzifh vrf;avQmufjyefjzpfcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/
pJGNrJu olYpufbD;udk wGef;vmcJhonf/ pufbD;udk xdef;wGef;wGef;&if; pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]reufu igajymwJh udpav;[m? 'Dhjyifvlwpfa,mufa,mufu igeJYtxifvJGrSmudk pdk;w,fqdkwJhudp}
][m igajymNyD;NyDyJ[m? tJ'gudk igu bmvdkYpdk;&drfae&rSmvJ}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 93
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][m ...tJvdkawmh rvkyfeJY[? awmfMumus olu ighudkwpfrsdK;xifaerSmaygh}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;94
]tHr,f ...ajymyHkudku ...tJ'DvdkjzpfwmeJY eifubmudp pdwf"mwfus&wmvJ}
]rajymwwfbl;[m? pdwf"mwfuawmh usoGm;wm trSefyJ? eifem;vnfatmifvnf; ig&Sif;rjywwfbl;}
pJGNrJpum;tqHk;rSm &ifNidrf;u oabmuspGm &,fonf/bmaMumifh&,frSef; pJGNrJrodojzifh uref;uwef;vSnfhNyD; ...
]eifu bm&,fwmvJ &ifNidrf;}]r[kwfygbl; eifajymwmudk oabmusvdkYyg? uJyg ...
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]tHr,fav; ...ajymyHkudku}ajym&if;ESifh &ifNidrf;u &,fonf/ NyD;rS wpfpHkwpfck
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vkdufydkYrvm; rvdkufydkYbl;vm;? 'gyJajym ...}]vdkufydkYwmuawmh &ygw,f}
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vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif;vGrf;avunif; 95
]at; ...&&ifNyD;a&m? pum;rrsm;eJYawmh}pJGNrJ NidrfoGm;onf/jzpfvmcJhaom tajctae tm;vHk;tay: rlwnf
&ifxJrSmvnf; wpfrsdK;BuD; jzpfae\/b,fvdkwpfrsdK;rSef;awmh rod/
]igpOf;pm;vdkY&wm wpfckawmh &Sdw,f pJGNrJ? jzpfEdkif rjzpfEdkifawmh rif;[mrif; oHk;oyfMunfh}
&ifNidrf;ESifhywfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pOf;pm;wdkif; oli,fcsif;jzpfol aZ,sudk b,fvdkrS xnfhrpOf;pm;r&/olESifh&ifNidrf;u onfZmwfvrf;rSm t"duZmwfaumifrsm;qdkvQifaZ,su t"duZmwfydkY? ta&;tBuD;qHk; ZmwfydkY[k owfrSwf&rnfjzpfonf/
aZ,s\ tydkif;u@rsm;udk arS;rSdefxm;vdkufygu onfZmwfvrf;u ckvdkyif jzpfysufvmcJhrnfr[kwf/
pJGNrJrSwfrdoavmuf olESifh&ifNidrf; wpfckck qHk;jzwfa0cJGp&m&Sdwdkif; aZ,s &Sdaewwfonf/
ckudprSmvnf; pJGNrJu jzpfvmcJhonfh taMumif;rsm;tm;aZ,sudk ajymjyvdkufonfESifh aZ,su xdktjzpftysufudk csufcsif;cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmawmhonf/
]rif;u b,fvdkpOf;pm;&vdkYvJ}
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EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;EGrf *sm odkif;96
]igxifwm vHk;vHk;awmhvJGwmr[kwfbl; pJGNrJ? enf;enf;wdrf;apmif;oGm;wmyJ jzpfr,f? 'DvdkuGm? rif;