G E O R G E T H O M A S

C P E ~ [ H E H H ) K H E H E M E I A K H E 3 A H M C T B O B A H H ~ I

B P U C C K O M $I3I~IKE

CHOBa cpeRHeHH~HeHeMeIIKOrO (cp.-H)K.-H.) ~ IIpOHCXO)K~eHH~[ IIpOHHICJIH B

pycc rn~ a3s~r B pe3y~bTaTe ToproB~IX CHO~eHH~ M e ~ y ~aH3Ofi H ropo~aMH

cenepo3anaRHofi Pycn. H e M e ~ H e ~yn~bi B TeqeHHe qeT~IpSX CTO~eTHfi npn-

BO3H~H B HoBropo~ B O6MeH Ha BOCr H Mex npe~MeT~ BbIBO3a 3anaRHofi

EBpo~bI-CO~b, ce~b~b, x~e6, M e T ~ b l , ~pflHOCTH, BHHa, CyKHO. ~TH

HMfiOpTHHe ToBapb~, Mepb~ H MOHeTbl, ynoTpe6~anmHec~ B 3TOil ToproB~e,

H~BaHH~ HeMeRKHX ~H~, 3aHHMa~HXC£ ROFOBOpaMH H ~pyFHMH RHfi~O-

MaTHqeCKHMH npo6~eMaMH, H ~e~b~fi p a r MO~rHX TepMHHOB H3 ~pH-

~ T H K H Ha~flH CBO~ oTpa~eHHe n ~e~cnre p y c c r o r o ~3b~ra.

Ha3BaHH~ HeMe~KHX, an r~n~c rnx n ~aMaHRCKHX cyKoH H TKaHefi

HepeRro f fO~aa~TC~ B naMaTHH~ax pycc~ofi Re~oBofi HHCbMeHHOCTH

X I I I - X V I ae roa . H3 ~ a a ~ a n ~ c r a x c y r o n c~e~yeT yqHT~IBaTb N y ~ c ~ u 2

(OT Ha3BaHn£ r o p o ~ a Ha peKe ~efic, cp. cp.-H~.-H. Kumesche), 6pw~um a

(cy~no ~3 B p ~ r r e , cp. cp.-H~.H, br~ggesch), ~ unc~ou ~ (anpc~oe Cy~HO,

aa3naH~e ~OTOpOro ~OmZO B pycc~a~ a3~X~ ~epe3 cp.-nm.-H, fpersch). H3

FepMaHn~ nno3nan cma~eO ~ (n3 r o ~ . stamet ~ a cp.-H~.-H, stammet).

Konmbtpb, epenea, ~apza~ CqaTa~TCa CyKHaM~ aHr~H~cKoro npoH3BO~CTBa

~ HH3mero KaqecTBa. C~OBO Nap3a~ BOCXO~HT, ~o Bce~ BepOaTHOCTH, K

Ha3BaHn~ ~epeBHa Kepce~ ~ rpa~cTne C y ~ o a ~ e np~ nocpe~Ha~ecTBe

a~6o r o a a . Karsaai, a ~ 6 o cp.-H~.-H. Karsey. ~ C~OBO epenea B n a M a ~ H ~ a x

XVI BeKa O6bI~HO O6$gCHa~T Ka~ Ha3naHae Cy~Ha THna Kap3a~, HO OCTa~TC~

HegCHblM, ~B~eTC~ ~H ~pHqHHO~ 3TOFO O6~CHeHH~ eXO~CTBO ~0 ~aqeCTBy

Hha nO MecTy ~pOH3BO~CTBa. 7 Ka~eCTBeHHOe CXO~CTBO n o ~ e p ~ a a o 6 ~

3TaMO~Orn~ ~acMepa (2:23) (a3 cp.-H~.-H, haren, harenk&id) ~ Fap~nHep ~

(a3 cp.-B.-H. Herrengra(w) Cy~HO ~ag nOeHH~X); CXO~CT~O ~ e no Mecxy

~pO~3BO~CTna c~e~aao 6 ~ 6oaee nepOaTHblM npe~noao~eH~e ~Me~eBo~ 9

(OT cTaporo Ha3BaHaa HpaaH~an , cp. cp.-H~.-H, yren). C~OBy ~onm~tpb no

~OHeTa~eCK~M n ceMaHT~neC~M n p ~ n H a M c~opee COOTBeTCT~yeT cp.-H~.-H.

Kolsester CyKHO n3 r. K o ~ e c r e p a , ~° ~eM HOn.-B.-H. Kolter (~acMep, 2:298) ~

npoH3nO~HOe OT Ha3naHHg ~aMaH~CKOrO r o p o ~ a Courtrai cp. cp.-H~.-H.

Kortrisch (Fap~aHep, 130)~L BoOmon, rpy6oe mepcTgHOe CyKHO, BOCXO~aT ~

cp.-H~.-H, watmal aaa ~p.-m~. v@mal. Kap~azun xz (~3 Cp-H~.-H. Karmestn), 0o~am~a ~a (n3 cp.-H~.-H, damaschk), mu0a T M (~3 cp.-n.-H, stde ~aa cp.-H~.-H.

stde) ~ nyuObtm ~ync~oe cy~no ~ (OT Ha3BaHUa r. ~OH~Ona, cp. cp.-H~.-H.

lundisch, Lunden) n p e ~ c T a ~ g ~ T co6o~ eBpone~c~ne C~yHa nep~oro COpTa.

Russian Linguistics 3 (1976) 55-62. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1976 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland.

56 G E O R G E T H O M A S

PoJ~, np~tHOCTe~ a pycc~o- ran3e~cro~ xoproaJIe ~py~r~o onpe~eJmT~,.

O)xuaro MO~HO no~a3aT~, Ha ocuoaannn ~oHeTaqecrnx COOTaeTcran~, ~TO

C~OBa Un6Upb, auuc n ~uuOaab n p a u a ~ e ~ a T r r a x e r o p n n cp . -n~. -n . 3a-

nMCTaOaaan~. Ha~nqne 3ayra n a c~oae un6up~ ~o XVII Beta ~ ne Mo~eT

6UrS pe3yasxaTOM ~ n c c n ~ n a a u n a c o r ~ a c n ~ x (Fap~nnep , 107) a o6~scns -

excs ~ o p ~ o ~ cp.-H~.-m c a o a a ingeber. Auuc ~ (aTa np~nocxs ynoTpe6~szacs

y ~ e a nepao~ qeTaep~n XVI ae ra ) necoMnenno 3anMcraoaauo n3 cp . -n~ . -m

ants. BpsR ~n MO~HO BbIBeCTn MuHOadb n3 HOflbCK. migdat c n o c ~ e ~ y m ~ e ~

na3a~n3a~nefi. ~7 Cp.-n~.-H. n p o n c x o ~ e n n e (cp.-H~.-m mandel) c MeTaTe-

30~ ~ayx r ~ a c n ~ x ra~eTc~ HaM 6o~ee aepoaTn~M. Ha cp.-n~.-H, x a r ~ e

MO~nO O6~SCHnTS nponcxo~zeHne na3sann~ ~a~pan ~ (safran), ~ y ~ a m ~

(muschaten), eao~Ou~a ~° (~a~s ra cp . -n~. -n , negelken), no ~ ~cex aTnX C~Oa

~ocpe~CTBO HO~bCKOrO He nCKfl~qeHO. ~HTepecHO 3aMeT~Tb, qTO ~p . -

pyccr . MOCKOmb, ~tOC~OmU~bnbt~, ~ocromuaue ~ o6pa3OBaHO OT ~CXO~HOfi

@OpM~I cao~a, o6o3naqammero " M y c r a x " , - ~ o c ~ o m ~ (ha cp . -n~ . -m

muschaten). T a r o e ceManTnqecKoe pa3~nTne Can~eTe~SCTByeT O 3HaqeHnn

npsnocTefi raH3e~croro n~nopTa .

3a HCKfl~qeHneM CflOBa ~y~rame~b (n3 no~bc~ , muszkatela), Bce Ha3Ba-

H~fl T~HOB cpeRHeBeKOBb~X BHH -- cp.-H~.-H, n p o n c x o ~ e H n ~ . Map~a3ea (n3

cp. -n~. -n , malmasie), po~ane~ (n3 cp.-n~.-H, romanie), 6acmp (n3 cp.-H~.-n.

bastert) a penc~oe (cp. cp.-n~.-H, rinsch) ~aCTO BCTpeqamTCS ~ m e c T n a ~ a -

TOM sere . Ha M e T a ~ o ~ ~amyn~ ~ (n3 cp . -n~. -n , laton) n cma,b ~ (n3 cp.-

H~.-H. st~l) MO~HO CqHTaTb cp.-H~.-H. 3anMCTBOBaHHflM~, XOTfl HalO ~p~-

3HaTh mBe~cKoe B~HflH~e 3~eCb BHo~He BO3MO~HblM. ~ f l a ro f l ~yOumb ~ 6e3 COMHeHnn ~OCXO~nT r cp.-H~.-H, loden. H p o n c x o ~ e n n e c~o~a rynopoc

OCTafiTCS B nacTon~ee BpeMn HencnS~M. HaM ~a~eTca o ~ n a r o ~epoaTn~XM,

~TO ~opMa 3 x o r o C~oBa o6~ncnneTca aapnaHTOM ~OpM ~anHo~ ~eKceMbl

~ eapone~c~nx fl3b~rax. Po~b nocpe~cTaa cp. -n~.-n , kopperr6k 3~ecb ne

~CKfl~qeHa.

C p e a n na3~aHn~ npeaueTo~ ranae f i c ro ro nMnopra OCTafiTCZ ynOM~nyTS

C~OBa cmona n ~ p y ~ a . Cmona "Tnn r p y ~ n " , ~a r n 3CT. toop ~ ~aTB.

stuops, 3aHMCTBOBaHO ~3 cp.-H~.-H, st~p. ~ K p y ~ a TO~e ~O Bce~ BepoflT-

nOCTn nponcxo~nT nenocpe~crseHno n3 cp. -n~.-n , kr~se.

qTO6~ MepnT~ cyrna , y n o T p e 6 ~ n c s tuna (ha cp.-n~.-H, kippe) ~ m ~

(n3 cp.-n~.-H, tuch). Be~ap~ (n3 cp.-H~.-H, belcer), cmona n rpy~cra npe~-

C T a B ~ U CO60~ Mep~I ~nRrocTefi . MepaMn ~eca 6~i~n nynO (cp.-n~.-H.

pund) n ~an~ ( n p o n c x o x ~ e n n e noc~e~Hero ~iaCnnT~ y 6 e ~ n T e ~ u o ne npe~-

c r a a n a e x c a BO3MO~HblM). ~ B X I I I a. neMU~I aae~n c ~ a ~ s ~ - " q a m y

aecoa ''~7 (cp. cp.-HX.-H, schdle) ~ pe rynnpoaann~ a3aemnaanna woaapoa.

B pyccro-raH3eficKoh Toproa~e ynorpe6n~nncu a n a o n c r n e MOUeTbI (TO-eCTb

MOHeIU Hpn6anTnrn)2a: apmye ~ (cp.-HX.-n. artug), oap~ ~° (cp . -nx. -n . ore)

CPE)~HEHH)KHEHE MELIKHE 3 A H M C T B O B A H H . q 57

rl u~ru~ut& ~ (cp. -nx. -n . sehillic). JIo6e~ ~ (ha cp . -nx. -n , li~bisch) 6~i~ Monero~

n3 ~ 6 e r a .

HeMeRrne ~Oa~nOCXnbIe z n u a r o p o a o a FepMannn n Hpn6a~xn~n qaCTO

yno~nHamrc~ a a o r o a o p a x n a p y r n x ~o~yuenrax , OrHOCamnxc~ r pyccro-

ran3e~c~o~ ~opro~ae : ~oeom~ aa (cp. -ng. -n . voget), nposcm a~ (cp.-Hg.-H.

provest), 6epeo~ecmep a~ (cp.-n~.-n. b6rgemester), pam~an a~ (cp.-Hg.H.

ratman), pox~ucmp a7 (cp.-n~.-H. rotmesteO. Cao~a so~m n 6yp~uemp ~ a r ~ e

BcTpeqamTcfl B 3TMX naMflXHnrax, HO Bom~n B pycc rn~ ~3~r qepe3 6e~o-

pyccKn~. ~uc~yn as (cp. cp.-H~.-n, bischup) n apgu6uc~yn ~ (cp. cp.-H~.-H.

ertzebischop) TO~e n r p a n n 3~ecb ~nnaoMaTnqecrym po~s . F a n a a Bcer~a

HMe~a ~M3KHe~ XOTg MHOF~a M HaT~HyTbIe~ OTHO~eHHfl C ~MBOHCKMM

OpaeHOM, na3Bannn ~aenoB r o T o p o r o B pyccroM, rOHeqHO, oTpa~amT

cp.-H~.-H. B~HSHHe. HMemTCg B Bnay CaOBa ~ecmep~ ~° (cp.-H~.-H. m~steO,

M o p m o ~ d / ~ a ~ a c r a ~ r ~ (cp.-H~.-H. marschalk lantmarschalk), ~y~enOepb/ RyHmop/y~RyHO~p 42 (cp. cp.-H~.-H, kumpter, kummenduO, c~a~ep~ ~a (cp.-

H~.-H. schaffeO, ~ance~ap~ ~ (cp.-H~.-H. kansel~O, p~tOe~b/pumop ~ (cp . -ng. -n .

ridder). Cae~yeT T a r ~ e ynoMnnyTs ~acmepo~ (ec~n 3TO cp.-H~.-H, m~steO,

ToproBuX nocpe~nnrOB nanp. sep~onep Ha cp.-H~.-H, v6rkb~er n ~ar~eps ~

n3 cp.-n~.-H, makeleO, HOCH~SmHXOB (dp~eu~s ~v n3 cp.-H~.-H, drageO n, MO~eT 6SITS, ~oOape~ ~a (cp.-H~.-H. lodder), 6yp~aros (Ha cp.-H~.-H, bfirlach),

n pe6e~y 4a (nMfl cymeCTBnTe~bHOe COfnpaTe~bHOe ~eHcro ro po~a n3

cp.-H~.-H, rebel).

Mopc~ne TepMHHU cp.-H~.-H, n p o H c x o ~ e u H g s r ~ m s a m T HaBaannn

cyaoB n nX nepcoHa~a. C m a a OTHOCnTCfl peaann Tnna 6ycam~, mpo~nams,

top,rams (cp. cp.-H~.-H, b~sen, trampen, trecken). O6blXnoBeun~Ie raH3e~-

c~ne r o p a 6 ~ n kogge (~oua) ~° ~ galie (ea~e~) ~ n 6eperoa~ie ~o~rH schfite

(m~yma) ~, busse (6yca) ~a, jacht (~xma) ~, b6t (6om) ~ 3ac~y~nBamT Hamero

BnnMann~. MaTpoc Ha 60Te (6ym~an ~ n3 cp.-Hg.-H, b6sman) n pyccroe

HOBOO6pa3OBaHne 6ycHu~ nOflB~fl~TCfl B naMflTHn~ax X V I B. ~ u n e p 57 n

c m ~ p ~ a n 5a, o ~ o 3 H a q a ~ H e KaHHTaHa HeMeR~HX xopa6~e~ n e r o c T a p ~ e F o

noMomHn~a, c ropee Bcero BOCXO~flT K cp.-H~.-H, schipper n stfirman. H e r o -

TOpb~e yq~ubIe CHHTamT ~ o ~ a n C~OBOM cp.-H~.-H, n p o n c x o ~ e n n f l . ~

TaKoe MHeHHe Ka~eTCg HaM BeCbMa COMHMTe~bHbIM~ Ta~ ~aK 3TO ~ O B O

3aCBM~eTe~b~TBOBaHO B HaMflTHM~ax ~ H ~ b B KOH~e CeMHa~aTOFO BeKa.

TaKafl ~aTMpoB~a c r o p e e H o ~ e p ~ M B a e T rHHO~e3y 0 F o ~ a H ~ O M ~eKcMqe-

~ O M B~MflHH~. ~ e ~ o O~O~HfleTCfl T~M~ HTO HeKOTOpbIe Hcc~e~OBaTe~H

ynOMnHamT UHTaTy aToro C~OBa B ~oroBope 1270 r o s a . s° HCTOHHHKOM

3TOrO y T B e p ~ e n n g ~B~SeTC~ pa6oTa H. AH~peeBc~oro O Ooeosope Hosa- eopoda c ne ~e~u~u eopo3a~u u Fom~a~3o~, sa r~q~nno~ ~ 1270 eody, CH6. , 1855. O~Haro aTOT TerCT nanncan no-neMe~rn. Pyccxn~ o p n r n n a ~ He

cymecTayeT, HO C~OBO lodienman (oqeBn~nO, cp.-H~.-H. C~OBO o6pa3oBaHo

58 G E O R G E T H O M A S

OT pyccr . ~od~s), TaM nosBaammeeca , nepeBe~eno s F B H H , ~ 31 r a t

N O ~ H . ~ 3 9TOFO c~egyeT, qTO H~T HHKaKOFO OCHOBaH~fl Ho~aFaTB~ qTO

3aHMCTBOBaHHe H3 cp.-H~.-H. 6bl~O c ~ e n a a o B TpHHa~aTOM BeKe.

~ p y r a e cp.-HX.-m 3aRMCTSOBaH~S ~ pycc[oM s 3 m ~ e - paano ro xapa~-

Tepa: nanc~tp~ ~ (cp.-aX.-H. panser), 6aa~a ~, ~ua~n~a (cp.-HX.-m balke, cullinge)-a3 c T p o a r e n b a o ~ TepManoaorna , ~ e f i n o (ecaa ~3 cp.-aX.-H.

k&in6e- "3Hag o6mecTsa a n n c o ~ 3 a " ) . ~

H3 c~a3aHHOFO Bb~me c~e~yeT, ~TO c ~ e p a cp.-aX.-H. 3aHMCTBOBaHH~ B

pycc~OM R3bI~e B ceMaHTRqeC~OM OTHOmeH~ BecBMa orpaHHqeHa. DTo

o 6 ~ a c a a e r c s CaMO~ n p a p o ~ o ~ 3TOrO ~HHrBHCTHqeC~OFO ~OHTa~Ta. T a ~ e

ceMaHTnqecrne no~, r a t HcKyccTBO, p e a a r n a , pa3B~eqeHng n ~n~OCO~nfl

He nMe~T MeCTa a 3TO~ rpynne 3aHMCTBOBaHHfi.

3HaqHTe~bHHfi ~HTepec n p e g c T a a ~ e T pa~MOTpeHHe ~ b H e ~ m e ~ cygb6B~

cp.-H~.-H. 3aHMCTBOBaHH~ HOCfle HX ~pOHH[HOBeHH~ B pyccrnf i ~ 3 ~ .

3Recb H a 6 ~ R a ~ T C f l qeTHpe BO3MO~HOCTH. ~3 HpH6~n3HTe~BHO CTa C~OB

HeCOMHeHHO cp.-n~.-H, n p o n c x o ~ e H H a 34 60~bme He ynoxpe6zamTca.

BO~b~nHCTBO n3 3THX C~OB a b I ~ O H3 ynoTpe6aenna a CeMHaR~aTOM sere .

3Recb x o p o m o npegcTaa~enB~ ycTape~me npegMeTB~ cpegHeaeroaof i Top-

r o a a a (Hanp, ~nna gapga~ea, 6acmp, ~apem, pogauea, c y r u a epenea, uncrou n ~. ~.), cpegueaero~b~e a o a ~ n o c T n nanp. gecmep~, cra~ep~ ~ ~ep~i (nanp. ~o6e¢, 6e~ap~). B r o p y m r p y n n y (19 cao~) c o c r a a ~ a ~ r r e

cp.-H~.-H. 3aHMCTBOaaHHg, r o r o p m e 6~ian 3aMeHeHbt ~opMaMH TO~ ~ e

CaMOfi ~erceMbt, HO ~ p y r o r o npoHcxo~geHn~. H e r o r o p ~ e C~Oaa H3MeHfl-

~HCb B XVI a. H~H B neTpoac~y~ 3Hoxy nO~ B~HgHHeM HOB.-B.-H., nanp.

~a~ep~ (~a~ep), ~azce~ap~ (~au~ep), nanc~tp~ (nan¢up~), ~op~o~O/ ~ac~an~ (~ap~ano~/~ap~aa), ~ym~am (~yc~am), Oo~a~a (aOa~a~a), c~op~am (~ap~am), cm~p~au (tumyp~an), cnyp (~uyp). M a o r o e ~3 ~rax

a o s H x ~opM s o m n n s pycc~nfi qepe3 n o c p e ~ c r s o nonbc~oro ~3H~a. Cpe~H

MO~K~X TepM~HOB ~ a 6 n ~ a e r c s 3aMelia ~CXORHO~ ~OpM~ rOR~aHRC~M

3aaMcr~osanaeM npenMymecr~eano s n e r p o s c ~ y m 3noxy, nanp. ~ y m a ( ~ y m , ~xym), ~unep (~xunop), 6yca (6y~c). K rpe r~e~ rpynne , r z e

c r a p a s (cp . -n~ . -m) ~ nosa~ OopM~I c o c y m e c r s y ~ r , o r n o c s r c ~ r o n ~ o

cma~eO (cma~em) ~ uu6up~ (u~6up~). H p a 6 n u 3 n r e z ~ n o r p e r ~ a nacr~

cp.-H~.-H. 3aHMCTBOBaHH~ coxpaHgeTCg RO HamHX ~He~. ~HpOKO y n o -

T p e 6 ~ T C ~ e ~ nepc~, ~amyn~, cma~, ~ynopoc, e~osOu~a, ~uuOan~, cmona, E p y ~ a , ~acmep, ~ u n e p , 6om, axma, ~acm, O ~ u H a . Ta~He C~oBa,

KaY, HanpHMep, pam~a~ CqHTa~TC~ HCTOpH3MaMH.

Tenep~ o c r a a o ~ c s na r e o r p a O a q e c s o ~ p a c n p o c r p a n e n n ~ czo~ cp.-

H~.-H. HpOHCXO~eHHg. C~eRyeT HMeTB B BH~y, qTO DTH C~OBa BO3HHK~H B

ceBepo3aHa~Ho~ P y c g , H MH HRMepeB~eMCR HO~a3aTB, RO [SKO~ CTeHeHH

DTH C~OBa B O ~ H B ~eKCHKy ~pyFHx pa~OHOB. ~OqTH HO~OBHHa Ha~HX C~OB

C P E ~ H E H H 3 1 ~ H E H E M EI . [KHE 3 A H M C T B O B A H H ~ 59

ncTpe~aeTca Jli~m~ ~ IJcKoBe, HoBropo~e, CMOaeHcKe H l'[oJ~oII~e. K 3TOil rpynne npl~Ha~ie~aT rice Ha3nau~a MOHeT, Mep, a T a ~ e O603HaqeHHfl

aa~ouc~ax ~eaTeae~; no~Tu ace M O ~ e TepMaa~, ae~oTop~e ~ a 3 ~ a ~ a

cy~o~ (~y~c~uu, Oo~am~a) ~ ~ (6acmp, unapem) ~ a e c ~ o a ~ o ~pyrax

x a p a ~ e p ~ x ~ a Hc~o~a a Ho~ropoaa cao~ (aanp. pe6e~a, Op~eun~). B c~a3~ c ~oaoa~3auae~ n o 6 e p e ~ a Beaoro Mopa Ho~ropo~oM

ecTecT~ea~o o ~ a a T ~ nepe~oc c p . - ~ . - a . 3a~MCT~O~a~ ~a Ce~ep.

C~o~a cnyp, ~apza~, xy~a, 6y~, 6y~a, 6y~umb (cp. cp.-a~.-~, b~k,

b~ken) ~c~pe~a~Tca n p e ~ o6o~x pafiaon. C~o~o ~o~a, ae ~ a c ~ a e ~ e ~ -

~TBOBaHHO~ Ha ceBepo3a~aRe, HO nO Bce~ BepOgTHOCTH BO3HHK~e~ B HOB-

ropo~e, ynozpe6aaaoc~ ~ Apxa~rea~c~e a n C~6~p~. qeT~epT~ ~am~x

caon ~cTpe~aeTc~ npeuMymec~e~ao , ~o ~e ~ c ~ a ~ T e a ~ o , ~a ceBepo3a-

na~e, ~anp. c y ~ a (cma~eO, 6p~uu~, nynO~t~/nync~uu, ~ap~a~un), np~-

aocTa (~unOa~b, ~ym~am), a T a ~ e ~a~nepb, nancbtpb, ~una, ~ynopoc, ~acmep, Kpy~Ka, K~e~Ho. CeRbMaa qacTb, B OCHOBHOM, Te cf lona , KOTOpme

~omzu n MOCrOncrym p e ~ , 3a~nrcnpo~aHa n naMaTHn~ax H3 pa3H~X

o6aac~e~.

TaK rat cp.-HX.-,. 3aHMCTBOBaHHR BBO~aT HOBHe nOHaTna n ~ n O6OaHa-

sainT a o a u e peaana , 6opb6a Mex~y 3anMCTaOaaHnb~M n nCrOnHbIM CaOaOM

ne aa6am~aeTca. ~ y n r u n a cp.-nx.-n. 3a~lMCTaoaaanfi COCTOflaa a TOM,

aTO6b~ nOaHarOMnTb pyccrnx c neroropmMn aaeMeHraMn ryabTypb~ n no-

nce~Heaaofi XnaHn 3ana~Ho~ Eapons~ nMenno a TO apeMa, ror~a , acae~-

CTane neroTopb~x nc ropnqec rnx ~ a ~ o p o a , 3anaaa~e aab~rn ne oraabiaaan

3 n a a n r e a b n o r o a~aaHna na aercn~y pyccroro sahara. HeroTops~e cp.-

nx . -8 . 3anMcraoaaHna MOXHO CqnTaTb "Mex~y~apo~ab~Mn" caoaaMn

(oco6eHno HaaaaHna npe~Meroa ranaeficro~ xoproaan) . CpeaHeanxHe-

n e M e ~ a ~ fl3b~r ab~CTynaeT a poan nocpe~nnra nHTep~aUnoHa~bHb~X C~On.

H e r o r o p u e ccMaHrn~ectae rpynnb~ cocroaT n3 xaparxepnmx ~ a cp. -nx.-a .

caoa. XopomnM npn~epoM aToro a a a a ~ r c a M O ~ r n e repMnnU. B co-

nocTaaaeHnn c 3anaaHb~Mn 3anMc~aoaaanaMa npeMenn HeTpa B e a a r o r o

c~neHnxHeHeMeu~ne 3anMCTnoaanna aaaa~TCa a ancaoaoM OrHOmennn

aecbMa ne3Haanreabnb~Ma. Ho ecan cpaannxb ancao cp.-nx.-8. 3anMCTaO-

aaHn~ c npn6anaaTeabao 30 caoaaMn craa~nHaacroro nponcxox~eana ,

r~e aOaMOXHOCTn ~aa aab~roaoro ronTarTa 6 b ~ n ropa3~o 66abmnMn, To

~ a r o r o nepno~a a paaanxnn pyccro~ a e r c n r n po~b cp.-nX.-8. 3anMCTaO-

nannfi He cae~yeT neaooue~maaTb.

McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario

60 G E O R G E T H O M A S

C C b I 2 I K H

1 Bce coKpameHt~R ~3~,IKOB ~la~oTcn no M. ~acMcpy, ~mu~o~oeu~ec~u~ c~o~a~ ~ycc~oeo ~ a , 1 ~ , M o c g ~ , 19~-73 , 1: 61-54. ~ A. ~ . XopomKenaa, 'HoBble Ho~ropo~cKae rpaMOThl XIV n.', Apxeoepa¢uqec~u~ e~eeod~u~ za 1963. eo0, MOCK~, 1964, 2 ~ 2 7 6 , ~ 3 (Honropog, 1417), ~ ' V ~ m ~ c g ~ ae~onac~b~fi cno~', Apxaneenoeopodcuu~ ~emonuce# nod ped. K. H. Cep6u~o~, M ~ g ~ / ~eHaarpa~, 1950, 6977, (1469). a KapTOTeKa ~ P C ~HCT~TyTa pyccKoro fl3bIKa A~a~eMR~ HayK CCCP g a ~ MRoro np~- Mepon 3TOrO caoBa ~3 XVI neKa, Ha~Hag C 1535. rosa. 4 Bnep~ie 3aCBH~eTC~bCTBOBaHO: ~yxo6Hble U ~OgO~Op~ble ~p~Mom~ R ~ e ~ #e~uRux u yde~bnb:X X I V - X V I ss., M~raa /~cHnnrpa~ , 1950, ( ~ c ¢ ~ F ) , ~ 68 (1472). ~ KapTOTeKa ~ P C HMeCT ncpabI~ npnMep OT 1~8. rosa. ~ H. H. ~McaeBa, Pyccra~ mop~o~a~ ~uu~a X ~ I s., ~enHurpa~, 1948 (KaH~H~aTc~aa ~ccepTa~HR ~VY), (~aaee Topr. KH.), 75 a ~opuax ~ap~a, gap~afi, ~apa~a~. 7 TaM ~e, 75 : a HH~C 3OByT HTa~CKHM epe~2olo HO HCMeKKH H T ~ K a H ~ap~a... MeUbmHC epe~b~U no HeMe~KH aHrcabcb rapaa~. Tonnies Fenne's Low German manual of spoken Russian, Pskov, 1607, ed. by L. L. Hammcrich et al., Copenhagen, 1961, 129. a S. C. Gardiner, German loanwords in Russian, 1550-1690 (Publications of the Philological Society, XXI), Oxford, 1965, 103. a Topr. Ka., 197. ~o TaM xe, 198. ~ A. B. ApKHxOBCKH~, B. ~ . BOpKOBCKH~, Hos~opodcrue ~pa~omb~ ua 6epecme (u~ pac- ~ono~ 1953~ ~.). M o c r ~ , 1958, ~ 130:12 ~OKTH 80d~o~y (KOHC~ X I ~ - H a ~ o XV a.). E. Rydzevskaja, 'Ein skandinavischer Beinam¢ in eincr russischcn Chronik' , Zeitschrift fur slavische Philologie VIII, (1931), 102-8. ~2 A. BapcyKOB, Pycc~ue a~mbt pe~e~bc~o~o apxuva, PyccKa~ HCTOpnqeCKaa 6H6~ROTeKa, 15, 1894 (~aaee APA), N~. 48 (nepaag no~O~nHa XVI a., n~C~MO Hoaropo~cKoro gyn~a a MOCKae cro po~craeHHn~y). Topr. CTp. 103, 112. KapToTe~a ~ P C ~o6a~aacT Hpnuep~I n o n a c a ~ o ~ e x ~ i Bopnca Fo~yHoaa (1589 r.). ~a Hepe~Ko 3acBH~CTe~bCTBOaaHO a HaMRTHHKaX aTopo~ nO~OaHUbl XVI ~. (HanpRMcp Topr. KH.), H APA, ~ 83, 103. ~a~ CM. Xoa~cenue ~a mpu ~op~ A~a~acu~ Hu~umuaa 1466-1472 ~ . , no~ pe~. B. ~ . rpeKoaa, Mocgaa/~e~mHrpa~, 1958 (~aaee A~. HHr.), 385; ~ F , ~ 80 (1486 r.). B KapTOTCKC ~ P C acTpeqa~Tca ~pyrae npnMepbI aTOR ~eK~M~I H3 HCP~, T. 11, cTp. 102; "Hpaaoc~aBHoro H~eCTHHCKOrO c6OpHHra", CH6., 1887, T. IV, B~m. 3, CTp. 1-3333, ~ ~ B~6~i~ ~enHa~n~, Hoaropo~, 1499. ~ ~yndbtm 3acaa~eTeabcTaoaa8o c nepao~ noaoaHas~ XVI ~.: ~ A , ~ 48; C6opau~ pycc~o~o ucmopu~ec~o~o o6ulecmsa (~aaee CPHO), T. 38, crp. 223, 228 (1588 r.); H. H. C~3HCBCKH~, M~epR~bl ~ C~O~p~ dpes~e-pycc~o2o ~ a no nUCb~ean~ n a ~ m - au~a~, CHB. 1893-1909, 1912, 2 :54 ( o ~ e ~ a BopHca Vo~yRoaa, 1589 r.). @opMa ~ync~oe acTpc~aCTCa qa~c ~ paqbme, na~nHag C CP~O, T. 35, ~ 7 (1489 r.). ~ CP~O, T. 35, ~ 2 (1498 r.); TaM ~c, T. 59 (1~54 r.); Topr. Ku., CTp. 85, 107. KapTo- TeKa ~ P C HMCCT ~pRXO~O-p~CXO~H~q EHR~a 60~O~O~MCROJO ~onacm~p~ (1573-5 rr.). ~8 Topr. KH., 85. Ho KapToTerC- ~U~U pacxodn~e ~u~o~ae~cro~o RapedbCrO~O ~¢o~a- Cmb~p~ ~a 1560-1563 ~ . - HpuxoJo-pacxod~a~ ~u~a ~o~oro~a~c~o~o ~o~acmb~p~ (1573-5 Ft.), H "PocHHCb TpaaaM', 192: Tpa~a a~uc a p~TCT 3a MOpCM~ B HCM~T~KO~ 3 C ~ C

(py~on~cs XVIII ~.). Caoao TaK~c HORB~flCTCR y OCHHe (CM. abImO, CTp. 122, a a CP~O, T. 38, CTp. 433~36 (CnHCOK HpH~3CHHbIX a MOCKBy aHr~H~CKHM anTcKapeu TO~pOa, 1603 r.). ~ Hep~o~ ~ c a ~ n e ~ aaaaeTca CP~O, T. 35, ~ 7 (1489 r.). ~TeM no ~apToTe~¢ ~ P C HOp C~KO 3acaH~eTea~TaOaaHO. ~a C~OBO ~acTo ~TpeqaeTcR a HaM~THHKaX, n a ~ a a a c CPHO, T. 35, No. 2 (1488 r.). ~ B A~. H~r. aCT~SacTcg ~opMa ~ o ~ a m . B naMgTn~ax XVI a. noa~acTca ~OpMa ~ y ~ a m (nanp. Topr. KH., 85, 101, 114). 20 Bne~B~le a A~. HHr. ~ ~opMax ~#O~U~U, 2OO~d~U~U. ~ 0 ~apToTere ~ P C xopomo 3acan~¢Tea~TaoaaHo co aTopo~ noaoanH~ XV ~., n ~ m e C T ~ H a O ~ar ~so~dura.

C P E ~ H E H H ) K H E H E M E I ~ K I/IE 3 A H M C T B O B A H H ~ I 61

~t Cry. C6opnu~¢ Myxanoaa, MOCKBa, 1836, 5f.o 27, cTp. 39 (~loroBop M e ~ y Ylriaonneii ~ Ho~ropogOM, 1482 r.); C. B. S ~ p y m n a , ~aoouu~e ~uueu HoseopoOa Beau~oeo, M o c ~ , 1930, c~p. 14, 65 goc~omu~nnu~a (pog. nag.) (XVI B.). ~pyrae np~Mep~ a nx 3na~enne gamTc~ y H. H. C~3n~ncxoro. y~a3. co~., T. 2: 176. zz Bnep~b~e 3aca~eTe~T~o~aHo ~ 1 6 ~ r., cp. A. K. Ped la r , F e p ~ a u u ~ ~ ~e~cu~e nag~muuroa pyccro~ Oe3o~o~ nuc~eunocmu X V - X Vl l aa., ~eunHrpag, 1963, Kan~n~ar- c~aa ~uccepTa~aa ~FY, CTp. 292. ~ Kaprore~a ~ P C ~ p ~ s o ~ r np~Mep~ OT Koala XVI S. ~ HO KapTOTeKe ~ P C CaOnO nnepa~e ncTpe~aeTca a xon~e XVI B., cp. Hpuxobo-pacxo0- uate unueu co~u~c~oeo Ooma 1593-1600 ee.: ~y~en~e, ayOua. ~ APA, N~ 110 (aoro~op Me~ny HC~OBO~, Ho~roponos~ n PeaeneM, 1598 r.). KapTo- TeKa ~ P C ~a~T paaaa~ npaMep, cp. Hpux~o-pacxobuaa unuea aono~o~amc~oeo ~oua. cmatpa (1573-5 rr.). zs n uenoM pa~e nccneno~ann~ BOHp~, ~ e ~ 5H 3TO C~OBO Cp.-H~.-H. 3aHMcTBO~- n~eM B pyccxoM a3b~Ke ~n~ Hao6opoT, o ~ y ~ n a e r c a nonpo6no, no noKa 6e3 ycnexa, cp. • acMep, 21, 189; L. Wanstrat, Beitrh~e zur Charakteristik des russischen Wortschatzes, Leipzig, 1933, 89-97. ~7 Cnono 3aca~eTen~c rno~ao ~epe~xo a XIII -XVI ha.: K. 3. H a n ~ e p c ~ , Pycc~o- Huaoncuue a~m~, CH6., 1868 (aanee P~A), ~ 16 (1257-1263 rr.), 74 (1338 r.), 1 ~ (1407 r.), 369 (1521 r.); Fpaa~om~t aeauuoeo HoaeopoOa u Hc~oaa, no~ pe~. C. H. BanKa, ~ennarpa~ , 1949 (a~aee FBHH), Ne 78 (1474 r.); CSopuuu Myxa~aa , CTp. 39 (c~, a~me). za CM. ~ . H. ~e~opoB, Monem~ ~Tpu6a~mu~u X l l l - X V I I cmo~emu~ (OnpeOe~tumenb mouem), T ~ n a n , 1966, za T p a ~ 3 a ~ c ~ p o B a ~ o : HoazopoOc~aa nepaaa ~emonucb c t~p~eeo u ~ a O ~ e z o uzaoboa, MocKBa/~enanrpaz, 1950 ( ~ e e Ho~r. I), 6918, 6928, H c ~ o a c ~ 2. aemonucb (HCP~, T. 5, CH6., 1851), 6928. z0 C~. P~A, ~ 74 (1330r.). Tax~e c y m ~ a o ~ o nenpaann~no ~ p o a a a n o e y ~ o , zay~u~.

ax ~aKca~aa 3Toro caona neMaoro~c~eHa~: C 6 o p ~ Myxauoaa, crp. 39 (CM. ~ m e ) ; CPHO, T. 53, ~ 5 (1517-1518 rr.), ~ 8 (1518 r.); APA, ~ 20 (nepnaa nonoanna XVI a.). H. H. C ~ 3 H e a c x ~ , y~aa. cou., T. 3, CT. 1596 np~O~nT eme O~aH npnMep a3 H o ~ r o ~ a 1571 r. zz HoBr. 1, 6918; ~I. H. Toncro~, Pycc~an ~nempoacuaa uymuz~uamu~a, CH6., 1 8 ~ 1886, B~xn. 1, crp. 13-17 ~aeT npaMep a3 Ho~ropo~a 1494 r. aa CnoBo 3a~uKcnpoaaHo TOn~KO B ~oroBope M e ~ CMo~eHC~OM H Pnro~ 1229 r. (P~A, Anhang I). ~ TaM ~e, a P~A, ~ 38 (1298 r.). a~ O~o cnono o ~ e ~ ~acxo ~crpe~aeTc~ a XVI n., n a ~ a a c 1515 r., CM. APA, ~ 8. ~ H3 c p . - ~ . - m 3aaMcr~onan~ 3To cno~o nyume ~ e x 3 a c n ~ e T e n ~ r ~ n o , nanp. P~A, ?~ 25 (1263 r.), 50 (1299 r.), 153 (1405 r.), 265 (1478 r.), 396 (1521 r); FBHH, ~ ~ (OKOaO 1373), 7t ( 1 ~ t ) , 72 ( 1 ~ 8 r.), a7 Cnono BCT~UaeTcu n ~ e p B ~ pa3 B Hc~oac~ux ~emonucax noO pe~. ,4. H. Haconoaa~ a~in. 1, M o c ~ , 1941 ; 8026; 3a~M CM. APA, ~ 1 ~ (1574 r.), 101,102, 134 n T.~. a~ BnepB~e 3acn~eTen~cTnonano n P~A, (Anhang I) (1229 r . ) - nucxyn. ~OpMa 6uc~yn acTpe~aeTc~ n nepah~ pa3 ~ Ho~r. 1, 6876. ~ ~Tc~oacuue nemonucu..., 6969: or ap~tSuc~yna pa3xoro; C~puu~ Myxauosa, CTp. 39 (CM. n~me), APA, ~ 5 (oxono 1510 r.), 3a~M ~onon~no ~aCTO. ~o OTO CHOBO OqeH~ qaCTO BcTpe~aeTC~ B HoBropo~cKo~ n HCKOBCKOR neTonHc~x~ n P~A, FBHH n n apyrax naMarn~xax ceaepo-aana~no~ Pyca XIII-XVI an. a~ Mop~o~O 3a~xc~po~a~o T O ~ O no~ 6918 r. ~ Hoar. 1. ~ a ~ a c ~ a ~ 3 a c n ~ e ~ - CTnOnaao ~ FBHH, ~ ~ (1421 r.). ~z Ky,uen0epb ncTpe~aeTca Bnepa~e B Hoar. 1, 6876, 3areM ~ pa6oTe A. q y n ~ o a a , ' H e n 3 ~ a a ~ e p y c c ~ e axx~i X V - ~ I Ba. ~Bea~c~oro ropo~cxoro a p x a ~ ' , ~meuua o6~ecmaa ucmopuu u Opeenocme5 poccu~c~ux, xn. 2, IV, CTp. 1-10, M ~ , 1897, ~ 2 (ao 1417 r.); FBHH, N~ 60 (1421 r.), 72 1 ~ 8 r., CSopuu~ Myxanoaa, CTp. 39 (CM. a~me), P~A, ~ 369 (1521 r.). Coxpamenaaa ~opMa nMeeT c ~ e ~ y m ~ nepaym ~ x c a n ~ m :

62 G E O R G E T H O M A S

PYlA, 153 (1405 r.). YtuKys~)ep 3acaK~eTen~cTeoaatIo a CPHO, T. 53, ~ 18 (1519 r.), APA, ~ 20, (~pOSTHO XVI e.). ~a ~ . FBHH, ~ ~ (1421 r.). ~ B 3~oa OOpMe cnoeo 3aceH~eren~TBOeaHo 3 pa3a: APA, ~ 6 (1512 r.), CPHO, T. 53, ~ 3 (1517 r.), Ha~nmnu~u ~un~o~amu~ec~ux cuo~enu~ c Pu~c~o~ H~nepue~, 1, CH6., 1851, 142 ( 1 5 ~ r.). ~ P ~ e a ~ 3a~n~capoeano s ' ~ a r a ~ Kn~3~ ~ e x ~ n a p a Henc~oro' (H. K. F y ~ 3 ~ , Xpecmo~amun no Opeane~ pycc~o~ aumepamype X I - X V l l sa., M ~ , 1962, crp. 1 5 ~ 162); Liv-~th-Curldndisches Urkundenbuch, Bd. II, 332; P~A, ~ 153, 154 ( 1 ~ 5 r.). Pumop n o s ~ e r c s s Hcroecroa BTOpO~ aeTOnHCH, cp. C. Fap~nuep, yra~. con., crp. 188. ~e O6a c n o ~ 3aOHrcnpo~n~I ~ rex ~e n a ~ T n H r ~ : H. H. ~ep6a~ea, Pyccrue a rm~ roneueaeencroeo eocydapcmneunoeo apxusa, ~ c c r a s ncropa~ec~as 6H6aHorera, T. 16, 1894, ~ 20, 21 (1562 r.). ~7 CM, APA, ~ 30 (XVI a.); C. B. B a x p y m ~ , yra~. co~., 188 (1583 r.); CoSpauue eocyOapcmseuu~x epa~om u Ooeosopo~, xpaun~uxcn s eocyOapcmnenno~ roaaeeuu uuo- cmpaunbtX dea, q . 2, 58 (Hoaropo~, 1571 r.); HpuxoOo-pacxoOnan rnuea soaoroaa~croeo ~ouacm~pn (1573-5 rr.). ~ a nocaeRHnX npnMepa H a a a e q e ~ Ha KaprorerH ~PC. ~s Caoso ue ~ r ~ a e r c ~ a ~ p e s H e - p y ~ r ~ ~oryMeHrax. H ~ e ~roro CaoBa 3acaHRe- r e a ~ c r s o ~ a o OH~Ca~Hefl y B. A. ~apnua , Hapu~cru~ c~osapb Mocrosumon, P ~ a , 1948, 385 (1586 r.). ~ Ca. APA, ~ 17 (1525 r.), 36 ( n e p ~ noaoaHna XVI s,). a0 C~. F. ~ . M H ~ e p , Hcmopun Cu6upu, Mocrsa/~eHHurpaz, 1937~1, T. 1,394 (1~1 r.), T. 2, 232-3 (1616 r.); B. A. ~apHn, Pycc~o-aueau~cru~ caosapb Pu~apda ~ e ~ c a (1618-9 ee.), ~enHHrpaz, 1959, 43: 18. ~ Bnepa~e a c r ~ a e r c s s Ho~r. 1, 6712 H s H n a r ~ r o g ~ e r o n a c a noa 6 6 ~ r. F a p ~ e p , yraa. co~., CTp. 82 npH~O~nT npHMep~ OT t o n g a XVI ~., OTHOCS~HeCg r B ~ r ~ c ~ o u y Mop~ . e~ ~ o 1651 r. arO caoso 3aOnrcnpo~HO rOZ~rO O~Hn pa3: ~ a H e (CM. a~me), 106. ~ Kyca ~ r ~ a e r c s aneps~ie ~ C6opnure Myxauosa, crp. 39 (CM. a~xme), a Hoar. 1 H s HCrOSCrUX aemonucnx..., 3are~ o~en~ ~aCTO, cp. APA, ~ 28 (OrOnO 1514 r.), 9, 35, 71 (XVI ~.), P~A, ~ 369 (1521 r.). ~ ~ o Hexpa aro cnoao 3 a c a H ~ e r e a ~ r s o ~ n o 3 pa3a: APA, ~ 21 (1527 r.), OenHe (CM. ~ m e ) , crp. 107, CPHO, T. 139, CTp. 59 (1559 r.). H ~ e ~ n n ~ npa~ep n 3 ~ e ~ a Ha KapTorera ~PC. ~ Ho KaproTe~e ~ P C 6om ~ r ~ a e r c ~ a n e p ~ e ~ 1 5 ~ r., cp. " C r a r e g ~ cnncor pOCC~CrHX n ~ o B Kufl3~ AHTOHa POMORaHO~KOFO, Hsana BncroaaTa H Herpa COBHHa C t o , p r i m e , 6s~raocrn HX s ~aHHn s 7072 r . " (Mas~, 1841), crp. 51. ~e CM. CPHO, T. 38, ~ 6, CTp. 225 (1588 r.). ~7 ~ r o cnoao ~ r p e a a e r c s ~OSOn~HO ~acro SO vropog nOnOSHHe XVI ~.: APA, ~ 77 ( 1 5 ~ r.), 78 (1566 r.), 81 (1567 r.), 84, 87, 93; cp. Tar~e C. FapaHnep, yra~. co~., erp. 241. ~s Cm~p~an 3aOnrcnposaHo r o z ~ o s APA, ~ 78 (1566 r.). ~a Oac~ep, 2: 525; ~ . H. OHnHH, ~ercu~a pyccroeo aumepamypuoeo n ~ r a Opesnerues- cro~ anoxu (no ~amepuaaa~ aemonuce~), ~ n ~ i e 3anHCrH neunHrpa~croro r ~ y ~ a p - craeHnoro ne~arorH~ec~oro HHCrHryra H~. A. H. Fepuena, T. 80, K a ~ p a p y ~ o r o ~3Hra, cTp. 267. eo TaM ~e; B. ~ . ~oropoReKHg, 'TepMHH ~a~ma H e r o C n H O n ~ ' , Y¢~n~e ~anucru aeuunepaJcroeo eocyOapcmnenuoeo neOaeoeu~ecroeo uncmumyma u~. A. H. Fepqena, T. 1 ~ , 201. e~ CPHO, ~ 95, ~ 2, crp. 25 (1508-9 rr.). Kaprore~a ~a~r ~ o r o n p ~ e p o ~ H 3 ~ e ~ H - HHX H3 HaMgTHHKOB X V I B. ez B ~ O n e T p o ~ y ~ 3noxy aTO C~OBO 3aCBH~eTe~TaOaaHO TO~brO a HC~O~KO~ Hepao~ h e r o , c a no~ 6943 r. ea Boaee noapo6Ho o6 atOM ~ O ~ , eM. S. Gardiner, 'Russ i~h ~e~MO, ~ e ~ n o r , rne~- HO~U', Zeitsehrift f~r slavische Philologie 28, (1959), 15~8.