အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၇) အမွတ္ (၂)

1

11111 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

jrefrmouU&mZf 1377 / wefcl;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf?

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3


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ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ap&rnf tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;

6


aEGOD;

aEGOD;opfawmxJO=o O=o vnfacsmif;uGJawmrD; avmif vsufyJ?

ae0if;jrifh(World Poetry Day 11:54 Pm)

7


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oif;ysŒH arG;xkHaewJharG;&yf ajrudk

jzpfapcsifvSygbd?

&J+idrf;30 / 3 /2015

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(acgif;pOfrJh)

rif;ukdEkdif( 21/22-Jan-2015 )

9


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10

1 01 01 01 01 0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(7)trSwf(2)

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11


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armifndKat;(yef;awm)

12


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13


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jyifpnfatmif (c&mawm)Eternal Light Magazine March 2015 " Change "

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ponf ponf'DEdkifiH TEdkifiHudk

a&$EdkifiHvdk@ ac:oifh/ rac:oifhoif Om%fjzifhcsifhavmh.... ?

tvuFm}u,f30 / 10 / 2014

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17


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zDqefum atmifjrifonfxd jynfolawGtrSef&kH;uefumquf}udK;pm;pdk@ '[email protected];om; jrefrmjynf? ?

(urBm@uAsmae@rSm t&SufeJ@cHpm;a&;wJ@ uAsmr[kwfwJ@usKyf ESvHk;aoG;pufawGyg udk,fhvl&m )

xGef;+idrf;(abmufaxmfom;)22 / 03 / 2015

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tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

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tifwmeufrS umwGef;rsm;

20


jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;r_wGif a&SŒwef;rS yg0ifcJhol ocif A[def;udk 1917 ckESpf/ZGef 27 &uf/ Ak'<[l;ae@wGif tif;0+rdKŒ/ udkif;wef;&yfY tzyGJpm;}uD; OD;rSif/ trda':OD;wdk@rSarG;zGm;cJhonf? rlvwef;udk tif;0wGif oif=um;cJh+yD; tv,fwef;/ txufwef;udk rEœav;wGifoif=um;cJhonf? 1935 ckESpfwGif wuUodkvf0ifwef;udk jrefrm/ t*Fvdyf/ &mZ0if oHk;bmom*k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJh+yD;/ 1935-37 wGif rEœav; OypmaumvdyfY ynmqufoifcJhonf?1936-37 wGif tdkifat txufwef;udk ygVd*k%fxl;jzifh atmifum/ 1937-38 wGif&efukefwuUodkvfodk@ ajymif;a&$Œ ynmoifcJhonf? 1938-39 ckESpf bDat txufwef;wufaepOf a&eHajroydwf ay:aygufvmojzifh EdkifiHa&;avmuodk@ tcsdefjynfh ul;ajymif;a&muf&SdcJhonf?

¶kyf&nftm;jzifh Eke,fodrfarGŒum/ pmay/ *Dw/ tEkynm ESpfoufvkdufpm;aomfvnf; ,Hk=unfcsuf cdkifrmjyif;xef+yD; trsm;u cspfcifav;pm;cH&ol jzpfonf?txufwef;ausmif;om; b0uyif rsdK;cspfpdwfxufoefol jzpfonf? rEœav;wGifygawmfrlae@ txdrf;trSwf qDrD;xGef;nSd v_@HaqmfcJhonf? 1935-36 ckESpf/ rEœav;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;or*~ acgif;aqmiftjzpf 1936 ausmif;om; oydwfudkOD;aqmifcJhonf? 1937 ar 9 &ufESifh 10 &uf wGif 'kwd,t}udrf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m

pdk;jrifh

ocifA[def; (1917-1946)

21


ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (Auo) nDvmcHudk rEœav;A[dk trsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;YOD;pD;usif;ycJh&m xdknDvmcHrSpI ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkA[def;. acgif;aqmifr_pGrf;&nfxif&Sm;vmcJhonf?

1937-38 wGif &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ (wuo)ESifh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~(Auo). tvkyftr_aqmif jzpfvmonf? AuorSxkwfa0onfh rsKd;!Gef@ r*~Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf? 1938-39 wGif wuotaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufaepOf wuoESifh AuoESpfckvHk;. OuUÏjzpfoludkatmifqef;rSm wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;odk@ a&mufoGm;ojzifh 'kOuUÏ udkvSa&$ udk,fpm;OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1938/ Edk0ifbm 30wGif a&eHajr tvkyform;oydwfwyf}uD;&efukefodk@ csDwufvm&m/ rauG;rS qufvufcsDwuf&ef tcuftcJrsm; }uHKawGŒae&ojzifhwdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; XmecsKyfESif h ausmif;om; or*~acgif;aqmifrsm; tpDtpOft&or*~OuUÏ udkA[def;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; ukdAaqGwdk@ rauG;odk@ oGm;a&mufonf?

1938/ 'DZifbm 12 &ufwGif rauG;+rdKŒ rJxD;ausmif;wdkufwGif jyKvkyfaom a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; w&m;yGJwGif ocifpdk;/ ocifxdef0if; wdk@ESifhtwl wufa&muf w&m;a[monf? xdkw&m;yGJwGif ausmif;om;or*~OuUÏ udkA[def; }uHK;0g;cJhaom "jrif;cGmwpfcsufayguf&if rD;[kef;[kef; awmuf&r,f"[laom pum;rSm EdkifiHtESH@ vGifhysHoGm;I e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyftpdk;&udk ausmcsrf;apum tvkyform; ausmif;om; jynfoltm;vHk;udk tm;wufapcJhonf? xdkw&m;yGJt+yD;wGif ocifpdk;/ ocifxdef0if;/ udkAaqGwdk@ESifhtwl tzrf;cH&+yD;axmif'%f 3 vtcscH&um tif;pdefaxmifodk@ csufcsif; tydk@cH&onf?

ausmif;om; or*~ OuUÏESifh twGif;a&;rSL;wdk@ zrf;qD;cH&r_a=umifh 'kOuUÏudkvSa&$ESifh or*~ acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifr_jzifh 1938 ausmif;om;oydwf}uD; ay:aygufvmcJh&onf? 'DZifbm 15 &uf wGif yk'fr 144 udkqef@usifI or*~OD;aqmifr_jzifh ausmif;om;rsm; &efukef+rdKŒtwGif; vSnfhvnf qENjyum csKyfcs,fonfh Oya'rsm; y,fzsufa&;/ OuUÏudkA[def;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; udkAaqGwkd@udk tjrefv$wfay;a&; awmif;qdk=uonf? r&ojzifh'DZifbm 20 &ufwGif twGif;0ef¶Hk;udk 0dkif;I qENjy&m/ udkvdkeDykvdyfwdk@ vufcsufjzifhor*~acgif;aqmif *syfqifaumvdyf ausmif;om; udkatmifausmf usqHk;cJh& onf? 'DZifbm27 &ufwGif udkatmifausmf psmyetcrf;tem; usif;y&m OuUÏ udkA[def;u tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;rSaeI udk atmifausmfudk csD;usL;*k%fjyKv$m a&;ydk@cJhonf?

tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; tusOf;usaepOf "e&Sifavmu 1939/ ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk 1939 ESifh urBmppf ESifh Armhaemifa&; 1939 pmtkyf 3 tkyfa&;om;cJhumocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm). urBmhEd kifiHa&; ajryHk 1939 udk wnf;jzwfay;cJhonf?EdkifiHa&;pmayomru &opmay/ 0wˆKaqmif;yg;rsm;udk '*kefr*~Zif;/ e*g;eD*sme,fESifh

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vufa&G;pifr*~Zif;wdk@wGif a&;om;cJhonf? pma&; aumif;ol tEkynmtm;aumif; oltjzpfowfrSwfcH&oljzpfum '*kefwm&m. ar 1940 0wKyg/ udkA[def;. trSmonf jrefrmpmayavmuwGif xif&Sm;onf?

tif;pdefaxmifrS vGwf+yD; aemufwGif bDatpmar;yGJ qufrajzawmhbJ/EdkifiHa&;avmuodk@ tcsdefjynfh 0ifa&mufcJhonf? 1939 =o*kwf 15 wGif ajreDukef;/ ajrEkvrf;/trSwf 14 &Sd udkA[def; tdrfwGif ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvSaz/ ocifpdk;/ &Jabmfewf (*)wdk@ESifhtwl ajratmufuGefjrLepf ygwDudk vSsKdŒ0SufzGJŒpnf;cJhonf? 1939 atmufwdkbm 1wGif ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f; zGJŒpnf;Edkifa&; twGuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tjzpf yg0ifcJhonf?1940-41 wGif jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm bmomjyef t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufIwpfzufwGif EdkifiHa&;vkyfcJhonf? 1940 wGif q&mtwwfoif ausmif;ol rcif}uD;ESifhvufxyf+yD; ESpfOD;pvHk; 'dk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;odk@ 0ifa&mufonf?

1940 rwf 12 wGif tdENd, uGef*&ufygwD. zdwf=um;csuft& ocifatmifqef;/ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifwifarmif (yef;waemf)/ ociftkef;jrifh/ ocifcifatmif/ ociftkef;az(0g;c,fr)wdk@ESifhtwl tdENd,EdkifiH &rf;*g;nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufcJhonf?

1941 rwf 10 &ufwGif yJcl;+rdKŒ Y usif;yaom yOPrajrmuf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m'dk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; 'kwd,tpnf;ta0;rS A[dkajratmufawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒ (Underground

Unit). 0g'jyef@yGm;a&; wm0efcHtjzpf wm0efay;cH& onf? xdkwm0eft& ta&;awmf yHk/ArmhawmfvSefr_/ rD;yGm;pmapmif rsm;udk uGefjrLepfygwDtrnfjzifh vSsdKŒ0Sufjzef@a0cJhonf?vSsdKŒ0Sufwm0ef xrf;aqmifaepOf 1941 atmufwdkbmvwGif +AdwdoSstpdk;&. zrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&onf?

1941-42 wGif armfv+rdKif/ om,m0wD/ rEœav;axmifrsm;wGif tusOf;cscHcJh&onf? rEœav; axmifwGif ocifpdk;/ ocifausmfpdef/ ocifjroGif/ ocifEkwdk@ESifh twlzufqpfqef@usifa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqG;aEG;+yD; ocifEkESifhtwl jynfwGif;rS zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1942-45 wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; ocifEk.'kwd, twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufI ocifoef;xGef;ESifhtwl zufqpf qef@usifa&;vkyfief;wm0efrsm; ,lcJhonf? 1944 pufwifbmwGif ocif A[def;wkd@ ZeD;armifESHonfudkxGef;vd_if roef;jrifh[laom trnfjzifh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf jzL;+rdKŒe,fodk@ xGufcJh+yD;jzL;+rdKŒe,fudk tajcpdkufI zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;¶Hk;a&;/ u&if-Armcspf=unfa&;/ppfa&;/ oabmw&m;a&; oifwef;rsm; yd k @cscJ honf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGifawmifilc¶dkifajymufusm; ppfwm0efcHtjzpf yg0ifcJhonf?

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;+yD; aemufwGif uGefjrLepfygwDA[dk aumfrwD0if tvkyform;or*~ OuUÏ/ zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒcsKyf(zwyv) A[dkOD;pD;

23


tzGJŒ0iftjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf? xkdodk@ wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf iSufzsm;a&m*gESifhqif;& Jyifyef;r _'%frsm;a=umif h usef;rma&;csK d ŒwJ hvmaomfvnf; tem;r,lbJ/uGefjrLepfygwDESifh jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD yll;aygif;a&;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf;ruGJa&;wdk@twGuf rem;rae aqmif&GufcJhonf?

1946/ azazmf0g&D 22 rS rwf 7 &uf txd usif;yaom uGefjrLepfygwD tpnf;ta0;Y obmywdtjzpf jzifh ygwDwGif; *kd%f;cGJr_usL;vGef onfh ocifpdk;. wynfh&if; 7OD;udk ygwDrS xkwfy,fcJhonf? 1946 rwf 10 &ufwGif ocifpdk; OD;aqmifaom uGefjrLepfygwDArmjynf(tvHeDygwD)onf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrS cGJxGufcJhonf? ocifA[def;rSmocifoef;xGef;/ ocif odef;azwdk@ESifhtwl Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD0if tjzpfusef&pfonf?

ygwDuGJ+yD;aemuf ocifA[def;. usef;rma&;rSm wjznf;jznf; qkd;0g;vmojzifh ygwDrScGifhawmif;I rEœav;&Sd rdb&yfxHjyef+yD; rEœav;aq;¶Hk}uD;wGif wufa&mufukoaepOf 1946Edk0ifbm 2 &ufY zqyv tzGJŒcsKyfu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk xkwfy,fvdkufonfh owif;=um;odcJh&m tvGeftrif; pdwfxdcdkuf oGm;cJhonf? 1946 Edk0ifbm 20 &uf Ak'<[l;ae@wGifrEœav; aq;¶Hk}uD;Y uG,fvGefcJhygonf?

Tum; touf 30 t&G,fwGif uHukefcJh&onfh ocif A[def; . wkdawmif;aomb0rS tvsifrjywf &Snfvsm;aom EdkifiHa&; ¶kyfyHkv$mjzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh qdk&vSsifolacwfu ol@tay: awmif;qdkr_udk tjynfht0 wkH@jyef ay;qyfcJhaom vli,fwpfOD;.jzpfwnfr_yif? ol@aemuf rsKd;qufopf vli,frsm;u ol@udk "udkA[def;" [kyif odrSwfac:a0:=u.? ,ae@acwf ausmif;om; vli,frsm;txd ol@udk olwdk@ESifh acwf+ydKifvli,fwpfOD;uJhodk@ &if;ESD;u|rf;0if ae=uqJ? Tonfyif ol@b0wefzdk; jzpfonf? xm0&EkysdK&Sifoefaeaom ordkif;wpfckvnf; jzpfygonf?

,ckuJhokd@ 2012 ckESpf ZGef 27 &ufwGif usa&mufcJhonfh "ocif A[def;". 95ckESpfajrmuf arG;ae@Y jrefrmhorkdif;wGif urnf;a&;xdk;&ol wpfOD;tjzpf jrefrm tif'DyJef'ifhu*k%fjyKazmfjyvdkufygonf?&nfn$ef;- jreffrmvlausmf 100

pdk;jrifh(Indenpendent News)

24


(u) 1930 ckESpfESihf 4if;ESpfrwdkifrD ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae1930 rwdkifrD tajctaewGif ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf aumvdyfausmif;om;

v_yf¶Sm;r_wGif yg0ifcJh=uaomfvnf; wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;. tajctaeudk aumif;pGmowdxm;ae&onf? ausmif;om;topf (z&uf¶Sm) rsm;udk ygarmuQESihf q&mrsm;.enf;y&d,m,fudk aumif;pGmem;rvnf/ wuUodkvftajctaeudkvnf; oabmraygufaoma=umihf q&mrsm;ESih f XmerSL;rsm; csay;aomyHkpHxJodk@ a&muf¶Sd=uonfu rsm;.?ygarmu<tcsdKŒESihf q&mrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk pmoifcef;ESihf rnfodk@ qGJaqmif&rnfudkaumif;pGmem;vnf=uonf? ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSmvnf; q&mrsm;udk twkcd k;Iq&mrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;=u+yD; ausmif;om;b0udk ydkrdkwyfrufvm=uonf? q&[email protected];jcm;aom pdwfaepdwfxm;/ t,ltq/ pOf;pm;yHkpOf;pm;enf;rsm;udk tzGJŒrsm; tpkrsm;zGJŒ Iavhvm=uonf? odk@aomfausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;Y Ak'<bmomESihfArmh,Ofaus;r_ xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm; xdawGŒvmaoma=umihf wuUodkvfa&mufaomtcgtrsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifvmonfjzpfap/ rpf¶Sif[dkufpul;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifvmonf jzpfap/ Ak'<bmomtoif;rsm; zG JŒpnf;I Ak'<bmomESih f vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf? 4if;wdk@onf yHkrSeftm;jzihf a¶$wd*Hkbk&m;odk@ oGm;a&mufI wHjrufvSnf;jcif;/0wfjyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfayonf? ausmif;om;tm;vHk;u xdkvkyfief;udk wuf=uGpGm yg0ifcJhjcif;r[kwfay? ausmif;om;tenf;pkrSm ,Ofaus;r_rJh cJh=uonf? 4if;tenf;pkrSm Oa&myEdkifiH

&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ (wuo)

atmifxGef;

25


rsm;wGif ausmif;aecJholrsm;ESihf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;/ 4if;wdk@. rdbrsm;rSm AsL¶dku&uf+rdKŒ jyt&m¶Sdrsm;/ w¶kwfESihf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; jzpfaoma=umihf jzpfonf? trSefawmhxdkvlenf;pkrSm 4if;wdk@onf Oa&mywdkufom;vnf; r[kwf/ Armvnf;r[kwf/ 4if;vlenf;pkrSm4if;wdk@ txJwGifom 4if;wdk@auseyfae=uonf?

(c) wuo zGJŒpnf;jzpf&eftajctae1930 ckESpf tpydkif;wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om; trsm;pkrSm aysmfyG J¶$ifyG J

tm;upm;+ydKifyGJrsm;ESihfom wuUodkvfausmif;om; b0jynhfpHkaeonf[k ,lqae=uonf?bGJŒ'D*&D&+yD;vSsif tpdk;&tvkyf 0ifvkyf&efom pdwf0ifpm;=uonf? odk@aomf trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwfrsm;onf wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; twGif;odk@ wdkif;jynfrS enf;rsdK;pHkjzihf0ifa&mufvm=uonf? 4if;wdk@xJrS trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"mwfxufoefaom udkEk/ udkApdef/udkav;armifwdk@onf wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; pwif wnfaxmifcJh&mY ocifbaomif;(udkbaomif;) ESihftwl vnf;aumif;/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,frsm;tzGJŒcsKyf zGJŒpnf;&mYvnf;aumif; qufoG,fyg0ifcJh=u+yD; 4if;wdk@rSm trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;twGufwuUodkvfrS EdkifiHa&; jyifqifr_taejzihf tzGJŒtpnf;wck zGJŒpnf;vdk=uonf?

(*) &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~taqmuftODjzpfay:vmyHk

1926 ckESpftxd &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ausmif;om;or*~tzGJŒ r¶Sdao;acs?xdktcsdefu wuUodkvft"dywd qm[mukwfbwfwvm (Sir Harcourt Butler G.C.I.E.

I.C.S)) . arwœm&yfcHcsuft& qefukefonfESihf qefpufydkif¶Sif OD;ndKonf wuUodkvfausmif;om; or*~ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aiGusyf wodef;ckESpfaomif; (170000) udk 1926wGif vSL'gef;cJhonf?

1929 ckESpfwGif or*~taqmuftODudk pwifaqmifvkyfcJh&m 1930 ckESpfaEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uf rprD (3) vcef@tvdkwGif aqmufvkyf+yD;pD;oGm;onf? 4if;taqmuftOD}uD;onf aemifwcsdefwGif e,fcsJŒtpdk;& qef@usifa&;XmecsKyfjzpfcJhvSsif e,fcsJŒuaqmufcGihfay;rnfr[kwf? OD;ndKvnf; a'gufwmbGJŒ r&awmhay? or*~taqmuftODaqmufvkyf +yD;pD;aomtcg ausmif;tkyf }uD; rpPwmpavmh (D.J Sloss) onf,leDAmpDwDuGsrf;bm; tm;upm;¶Hkab;em;¶Sd jrufcif;jyifY vufbuf&nfyGJjzihf{nhfcH+yD;OD;ndKtm; *k%fxl;aqmifa'gufwmbGJŒ tyfESif;onhf tcrf;tem;[kajymvdkufonf? OD;ndKrSmaiGt¶Sdeft0gjzihf a'gufwmbGJŒ &oGm;onf? a'gufwmOD;ndK (K.S.M, L.L.D) jzpfoGm;avonf?

rSwfcsuf- or*~taqmuftODudk a'gufwmOD;ndK (K.S.M, L.L.D) u vSL'gef;+yD;1927 ck/ 'DZifbm (5) &ufae@wGif wuUodkvft"dywd Armjynfbk&ifcH qm[mukwfbwfwvm (G.C.I.E, K.C.S,I.C.S) u tkwfjrpfcsonf?

26


(C) &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ (wuo) pwifjzpfay:vmjcif;wuUodkvft"dywd a'gufwma*spavmhrSm +AdwdoSs=oZm v$rf;rdk;cH&qHk; olwOD;jzpf

onf? 4if;.oabmxm;rSm wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; pmoifI bGJŒ ('D*&D) &+yD;aomtcg+AdwdoSstpdk;&. Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/ tdEdN,tpdk;&. Xmetvkyfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ +AdwdoSstifyg,m. &JwyfzGJŒwGif vnf;aumif;/ tdEdN,tpdk;&. opfawmESihfynma&;XmewGif vnf;aumif; paom tvkyfrsm;Yom 0ifvkyf&ef vdkvm;onf? odk@aomfxdkae&mrsm;Y ArmtrsdK;om;rsm; twGuf ae&mtenf;i,fom &¶Sd+yD; tvkyfvkyf&efpdwfxufoefaom vli,frsm; +ydKifqdkifae=u&onf? xdktajctaea=umihf ArmtrsdK;om;rsm;rSm aus;¶Gmrsm;Y q&mtvkyfom&¶Sdonf?

xdkodk@tajctaersm;Y trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf jyif;xefaom udkEk/ udkApdef/udkav;armifwdk@. v_yf¶Sm;r_a=umihf vnf;aumif;/ or*~tzGJŒ jzpfay:ap&ef or*~taqmuftOD+yD;onhfaemuf 1930 pufwifbmvqef;wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;}uD;rsm; tcsif;csif;aqG;aEG;+yD; ausmif;aqmifrsm;Y ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;/ae@ausmif;om;rsm; +rdKŒxJwGif tpnf;ta0;usif;yum 4if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;. wnDw!Gwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcsuft& 1930 pufwifbmv/ (12) &uf/ aom=umae@Y udkausmfcif(0dZ…modyH)/ udkwihfaqG (0dZ…m)/ udkb*srf; (*syfqif) wdk@onf wuUodkvft"dywdudk,fpm;w&m;ol}uD; OD;btm; oGm;a&mufawGŒqHkI or*~zGJŒpnf;&ef/ zGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;twGuf aumfrwDzGJŒcGihf&&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf?

xdk@aemuf AmpDwDESihf ,k'oefausmif;om;rsm;pkaygif;+yD; 1930 pufwifbmv(20) &uf/ paeae@wGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk wuUodkvf tm;upm;¶Hkopf}uD;wGif usif;ycJhonf? 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS &efukef wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwD zGJŒpnf;cJhonf? udkausmfcif (0dZ…modyH) u obmywdtjzpfaqmif¶Gufonf?

xdk@aemuf 1930 pufwifbmv (20) &uf/ paeae@wGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft&

(1) ausmif;om;xkqENjzihf tr_aqmifaumfrwD a¶G;aumufwifajrSmuf&ef(2) wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~. zGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'a&;qGJ&ef(3) tr_aqmifaumfrwD a¶G;aumufwifajrSmuf&efwdk@ jzpfonf?

pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtzGJ@rSm(1) udkausmfcif OuUÏ(2) udkb*srf; twGif;a&;rSL;(3) udkausmfodef;

27


(4) udkwihfaqG(5) udkxGef;wif(6) udkbodef;(7) udk&m¶Spf(8) udkarmiftkef;(9) rpPwm yumqif(10) udkpHazmfatmif(11) udkbaz(12) udkarmif!Gef@ wdk@yg0ifavonf?4if;tzGJŒonf Edk0ifbmv (24) &ufae@wGif pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJ+yD;I tpD&ifcHpmudk

ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;odk@ rwifjyrD wuUodkvfaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xHrSrSwfcsufESihf a0zefcsufrsm; awmif;cHcJhonf?

1930 'DZifbm (17) &ufwGif qmb*srif tdyfcsf [Dvf (Sir Benjamin H².Heald

Kt,M.A, I.C.S) u aumfrwDudk,fpm;vS,fESihf ausmif;tkyf}uD;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;w&yfjyKvkyfI ajymif;vJ&ef wifjyavonf? wuUodkvf tm%mydkifrsm;onf or*~pnf;rsOf;udkatmufpzdk@pf or*~twdkif; jzpfvdkonf? 1931 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (9) &ufwGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;Y udkodef;armif (*syfqif) u obmywdtjzpf aqmif¶GufI rl=urf;udkoabmwlnDcJhonf?

4if;tzGJŒtpnf;u (9) OD;ygaom tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒudk a¶G;cs,fwifajrmufcJhonf? 4if;wdk@rSm

(1) udkausmfcif(2) udk&m¶Spf(3) udkxGef;wif(4) udkbaz(5) rpPwm yumqif(6) udkausmf'if(7) udkodef;armif(8) udkpHazmfatmif(9) udkApdef wdk@jzpfonf?4if;tr_aqmifaumfrwDonf or*~taqmuftODESihf yufoufaomudpP&yfrsm;/

or*~udk,fpm;aqmif¶GufcGihf/ pnf;rsOf;Oya' rlacsma&;qGJa&;ESihf wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;ESihfaphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef tcGihftm%m¶Sdvmonf?

28


or*~ESihfwuUodkvftm%mydkif=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJaom t"dutcsufrSmwuUodkvfausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;ESihf bGJŒ&ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*~tzGJŒ0iftjzpf vufcH&efudpPjzpfonf? wuUodkvftm%mydkif wuUodkkvfaumifpDrS wifjyaom 4if;tcsufrSmor*~pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESihf qef@usifa=umif; or*~u wifjyaomfvnf; wuUodkvf tm%mydkifrsm;u oabmrwlay? odk@aomf t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm aqG;aEG;I 0wfvHkawmf& OD;pdk;!Gef@(M.A, M.L.C) ESihf wuUodkvfaumifpD tr_aqmifvl}uD;tcsdKŒ tultnDay;I 'k-t"dywduvufcH+yD; zGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; tacsmudpPrSm ajyvnfoGm;avonf?

1931 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (27) &ufwGif usif;yaom or*~tvkyftr_aqmifESihfwuUodkvftm%mydkifwdk@ oabmwlnDcsuf jyifqifcsufrsm;udk vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf?azazmf0g&Dv (28) &uf/ eHeuf (11) em&DwGif pnf;rsOf;tm; twnfjyKvdkufaomtcgzGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'onf twnfjzpfvmonf? wuo taqmuftODudk q&m}uD;ygarmuQ OD;azarmifwifu &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ OuUÏ udkausmfcifxHv$Jtyfay;vdkufonf?

(i) pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJŒ. oabmxm;pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJŒ. ajym=um;csufrSm -"ausmif;om;rsm;tay: vHk;0}udK;udkifydkifcGifŒonf pnf;rsOf;Oya'. aomŒcsufyif

jzpfa=umif;/ tem*wf ArmEdkifiHom;wdkh. udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonfESifŒtnD wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftusdK; xrf;¶Gufap&ef/ vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"mwf oGif;ay;&efESihfwm0efodpdwf"mwfrsm; zefwD;ay;&ef }udK;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfa=umif;?

wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm; pDpOfay;jcif;/ rdwfqufawG@qHkyGJrsm; pDpOfay;jcif;/ pm;aomufqdkifrsm; xm;¶Sdjcif;/ upm;ckefpm; pnf;¶Hk;jcif;rsm;vkyfaqmifI pnf;¶Hk;jcif;/ ydkIta&;}uD;aom trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"mwfoGif;ay;jcif;ESifŒvl@avmu0ifa&mufaomtcg udk,fa&;udk,fwmqdkif&m b0wavSsmufvHk;twGufjynfŒpHkap&efjzpfonf?

or*~wckonf vGwfvyfpGm awG;awm=uHqjcif;ESifŒ vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdka&;om;a&;twGuf &yfwnfae+yD; ausmif;om;vli,fwdkhonf EdkifiH.tem*wfudkydkifqdkifaeonfomru 4if;wdkh. pdwf"mwfonf trsdK;om;a&;ESifŒ rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwftajccHyifjzpfonf" [k yg&Sdonf?

&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ (,m,D) OuUÏOD;ausmfcif B.Sc, B.L (1930-31)&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (,m,D) yxrqHk; OuUÏjzpfonf?&cdkiftrsdK;om; wOD;jzpfI oHwGJ+rdKŒwGif zGm;jrifcJh.? oHwGJ+rdKŒ tpdk;&txufwef;

29


ausmif;wGif owœrwef;txd ynmavhvm qnf;yl;cJhonf?&efukef+rdKŒ A[dktpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;odk ajymif;a¶$Œynmqnf;yl;+yD;/ 1925

ckESpfwGif (10) wef; pmar;yGJudk atmifjrifcJh onf?&efukefwuUodkvfwGif qufvuf ynmoif=um;cJhonf?1929 ckESpfwGif olaX;OD;ndKu or*~taqmuftOD aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;&m/ 1930

ckESpfwGif +yD;pD;cJh.?or*~taqmuftOD ¶Sdaomfvnf; or*~tzGJŒtpnf; r¶Sdjzpfaeojzihf OD;ausmfcif

onf or*~ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;r_wGif acgif;aqmifcJhol wOD;jzpfonf?or*~tzGJŒtpnf; ray:aygufap&ef acsmh/ ajrSmuf/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;udk cHcJh&.?wuUodkvfausmif;om; ynmwwf rsm;. "rufvHk;" jzpfaom tdEdN, yÉdnmOfcH

0efxrf; tdkifpDtufpf &mxl;jzihf acsmhjrLjzm;a,mif;jcif; cHcJh&.?OD;ausmfcifum; r,drf;,dkif/ or*~jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf acgif;rmpGm }udK;yrf;cJhol

om jzpfonf? or*~jzpfajrmufap&ef &efukefwuUodkvf¶Sd ausmif;om;}uD;rsm;onf yxrqHk;aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcJh.? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif OD;ausmfcifonf obmywdjzpf.?

or*~pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDzGJŒpnf;&ef wuUodkvfudk,fpm; t"dywdESihfaqG;aEG;yGJwGif udk,fpm;vS,foHk;?;teuf yg0ifolwOD;vnf; jzpfayonf?

or*~pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDzGJŒpnf;aomtcg OD;ausmfcifonf obmywdtjzpf wm0ef,l vkyfaqmifcJh.?

or*~pnf;rsOf; a&;qGJ+yD;aemuf wuUodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ESihf awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;yGJwGifudk,fpm;vS,f tjzpfjzihf yg0ifcJhonf?

or*~pnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyKaom 1931 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeŒwGif usif;yonhf ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS/ wuotr_aqmif (9) OD; a¶G;cs,faomtcg OD;ausmfcifonf wuo OuUÏjzpfvm cJhayonf?

1931 ckESpfwGif Oya'oifwef;rsm;udk atmifjrifcJhonf?rdrdZmwd+rdKŒ jzpfaom oHwGJ+rdKŒwGif a¶SŒaetjzpf vkyfaqmif&if;/ jrLeDpDy,ftzGJŒ0if/

jrLeDpDy,fOuUÏtjzpf +rdKŒ jya&;&mrsm;udk aqmif¶GufcJhonf?ppf+yD;acwf 1951 ckwGif jynfolŒv$wfawmftrwftjzpf &efatmifrJqENe,frS

a¶G;aumuf wifajrSmufjcif; cH&+yD;/ qGpfZmvefjynf bef;+rdKŒ Y usif;yaom urBmhv$wfawmfrsm;nDvmcHodk@ jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk acgif;aqmifum wufa&mufcJhzl;avonf?

OD;ausmfcifonf ,ck &efukef+rdKŒwGif v$wfawmfa¶SŒaetjzpf vkyfaqmifvsuf¶Sdayonf?

30


yxrqHk; wuoOuUÏ OD;xGef;pdef B.Sc, B.L (1931-32)&efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. yxrOD;qHk; a¶G;aumufwifajrSmuf

cH&aom OuUÏjzpfonf? &cdkifjynf oHwGJ+rdKŒ Zmwd jzpfonf? 1924 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodkvfwGif pwifynmqnf;yl;I 1928 ckwGif 0dZ…modyH bGJŒxl;udk qGwfcl;cJhavonf?1931-32 ckESpfwGif Oya'ynmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;aepOf wuoOuUÏtjzpfa¶G;aumufwifajrSmufjcif; cHcJh&oljzpfonf?

t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒorm; bkef;rD;aevawmufyonhf umvjzpfI tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif/ a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwf. bkef;awmfbGJŒrsm;udk oDqdkum tpnf;ta0; zGihfvSpfcJh=u&.?OD;xGef;pdef wuoOuUÏ jzpfvmaomtcg/ a*smhbk&if bkef;awmfbGJŒtpm; wdk@ArmtrsdK;om;oDcsif;jzihf zGihfvSpfcJhavonf?

wuUodkvf bGJŒESif;obifcef;ronf jrefrmrqef/ w¶kwfbk&m;ausmif;ESihf wlaeIjrefrmtrsdK;om; o¶kyfay:ap&ef jcaoFh¶kyfrsm; xm;&ef awmif;qdkcJh.? wuUodkvftaqmuftODrsm;wGif t*Fvefjynfvkyf oHwHcg;rsm;udk oHk;rnhf tpm;/ jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;wHcg;rsm;udk toHk;jyK&efvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf?

1931 ckESpfwGif trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeŒ pwifusif;y&m trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeŒwGifa'gif;tvH (cGyfa'gif;tvHr[kwf) udk or*~rS pwiftoHk;jyKcJh.? pD;u&ufoydwfarSmufa&;wGif or*~onf ArmEdkifiHvli,frsm;tpnf;t¶Hk; (,ckAvp r[kwf)/ wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;wdk@ESihf yl;wGJ vkyfaqmifcJhonf?

OD;xGef;pdefonf or*~OuUÏtjzpf oufwrf;rukefrD EkwfxGufoGm;cJhonf? wuorSxGuf+yD;aemuf ausmif;q&mtjzpf vnf;aumif;/ Oya'pmar;yGJ atmifjrif+yD;aemufa¶SŒaetjzpf vnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifcJhonf? *syefacwfwGif c¶dkif0eftjzpf EdkifiHhwm0efudkxrf;aqmifcJh.? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; t*Fvdyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg OD;xGefpdeftm;axmif'%f (25) ESpf tjypfay;cJh.? (9) v ESihf (4) &uf t=umwGif vGwfajrmufcJhonf?,ck &efukef+rdKŒwGif v$wfawmfa¶SŒae}uD; wOD;tjzpf aqmif¶Gufvsuf ¶Sdonf?

1931 ckESpf &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~yxrOD;qHk; tr_aqmiftzGJŒ

udkxGef;pdef OuUÏudkb*srf; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;udkxGef;wifudkcspfwifudkApdef

31


udkOD;wkwfudkwifarmifudkxGef;wifq&mOD;vlaz0if; aiGxdef;

1932 - 33 wuotr_aqmiftzGJ@

1? udkpHazmfatmif OuU‘Ï2? udkApdef taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;3? udkatmifoef;4? udkxGef;atmif5? udk&m¶Spf6? udkcspf7? udkoufwif (udkodef;armif)8? udk[efaomf9? udkbwif

1933-34 wuo tr_aqmiftzGJ@1? udkodef;armif OuUÏ2? udkausmfxGef; twGif;a&;rSL;3? udkOD;wkwf 'k-OuUÏ4? udkvSarmif or*~r*~Zif; t,f'Dwm5? udkatmifwif pm=unhfwdkufrSL;6? Mr, Zorn Swingh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL;7? udkvSarmif tm;upm;rSL;8? udkarmiftkef;9? udkcsrf;jr10? udkapmpdefuGD

1934-35 wuo tr_aqmiftzGJŒ1? udkzdk;at; OuUÏ2? udkausmfxGef; (aemif udkEk) 'k-OuUÏ3? udkomxif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;4? udkodef;az (pm=unhfwdkufrSL;/ odef;azjrihf)5? udkausmf+idrf; (vlxkqufqHa&;ESihf 0g'jzef@csda&;)

32


6? udkeef;EG,f (t,f'Dwm/ or*~r*~Zif;)7? udkboef; (aiGxdef;)8? udk0if; (tm;upm;rSL;)9? udkodrf;armif (pnf;¶Hk;a&;)

1935-36 wuo tr_aqmiftzGJ@1? udkEk OuUÏ (?;pD;acgif;aqmif[kac:onf) (aemif 0ef}uD;csKyf)2? udk&m¶Spf 'k-OuUÏ (aemif 0ef}uD;)3? udkoD[ef twGif;a&;rSL; (aemif 0ef}uD;)4? udkatmifqef; tdk;a0pmwnf; t,f'Dwm (aemif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)5? udktkef; aiGxdef; (aemif oHtrwf)6? udkxGef;tHk pm=unhfwdkufrSL; (aemif &efukefjrLeDpDy,frif;}uD;)7? udkomvS EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;rSL; (aemif &efukefwuUodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;)8? udkbquf tm;upm;rSL; (aemif EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme)9? udkxGef;wif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL; (aemif vSsyfppftkyftzGJŒ OuUÏ

atmifxGef;(jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;pmtkyfrS xkwfESkwfazmfjyonf?)

33


1936 azazmf0g&Dv (25) &ufae@/ ae@vnf (2) em&DausmfrSpI wuUodkvfe,fajrv_yfv_yf¶G¶G jzpfvmonf? or*~taqmuftODY ausmif;om;rsm; [dkwpk/ 'Dwpkpkpk¶Hk;¶Hk;jzpfaeonf? xdkae@eHeufxkwf jrefrmowif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; nae (4) em&DwGif jyKvkyfrnhfta=umif; ygvmonf? udkatmifqef;udkvJausmif;xkwfvdrh frnf[k owif;xGufaeonf? xdkowif;a=umihf ausmif;om;rsm;ydkIrauseyf=uay? " igwdkh tepfemcH=urS aemifvmrnfŒ ausmif;om;rsm; aumif;pm;rnf"[k ausmif;om;rsm; oabmaygufvm=uonf? ,Hk=unfvm=uonf? rcHcsifpdwfrsm;wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:vmonf? pdwftm;xufoefonfxuf xufoefvmonf? qENjya&;xufoydwfarSmufa&;yg pdwf0ifpm;vm=uonf? nae (4) em&D tpnf;ta0; rwdkifrDtcsdefoydwfonf rdk;csKef;ouJhodk@ jrnf[D;I ay:vmayonf?

nae (4) em&D/ or*~tpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;wGif ausmif;om; 700 ausmf¶Sdonf?trmcH ausmif;om;tcsdKŒ or*~a¶SŒ jrufcif;jyifY pk¶Hk;ae=uonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;r OuUÏ.ukvm;xdkif aemufausmbufwGif o&JatmifvHudk tvsm;vdkuf csxm;onf? OuUÏudkEk0ifvmaomtcg ausmif;om;tm;vHk; vufckyf em;uGJvkrwwf wD;=uonf? udk&m¶Spf0ifvmaom tcg yxrenf;wl tm;ay;=uonf? udkEkonf ausmif;xkwfcH&+yD; ausmif;om;r[kwfawmhI tpnf;ta0; obmywd rvkyfbJ owif;axmufrsm;. a¶SŒqHk;tv,fwef;Yxdkifonf? udkEk. nmbufY udkatmifqef;xdkifonf? udk&m¶Spfu obmywd/ udkoD[efutwGif;a&;rSL;vkyfonf? udk&m¶Spfonf tpnf;ta0;ac:&onhf ta=umif;&if;udk t*Fvdyfvdktus,fw0ihf ¶Sif;jyonf?

udk&m¶Spfu " udkEk ausmif;xkwfcH&onfŒ udpPESifŒywfoufI tm;vHk;od+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ udkatmifqef;udkvnf; pmar;yGJrvkyfrD rwfvavmufY ausmif;xkwfrnf[ktcdkiftvHk od¶Sdxm;a=umif;/ aemif or*~tr_aqmif 3/ 4 OD; udkvnf; ausmif;xkwfvdrfŒrnf[k

'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;ESihfwjynfvHk;ausmif;om;tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;

" Auo " ay:aygufvmyHk

atmifxGef;

34


tcdkiftvHk od¶Sdxm;a=umif;/ xdk@a=umifŒ 4if;wdkh xkwfcH&onfudk uef@uGufonfŒtaeESifhrdrdtr_aqmiftzGJ@onf pmar;yGJrajz=u&ef qHk;jzwfa=umif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf;wdkufwGef;vdka=umif;/ odk@aomf Ttpnf;ta0;rS qHk;jzwfcsufudk vufcHrnfjzpfa=umif;"ajym=um;oGm;onf?

udkcifarmifuav;u " ausmif;tkyf}uD; rpPwmpavmh jyKrlcsufrsm;onf tvGefyifemusnf;p&maumif;onf? usaemfwdk@onf vlnHŒawGr[kwf/ oHr%drsm;jzpfonf?oHr%dpdwf"mwf¶Sda=umif; ,ckjy&rnf" [kajym&m =obmoH}uD;rsm; qlnHoGm;onf?

udkpdefwdk;u " udkEkESifŒ udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwfvdkufonfŒ twGufrpPwmpavmŒtm; aus;Zl;wifa=umif;" tqdkwifoGif;onf? udkoD[efu axmufcHonf?

udkvSazu " ausmif;tkyf}uD;. jyKrlcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udkomruArmjynfudkyg apmfum;&m a&mufonf? ausmif;qufaeI tusdK;r¶Sd/ oydwfarSmuf=uyg"[k tqdkwifoGif;onf? udkatmifjrihfu axmufcHvdkufonf?

" pw¶dkuf/ pw¶dkuf" " oydwfarSmuf/ oydwfarSmuf" toHrsm; tpnf;ta0;wcef;vHk; qlnHaeonf?

udkausmf+idrf;u olonf arSsmfvifŒcsufrsm;pGm pGef@v$wfI ausmif;rSxGuf&efqHk;jzwf+yD;jzpfonf? olhuJŒodk@ ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;rSxGuf&ef tqdkjyKvdkufonf?udkvSazu axmufcHonf? tpnf;ta0;wckvHk; oydwfarSmuf/ oydwfarSmuftoHrsm;qlnHvmonf? udkvSazu azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufaehuyif or*~tr_aqmifrsm;/tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifŒtwl pmar;yGJrajzbJ udk,fcsif;pmoydwfarSmufrnf[k uwday;xm;+yD;jzpfonf [kajymonf? udkomvSu olonf tvGefqif;&J.? ol@OD;av;u ausmif;xm;Iausmif;ae&onf? ausmif;rS axmufyHŒ=u; awmif;cHae&onf? ol.b0&nfrSef;csufudkpGef@v$wfI pmar;yGJudk oloydwfarSmufvdkuf+yD [kajymonf? udkpdk;jrihf (rdk;ndK) u ,aeh'kwd,trsdK;om;ae@ [kajymonf?

xdktcg udkEku " nDtudk armifESrwdk@/ usaemfausmif;xkwfcH&I ,ckuJhodl@qlylae=uonfrSm xef;oD;a=uGcdkuf usD;em;vdkufwJŒ oabmomjzpfw,f? tdEdN,uyJpm;wJŒukvm;awGvdk@ ac:ayr,hf ukvm;rsm;onf bDatbGJ@rsm;/ tdkiftufpD&mxl;rsm;jyeftyf=uonf? usaemfwdk@onf bDatbGJ@avmufom jyeftyfEdkifojzifŒ ¶Sufp&maumif;onf? tdEdN,bk&ifcHcsKyf armifŒavmŒ'ftm0ifu " tdEdN,jynfonf uGsefouf¶Snf¶SnfaeoGm;&ef ynma&;Xmeudk tkyfcsKyfa&;XmeuJhodk h tkyfcsKyf&rnf? ynmoif=um;a&;p&dwf}uD;}uD;xm;&rnf" [kajymoGm;onf? 'Dtcsuf (2) csuf¶SdaeorSs umvywfvHk;oydwfarSmufzdkh wifoGif;&rSmyJ" [k udkEku ajymvdkufaomtcg 1930 urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyfESihfArmjynf pD;yGm;ysufuyf usa&mufaecsdef jzpfI wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;vcESihf

35


tjcm;p&dwfrsm;avSsmh&ef awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒu vspfvsL¶_cJhonf?1934-35 wGif ausmif;p&dwfavsmhaygha&;udk xyfrHawmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; wuUodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDu ausmif;om;tcsdKŒudk ac:,lESpfodrhfjzm;a,mif;um uwdrwnfr_rsm;jyKcJhavonfrSm ¶SdaecJhI tpnf;ta0;cef;onf tkwftkwfusufusufESihf " oydwfarSmuf/oydwfarSmuf" atmfoHrsm; yJhwifxyfoGm;onf? tcsdKŒausmif;om;rsm; aemufaz;avSum;rSjyef=u&ef ajy;=uonf? aemufaz;avSum;Y udkxGef;tHk/ udkbqufESihf trmcH ausmif;om;wcsdKŒ¶Sdonf? 4if;wdk@u " usaemfwdk@udk eif;+yD;qif;oGm;yg" [k avSum;xdyfY xdkifcsvdkufonf?udkodef;azu xdktcsdefwGif vufwdk@I bwfpfum;rsm;udk urm¶Gwf*wfwJteD;rS or*~taqmuftODa¶SŒodk@ armif;0ifvmaponf?

obmywd udk&m¶Spfu oydwfarSmuf wifoGif;xm;onhftqdkudk jyefpOf;pm;&ef(3) }udrfajymonf?

udkcifarmifuav;onf a'gow}uD; xdkif&mrSx+yD; " a[Œ &m¶Spf/ rif;pum;¶kyfodrf;/ r=um;csifbl;uG" [kajym&if; ausmif;om;rsm;bufodk@ vSnhf&if; " oydwfarSmuftqdkudk b,fvdkoabmxm;ovJ " [kar;vdkuf&m ausmif;om;rsm;onf " pw¶dkuf/pw¶d kuf / oydwfarSmuf/ oydwfarSmuf" [k jyefatmf =uonf? ud k&m¶Sp fuoydwfarSmuftqdkudk jyefpOf;pm;&ef ajymjcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfudk qGay;jcif;jzpfonf?ausmif;om;rsm; pdwf"mwfjyif;xefvmatmif vH_Œaqmfay;jcif;jzpfonf?

tpnf;ta0;onf w¶kef;¶kef;ESihf wa0ga0gjzpfaepOf ausmif;om;wa,mufonfor*~cef;ra¶SŒbuf jyLwif;aygufudk vufnSdK;xdk;I tif;vsm;aqmifrS ausmif;olor*~udk,fpm;vS,frsm; (15) OD;cef@ - rcifjr (aemif uxdu/ ynma&;wuUodkvf)/ jcif;=um;rr}uD;(udkxGef;tHkZeD;)/ rtrm (aemif vlxka':trm)/ rodef;=unf (ykodrf) wdk@ESihf ausmif;ol (15)a,mufcef@ - tm;jy+yD; " rdef;cav;awGyg&if a,musmf;av;awG bmowWda=umifwmvJ/xrdef0wf=ua[h/ pw¶dkuf pw¶dkuf" [k atmf=ujyefonf? ausmif;om;tcsdKŒonf udkEktm;ykcHk;xrf;I atmufodk@ ac:oGm;onf?

udk&m¶Spfu " uJ oydwfarSmufzdkh qHk;jzwf+yD;+yD/ or*~&Jabmfwdk@/ vdkufygzdk@awmŒrwdkufwGef;vdkygbl;/ 'gayr,fŒ 'DudpPrSm igwdk@ wm0ef¶Sdw,fvdk@ ,lq+yD; trsdK;om;pdwfjyif;xefwJŒolawG vdkufygEdkifygw,f/ tpnf;ta0; +yD;qHk;a=umif;" tEdkifEdkifajym&if;ausmif;om;tcs d K Œu cs d Ki f;ESpfbufrSr,lI atmufod k @ ac:aqmifoGm;=uonf?tif;vsm;aqmif¶Sd ausmif;olrsm;onfvnf; -

Rightly or Wrongly

My Country is My Country

-[laom aqmifyk'ft& oydwfarSmuf&efxGufvm+yD; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;

36


rsm;udk vufckyfwD;I }udKqdk=uonf?oydwf oydwf/ arSmuf arSmufpavmŒ pavmŒ/ xGuf xGuf

udkatmifqef;udk ausmif;rxkwfeJ@udkEkudk ausmif;rxkwfeJ@

u|efynma&;pepf/ zsufypf zsufypfocifrsdK;a[Œ 'dk@Arm

a=uG;a=umfoHrsm; a=uG;a=umfI t"dywdvrf;rS ausmif;tkyf}uD;tdrfod k@vnf;aumif;/ ausmif;aq;¶Hk a¶SŒodk@ vnf;aumif;/ a¶$wd*HkapwDawmf &m[kaxmihfwefaqmif;}uD;qDodk@ w+rdKŒvHk; vSnhfvnf+yD; oydwfpcef;zGihf&ef xGufvm=uonf?&efukefwuUodkvf}uD;onfum; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; xGufvm+yD;aemuf +idrfoufajcmufaoGŒusef&pfcJhonf? *k%fxl;wef;rS ausmif;om;}uD;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcJh=uonf? bDat/bDtufpD rufarmIvnf;aumif;/ axmufyHha=u; jyKwfrSma=umufaom ausmif;om;tcsdKŒrSvGJI 80µ ausmf oydwfarSmuf=uonf?

xdkausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif aemiftcg 0ef}uD;/ I.C.S / B.C.S/ oHtrwf/ wdkif;rif;}uD;/twGif;0efjzpf=urnhfolrsm; ygvmayonf? udk,fusdK;udk pGef@oihf pGef@xdkufonhf tcsdefwGifudk,fusdK;pGef@&J0Hhaom ausmif;om;rsm;a=umihf 1936 ck/ 'kwd,t}udrfausmif;om;oydwf}uD;jzpfay:vm ayonf?

oydwft&Sdefwufvmjcif;ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;xJwGif tdEdN,wdkif;&if;om;rsm;/ t*Fvdyfujym;rsm;

yg0ifcJhonf? ajcwzufjywf [dENLvlrsdK; ausmif;om;wa,mufvJ " trsdK;om;jcif; csD;jrSifŒyg"[laom jrefrmpmwrf;udk udkifaqmifvmI oydwfrSm t¶Sdefjrihfvmonf? ausmif;om;/ausmif;olrsm; pdwfxJwGif rdrdwdk@oif=um;&ef,lxm;aom bmom&yfrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;&m aemif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk rwwfEdkifaom bmom&yfrsm;/ rdrdwdk@pdwf,Ofaus;odrfarGŒatmif rjyKvkyfEdkifaom bmom&yfrsm;/ ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwdrmef wazG;azG;wufaprnhftpm; arG;oaE<yg pdwful;pdwfjrwfrsm;udkyif aysmufuG,fapEdkifaombmom&yfrsm;udk ,lxm;rda=umif; odvm=uonf? trdArmjynfu ppfrSefaom acgif;aqmifEdkifrnhfol wOD;udk trSefwu,f vdktyfaeonf/ tvsiftjreftvdk¶Sdae.? Armwdkif;twGufar;cGef;jzpfae.? wOD;wa,muf pdwfaysmhnHhr_a=umihf ArmawGudk aumuf¶dk;rD;[krpGyfpGJrdygapESihf? oifwa,muf aoG;a=umifr_a=umihf Armh*k%f rysufygapESihf? oifwa,mufwudk,faumif;qefr_a=umihf Armqdkwm tpmjyac:&wmyJ[k olrsm;tqdk rcH&ygapESihf?oifwa,muf opPmysufr_/ uwdysufr_a=umihf wrsdK;om;vHk; repfemygapESihf? oif.

37


aemufwGef@r_/ owdœenf;r_/ ZGJaysmhr_a=umihf aqmif¶Gufcsufrsm; raESmihfaES;ygapESihf? tm;vHk;wnDwnmwnf; aqmif¶Guf=u&ef ta&;}uD;ayonf?

oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf udk,hftkyfpkESihfudk,f wm0ef,lI oydwfrarSmufao;aom rpf¶Sifausmif;rsm;ESihf tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;odk@oGm;um oydwfwm;=uonf?oydwfwm;aom ausmif;om;pku oydwfwm;I oydwfw&m;a[maom ausmif;om;pkuoydwftiftm;jznhfwif;&ef }udK;yrf;=uonf? a¶$wd*HkapwDawmf oydwfpcef;Y usef&pfaomausmif;om;xkrSmvnf; oydwfarSmufausmif;om; &Jabmfopfrsm;tvmudk 0rf;omtm;&qD;}udK=uonf? oydwfarSmuf umvtwGif; wae@wmukefqHk;onhf tcsdefwdkif;wGifoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;/ enf;!$efvrf;jyynmay;w&m;rsm; a[majymavh¶Sdonfudk oydwfarSmufausmif;om;tm;vHk; pdwftm;xufoefpGm pka0;em;axmif=uonf? 1920 wuUodkvf yxrausmif;om;oydwf tawGŒt=uHK&cJhovdk oydwfarSmufausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@vnf; tawGŒt=uHK &ihfusufcJh+yDjzpfonf? +AdwdoSse,fcsJŒenf;y&d,m,fudk 1936 oydwfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;em;vnfxm;=uonf?

oydwft¶Sdefjrihfwufvm&m tifvsm;aqmifrS ausmif;ol (150)/ udkodrf;armifacgif;aqmifaom ,leDAmpDwD *syfqifausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifvmonf? udkbZH acgif;aqmifaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;vnf; ygvmonf? aq;aumvdyf oydwfudk udkvSa¶$ (udkvSaznDtm%m¶SifudkvSa¶$) acgif;aqmifcJhonf?

+rdKŒvHk;u|wfausmif;om;rsm;/ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yg 0ifa&mufvmIoydwft¶Sdefjrihfvmonf?

te,fe,ft&yf&yf¶Sd ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; pGrf;tm;¶SdorSs yg0ifulnDIwdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;uvnf; te,fe,f t&yf&yf¶Sd tpnf;t¶Hk;cGJrsm;odk@ !$ef=um;csufrsm;ay;ydk@I yg0ifulnDaponf? jynfvHk;uGswfausmif;om;oydwfodk@ a&mufcJh&ef axmufuloydwfarSmufay;cJhaom ausmif;rsm;rSm jynf/ }udKŒyifaumuf/ vufyHwef;/ oHk;q,f/ rif;vS/aysmfbG,f/ rEWav;/ rHk¶Gm/ armfv+rdKif/ ajrmif;jr/ yJcl;/ jrif;jcH/ ykodrf/ rdwDvm/ zsmyHk/ a¶$bdk/anmifav;yif/ yckuUL/ rif;bl;/ tif;pdef/ awmif}uD;/ aygif;wnf/ usdKufvwf/ [oFmw/awmifil/ rk'Hk+rdKŒrsm;¶Sd ausmif;aygif; (45) ausmif; yg0ifcJhavonf?

oydwform;rsm;pcef;udk *sDpDbDat orw}uD; OD;pdk;odrf;a&mufvmonf? olonf*sDpDbDatwGif e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; tjyif;xefqHk; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfum &mxl;r,lbJtm;vHk;udktwdkuftcHvkyfcJhonf? " rif;wdk@ atmifqef;wdk@vdk vkyf&r,f/ 'grsdK;rS igwdk@ydkaumif;r,f/ ydkwdk;wufr,f" [k ajym=um;cJhonf? udkEk/ udk&m¶Spf/ udktkef;ESihf tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf +rdKŒrsm;odk@oGm;a&mufI awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wifjyum vlx

38


ktpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm; jyKvkyfavonf?awmif;qdkcsuf (10) csuf

rdef;uav; (36) a,mufyg vl (700) ausmfESih f (25) &uf/ nbufY*syfqifaumvdyfrS vl (20) xyfrH a&muf¶Sdvm+yD; oydwfpcef;rSm tiftm;rsm;jym;vmonf?xdknwGif tcsuf (10) csufyg awmif;qdkcsuf a&;qGJcJhonf?

4if; (10) csufrSm1? ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk jyifay;&ef/2? aumvdyfausmif;raeaomfvnf; ,leDAmpDwDu ppfaq;aom pmar;yGJrsm;

0ifa&mufajzqdkcGihfay;&ef/3? ausmif;vc/ xrif;zdk;ESihfwuG pmar;yGJ0ifcGihfrsm; avsmhcs&ef/4? or*~rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm; epfemcsufrsm;udk ajymqdkcGihfESihf ausmif;om;

udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;u vufcHajymqdkrnfr[kwfqdkaom qHk;jzwfcsufudkzsufodrf;ay;&ef/

5? udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwfypfrnfqdkaom trdef@twnfjzpfvSsifxdktrdef@udk y,fzsufI ol@tm; pmar;yGJ0ifcGihfay;&efESihf ausmif;xkwfcHausmif;om;rsm;ausmif;jyefwufcGihfay;&ef/

6? ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;. vufwGif;Y ausmif;om;rsm;udk xkwfy,fEdkifaomtcGihftm%mudk ¶kyfodrf;I tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒ Yom xdktm%mxm;¶Sd&ef/

7? tpdk;&ESihf wuUodkvfausmif;u rEWav;aumvdyfudk rzsufyg[k wm0efcHcsufay;&ef/

8? ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdk@pmar;yGJtajzpmtkyfudk =unhfcGihfay;&ef/9? oydwfarSmuf&yfpJaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; pmusufcsdef&&eftwGuf pmar;yGJ

udktenf;qHk; wva¶$Œqdkif;&ef/10? oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; wdkuf¶dkufjzpfap/ oG,f0dkufIjzpfap

ppfa=umar;jref;jcif;/ tjypfay; jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfrnfr[kwf[k 0efcHcsufay;&ef/ ponfwdk@jzpf.?txufygawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk 'dkiftmcDtpdk;&/ ,leDAmpDwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒ

ponfwdk@udk ay;yd k@awmif;qdkaomfvnf; ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒu usif;yae=upmar;yGJudkom tcsdefrSefusif;y&ef pDpOfcJhonf? wuUodkvftkyfcsKyfa&; aumifpDonfazazmf0g&Dv (28) &ufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk ta&;,lcH&rnf jzpfa=umif; ajym=um;cJhonf?xdkpOfu0ef}uD;csKyf (2) OD;jzpfaom OD;babESihf a'gufwmbarmfu wwfEdkiforSsvkyfaqmifay;rnf[kajymaomfvnf; Oya'aumifpDwGif *VKefOD;apm. uef@uGufr_jzihfoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm; r&¶Sday?

39


1936 ref;Oypmaumvdyf/ udkA[def;ESihf ppfudkif;0dkif;pOfu1936 &efukefwuUodkvfrS udkEk/ udk&m¶Spf/ udkatmifqef;wdk@ OD;pD;+yD; oydwfarSmuf

aomtcg ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;onf azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufwGif aemifawmfwuUodkvf ausmif;om;}uD;rsm;udk ulnDonhftaeESihf 0dkif;0ef; oydwfarSmuf=uonf? 1934ckwGif ref;OypmaumvdyfY ausmif;om;or*~ zGJŒpnf;+yD;jzpfonf? OuUÏrSm udkA[def;jzpfI/twGif;a&;rSL;rSm udkcifarmifwif jzpfonf?

udkA[def;ESihf udkcifarmifwifwdk@onf ta&;awmfyHktwGif; rEWav;+rdKŒay:rSausmif;rsm;odk@ vSnhfvnf+yD; oydwfarSmuf&ef vH_@aqmfonf? oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udkOypm aumvdyfausmif;om;}uD;rsm;u OD;aqmifI xdef;ay;=uonf?

txufwef;ausmif;rS ausmif;om;aygif; (2000) ausmf yg0ifcJhonf?oydwfpcef;rSm ousoD[bk&m;twGif;/ taemufawmifaxmihf tkwfZ&yf}uD;

jzpfonf? xdktcsdef rEWav;+rdKŒ ESihf teD;qHk;jzpfaom ppfudkif;txufwef;ausmif;rSmoydwfrarSmufao;ay? ref;OypmaumvdyfwGif ppfudkif;rS ausmif; om; (10) OD;cef@¶Sdaomfvnf; ppfudkif;ausmif; oydwfarSmuf&ef r}udK;pm;Edkifay? ppfudkif;ausmif;wGifae@ausmif;om;rsm;rSm (350) cef@/ (120) cef@rSm taqmifausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonf?ae@ausmif;om;rsm;om pnf;¶Hk;I&ojzihf ae@ausmif;om;rsm;u ref;Oypmaumvdyf¶Sdausmif;om;rsm; tultnDESihf oydwfarSmuf=uonf? pmar;yGJrsm;jyKvkyfI rEWav;wGifoydwfwm;&m ppfudkif;wGifvnf; oydwfwm;&ef vdkvmayonf?

xdktcg ref;oydwfodk@ tultnDawmif;&m udkA[def;ESih f udkcifarmifwifacgif;aqmifI oydwfausmif;om; (100) cef@onf ppfudkif;odk@ oGm;a&muf oydwfwm;=uonf? ppfudkif;ausmif;0if;twGif; ydwfqdk@¶HkrSsrvHkavmufbJ pmoifcef;rsm; udkyg ydwfqdk@&efvdkvmonf? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf ppfudkif;ausmif;0if;rSm oGwfeef;}udK; av;wef;umxm;Ijzpfonf? ausmif;xJudk udkodef;armif (aemif AdkvfrSL;odef;armif) ESihf udkjrihfutvHudkifI0ifoGm;onf? xdk@aemuf q&mrsm;ESihf pum;ajym&ef udkjrihfESihf udkA[def;ae&mvJvdkufonf?

ausmif;tkyf}uD; rpPwma'gif;u udkA[def;wdk@udk oydwfrwm;&efESihf ausmif;ayguf0udk ¶Sif;vif;ay;&ef " rif;wdk@ xGufoGm;" [kajymqdkaomtcg udkA[def;u "usaemfrxGufEdkifa=umif;/ oydwfarSmufaumifpD. trdef@t& vma&mufjcif;jzpfyga=umif;/xGufroGm;Edkifyg cifAsm;/ tu,fI usaemfwdk@ usL;vGefonfxifygu ykvdyfudk ta=umif;=um;ay;yg" [kajymonf?

xdktcg ausmif;tkyf}uD;u " ig ykvdyfudk *¶krpdkuf" [kajym+yD; ol@nmvufz0g;jzihfudkA[def;yg;udk ¶dkufcsvdkuf&m udkA[def;rSm Tae&mY acGusoGm;onf? oydwfwm;

40


ausmif;om;rsm; ¶kwf¶kwfoJoJjzpfaepOf rpPwma'gif;onf tcsdefqGJraebJ ausmif;aqmiftwGif;Y toihfapmihfaeaom ol.tvdkawmf&d abmf'gausmif;om;rsm; bufodk@vSnhf+yD;" wynfwdk@ / cs=ua[h/ cs=ua[Œ" [k xyfrHatmf[pfum trdef@ay;vdkufonf?

abmf'gaqmiftwGif;rS uif;axmuf ausmif;om; (50) cef@onf cavmufwkwf}uD;rsm; qGJudkifum ajy;xGuf vm+yD; oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk odrf;usHK;+yD;¶dkufESuf=uonf? oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwfaumifpD tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft& bmrS jyefrvkyf=uay? ausmif;om; (12) OD;cef@ '%f&mtjyif;txef&¶Sd+yD;/ udkA[def;tygt0if ausmif;om;trsm;pk '%f&m&¶Sd=uonf? tjyif;xefqHk; '%f&m&olrsm;rSm udkwif(aemif AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifpdk;) ESihf udkyk (xdkpOfu 0ufpvD,ef ausmif;om;) wdkŒ jzpfonf?ppfudkif;aq;¶HkwGif aq;0g;uko&m roufomI rEWav;aq;¶Hkodk@ ydk@Iuko&avonf?oydwfwm; ref;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om; udkcifndK (aemif 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;) rSmvnf;t¶dkufcH&ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; umuG,f&ef vltkyfxJodk@ ajy;0ifoGm;I ppfudkif;tpdk;&ausmif;om; uif;axmufrsm;. wkwfpmjzpfoGm;onf?

oydwfarSmufaphpyfjcif;ESihfoydwfvSefjcif;

wuUodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDonf tpnf;ta0;Y OD;apmESihf EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;onfpHkprf;a&;aumfr¶Sif zGJŒpnf;&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? {+yDvtxd oydwfrvSef=uojzihfe,fcsJŒtpdk;&onf [dkufukwfrS w&m;ol}uD; OD;jrbl;udk OuUÏtjzpf xm;I pHkprf;a&;tzGJŒzGJŒonf? wuUodkvfaumifpDY 4if;tzGJŒ¶Hk;xdkifI oydwfarSmufausmif;om; r[kwfaomolrsm;udk pHkprf;ar;jref;cJhavonf? eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESihfaphpyfaqG;aEG;I xdkaumfrwDxJwGif ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifapvdkonf?

xdktcsdefwGif oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf [dkufpul;ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;pnf;¶Hk;ap+yD; oydwfarSmufaumifpDwGif 4if;txufwef;ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifapavonf?

arvwGif tpdk;&ESihf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; aphpyf&m toihftwihfomajyvnfonf? wuUodkvfaumifpDwGif ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefwufa&;udpPwdk@ajyvnfonf? oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk tjypfray;&? pmar;yGJ0if&ef pmusufcsdefvHkavmufpGm &¶Sda&;/ ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;qufwnfjrJa&;udpPwdk@ ajyvnf.?odk@aomfjyifyrS wuUodkvfpmar;yGJ ajzcGihfudk a'gufwmbarmf. ynma&;Xmeu oabmrwl/ausmif;vc taqmifvcvnf; ravsmhay;/ wuUodkvftufOya'udk jyifqifay;&efudpPudk¶kwfw&uf raqmif¶GufEdkifao;I w&m;ol}uD; (OD;jrbl;) }uD;rSL;aom aumfrwDodk@v$Jtyfvdkufonf? xdktcg ajyvnfaom tcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfI oydwfpcef;Y tkyfpk

41


(2) pk uGJoGm;onf? udktkef;/ udk&m¶Spfwdk@u oydwfvSef&ef oabmwlnD+yD; udkvSaz/udkndKxGef;wdk@u oydwfqufvdkonf?

aemufqHk;oydwf&yf&ef oydwfaumifpDu oabmwl+yD; 1936 ck arv (10)&ufwGif oydwfvSef vdkufonf?

oydwf. tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;1? rwfv tv,fwGif ausmif;tkyf}uD; rpPwmpavmh ae&mwGif ygarmuQ

OD;azarmifwifudk ausmif;tkyf}uD; tjzpf cef@vdkufonf?2? 1920 jynhf ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;xuf 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;onf

ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;. Edk;=um;r_ pdwf"gwf ododomom xifxif¶Sm;¶Sm; wdk;wufjynhf0r_¶Sdvmonf?

3? 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;onf tcsdef,l}udKwifjyifqifI oydwfarSmufvdkufaom oydwf}uD; r[kwf? e,fcsJŒtpdk;&. ESdyfuGyfvGef;r_a=umihfom jzpfcJh&aom oydwf}uD;jzpfI oydwfarSmufausmif;om;xk}uD;onf wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;ESihfwuG e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf }uD;rm;aom EdkifiHa&; tiftm;opf}uD;w&yf jzpfay:cJhonf?4? aemiftem*wfwGif e,fcsJŒudkwGef;vSefI vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;rnf[k ocifatmifqef;/ocifEk/ocifodef;az (odef;azjrihf)/ ocifvSaz/ ocifA[def;/ ocifAaqG/ ocifoef;xGef;wdk@ay:vm&onf?

5? ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;rSm aemufqHk; oydwfvSefcJhaomfvnf; vli,fobm0udkazmfjyo¶kyfaqmifaom jiif;cHkr_rsm; ay:aygufjcif;ESihf t,ltqjyif;xefolwdk@u wuUodkvfudk&moufyefpGef@v$wfoGm;=uonf?

udkEk/ udkvSaz/ udkodef;az/ udkxGef;tHkESih f ausmif;om;tcsdKŒ ausmif;jyefrwuf=uawmhay? udkodef;azESihf udkxGef;tHkonf owif;axmufESihf aus;¶Gmjyefvnfxlaxmifa&; ynmawmfoifqk&aomfvnf; pGef@v$wf+yD; EdkifiHjcm;odk@ roGm;cJhacs?

6? oydwfacgif;aqmifudkEk. +AdwdoSstpdk;&uzGifŒay;wJŒ wuUodkvfrsm;[mvcpm;u|efuav;awG arG;xkwf ay;&ef u|efxkwfukefvkyfief; puf¶HkawGjzpfw,f} [laompum;onf ausmif;om;rsm;pdwfxJwGif pGJusef&pfcJhonf?

7? wjynfvHk;¶Sd ausmif;om;xkpnf;¶Hk;v_yf¶Sm;r_ ydkrdkodyfonf;cdkifrmvm+yD; " ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ (Auo)" "All Burma Students Union - ABSU"

trnfjzihf azmfxkwfEdkifcJhonf?Auoonf e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;ordkif;pOfwGif yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf zGJŒpnf;vdkufaom

wjynfvHk; ausmif;om;tzGJŒcsKyf}uD; jzpfonf?8? wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;.=oZm ausmif;om;xktwGif; us,fjyef@pGm xdk;ESuf

42


0ifa&mufoGm;+yD; wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;ESihf ausmif;om;or*~rsm; ydkrdkcdkifrmpGm yl;aygif;rdvmonf?

9? 'kwd,t}udrf jynfvHk;u|wf ausmif;om;oydwfwdkufyGJ}uD;onf awmif;qdkcsufrsm; vufiif;tm;jzihf tjynhft0 r&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&; atmifjrifcsufrsm;rSmum;¶H_;edrhf&jcif;rsm;xuf omvGefum ordkif;wGif&pfrnhf atmifjrifcsufrsm; &¶SdcJhonf?

10? 1920 jynhfwGif tufOya'udk jyifqifcsuf oydwfwdkufyGJrS r&¶Sdaom,leDAmpDwD tufOya'udk 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfu atmifjrifpGmjyifqifEdkifcJhonf?

11? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a'gufwmbarmf/ wuUodkvf aumifpD0ifrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;r_a=umihf todOm%frsm; zGHŒ+zdK;vm+yD;/rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfvmum tpdk;&ESihf ygvDref vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; em;vnfvmonf?EdkifiHa&;v_yf¶Sm;r_/ wGef;vSefr_ESifŒ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk em;vnfvmonf? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@uehfowf&rnf/ wdk;csJ@&rnfudk em;vnfvmonf? tcsdefuehfowfr_/vlxkaxmufcHr_. tquftoG,f/ udk,fŒudk,fudkxdef;csKyfjcif;ESihf +idrfoufpGmvdkvm;csufrsm;qGJqehfwifjyEdkifyHkudk oabmaygufvmayonf?

12? trsdK;om;wuUodkvf ay:aygufvmayonf?1936 yxrt}udrf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*~

(Auo) nDvmcH (arv 8 &uf/ 1936)oydwfarSmufumv (3) v=umaomtcg &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*~

(wuo) onf trsdK;om;a&; us,fjyef@aomv_yf¶Sm;r_odk@ ajymif;vJa&muf¶Sdvm+yD;ausmif;om;or*~onf trsdK;om;vli,frsm;udk acgif;aqmifvmum tusdK;aus;Zl;taeESihfAuoay:vmayonf?

yxrqHk;t}udrf AuonDvmcHudk 1936 arv (8) &ufae@wGif oydwf arSmufausmif;om;rsm;yg0if+yD; *sLAvDa[mY usif;y&m yxrqHk; OuUÏtaeESifŒ udk&m¶Spfudkcef@tyf+yD;/ udkatmifqef;udk 'k-OuUÏtjzpf cef@tyfvdkufonf?

udkA[def; (txufArmjynf udk,fpm;vS,f)/ udkjyef@ (aemif ocifjyef@/ ucsifjynfe,f)/ udkxGef;¶Sdef (aemif Adkvf&efEdkif)/ udkAaqG (aemif 0ef}uD;csKyf)/ udkvSa¶$ (aemiftm%m¶SifvSa¶$)/ udkodef;atmif (aemif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)/ udkvSarmif/ udkxGef;tHkwdk@wufa&mufcJh=uonf? 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS trsdK;om;a&;tzGJŒcsKyf tpnf;ta0; us,fjyef@ap&efESihf trsdK;om;wuUodkvf wnfaxmif&ef/ wdkif;&if;om;ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf jynfwGif;aevlrsdK;jcm;ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf?

1936 oydwfumvwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xifjrifcsufrsm;uGJjym;onf¶SdaomfvJ trsm;qENudk vdkufemcJh=uonf? aoG;pnf;nD!GwfpGmjzihfatmifjrifr_udk

43


a¶S;¶_cJhonf? udkEkonf pHjyacgif;aqmif wa,mufjzpfcJhonf? 4if;. Oya'oifwef;rS &¶SdaomtawGŒt=uHKrsm;jzihf udk,fusihfw&m;/ tao;pdwfaqG;aEG; r_/ pkpnf;r_rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhonf?nbufrsm;wGif rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mY oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfr_¶Sdap&efESihf wm0efrsm; ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmif&ef a[majymonf? udk&m¶Spf/udkatmif qef;/ udkausmf+idrf;/ udkxGef;tHkwdk@ tjcm;udpPrsm; tvkyfrsm;aepOf udkEkonfoydwfpcef;udk aumif;rGefpGm tkyfcsKyfEdkifonf? oydwf+yD;aemuf 4if;wdk@tm;vHk;onf trdajrvGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf? r=umrDumvwGif wuUodkvfajrrS aeIvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tpDtpOf}udK;yrf;r_udk yHk=urf;azmfEdkifcJhayonf?

Todk@jzihf Auoonf awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif; (+AdwdoSse,fcsJŒvufatmufrSvGwfajrmufa&;) vrf;a=umif;odk@ csOf;uyfcJhonf?

wuouJhodk@ udk,fydkif zGJŒpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;udk a&;qGJEdkifcJhonf? e,fcsJŒvufa0cHynma&;udk pGef@v$wfI ausmif;om;rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJxJodk@ a&muf¶SdcJh=uonf?

1937 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om; oydwfacgif;aqmif udkEk/ ausmif;q&m udkoef;xGef;wdk@onf jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;twGuf taxmuftul&ap&ef e*g;eD pmtkyftoif;udkxlaxmifcJhonf? 4if;toif;rS udkodef;az. q&mvGef;twKywWd/ udkEk. qdk¶S,fvpf0g'/ +rdKŒrq&m[def. bdk&pfta&;awmfyHk ponhf pmtkyfrsm; qufwdkuf xkwfa0cJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;tzdk@ xdkpmayrsm;uvnf; aemufrS aphaqmfcJhonf? zdESdyfr_awG/ vlr_a&; tqifrajyr_awGvnf; wck+yD;wck =uHKawGŒae&onf? e,fcsJŒtpdk;&qef@usifa&; pdwf"mwft[kefonfydkI jGuvmcJhonf?

1936 ck oydwf}uD;onf e,fcsJŒrsm;ESihf trsdK;om;a&;tiftm;pkrsm; t=um;tm;+ydKifr_wckjzpf+yD; ordkif;qdkif&m ,SOf+ydKif wdk;wufr_wckjzpfonf?

ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; AuotzGJŒvufatmufwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfpdwfyg0ifpm;pGmjzihf yg0ifvm=u+yD; atmifjrifr_rsm; &¶SdcJhonf? 1936 ck oydwfvSefvdkufonfrSefaomfvnf; 4if;ausmif;om; rsm;onf 4if;wdk@ t&nftcsif;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;ESihf4if;wdk@. tiftm;tajctaeESihf vkyfaqmifcsuf/ tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk oabmaygufvm=uonf?

ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; tajccHtxufwef; tygt0if yxrOD;qHk; AuotzGJŒcsKyf atmufwGif pkpnf;rd=ujcif;jzpfonf? Auorsm;tzGJŒ. pdwf"mwfqdkif&mrsm; jrihfrm;vm+yD;/tiftm;rsm;wdk;csJŒvmEdkifonf? wuUodkvf}uD;onfvnf; trSefw&m;. tdrfawmf/trSefw&m; wdkufyGJ0if&mae&m jzpfvmonf?

1920 ESihf 1936 ausmif;om; oydwfrsm;a=umihf wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf4if;wdk@pdwfxJrS pnf;pdrfcHcsifaom om,m ,pfrl;onhf pdwf"mwfrsm;tpm; 4if;wdk@.

44


xufjrufaom OD;aESmufjzihf qHk;jzwfI/ xdktcsdefumvESihf udkufnDaom e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; ajymif;vJcJhonf?

1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf}uD;onf r&ihfao;aomfvnf; 1936 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;rS ydkI pnf;¶Hk;vm+yD; atmifjrifpGm oydwfvSefEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?wuorsm;tzGJŒonf taemufEdkifiHrS or*~rsm;uJhodk@ ausmif;om;v$wfawmf zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJhonf?

(7) wef;rS (10) wef;xd tajccHausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; or*~toif;rsm; ay:xGef;vmcJhayonf? 4if;wdk@pdwfwGifvnf; awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; pdrhf0ifysHŒESH@vmonf?e,fcsJŒAsL¶dkua&pD ynma&; pepfudk +cdrf; ajcmufvmcJhonf?

AuotzGJŒacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;/ awmifolv,form;rsm;/e,fcsJŒ pepfqdk;atmuf 'kuQa&mufaeolrsm;udk aumif;pGmpkpnf;EdkifcJhonf? Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;onf 'Drd kua&pDtcGih fta&;rsm; &¶S da&;ESih f vGwfvyfa&;twGuftrsdK;om;a&;v_yf¶Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf wGJzufEdkifcJ honf? ordkif;pmrsufESmopfzGihfEdkifcJhonf?

Auorsm;tzGJŒ. r[mAsL[mESihf enf;AsL[mAuorsm;tzGJŒonf vlwef;pm;cG J jcm;jcif; r¶S daom e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;

ausmif;om;trsm;pk. tzGJŒ jzpfonf?Auorsm;tzGJŒonf trsdK;om;a&;v_yf¶Sm;r_udk qef@usifonhftzGJŒrsm;udk

,SOfjydKifwdkufcd kufrnf jzpfonf? xdk@twl vlrsdK;ESih f bmoma&; cG J jcm;r_udkvnf;&ifqdkifwdkufcdkufoGm;rnf? 4if;qef@usifr_rsm;udk v_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/pm¶Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzihf qef@usifoGm;rnf?

aemufvufwbufjzihf vlrsdK;EG,frsm;/ vlrsdK;pkrsm; AuotzGJŒodk@ pdwfyg0ifpm;pGmyg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf tjrJowd}uD;pGmaqmif¶GufoGm;rnfjzpfonf? 4if;uJhodk@ tiftm; awmihfwif;aom/ xufjrufaomt¶Sdeft[kefjzihf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;odk@ ysHŒESHŒpGm pdrhf0ifap+yD; ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udkowif;odap&ef }udK;yrf;aprnf?

ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifvm&ap&ef }udK;yrf;+yD; ryg0ifao;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk zdwf=um;+yD; wufa&muf&ef }udK;yrf;rnfjzpfonf?

Auorsm;tzGJŒESihf tjcm;or*~tzGJŒrsm; tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifvnf; Auorsm;tzGJŒ. atmifjrifr_rsm;udk wifjyrnf?

tm;upm;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m pnf;a0;yGJrsm;wGifvnf; Auo. tajctaersm;udk wifjyrnfjzpfonf?

45


Auo tzGJŒonf ausmif;om;trsm;pkqENudk av;pm;vdkufem+yD; ausmif;om;tenf;pkqENudk tav;xm;um or*~cGJrsm;. qENESihf ar;cGef;rsm;udk vsifjrefpGm ajz=um;aqmif¶Gufrnf jzpfonf?

AuotzGJŒonf 'Drdkua&pDvrf;a=umif;ay:Y tajccHwnfaqmuf+yD; ausmif;om;trsm;pkqENudk vsifjrefpGm taumiftxnfazmf aqmif¶Gufrnfjzpfonf?

tajccHynmESihf wuUodkvfausmif;rsm; tm;vHk;Y ausmif;om;rsm; ae@pOfv_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;udk acgif;aqmifae&mY &¶Sdap&ef }udK;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf?

ausmif;om;or*~cGJ toif;tm;vHk;onf toif;tpnf;ta0;udk yHkrSef usif;yaqG;aEG;+yD; aus;vufrsm;txd pnf;¶Hk;a&;qif; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; yHkrSefjyKvkyf&rnf jzpfonf?4if;a'orS ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfyg0ifpm;&efESihf v_yf¶Sm;r_rsm; yg0ifvmap&ef }udK;yrf;&rnfjzpfonf?

ausmif;om;or*~tzGJŒcGJ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ +rdKŒe,f/ aus;¶Gm acgif;aqmifrsm;taeESihf tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒ.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk yHkrSefowif;v$mrsm; jzef@csdI ausmif;rsm;wGif vdkufemap&ef aqmif¶Guf&rnf?

or*~a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;udk usif;y+yD; AuonDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rvdkufemaom/ yg0ifvkyfaqmifr_ r¶Sdaom or*~ tzGJŒcGJrsm;udk ta&;,lpdppf&rnf?

Auorsm;tzGJŒonf tzGJŒ0ifwOD;OD;u trsdK;om;a&;v_yf¶Sm;r_udk qef@usifvSsifaomfvnf;aumif;/ or*~udk qef@usifvSsifaomf vnf;aumif; 4if;udk vsifjrefpGm pHkprf;ar;jref;I or*~rS trsm;pkjzihf qHk;jzwfcsufcsum 4if;udk or*~rS xkwfy,fEdkifonf? ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

1936-37 AuoESihf wuo tr_aqmiftzGJŒ

The working committee of the All Burma Students' Union (Auo)The first working committee 1937-38 ( 1936 May to 1937 April) 1936-37

Auo tr_aqmiftzGJ1? udk&m¶Spf ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (&efukef) OuUÏ2? udk!Gef@ ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (ppfudkif;) twGif;a&;rSL;3? Mr, T.K. Boon ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (rEWav;) aiGxdef;4? udkxGef;tHk ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (rEWav;) tr_aqmif5? udkausmf+idrf; ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (uom) arrS pufwifbmtxd6? udkatmifausmf ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (ykodrf)7? udkbpH ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (ppfawG)

46


8? udktkef; ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (awmifil) arrSpufwifbmtxd9? udkatmifqef; ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (ewfarmuf)10? udkvSarmif ²²² *syfqifaumvdyf11? udkA[def; ²²² ref;Oypmaumvdyf (rEWav;)12? udkausmfjrihf ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf ( &efukef) (pufwifbmrS {+yD)13? udkvSa¶$ ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (zsmyHk) (pufwifbmrS {+yD)14? udkoD[ef ²²² &efukefwuUodkvf (aygif;wnf) (pufwifbmrS rwf)15? udkcifarmifwif ²²² ref;Oypmaumvdyf (rEWav;) (rwfrS {+yD)

1936-37 wuo tr_aqmiftzGJ@1? udk&m¶Spf OuUÏ2? udkatmifqef; 'k-OuUÏ3? udkvSa¶$ twGif;a&;rSL;4? udkndKxGef; tdk;a0r*~Zif; wm0efcH5? udkodef;wif pm=unhfwdkufrSL;6? rpPwmwDaubGef; aiGxdef;7? udkndKjr t,f'Dwm vlxkqufqHa&; owif;Xme8? udk0if;armif Indoor Games Officer9? udkcifarmifa*;vf twGif;a&;rSL;10? Mr, Varma Editor, Union News

11? udkwifarmif=uD; OuUÏ/ vlr_qufqHa&; aumfrwDcGJ12? udkwif pma&; wdk@jzpfonf?udk&m¶Spfonf or*~ (2) ckpvHk;. OuUÏjzpfvm+yD;/ udkatmifqef; wuo 'k-

OuUÏ jzpfvmayonf?'kwd,t}udrf AuonDvmcH

1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwfwGif udkA[def;onf 4if;. }udK;yrf;r_ESihf vkyf&nfudkif&nfrsm;a=umihf xif¶Sm;vmayonf? 1936 ckwGif Arm[koHk;I 1937 ck tpydkif;Y jrefrm/aemufydkif; 1938 ck aemufydkif;rSpI 1962 cktxd Arm[kac:onhf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ihfudk rEWav;wGif usif;yonhftcg udkA[def;onf {nhfcHa&; aumfrwDOuUÏ jzpfvmonf?

Auo nDvmcH usif;yjcif; jrifuGif;(arv 9-10 &uf 1937)

rEWav;uGefz&ihf jzpfajrmuf&ef udkatmifqef;/ udkA[def;/ udkodef;atmifwdk@

47


wESpfausmf =udK;yrf;cJh&avonf? udkatmifqef;qdkvSsif twGif;usus acgif;aqmifydkif;taeESihf uGefz&ihftpDtpOf/ rdef@cGef;twdkrsm; nSdEd_if;aqG;aEG;vsmxm;csufrsm;/ rEWav;rSausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@nSdI/ &efukefa&mufvmwJh e,fausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk¶Sif;jy+yD; pnf;¶Hk;cJh&onf? &efukefrvmEdkifaom e,fausmif;om;awGqD pma&;¶Sif;csufxkwfjcif;/ ar;jref;csufawG jyef=um;jcif;/ pDpOfvsmxm;yHk t=urf;zsif; ay;ydk@jcif;rsm; pmt}udrf}udrf tjyeftvSef qufwdkufvkyfcJh&onf?

rEWav;uGefz&ihf atmifatmifjrifjrif +yD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;onf {nhfcHaumfrwDxJwGif yg0ifaom rEWav;ausmif;om;rsm;. }udK;yrf;r_ESihf udkatmifqef;/ udkvSaz/udkodef;atmifwdk@. tultnD/ pnf;¶Hk;r_/ {nhfcHaumfrwD cs,f,mrif udkA[def;. raerem;vHk;yrf;tm;xkwfr_/ qufqHa&; acsmarmajyjypfr_/ tajymtqdk odrfarG@El;nHhr_wdk@ a=umihfte,fe,ft&yf&yfrS vm=uaom udk,fpm;vS,f tm;vHk;vdkvdku todtrSwfjyK=uavonf?udkA[def;onf {nhfcHaumfrwD zGJŒ+yD;+yD;csif; Armjynf t+rdKŒ+rdKŒu ausmif;om;or*~awGuwufjGuaom ausmif;om; w?;csif;awGqD pmtwefwef }udKa&;+yD; pnf;¶Hk;vH_@aqmfcJhonf?

1937 arv (9) &uf/ eHeuf (8) em&D tcsdefrSpI rEWav;+rdKŒ/ A[dktrsdK;om;ausmif;0if;}uD; twGif;Y ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ihf 'kwd,t}udrfusif;y.?

xdkuGefz&ihfodk@ +rdKŒay:rS vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;ESihf yef'pf*sm0gvmae¶l; pum;ajymqdkcsufudk em=um;&efvmaom ukvm;vlrsdK;wdk@rSm rsm;jym;vS.?

tpnf;ta0;rprD eHeuf (9) em&D tcsdefcef@Y 0wfvHkawmf& OD;ausmfjrihf/or*~toif;OuUÏa[mif; udk&m¶Spf/ OuUÏopf udkatmifqef;/ {nhfcHtzGJŒcs,f,mrifudkA[def;wdk@u yef'pf*s0gvmae¶l;ESih f 4if;.orD;tm; tpnf;ta0; pifjrihfay:odk@ac:aqmifI eHeuf (9) em&Dxdk;onfESihf w+ydKifeuf wdk@ArmoDcsif;udk wnDwnmwnf;tm;vHk;rwfwyf&yfI oDqdk=uonf?1937-38 AuoESihf wuo tr_aqmiftzGJŒThe Working Committee of All Burma Students' Union (1937-38) Auotr_aqmiftzGJ@

(1) udkatmifqef; OuUÏ(2) udkvSa¶$ 'k-OuUÏ(3) udkjrpdef twGif;a&;rSL;(4) udkA[def; tdk;a0t,f'Dwm(5) udkodef;[ef aiGxdef;(6) udkvSarmif

48


(7) udkausmfjrihf(8) udkxGef;wif(9) udkoef;wif(10) udkxGef;pdef pma&;(11) udkzdk;tHk(12) udkbZH(13) udkpdk;armif

wuo tr_aqmiftzGJ@(1) udkb*srf; OuUÏ(2) udkvSa¶$ 'k-OuUÏ(3) udkvSarmif(4) udkat;ausmf pm=unhfwdkufrSL;(5) udkndKjr Editors and publicity officer(6) udkb¶Srf; aiGxdef;(7) udkatmifqef; (Ex Office)(8) udkAaqG (Manager away)

(9) udkwifarmif (t,f'Dwm Union News)(10) udkjr¶Sdef (Inter University Affairs)(11) udkxGef;az (Chairman-social Sub Committee)(12) udkA[def;(13) udkpdk;armif

1938-39 AuoESihf wuo tr_aqmiftzGJŒAll Burma Student's Union (Auo)

1? udkatmifqef; OuUÏ2? udkA[def; twGif;a&;rSL;3? udkpdk;armif aiGxdef;4? udkvSa¶$ tr_aqmif5? udk=unfarmif tr_aqmif6? udkbpH tr_aqmif7? udkausmfjrihf tr_aqmif8? udkjrpdef tr_aqmif9? udkcspfat; tr_aqmif

49


10? udkarmifarmif tr_aqmif( All Nationalist Members of the House of Representative and of the Senate

12 September 1938)

wuo (Rangoon University Students' Union)

1? udkatmifqef; OuUÏ2? udkvSa¶$ 'k-OuUÏ3? udkA[def; twGif;a&;rSL;4? udkodef;atmif aiGxdef;5? udkapmpHau; t,f'Dwm (tdk;a0)6? udkatmifwdk; (Business Manager)

7? udkboef; pm=unhfwdkufrSL;8? udkxGef;¶Sdef (Executive Committee member)

9? udkat;ausmf (Executive Committee member)

10? udk=unfarmif (Executive Committee member)

11? udkaomif;cif (Executive Committee member)

(All National members of the House of Representative and of the sentate)

atmifxGef;

(jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;pmtkyf ( OD;atmifxGef; ) rS xkwfESkwfazmfjyonf?)

50


wpfacwfwpfcsdefu ArmjynfrSm wpnf;wvHk;eJ@ ausmufaqmifausmufom; yrm}uH@cdkifcJhwJh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~udk t+yKdiftqdkifawG/ tuGJt+yJawGeJ@awG@&awmhrvdkvdk tajctaeawG awG@jrifae&wm pdk;&drfpdwfraumif; p&myJ jzpfygw,f?txl;ojzihf wcsdefu ausmif;om;or*~&,fvdk@ ArmEdkifiHrSm xD;xD;rm;rm;wnf&Sd+yD;ausmif;om; ta&;/ rdbjynfolrsm;ta&;udk aqmi&GufcJhwmawG udk awG@jrifod&SdolawGtzdk@ toJeihfrSs cHpm;&ygw,f?

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~qdkwm[m wdkufyGJwGif;rSm arG;zGm;/wdkufyGJwGif;rSm &Sifoef/ wdkufyGJxJrSm }uD;xGm; cJhwmyg? udkvdkeDacwfupvdk@ uae@txdwdkif;jynfudk zdESdyfolawGutkyfpdk;aewJh ESpfaygif; 60 ausmf=um umvwavSsmufrSmausmif;om;or*~wdkufyGJvdk@ qdk&rvdkawmif jzpfaecJhygw,f? or*~acgif;aqmif wjzpfvJocifawG[m ocifaygufp axmif ajcmufvacwfrSm axmifxJ0ifcJh=u&ovdk vGwfvyfa&;acwf aemufydkif;rSmusawmh or*~acgif;aqmifawGtzdk@ axmifeJ@ tdrf[m tdrfOD;eJ@=urf;jyifjzpfcJh&ygw,f? rvdkolawGu uG,f&mrSm olwdk@udk "axmifpmav;awG" vdk@ac:wmawmif&SdcJhygw,f?

'Dawmh ausmif;om;xkeJ@ jynfolvlxk[m ausmif;om;or*~awGudk olwdk@twGufwdkufyGJ0ifwJh tzGJ@tpnf;vdk@ jrifxm;=uovdk q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if; zGJ@usL;cJhwJh"xqifxl;udk wjrnfjrnfoifcJhwJh xDrxif" wdkufyGJ0ifwJh vlawG (wenf; wdkufyGJudk ra&SmifwJhvlawG) eJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wmyJ jzpfapcsif=uygw,f? 'geJ@ ajymif;jyef zdESdyfol tm%mydkifawGuawmh ausmif;om;or*~qdkwmudk rwwfomvdk@ wnf&Sdaeap &w,fqdk&if olwdk@udk

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;wOD;

wpfckwnf;aomor*~ausmif;om;awG&J hwpfckwnf;aomA[dk

51


qef@usifwmawG rvkyfwJh &yfuGuf"rRm&Hktoif;/ o[m,eJ@pmzwf tzGJ@tpnf;av;avmufjzpfapcsifwmyg? 'Dae@ ArmjynftESH@tjym;rSm zGJ@pnf;zdk@ vHk;yrf;ae=uwJh ausmif;om; or*~awGuom "ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; rajymygbl;/ Armjynf&J@ uarmufur ynma&;tajctaeudk jypfwifa0zefwm rvkyfygbl;/ ausmif;om;tcGihfta&;awGtwGuf wdkufyGJr0ifygbl;/ tifef*sDtdkawG&J@ tpDtpOfawG udkom vkyfaeygr,f" vdk@ uwday;cJh&if;Adkvfodef;pdeftpdk;&u 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om csufjcif;yJ wnfaxmifcGihf ay;rSmyg? or*~ taqmuftODawG udkvnf; olwdk@uawmif aqmufay;ygvdrhfOD;r,f?

jyefpOf;pm;vdkuf&if ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awG uGJ +yJcJhwmrenf;ygbl;? 'gayrJh Auo uGJw,f? ausmif;om;or*~ uGJw,fqdkwm r&SdcJhygbl;? ausmif;om;avmuxJrSm ausmif;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;/ 'Dtufpftdk/ wyfOD;opf/ tiftm;pojzihf rwlwJhtiftm;awG +yKdifqdkifcJh=uayrJh b,folurS udk,hf[mudk,f or*~ xaxmifw,fvdk@ rvkyf0Hh/rvkyfcJhygbl;? or*~&J@ t&Sdeftapmfu }uD;vGef;vdk@ tm;vHk;yJ ausmif;om; xk&J@qENudkav;pm;&ygw,f? aemuf+yD; vlxkuvnf; 'grsdK;udk r}uHaumif;rpnf&mqdk+yD; ESmacgif;&H_@=urSmyg?

aemufaxmufjyoihfw,fxifwJh tcsufwcsufu Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ocifA[def;/ Adkvfatmifausmf polawG wnfaxmifcJhwJh/ ordkif;rSm tpOftvm}uD;cJhwJhArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~ukd emrnfajymif;zdk@ qdkwmrsdK;vnf; b,folrS rawG;0Hh/r}uHpnf 0hHcJh=uygbl;? Adkvfae0if;eJ@ ppftm%m&Siftqufqufu or*~awGeJ@ or*~tpOftvmwdk@udk ordkif;pmrsufay:u aysmufoGm;atmif &mpkESpfw0ufavmufvkyfvmawmh ordkif;udkrod/ ordkif;udk xdkufwefpGmwefbdk; rxm;wwfolawGu 'gawGudkravmufav; ravmufpm;rsm; vkyfvmovm;vdk@ pOf;pm;p&mjzpfaeygw,f? Adkvfae0if;[mArmpum;a0g[m&/ owfyHkawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfavh &Sdw,f qdkwmudkvnf; rarhoihfygwl;?

ausmif;om;or*~awG ruGJcJh? pif+yKdifawG ray:cJhwm&J@ t"du ta=umif;&if;wckuawmh or*~awG&J@ ordkif;rSm b,f oH&Hk;/ b,fEdkifiH&J@ (tifef*sDtdk qdkwm tJ'Dwkef;uray:ao;yg)/ b,fjyify tiftm;pk&J@ tultnD taxmuftyHhudkrS r,lcJhwm jzpfygw,f?or*~awG[m jynfolvlxkeJ@ ausmif;om;xkqDu tvSLcH+yD; touf&Sifv_yf&Sm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? azmufjyefwJh tm%mydkifawGu ausmif;om;or*~ acgif;aqmifawGudk udk,hfvltjzpf arG;zdk@/ 0,f,lzdk@}uKd;pm;&mrSm &mxl;ay;/ aiGay;vkyfwJh enf;awGudkvnf; wGifwGifus,fus,f toHk;jyKcJhygw,f? axmifxJrSm zrf;xm;+yD; tvkyftudkifay;r,f/ &mxl;ay;r,f/vufeufcsvdk@ t=uyfudkifwmrsdK;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f?

ausmif;om;or*~awG[m ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGtjyif pmayynm&Sif awGudk

52


zdwfac: a[majymapwmeJ@ ynma&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ/ wuUodkvf aiG&wkobifyGJ pwmawGusif;ycJhayrJh aps;a&mif;yGJeJ@ aiG&SmwmrsdK; rvkyfygbl;? &yfuGufxJ/ aps;xJ/ tvSLcHxGufwmawmhvkyfygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~/ txl;ojzihf wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~awGudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u aiGa=u;axmufyHhwJh tpOftvm udk +AdwdoSsudkvdkeDtpdk;&uolwdk@EdkifiHrSmenf;wl pepfwcktjzpf owfrSwfcJhygw,f? 'gudk vGwfvyfa&; aemufydkif;tpdk;&rsm;uvnf; vdkufemusihfoHk;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh Adkvfae0if;u tm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmh or*~awGvnf; Oya'abmif tjyifbufa&muf/ 'D tpOftvmvnf;aysmufjzpfcJ h&ygw,f? trSefrSm tpdk;&uay;w,f qdkwJhaiG[m pmoifESpftprSmausmif;om;awGqDu aumufcHxm;wJh aiGawGjzpfvdk@ ausmif;om;awGuay;wJh aiGvdk@qkdrSydkrSefrSmyg? 'gayrJh 'DaiG[mor*~&J@ wESpfpm toHk;twGuf rvHkavmufygbl;? 'ga=umihftcgtm; avsmfpGm ausmif;om;awGqDrSm cGufxdk;tvSLcHwm/ vlxkqDrSm jzwfydkif;jzwftvSLcHwmawG vkyf&ygw,f? or*~qdkwm[m 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ &HyHkaiGawG&cJhwm jzpfavawmhausmif;om;xkrsufESmeJ@ jynfol vlxkrsufESmuvGJvdk@ bmrSaxmufxm;p&m rvdkawmhygbl;?

'Dvdk ta=umif;&if;awGa=umihfyJ Armjynf aemufydkif;ordkif;rSm udkvdkeD e,fcsJ@orm;a&m ppftm%m&SifawGtyg zdESdyfwJh tpdk;&awGtzdk@ ausmif;om; or*~awG[m t}uD;rm;qHk;ypfrSwfwck tjzwfwnf&SdcJhygw,f? 'ga=umihfrdk@ olwdk@[m ausmif;om;or*~udk enf;rsdK;aygif;pHkeJ@ olwdk@ tydkifjzpfzdk@ vHk;yrf;cJh=uygw,f? 'gudk zqyvtpdk;& vufxufwkef;uqdk&S,fvpfygwDu enf;rsdK;aygif;pHkeJ@ npfwD;npfywf vkyfcJhovdk &Spfav;vHk; aemufydkif;rSmAdkvfcif!Gef@wdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;uvnf; aiGyHkay;wm tyg enf;vrf;aygif;pHk toHk;jyKcJhygw,f?'DvdktcgrSm wcsdefwkef;u wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;or*~qdkwJhrl tay:rSm rm;rm;&yf+yD;temcHcJhwJh or*~acgif;aqmifeJ@ ausmif;om;tqufqufudk owd&rdygw,f?

wygwnf;rSmyJ 'Dae@acwf ausmif;om;r*~azmfxkwfa&;/ or*~ tvHawmfatmufrSm wdkufyGJ0ifa&; wdk@twGufvHk;yrf;ae oltm;vHk;udkvnf; ausmif;om;or*~udk pwifwnfaxmifcJholeJ@ o,faqmifcJholawG&J@ qENeJ@ arSsmfrSef;csufawGudk owd&=uyg/ausmif;om;awG&J@ 1936ckESpf upvdk@ 1962ckESpf Zlvdkif(7)&uf ta&;awmfyHktv,f&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHktxd jzpfwJh *k%fajymifvSwJh ausmif;om;awG&J@ wdkufyGJ}uD;awGeJ@tJ'Dwkef;u pdwf"mwfawGudk owd&=uygvdk@ owday;vdkygw,f? olwdk@awG[m ausmif;om;or*~awG wnfwHha&;twGuf toufawmif ay;cJh=uwmyg? wu,fawmh 'Dae@txdtouf0ifwnf&SdaewJh ausmif;om;or*~[m Armjynfordkif;rSm oufwrf; t&SnfqHk;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfr,f qdkwm udkvnf; rarhoihfygbl;?

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;wOD;(Aye Win facebook uae jyeful;,laz: jyygw,f?)

53


1? rEWav;+rdKŒuae ausmif;om;awGudk OD;aqmif+yD; AuoeJ@ wuoausmif;om;awGu csDwufvmw,f? jynfolawGuvnf; vrf;wavSsmuf axmufcH=uw,f?aemufajrvwfausmif;om;awG/ xm;0,f ausmif;om;awG/ {&m0wD ausmif;om;awG&JŒppfa=umif;awG ay:vmjyD; yl;aygif;yg0ifvmvdk@ tiftm;}uD;vmwJhtcg ausmif;om;awG&JŒawmif;qdkr_awGudk vspfvsLxm;wJh tpdk;& acgif;rrmEdkifawmhbJ tay;t,l vkyfvm&w,f?'DvkdeJ@yJ ausmif;om;awGawmif;qkdxm;wJh 4 yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;r_ ay:vmcJhw,f?

2? 4 yGifhqdkif aqG;aEG;yGJrSm ausmif;om;awG awmif;qdkcsuf 11 csufudkoabmwl+yD; rl=urf;udk wufa&mufolrsm; twlwuG a&;qGJjyD; v$wfawmfukd wifoGif;cJhw,f?ausmif;om;oydwfrSm yg0ifwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ@ tm;ay;axmufcHolawGtm;vHk;ukdta&;r,lbl;qkdwJh uwdudk tpdk;&qDu&cJhw,f?

3? ausmif;om;tkyfpk/ NNER / t&yfzuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG/ausmif;om;oydwf ppfa=umif;udk tm;ay;axmufcHolawGeJ@ wpfzGJ@pD =um;emr_awGvkyf+yD;aqG;aEG;ndSEd_if;r,fvdk@ trsdK;om; v$wfawmf Oya'=urf;aumfrDwD OuUÏu ajymcJhw,f?

4? wpfcsdefxJrSmyJ wuUodkvfawG aumvdyfawGudk n$ef=um;csufxkwf+yD;

rwfv ausmif;om;vSKyf&Sm;rSK tay:oHk;oyf}unfhjcif;

xGef;atmifausmf (74 rsdK;quf)

54


ausmif;om;awGudk aqG;aEG;yG JawG zdwfac:+yD; ygarmuQawG/ q&m/ q&mrawGuoydwfqifEGJaewJh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ awmif;qdkr_awGudk rvdkvm;a=umif; raxmufcHa=umif;=udK;pm;wmudk ausmif;om;awGuvufrcHbJ y,fcscJhwJhtwGuf tpdk;&&JŒ wefjyefvkyfaqmifcsufudk &yfwef@EdkifcJhygw,f?

5? wzef v$wfawmfr Sm wif jywJ hynma&;Oya'=urf;ud k NNER eJ @ausmif;om;awGuom a&;qGJwJh Oya'=urf;tjzpf tpdk;&ydkifowif;pmawGrSm az: jyovdk/tJ'D tm;vHk;oabmwlxm;wJh Oya'=urf;eJ@ ynma&;Xmeu a&;qGJxm;wJh Oya'=urf;udkyl;wGJjyD; v$wfawmfudk wifoGif;vmwmudk ausmif;om;awGeJ@ NNER u uef@uGufvdk@ 4yGifhqdkifoabmwlnDcsuf rl=urf;udkyJ v$wfawmfrSm wifoGif;zdk@ jyefoabmwlcJhwmausmif;om;awGtwGuf atmifyGJwckjzpfygw,f?

6? wuoeJ@ {&m0wD/ ajrvwf/ xm;0,fppfa=umif;awGu ausmif;om;awmif;qdkcsufawGudk v$wfawmfrSm =um;emaepOf oydwfudk &yfem;xm;r,fvdk@ qHk;jzwfjyD;Auo OD;pD;wJhyifrppfa=umif;u qufvufcsDwuf r,fqdkjyD; usefppfa=umif;awGeJ@oabmwlnDcsufr&bJ jzpfcJhwm/ ausmif;om;awG=um;rSm tufa=umif; pxif vmjcif;vdk@jrifrdw,f? tpdk;&u Auo ppfa=umif; wpfckxJudk ypfrSwfxm;EdkifcGifh &oGm;cJhwm tJ'DrnDnGwfjcif;&JŒ tusdK;vdk@ xifygw,f? wu,fvdk@ Auou tjcm;ppfa=umif;awGeJ@nSd+yD;csDwufr_ukd &yfem;r,f? um;eJ@ &efukefta&mufoGm;+yD; atmifyGJcHr,fqdk&if 'Dvdk r+ydKuGJygbl;?'DnDnGwfr_udk tpdk;&taeeJ@vnf; +zdKcGJzdk@cufrSm jzpfw,f? ylylaEG;aEG;tcsdefrSm um;awGeJ@csDwufr,f/ vrf;ravSsmuf awmhbl;qdk&if tpdk;&taeeJ@ jiif;y,fzdk@ cufygw,f?ausmif;om;awGtaeeJ@vJ ryifyef;bJ um;pD;jyD; vrf;wavSsmuf +rdKŒ&GmawGrSm rif;udkEdkifwdk@vGwfwHk;uvdk vlxk&JŒaomif;aomif;zszs=udKqdkwm cH&rJhtjyif vrf;rSm w&m;a[majymcGifhawGvnf; tcsdefwdkwdkeJŒ&+yD; &efukefudk a&mufvm=urSmjzpfw,f?

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55


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56


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57


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58


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59


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60


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oef;xGÉfatmif(tvJAif;rD'D,mrS)

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usr &Sifa'0D yg? toufarG;0rf;a=umif;u documentary filmmaker

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vufyHwef; rSonf ²²²

&Sifa'0D

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'gayr,f@ olwdk@pdwfxdvdkuf& wmudk; tm;rmef awG tjzpf ajymif;ypfvdkuf=u+yD;wdkif;jynftwGuf tvkyfawGudk qwufxrf;ydk; wdk;vdkuf =uw,f? enf;wJ@pdwfawGr[kwf=uygbl;? zufqpfawmfvSef;a&;+yD;cJ@vdk@ vGwfvyfa&;&cJ@wJ@aemuf udkwifu orRw}uD;ref;0if;armifjzpf+yD; udkwl; u ume,fcspfaumif;jzpfaecsdefrSm ukdwl; }udK;wdkufxJa&mufae+yDvdkf@=um;awm@ u|efr&efukef udk vmw,f? tpfudk}uD; udkodef;azeJ@awGŒw,f? "tpfudk}uD;udkwl;eJ@awGŒcsifw,f /awGŒyga&ap" qdkawm@ olpDpOfay;w,f? wpfae@&efukeftusOf;axmif}uD;xJoGm;+yD; axmif0ifpmawGŒ=uygw,f? axmif}uD; xJ a&muf awm@ }udK;wdkufxJrSmudkwl;udk awGŒvdkuf&w,f? awGŒawm@u|efrpdwfxJ raumif;bl;? 'Dae&mrsKd;rSmvnf;olŒudkrawGŒcsifbl;? udkwl;uawm@ at;at; aq;aq;yJ "rcifpD aeaumif; &JŒvm;/uav;awGa&m aexdkifaumif; &JŒvm;" ar;ygw,f? +yD;awm@rS "rcifpDa& usKyfaor,fqdk&if aoaysmfyg+yDAsm/ wdkif;jynftwGuf usLyf vkyfcJ@+yD;+yDyJ? 'gayrJ@ usLyf raocsif ao;bl;/bmjzpf vdkŒvJqdk&if/ usKyfrSm wdkif;jynfudk wifjyp&mawG&Sdao;w,f" tJ'golajymwmyJ

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99


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100

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101


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Ba Maw

BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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102


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105


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111


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112


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TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU

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TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178

Japan.

TEL

080-5070-0080

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1


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