تجارب مميزة في البحث النوعي وتطبيقاته
TRANSCRIPT
لكم يقدمون الدكتوراة طلبة من مجموعة
بعنوان ندوةوتطبيقاته النوعي البحث في متميزة تجارب
النادي رعاية تحت
فيصل – – – الفاخري يزيد القحطاني عبدالرحمن الثويني سليمانعجينه – أحمد السويدي
2014سبتمبر 15
: عجينه سهيل بن أحمد الندوة مدير
What is qualitative research?
Why researchers need qualitative research?
What are the characteristics of qualitative research?
What are qualitative research methods?
Qualitative Research Introduction
Research design involves specifying your philosophical assumptions, your research method, which data collection techniques you will use, your approach to qualitative data analysis, your approach to writing up, and, if applicable, how you plan to publish your findings
The first step is deciding upon a TOPIC
4
Research design
Qualitative Researchers study “phenomena” (people and their thoughts) in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them
• Instead of asking how many times consumer use mobile banking, you ask ‘‘WHY...?’’
Texts are means of analysis
Qualitative Research Rationale
Qualitative research is a type of scientific research that:
• seeks answers to value creation and delivery in mobile banking services
explore customers’ value perceptions of offered service
• collects evidence from service suppliers and consumers
7
Qualitative Research in Banking Services
To gain more in-depth information that may be difficult to convey quantitatively
To better understand value creation in mobile banking services from banks’ perspectives
To gain new perspectives on value perceptions from
customers’ perspectives which knowledge is incomplete or need more examination
8
Qualitative Research Objectives
qualitative research quantitative researchInterpretivist PositivistsResearch process is inductive. Research process is deductive.
Exploratory nature Casual and relationship measurement Thematic analysis Statistical analysis
Subjective analysis Objective analysis Understanding and description Hypothesis testing Texts NumbersGeneralization to context Generalization to theoryUses a relatively small sample Uses a relatively large sample
Characteristics of qualitative research
Lincoln & Guba, 1985
Qual. Methods
Interviews
Ethnographic Studies
Case study
Grounded theory
Focus groups
Common qualitative Methods
Inductive thinking (Qualitative)
OBSERVATION
PATTERNS
HYPOTHESIS
THEORY
Elements of the Research Process
Deductive thinking (Quantitative)
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
CONFIRMATION
Elements of the Research Process (Cont.)
Inductive thinking (Qualitative) Interviewee X: ‘‘The use of mobile banking is easy and
convenient. I can access it from anywhere and at anytime’’.
Inductive Example
Mobile banking adoption Ease of use
Deductive thinking (Quantitative) Hypothesis 1: There is a relationship between easy of use and mobile
banking adoption.
Deductive Example
Ease of use Mobile banking
adoption
+ / -
Interview Seven Stages
1 •Theming
2 •Designing
3 •Interviewing
4 •Transcribing
5 •Analysing
6 •Verifying
7 •Reporting
Interview Seven Stages
1. Theming
◦ What is the theme of the interview?
◦ It’s your Research Questions
Interview Seven Stages
2. Designing
◦ How will the intended knowledge be obtained?
◦ Design your Interview Questions
Interview Questions
Introductory Questions◦ Warm up questions
Followup Questions◦ Listen for “Red Lights”
Probing Questions◦ Unlimited scope
question Specifying
Questions◦ Exact information
Direct Questions Introducing a new topic
Indirect Questions Projective questions
Structuring Questions
Transitioning to new topics
Interpreting Question
Clarifying questions Silences
Interviews Establish a rapport Treat interviewees with respect Think about your appearance Think about body language Maintain firm eye contact Don’t invade their space
Interviews
How are you going to record?◦ Tape recorder ◦ Pen and paper – must be verbatim◦ Video recorder
But whichever you use, you must do a verbatim recording of the interview, both questions and answers.
Interview Seven Stages
4. Transcribing
◦ Converting interview into written text
◦ Must include everything said. Can be in appendix of thesis or on a CD.
Interview Seven Stages
5. Analysing
◦ Based on the appropriate type of investigation
◦ (Yazeed Alfakhri & Faisal Alswaidi)
Interview Seven Stages
6. Verifying
◦ Checking that validity, reliability of the findings.
◦ (Ahmed Ajina)
Interview Seven Stages
7. Reporting
◦ Communicate findings in a scientific and ethical manner.
◦ In the thesis/ dissertation document
The process of analysing the data
1. Preparing the data
2. Developing codes, themes & categories
3. Drawing conclusion
1 Preparing the data
Transcribing Organising the data (Recorder, Notes, Documents...etc) Translating Read Read Read
2 Developing codes, themes & categories
Code◦ “Tags or labels for allocating units of meaning to the
descriptive or inferential information compiled during a study” (Basit, 2003, p. 144).
Coding ExampleQ: Can you tell me more about XX?A: (This company donate and support charity just to
show people that it is a good company in order to increase its reputation and not to help the society).
Fake Donation
Example (Finding Chapter Headings)
FINDING CHAPTER:
1 Social Responsibilities1.1 Economy1.1.1 Job creation1.1.2 Developing country economy1.1.3 Support local production1.2 Legal1.2.1 Follow rules1.2.2 Inform customers1.3 Ethical1.3.1 Not to increase price1.3.2 Cheap labour1.3.3 High working hours
3 Drawing conclusion Discussion It aims to identify the relations between categories &
answer the research questions
Example (Discussion Chapter Headings)
DICUSSION CHAPTER:1. Research Question 1?
Answer: 1.1..............................1.1.2.......................
2. Research Question 2? Answer: 2.1..............................
2.1.1.......................Etc...........
Positivism Terms
The need is still existed to maximize the truth
VERY IMPORTANT: Subjectivism ≠ Bias
Reliability and Validity
Repeatability is rejected in qualitative research. i.e. two researchers doing the same research reporting similar findings.
Assessing the procedures to make sure they are systematic and accurate.
Examples
Dependability = Reliability
Objectivity is rejected in qualitative research i.e. the study is independent form the researcher values.
Qualitative is subjective and the research + context providing meaningful interpretation to the data
Efforts devoted to ensure that the results show the participants’ view not the researcher’s view.
Example
Confirmability = Objectivity
Validity: the questions measure what we intend to measure. Not fully rejected. In fact these qualitative assess the data differently.
Not concerns about the truthiness, but the authenticity.
honesty, fairness, and accuracy of the research in reporting the partcipants’ views
Example
Trustworthiness = Validity
Internal Validity: to what extend we are sure that the outputs are results of the inputs. Not fully rejected
Results are congruent with reality
Examples: prolonged engagement, triangulation, peer debriefing
Credibility = Internal Validity
The External Validity refers to the ability of data to be generalized.
The decision to judge the ability of the data to be generalized is up to the reader.
Claim locality, explain the setting
Example, Saudi vs. Qatari challenges to learn English
Transferability = External Validity