أبعاد التموجات الاستيمولوجية على دينامية البناء و...
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03-(Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptionsinpoliticalscience,2005).
04-(Comparativepolitics:approachesandissues,2007).
"Indigenousmodels"
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05-(ParadigmsandSandCastles:TheoryBuildingandResearchDesigninComparative
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06-(GoodinRobertandHans-DieterKlingemann,ANewHandbookofPoliticalSciences,
1996).07- (Mansfield D. Edward and Richard Sisson, The Evolution of Political Knowledge:Democracy,Autonomy,andConflictinComparativeandInternationalPolitics,2004).08-(KopsteinJeffreyandMarkLichbach,Comparativepoliticsinterests,identities,andinstitutionsinaChangingglobalorder,2005).09- (Munck Gerardo and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method in ComparativePolitics,2007).10-(KesselmanMarkandJoelKriegerandWilliamJoseph,IntroductiontoComparativePolitics.2009).11-(McCormickJohn,ComparativePoliticsinTransition,2010).12-(IshiyamaJohn,ComparativePoliticsPrinciplesofDemocracyandDemocratization,2012).
-(PrzeworskiAdamandHenryTeune,Thelogicofcomparativesocialinquiry,1970).13
1 BarbaraGeddes,ParadigmsandSandCastles:TheoryBuildingandResearchDesign inComparativePolitics,USA,UniversityofMichiganPress,2006,p06.
16
14-(Ragin Charles, The comparative method: moving beyond qualitative andquantitativestrategies,1987).15-(Pennings Paul, Hans Keman and Jan Kleinnijenhuis, Doing Research in PoliticalScience:AnIntroductiontoComparativeMethodsandStatistics,2006).
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ConceptualandMethodologicalFrameworkofComparativePolitics
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1 : . :200507 .2 :199810.
25
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26
TheFieldofComparativePolitics
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3
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1 : :200127.2 . :200818.3 :
200519.∗1948
.( ) :
1949
4 PatrickH,O’Neil,KarlFields,andDonShare,Casesincomparativepolitics.3rdedition,London,NortonandCompanyLtd,CastleHouse,2010,p02.
27
1...
2.
-
3.
:
.
4
5
6.
1 TheEncyclopediaofpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),USA,Associateeditors,TheassistanceoftheAPSA,CQ(CongressionalQuarterly)Press,WashingtonDC,2011,p1301.2 Howardwiarda,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience.USA,RoutledgeOxon,2005,p05.3 LimC.Timothy,DoingComparativePolitics:AnIntroductiontoApproachesandIssues,USA,LynneRienner.2006,pp.04-05.
42003 :www.kotobarabia.com185.5 :198717.6 : : 2002
99.
28
1
TheScopes
.
∗.
:
.
.
1 : :199817.
∗Empericism :
1. AFewDefinitionsofComparativePolitics
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. ." (Wiarda2000,p7)
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" (Wilson1996p4).
. : "...
" (Lane1997,p.2).
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) ( .(
" (Mahler2000,p.3).
Source:Limc.Timothy,op.cit,p12.
29
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1 :200117.2 GeorgeMct.Kahin,GuyJ.Pauker,andLucianW.Pye,ComparativePoliticsofNon-WesternCountries,TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.49,No.4(Dec.,1955),p1029.
31
:
) ( .
.
.
.
.1
1 David D.Laitin, Comparative Politics: The State of the Subdiscipline, Comparative Politics, unpublished PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation,APSA,(September2000),p07.
32
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:Inter-DisciplinaryStudiesIntra-and
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1 Jerry McBeath, and Jonathan Rosenberg, Comparative environmental politics, The Netherlands, Dordrecht,publishedbySpringer,2006,p03.
2 : :200013.∗
. .
33
"Inter-disciplinarystudies""Intra-
disciplinary studies"
1.
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""
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""""Claude Shannon
.2.
.
3 .
.
.
.
.
.1 :340.2341 .326.
34
1 .
2 .
3
.4
" " Laura Luehrmann
5.
1HowardWiarda,ComparativePolitics:ApproachesandIssues,USA,NewYork:Romwman&LittelfieldPublishers,2007,p233.
218.3LauraLuehrmann,ComparativePoliticsoftheThirdWorld:LinkingConceptsandCases,2ndedition,LynneRienner,2007,p08.
419.5 Ibid,p09.
35
:TheComparaisonStudies
1 .
2 .
.
.
3.
"Comparativists"
"Causal
theories"
4.
1 LimC.Timothy,op.cit,p20.2 LauraLuehrmann,op.cit,p04.3 JohnMcCormick,ComparativePoliticsinTransition,SixthEd,USA,WadsworthCenterStreetBoston,2010,p01.4 Mark Kesselman, and others, Introduction to Comparative Politics, USA, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt PublishingCompanyBoston,NewYork,2009,p07.
36
" "
1 .
2 .
3.
PurposesofComparaison
" "AdamPrzeworski
.
4.
5.
1 : : 200170 .2 :201093.331.
4 SartoriGiovanni,Biencomparer,malcomparer,Revueinternationaledepolitiquecomparée,Vol.1,No.1,1999,p21.5RodHague,andMartinHarrop,ComparativeGovernmentandPolitics:AnIntroduction,6thEdition,USA,NewYork,PalgraveMacmillanHoundmills,Basingstoke,2004,p70.
37
01.
1044source:SartoriGiovanni,ConceptMisformationinComparativePolitics,TheAmericanP.S.R.Vol.64No.4,1970,p
" "JohnMcCormick :
--
------
1.
" "Todd Landman
""Giovanni Sartori2.""Timothy Lim
∗Heterogeneouscontexts :∗∗Homogerieouscontexts :)Thekind (
1 JohnMcCormick,op.cit,pp.02-03.2 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,2ndEdition,UK,RoutledgeLondon,2005,p04.
Heterogeneous contexts∗
)Homogerieous contexts∗∗
)
Countrybycountry
( )
1-
2-
3-
1
2
1-
2-
3-
38
) 1.
LevelsofComparaison
2.
1 LimC,Timothy,op.cit,pp.21-22.2120.
( )
)1( :
)2( :
)
)1 ( :
)2(
)1( :
)2(
.
02.
Source:TimothyC.Lim,DoingComparativePolitics:AnIntroductiontoApproachesandIssues.Op.cit,p23.
39
cross-temporal
cross-spational
spatiotemporal
across-regimes
across-states
across-regions
across-societies
across-institutions
cross-cultural ... :
03.
:
.
1.
2.
" " ToddLandman
1 RodHague,andMartinHarrop,op.cit,p71.2 ThomasM.Magstads,UnderstandingPolitics:Ideas,Institutions,andIssues,NinthEdition,USA,WadsworthChannelCenterStreetBoston,2011,p16.
40
1.
" "
2 .
""Giovanni Sartori
3.
.
1 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction.2ndEdition,op.cit,p.p37.2 Ibid,p51.3Sartori Giovanni,ConceptMisformationinComparativePolitics,TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.64,No.4,(Dec,1970),p1046.
41
.
.
"Positivists"1
1 Oren Ido, CanPolitical ScienceEmulate the NaturalSciences?TheProblemof Self-DisconfirmingAnalysis,Polity,NortheasternPoliticalScienceAssociation,Vol.38,No.1,(January,2006),p74.
42
TheFrameworkofMethodology
""RenéDescartes1.
2 .
.
3.
:
4
1 : ) ( :1985165.2 :199931.377.4 :199019.
43
"Methodology"
1 .
.
"Methodological Approach"
.
"ResearchMethod" .
.
.
2.
TheMethodsofResearch
( ) ∗"Logos"
1 :197705.255.∗Logos :
44
1.
" " Lijphart
2.
.∗
3
4
5
01.
Source: Lijphart Arend, The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research, Comparative Political Studies,vol.8,no.2(July1975),p162.
1 SartoriGiovanni,ConceptMisformationinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p1033.2116.∗
... : : : ......
3 RobertK.Yin,Casestudyresearchdesignandmethod,3rdedition,USA,SagepublicationsthousandOaks,California,2003,p01.4JohnMcCormick,op.cit,p07.5 MarkKesselman,andothers,IntroductiontoComparativePolitics,op.cit,p09.
45
TheComparativeMethod
"Macro/micro-politics" :
-1 .
2
3.
4 ."Lijphart
5 :∗" TheodorMeckstroth
6.
7
∗∗"Measurement"
176.260.
3 Arend Lijphart, Comparative politics and comparative method, The American political science review, Vol. 65,Issue.3,(Sep,1971),p682.
493.5Ibid,p682.
∗ArendLijphart .
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∗∗
.
46
1.
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Gabrial
2
" AdamPrzeworski
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4.
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3 AdamPrzeworski,andHenryTeune,Thelogicofcomparativesocialinquiry,USA,RobertKriegercompany,Florida,1970,p31
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6
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48
1.
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2.
. ...
∗Palato
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Skinner∗∗∗1" .
1 GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers,op.cit,pp.1406-1409.2116
∗)Palato428-348 (∗∗Francisbacon)1561-1626 :(
∗∗∗B.FSkinner)1904-1990 (
49
"McCormick2
( )
........................
................
..
..............
.... ..........
............
03 .
Source:WiardaHoward,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience.USA,RoutledgeOxon,2005.P30.
:
"Approach"
1 Thomas M. Magstads, Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues. Ninth Edition, Wadsworth ChannelCenterStreetBoston,USA,2011,pp.57-71.2JohnMcCormick,op.cit,pp.11-20.
50
.
Perspective :
.∗"Perspectivism"
.
" "
EmanuelKant
1.
Variables :
∗19
.( )161.
51
1
2 .
3
06.
Source:HagueRodandMartinHarrop,ComparativeGovernmentandPoliticsAnIntroduction.Op.cit,p84.
UnitsofAnalysis :
"Macro-politics"
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5 .
∗
1 ToddLandman, IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:An Introduction,ThirdEdition,PublishedintheUSAandCanadabyRoutledge,2003,pp.18-19.2 Richard Snyder, and James Mahoney, The Missing Variable: Institutions and the Study of Regime Change,ComparativePolitics,vol.32,no.1,(October1999),p119.
321-22.4 LimC.Timothy,op.cit,p05.5ThomasM.Magstads,op.cit,p18.
∗.
52
.
:LevelsofAnalysis
1 .
"Micro-analysis"
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1 :2005405.2 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,secondEdition,op.cit,p18.3 EvanS.Lieberman,NestedAnalysisasaMixed-MethodStrategyforComparativeResearch,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.99,no.3,(2005),p441.
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56
:
."Normative theory"
1
2
3 .
"Empiricaltheory"
4
"Deductive""Inductive"∗
∗∗
5 .
"Narrowgaugetheory""Middlerangetheory"
"Partial theory""General theory"
1 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,thirdEdition,op.cit,p16289.
3 MonièreDenis,Critiqueépistémologiquedel’analysesystémiquedeDavidEaston:Essaisurlerapportentrethéorieetidéologie,Canada,LesÉditionsdel'Universitéd'Ottawa,CollectiondesSciencessociales,1976,p50.4 TheEncyclopediaofpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p502.
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57
:GeneralTheory
1
" "∗AugusteComte
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"Systemic study"3
.
.
" " KarlDewich
1920
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19204 " " .F.L Palak
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1 :1999271.∗)1798-1852 (“”.“”:.210.317-18.480.581.
58
.
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...
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3-
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:TheParadigm
"Paradigm"""
Thomas Kuhn∗
."
1.
:
" "
2 .
3
4.
5
∗ThomasKuhn :1922 " "
1951" ( ) 1962 .
(TheEssentialTension)(SelectedStudiesinScientificTraditionandChang)(TheCopernicanRevolution).
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.
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3
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:signifierconceptualsignified
--.∗∗Syntagme :.
3 AngèleKremer-Marietti,Leparadigmescientifique,cadresthéoriques,perception,mutation,UniversitédePicardie,AmiensGrouped’ÉtudesetdeRecherchesÉpistémologiques,Paris.4WilliamA.Darity,andothers,InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,2ndedition,op.cit,(Vol.06), p125.
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StructureofParadigm
" " " " " 1:
1-Conceptual element :
2-Theoriticalelement :
3-Rulesofinterpretation :2
"Paradigmaticembracement"3.
4-Puzzlingelement :
5-Ontologic Predictive :
4 .
5 .
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465.521.
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MichelFoucault)("Displacement"
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ParadigmInComparativePolitics
" "
RobertT.Dahl :
"Atom""Proton"
1( : ) :1987155.
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1 .
"ChilcoteRonald"TheoriesofComparative
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Rober T. HoltJohn Tuner"The Methodology of Comparative
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paradigms in comparative politics"Billy Hardgrave "Comparative
Politics:Thequestforatheory"2.
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Summary
72
73
Epistemologicalexaminationoftheknowledgeanditsroleincomparativepolitics
... ) :
... ) 1 .
.
:
2.
1) 06 :1979234-235.
2 :199330.
74
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"Field"
"Science"
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"Positivism""Relativism"
:
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1 Ibid,p10.2 MonièreDenis,JeanHermanGuay,Introductionauxthéoriespolitiques,op.cit,p38.3 JeffreyHaynes,RoutledgeHandbookofReligionandPolitics,USA,RoutledgeTaylor&FrancisGroup,2009,p176.4 MaxWeber,TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism,(TranslatedbyTalcottParsons),Routledge,LondonandNewYork,Taylor&Francise-Library,2005,p21.5 FursethIngerandPålRepstad,Anintroductiontothesociologyofreligion:classicalandcontemporaryPerspectives,GreatBritain,AshgatePublishingLimitedGowerHouse,2006,p36.6 HowardWiarda,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience,op.cit,229-234.
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3.
1 Ibid,p241.221.360.
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" Henry Ehrmann" Otto Kirchheimer " " Paul Lazarsfeld
" "Neumann Sigmund " " Karl Deutsch " " Loewenstein " "
William Ebenstein " " Mario Einaudi " " Herman Finer " " John Herz
" "FranzNeumann " " HenryKarl (
")
"Max Horkheimer" Theodor Adorno " "Herbert Marcuse
" " Erich From(1933
2 .
" " Joseph LaPalombara ):
" "Sigmund Neumann
3.
1 GerhardLoewenberg,The InfluenceofEuropeanÉmigréScholarsonComparativePolitics,1925–1965,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p597.2 Ibid,p599.3 Ibid,p601.
152
-ASSA)American Social Science Association :(
18651903
APSA1 .
-PSQ)PoliticalScienceQuarterly :(1886
-AHA)AmericanHistoricalAssociation :(
-PSSA)Professional Social Science Associations :(
19 .
-APSA)American Political Science Association :(
1903 "Tulane""NewOrleans,Louisiana",
" "FrankGoodnow2003
) " "Charles Merriam " "
WoodrowWilson " " AlmondGabriel " " LasswellHarold " " Charles
Beard " " Dahl Robert " " David Easton " " Heinz Eulau " "
Samuel Huntington" Theodore J. Lowi " " Shklar Judith " "
VladimerOrlandoKey " " CarlFriedrich(37
... )
) :TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview
PerspectivesonPoliticsPS:PoliticalScienceandPolitics(2.
-APSR)American Political Science Review( :
19062006
1 John Dryzek,Revolutions Without Enemies: KeyTransformations in Political Science,AmericanPolitical ScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p488.2 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(DarityA.William,andothers),op.cit,vol.01,p101.
153
-SSRC)Social Science Research Council :(
1923APSACharles
Merriam1949 " " 1 .
:ComparativePolitics/ComparativePoliticalStudies/PS:PoliticalScience
andPolitics/journaloftheoriticalpolitics/PerspectivesonPolitics/Comparative
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: " "V.O. Key " " David Truman " " GosnellHarold)
1937( " " MyronWeiner " " LucianPye " " AveryLieberson
182.281.3 :22.
4 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(DarityA.William,andothers),op.cit,vol.06,p312.
155
" "Herbert Simon " "Gabrial Almond " " Herman Pritchett1
"LasswellHarold) 1930 (
: )r=P}d}p(
(privateemotionsdisplaceduponpublicobjectsandrationalizedintermsofpublicinterestequalspolitics)
) : = (.
)
1948 : (1936(2 .
+ ( ) + :
08 .
,n.23,(1993),p10.PolitiqueRéjeanLandry,Lestraditionsderechercheensciencepolitique,:Source
3.
:
1 MichaelT.HeaneyandJohnMarkHansen,BuildingtheChicagoSchool,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p589.2 GabrielA.Almond,WhoLosttheChicagoSchoolofPoliticalScience?,PerspectivesonPolitics,Vol.02,No.01(Mar,2004),p92.
354.
156
1-
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3-–:
.
4-:2.
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3.
""RoyMacridis
1-
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Shotwell : ) Frederick OggHarold Zink and :
) Fritz Marx ) :John Ranney and
Gwendolen Carter ) :Daniel Witt :
1 JeanLeca,Lasciencepolitiquedanslechampintellectuelfrançais,Revuefrançaisedesciencepolitique,Vol32,No4,(Année,1982),p659.
222.324.
157
:
) Arnold Zucher :
) GuetzevitchMirkine :1.
3-
) Karl Friedrich :
1938) (Herman Finer :
1932 ) (MauriceDuverger :
1954(2.
4-:
... 3.
5-
:JohnMarriott,ArthurKeith,JamesBryce,
Ivor Jenning, Harold Laski, Frank Goodnow, W.A. Rodson, Abbott Lowells,
Woodrwo Wilson,Joseph,Barthelemy
) ::Robert Scalapino
) :BarringtonMoore :) (AlexInkeles :
) :MerleFainso4.
5 .
6.
1 HowardWiarda,Comparativepolitics:criticalconceptsinpoliticalscience,op.cit,p126.2 Ibid,p128.3 PatrickO'Neil,Essentialsofcomparativepolitics,USA,NewYorkandLondon:W.W.NortonCompany,2004,p05.4 Bernardsusser,Approachestothestudyofpolitics,USA,Macmillan,1992,p24.5 MonièreDenis,JeanHermanGuay,Introductionauxthéoriespolitiques,op.cit,p40.
6207.
158
1.
1925 -19291939 -19411952 -1954
6731%
4621
1607
2110
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5123
5123
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04 15
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218100%262100%418100%
09.)USA(Source: Waldo Dwight, Political science in the united states of America. USA, UNESCO, the United NationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,1956,p38.
120.
159
1939 -19411952 -1954
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Source:WaldoDwight,op.cit,,p42
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Burgess
Bentley,Lasswell
11.
Source:MonièreDenis,JeanHermanGuay,Introductionauxthéoriespolitiques,op.cit,p43.
160
)(
Thescientificstages
( ) " "
" " KarlMarx " " MaxWeber " "
VilfredoPareto " " GaetanoMosca " " RobertMichels
" " EcksteinHarry " " DavidApter " " Robert
Dahl" Seymour M. Lipset" Karl Deutsch " " Gabriel Almond
" "David Easton " " Sidney Verba...
"Reabuild""Reinvigorate"1.
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1776.1817.
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1905 /1914.1923.
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:1915.1923.
:1915.
12.
GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p34.Source:
1 Mark Lichbach, and Alan Zuckerman, Comparative politics: rationality, culture, and structure, 2nd Ed, USA,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversitypress,NewYork,2009,p03.
161
" " "SSRC"
" " 1.
"Behaviouralism"
2.
:Behaviouralism )1921–1966(
1 HarryEckstein,RegardingPoliticsEssaysonPoliticalTheory,Stability,andChange,op.cit,p103.2HayColin,TheInterpretiveApproachinPoliticalScience,PoliticalStudiesAssociation,BJPIR,VOL.06,(2004),p143.
162
1962)(
""RobertDahl
1961
.1.
:
1949 " "
"DahlRobert"DavidTruman
2.
"DwightWaldo :
:
1 Robert Dahl, The Behavioral Approach in Political Science: Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.55,(December,1961),p770.2 LoïcBlondiaux,Lestournantshistoriquesdelasciencepolitiqueaméricaine,Politix,Vol.10,No.40,(année,1997),p13.
163
1.
"
"FrankKent1928 : )
"HerbertTingsten1937 )
:
"
CharlesMerriam1925 ) :
) " V. O. Key"David Truman
"Gosnell Harold"Gabrial Almond"Lasswell Harold"
HerbertSimone .("""GeorgeCatlin
""Cornell2.
3
"DavidTruman " :
... 4.
1 Ibid,p14.2 RobertDahl,op.cit,p763.
3248.4 RobertDahl,op.cit,p768.
164
1.
"Lazarsfeld Paul)
1940("RobertLane)1959(
)Lasswell,CantrilMcClosky,Adorno,Almond,Lipset, ... (
2.
3.
"Behaviorism"
" " B.Watson)
1913(
" " Skinner.B.F"
166.2 RobertDahl,op.cit,p769.
368.
165
"Behavioralism"
" " Graham Wallas1908
)
" " 1CharlesMerriam .
BehaviorismBehavioralism
2.
" "
1-
2-3.
3-
"Quantification"
...
4-
5-
4.
1 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1559.2 DavidEaston,PoliticalScienceintheUnitedStates:PastandPresent,InternationalPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.06,No.01,(1985),p137.3 Ibid,p138.4 Ibid,p139.
166
6-"Pure science"
7-
1.
:
)–(:
.
2 .
3.
1 Ibid,p140.258-59.3 ) .2007
05.
167
1.
2
3.
1 LeeSigelman,TheCoevolutionofAmericanPoliticalScienceandtheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p476.2 JacquesDonnedieu De Vabres, LaSciencepolitique contemporaine,Revuefrançaisede sciencepolitique,Vol.02,No.02,(Année,1952),p389.3 OrenIdo,CanPoliticalScienceEmulatetheNaturalSciences?TheProblemofSelf-DisconfirmingAnalysis,op.cit,p74.
09.10.
11 .12.
APSR19062006 )100 .(
AmericanPoliticalScienceLeeSigelman,TheCoevolutionofAmericanPoliticalScienceandtheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview.Source:469.-),p.p468,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006wRevie
168
:
1.
" "
BernardCrick
"scientism"2.
1 JamesDruckmanandDonaldP.Green,TheGrowthandDevelopmentofExperimentalResearchinPoliticalScience,op.cit,p629.2 AdcockRobertandMarkBevir,TheHistoryofPoliticalScience,Politicalstudiesreview,Vol.03,(2005),p01.
13.APSR19062006.
Source:DruckmanN.JamesandDonaldP.Green,op.cit,p628.
169
(... )
1.
2 .
" " Gabriel Almond
1-
2-
3-
3
4 .
1 AkindeleS.T.andOlaopaO.R,op.cit,p89.2 Ibid,p90.3 GabrielAlmond,andStephenJ.Genco,Clouds,Clocks,andtheStudyofPolitics, WorldPolitics,vol.29,No.04,(July1977),p497.4 JohnGerringandJoshuaYesnowitz,ANormativeTurninPoliticalScience,op.cit,p103.
170
∗
1.
)
" " ThomasKuhn
" "KarlPopper
2 .
3.
∗ The"ChicagoSchool"referstoCharlesMerriamhimself,HaroldGosnell(1896–1997),HaroldLasswell(1902–78),LeonardWhite(1891–1958)andQuincyWright(1890–1970).ThelabelisalsoextendedtograduatestudentstrainedatChicago,suchasGabrielAlmond(1911-2002 ) V.O.KeyJr.(1908–63),DavidTruman(1913–2003),andHerbertSimon (1916–2001), who holds the distinction of being the only political scientistever awardeda NobelPrize, ineconomics.1 StanleyHoffmann,Tendancesde la sciencepolitique auxÉtats-Unis,Revue française de sciencepolitique,Vol.07,No.04,(Année,1957),p920.2 Shu-YunMa,op.cit,p61.3 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1303.
171
"Operationalization process"
1 .
:
2.
1) 20200870.
269.
:
-
-.
-.
:
-.
-.
-.
-
-.
-:
-
-
14.
82.
172
1950 " " RoyMacridis
" "
19501960
1 .
" " GabrielAlmond
2 .
3.
" " :Abraham Kaplan
" "LasswellHarold ) 1950(" "DavidTruman
)1951 " " (David Easton : )
1953" (Lindblom Charles " " Robert Dahl)
1953( " " Karl Deutsch )
1953(
1 HowardWiarda,ComparativePolitics:ApproachesandIssues,op.cit,p255.2 GabrielAlmondandPowell,G,Bingham,comparativepolitics:ADevelopmentalapproach,USA,Boston:littlebrown,1966,p02.3 Ibid,p06.
173
" " Robert Dahl
APSR1961 )
" " Heinz Eulau)1963 " " (
DavidEaston)1965(1 .
"SSRC"
"Northwestern""
"Hanskohn" " " "1952
" " "
"CommitteeonComparativePolitics" " " 1954
19632.
3.
4
"Politicalsystem""Functions"
.
5.
1 JoshuaBerkenpas,TheBehavioralRevolution?”HistoryandMythinAmericanPoliticalScience,(unpublisherPaperpresentedonthePanel“PublicKnowledge:HistoricalPerspectivesontheDisciplineandItsPublics”,attheWesternPoliticalScienceAssociation’sannualmeetinginPortland,March2012),p04.2 HarryEckstein,RegardingPoliticsEssaysonPoliticalTheory,Stability,andChange,op.cit,p103.
308.4 GerardoMunck,andRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p43.
508.
174
:1
""Super-national2.
) " "1955(
" " BrownBernard : )1961(
)
1960" (JamesColeman"AlmondGabriel3
∗"AreaStudies".
"
) :Pye Lucian :
1962) (JosephLaPalombara :
1963()Dankwart RustowRobert ward :1964(
)ColemanJames :1965) (Pye LucianSidney Verba :
1965(4) : .Rostow
Walt Whitman : :1960) (Pye Lucian :
1966) (LevyMarion :1966) (LipsetSeymour :
:1959 : /
1959) (David Apter :1965) (Weiner
1 HowardWiarda,Rethinkingpoliticaldevelopment:Alookbackwardoverthirtyyears,andalookahead,Studiesincomparativeinternationaldevelopment,vol.24,No.04,(winter1989-90),p65.2 FryerA.K.Politicalscienceasascience,PapehsandproceedingoftheroyelsocietyofTasmania,(VOL.99),p131.
306.∗)Areastudies(
" "1958" ) AAS (1941) AAASS(19481957
) LASA) (MESA (1966.4257.
175
Myron :1966 /1966(
)Inkeless,A : :1964.(
"Developmentalism"
1.
48
135
Lipset1959;Cutright 1963;Cutright andWiley1969;Dahl1971;Jackman1973; Bollen1979;Helliwell 1994; Burkhart and Lewis-Beck1994;Boix 2003 ;BoixandStokes2003;Przeworskiand,Limongi1997;Przeworski2000
: :
)
0623Lerner1958;Neubauer1967;Landman1999,2006;MainwaringandPerez-Liñan2002
Lerner :
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)
0437De Schweinitz 1964; Moore 1966;Rueschemeyer1992
Waisman 1989; Putnam 1993; Holm 1996;Kaviraj1996;MoonandKim 1996 :
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2 .
1 HowardWiarda,Iscomparativepoliticsdead?Rethinkingthefieldinthepost-ColdWarera,ThirdWorldQuarterly,Vol.19,No.05,(1998),p937.2 HansKeman,Comparingpoliticalsystems:Towardspositivetheorydevelopment,(Working&unpublishedPapers,PoliticalScienceNo.2006/01,DepartmentofPoliticalScienceVrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam),p08.
176
1.
2 .
"Weberian-Parsonianconcepts"
–
) 1963" " " (3.
"Biology"
4 " " TalcottParsons)
:1951 (
"PoliticalFunctions"5 .
" " " "
" " 6.
1 Mark Blyth, “Great Punctuations: Prediction, Randomness, and the Evolution of Comparative Political Science,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,vol.100,no.04(November2006),p493.
2 : :200010.3 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p44.4 DenisMonière,Critiqueépistémologiquedel’analysesystémiquedeDavidEaston:Essaisurlerapportentrethéorieetidéologie,op.cit,37.
564.6RobertGoodinandHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,p73.
177
" "
1 .
" " " E. Meehan" :
" " 2 " " " " .
RobertMerton " " MarionLevy
" " BronislawMalinowski " " 3RadcliffeBrown.
" "
"Cybernetics"
4
:
1-
2-
3-
4-5.
"Structure""Function"
1 DavidEaston,Anapproachtotheanalysisofpoliticalsystems,WorldPolitics,Vol.9,No.03,(Apr,1957),p383.2 DenisMonière,Critiqueépistémologiquedel’analysesystémiquedeDavidEaston:Essaisurlerapportentrethéorieetidéologie,op.cit,p140.3 GabrielAlmond,ADevelopmentalApproachtoPoliticalSystems,WorldPolitics,Vol.17,No.02.(Jan,1965),p184.
4102.5 :69.
178
" "
" "
1 .
) " "SeymourLipset " "
Daniel Bell " " Alain Touraine " " Philip Selznick " " Edward Shils
" "ConversePhilip " " RalfDahrendorf " " ArthurKornhauser(
"Primordialism"2.
)1960) (
1963 (3
"Mid-range theories"
Lipset) 1959 (
"Socioeconomic"
"Metatheories"4.
1 :1981109.2 RobertGoodinandHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,p384.3 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p44.4 Ibid,p45.
179
1 .
1.
2.
3.
4.2.
:–Post-Behaviouralism)1967-1988(
.
1258.2 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1302.
180
" "
" " 1 .
." "
.") ""LeoStrauss ("∗
""
2 .
:
3
4 .
" " SheldonWolin
" "
1) 370.∗LeoStraussClaud levi
strauss2 John Dryzek,Revolutions Without Enemies: KeyTransformations in Political Science,AmericanPolitical ScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p490.3 MichaelT.Gibbons,Hermeneutics,PoliticalInquiry,andPracticalReason:AnEvolvingChallengetoPoliticalScience,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p564.4 Ibid,p565.
181
:
"Methodism"1 .
" " Peter Winch)
1958 ( ) (
" " Wittgenstein " "
2.
""""
"""."
" ""3.
" " Leo Strauss
) Nerow
4 ." "
.
" "
1 WolinS.Sheldon,op.cit,p1064.2 MichaelT.Gibbons,op.cit,p565.3 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p489.
4 :116.
182
. :
" ")"
"DavidEaston(""
"
""Garceau Oliver1953
) .(
" "1953
" :"""Gunnell John" "
." "
:SimonMerriamHerringApplebyLaswwellGosnellEldersveld.
" "" "JamesBryce
GeorgeSabine) 1937(1 .
"System"
"Thetransformations"2
" " 3.
1 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p489.204 :199925.326.
183
1984" "
)(
") "1908 (" Pandelton Herring )
1929(" "1953
" " ." "
" "
1949" """
" "
"APSA"
." "
" ""MerleFainsod
""
.
) ("APSA"
1968" ""
""APSA") ("
""APSA"1.
" """
" " :
" "" " ." "" "
""
""" "
"APSA"1903
" :"2.
1 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p489.2 Ibid,p489.
184
1 .
:
-
-
- :
-
2.
3 .
"Jargon")4 .""
"""""" ""
" " .
""" ""
"" ""
119.204 :1989197.3 : : : )199660.
4 JeanMeynaud,introductionàlasciencepolitique,Paris:LibrairieArmandColin,2édition,1961,p147.
185
"" "1.
" "
.
.2.
"."
" " :ChristianBay "Bernard Crick"
DavidRicci "3
" "
4.
.
.
" "HannahArendt
" "Eric Voeglin" "Leo Strauss
.
1 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p490.2 Ibid,p490.3 ChristianBay,politicsandpseudopolitics:ACriticalEvaluationofSomeBehavioralLiterature,Americanpoliticalsciencereview,vol.59,no.01(March1965),p40.4 MichaelKenny,HistoryandDissent: BernardCrick’sTheAmericanScienceofPolitics,AmericanPolitical ScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November,2006),p549.
186
"Zoologists"1
" "
." "Robert
Dahl
2 .
) (
) (
.
""
.
)(
(
""3.
" "" "
" """
"Review"
" ""APSA"" "
.
"Oliver Garceau" "1951Review
1955" : "
AngusCampbell" "JamesC.Davies" "SamuelEldersfeld " "
1 LeoStrauss,Whatispoliticalphilosophy?,NewYork,Freepress,1959,p90.2 GerardoL.MunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p12.3 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p490.
187
HeintzEulau" . . "V.O.Key" "AveryLeiserson" "Warren
Miller" "WilliamRiker" "1HerbertSimon.
2.
3
4.
"
" .
1967APSA:"PeterBachrach"
ChristianBay"TheodoreLowi"Michaelbrent"AlanWolfe"
SheldonWolin5APSA.
" ""
"
1 Idem,p490.2286.
3 Encyclopedia of Govermnent and Politics, (MaryHawkesworth and MauriceKogan),USA, Routledge, Taylor andFrancisGroup,2002,p34.4 Ibid,p35.5 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p490.
188
:1.
" " 1961
2
" "
.
"
"
""3.
"APSA"
." ""Theodore
Lowi " "Ira katznelson
." ""APSA"
1968
" ."" """
"APSA"1969"
"" "" "4.
" "
.APSA
""
""" "Eulau
APSA1972" :APSA" .
1 Idem,p490.2 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurian,andothers),op.cit,p1284.3 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p491.4 Idem,p491.
189
"" "Austin Ranney
"APSA"""1.
" "Lowi"
"
" "APSA
" ") ("NewPolitical
Science"115
." "
""
""
") "
"("2.
.
3.
4 .
1-
1 Idem,p491.2 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p491.3 GabrialAlmond, SeparateTables: SchoolsandSects inPolitical Science, PS:political scienceandpolitics, vol.21,no.04,(April1988),p840.4 JohnGunnell ,TheFoundingoftheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation:Discipline,Profession,PoliticalTheory,andPolitics,op.cit,p485.
190
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
"Politicizationoftheprofessions"1.
2.
" "
1 DavidEaston,The NewRevolution in Political Science,American Political ScienceReview, vol.63, no.04, (1969),p1052.2 WolinSheldon,op.cit,p1080.
191
1.
2
" "1966"
3 .
4 .
"Micro-politics"5.
" "
127.2 JamesMcCAuley,AnIntroductiontoPolitics,StateandSociety,USA,California,SAGEPublications,2003,p177.
3) 281.4284.5476.
192
1.
:
2.
1286-287.2 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,2ndEdition,op.cit,p249.
)
-
.
1940-1960
)
.(
1970-1980
)welfarestate(. ) .(
1990)eclecticism :
)
:
. )
.(
14 : .
Source: ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,3ed,op.cit,p304.
193
" "
" " 1
1-
2-
3-
4-.( ).
5-.( ).
6-.( ) .
7-2.
3
4 .
5.
1 KrestinRenwickMonroe, Contemporary empirical political theory,USA, Berkeley: University of California press,1997,p74.2 Ibid,p75.3 Shu-YunMa,op.cit,p70.4 DavidEaston,PoliticalScienceintheUnitedStates:PastandPresent,op.cit,p142.5 AldoPonce,TheBehavioralist Empireand itsEnemies. University of Connecticut, (unpulished paper: sheds lighton thereasonsthatexplainthedissatisfactionsbecauseofthebehavioralistdominancewithinAmericanpoliticalscienceacademia),p06.
194
" "
Susane Jacobitti
1 .
" ")
Nicos Poulantzas:1968") (Ralph Miliband:
1969(2.
" ") James March "Johan Olsen :
1984 " ") (ReinTaagepera "MatthewShugart
1989 " ") (Bernard Grofman "Arend Lijphart : :
1984(3
4.
1259.2 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(DarityA.William,andothers),op.cit,vol.06,p313.3 JohnIshiyama,ComparativePoliticsPrinciplesofDemocracyandDemocratization,op.cit,p21.4 Ibid,p22.
195
1.
2 .
" ") ::PadgettJohn
1980 " ") (Kjellberg Francesco :1975 (
" ") Everett Robinson :
1976 " ") (WrightWilliam :1971 (
" ") Skowronek Stephen : :
1982 (") March James ": Johan Olsen
:1989) (EvansPeter,DeitrichRueschemeyer,
Theda Skocpol: :1985 (3 .
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4.
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2 .
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1967 (
) Samuel
Huntington :1968) (Giovanni Sartori :
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( )
)
...
Elster: /.BuchananandTullock:
/.Riker:
Perrow: Lowi:
)
.(
)
)
( )
15 . :Source:MellenImmergut,TheTheoreticalCoreoftheNewInstitutionalism,Politics&Society,Vol.26,No.01,(March,1998),p18.
197
1976) (Lijphart Arend : :
1968) ( Philippe Schmitter Gerhard Lehm-bruch :
1979) (StepanAlfred : :1978 /Linz
Juan :1968) (Guillermo O’Donnell :
:1973()Skocpol Theda :
1979(
)Binder Leonard : :1971) (Charles Tilly :
1975(1 :
2.
3
" "
4 .
5
" "6.
1 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p47.2 Ibid,p49.3 JamesFarrJacobandHackerNicoleKazee,ThePolicyScientistofDemocracy:TheDisciplineofHaroldD.Lasswell,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.100,No.04,(November2006),p584.
4 : : )199313–15.5HowardWiarda,Rethinkingpoliticaldevelopment:Alookbackwardoverthirtyyears,andalookahead,Studiesincomparativeinternationaldevelopment,vol.24,No.04,(winter1989-90),p72.6 Ibid,p75.
198
)MigdalJoel : :-
1988(1 .
) ... LaitinDavid : :
1986(∗) Horowitz Donald :1985(
)Castoriadis Cornelius :1984) (Eckstein Harry :
1975) (BatesRobert :1981) (PopkinSamuel :
:1979) (O’Donnell & Schmitter Philippe
Guillermo : :
1986(2 .
)3 .
1971 :
)198319801985( :
)1986198319831986(4 .
5.
1 Frances Hagopian, Political Development, Revisited, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.33, No.6/7, (August/September,2000),p896.
∗Yuroba :2 Ibid,p890.3 SamuelHuntington,TheChangetoChange:Modernization,DevelopmentandPolitics,ComparativePolitics,vol.03,(April,1971),p317.4 Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, Political economy approach of democracy transition, Comparativepolitics,vol.29,no.03,(Apr,1997),p269.5 GerardoMunck,TheregimequestionTheoryBuildinginDemocracyStudies,op.cit,p121.
199
.
1.
" " JuanLinz)
1978(2"Small-N
comparisons "
3∗.
"Ethnocentrism"
4.
1 : :1993175.
2 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p50.3 Ibid,p51.
∗) :Neil Smelser :1976) (Przeworski and Teune :1970) (1970) (1971) (GeorgeHeiss :
1979.(4 :308.
200
) (
SecondScientificTendency
1 .
" "
"Areastudies"
) ∗
2 .
"
3.
1 Gerardo Munck, and Richard Snyder, Debating the Direction of Comparative Politics: An Analysis of LeadingJournals.(Thisunpublishedpapercontributestoongoingdebatesaboutthedirectionofcomparativepoliticsthroughananalysisofnewdataonthescope,objectivesandmethodsofresearchinthefield,aswellasontheprofileoftheauthorswhowrite,andthejournalsthatpublish,articlesincomparativepolitics.Theresultsoftheanalysis,andthearguments,areasfollows.Comparativepoliticsisarichanddiversefield),(December15,2005),p01.
∗) fieldofAmericanpolitics :(
2 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p52.3 Ibid,p53.
201
:)1989–2000(
) (
: " ")KennethArrow :
1951 " ") (DuncanBlack :1958 " ") (AnthonyDowns :
1957 " ") (WilliamRiker :1962(
):JamesBuchanan&GordonTullock1962(1
""" : ""
" .
" "
""
" "2.
:
3
" "
4.
1 DebuGandhi,RationalChoiceTheoryinPoliticalScience:MathematicallyRigorousbutFlawedInImplementation,op.cit,p81.2 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p491.3 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurianandothers),op.cit,p1423.4 JamesMahoney,DebatingtheStateofComparativePolitics:ViewsfromQualitativeResearch,ComparativePoliticalStudies,vol.40,no.01,(January,2007),p35.
202
:
1
2
3
4
5.
"
" " "
" ") SchattschneiderElmer " " V.O.Key, Jr. " "
PendletonHerring () " "Buchanan James(
" " MancurOlson
1990 ") (
"Peter Ordeshook :1990 " ") (William Riker :
1990(6.
"gametheory""axiomatic
theory"
:7.
1 John Harsany, Rational choice models of political behavior vs. functionalist conformist theories, World politics,vol.21,no.04,(Jul,1969),p515.2 ThomasMagstads,op.cit,p17.3 LiseRakner,RationalChoiceandtheProblemofInstitutions:ADiscussionofRationalChoiceInstitutionalismandItsApplicationbyRobertBates,(WorkingPaper,Chr.MichelsenInstitute,Norway),1996,p04.4 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,thirdedition,op.cit,p318.5 MichaelGibbons,op.cit,p569.6 RobertGoodin,andHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,85.7 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurianandothers),op.cit,p1424.
203
:
" " Geddes Barbara
: )
1991 (
1.
"Decentralized
approach, based on microfoundations"2 .
3 .
" "RobertBates)
1981 /1987(4 .
"
) Downs1957 /Olson1965 (
Hechter, Bates, Laitin, Rosenbluth) PrzeworskiAdam
:1991(5.
1 RobertBates,Comparativepoliticsand the rational choice,TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview, vol.91,no.03,(Sep,1997),p699.2 Ibid,p702.3 JonesBryan,Boundedrationality,AnnualReviewPoliticalScience,vol.02,(1999),p03.4 Jan-ErikLane,ComparativePoliticsTheprincipal–agentPerspective,USA,Routledge,Abingdon,2008,p23.5 RobertGoodin,andHans-DieterKlingemann,op.cit,388.
204
APSR35%
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% % % %
)Qualitative(36.6611.824.7117.9
)Quantitative(4293.34588.24195.312892.1
45100%51100%43100%139100%
16.) 1989-2004(.
AJPS) =AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience / (APSR) =AmericanPoliticalScienceReview / (JOP) =JournalofPolitics(.
Source:MahoneyJames,DebatingtheStateofComparativePolitics:ViewsfromQualitativeResearch,op.cit,p34.
AJPSAPSRJOP
% % % %
9173244.436.84426
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17.) 1989-2004(.
AJPS) =AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience / (APSR) =AmericanPoliticalScienceReview / (JOP) =JournalofPolitics.(
Source:MahoneyJames,DebatingtheStateofComparativePolitics:ViewsfromQualitativeResearch,op.cit,p34.
2 .
1 Shu-YunMa,op.cit,p62.2 MargaretLevi,TheEconomicTurninComparativePolitics,op.cit,826.
205
)Laver Michael :
1999()Laver Michael, Norman Schofield : :
1990()SchofieldNorman : :1995()CoxGary :
:1997()Geddes
Barbara : :1994(
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86%
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19.2004 )14 : ) (05.
Source: DavidMarshandHeatherSavigny,PoliticalScienceasaBroadChurch:TheSearchforaPluralistDiscipline.Op,cit,p160.
1 Ibid,p833–834.2 GeorgeTsebelis,Nestedgames:rationalchoiceincomparativepolitics,USA,UniversityofCaliforniaPress,BerkeleyandLosAngeles,1990,p18.3 RobertBates,Areastudiesandthediscipline:Ausefulcontroversy?,PS:PoliticalScienceandPolitics,vol.30,no.02,(Jun,1997),p168.
206
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20.) 1970-1990.(
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Source: Pippa Norris, Towards A More Cosmopolitan Political Science, European Journal of PoliticalResearchvol.30,no.01,(Spring,1997),p10.
"BarbaraGeddes
( ) ( )
2"Margaret Levi
1 PaulKellstedtandothers,ThePoliticalMethodologist:Newsletterof thePoliticalMethodologySection,AmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation,Vol.15,No.02,(Winter2008),p05.2 George Thomas, The Qualitative Foundations of Political Science Methodology, Perspectives on Politics, ReviewEssay,Vol.03,No.04,(December,2005),p856.
207
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21.) 1975-1979(
Source:MarshDavidandHeatherSavigny,PoliticalScienceasaBroadChurch:TheSearchforaPluralistDiscipline.Politics,VOL.24,no.03,(2004),p162.
-3.
1 GerardoMunck,GameTheoryandComparativePolitics:NewPerspectivesandOldConcerns,WorldPolitics,vol.53,no.02,(January2001),p175.2 Ibid,p863.3 MichaelGibbons,op.cit,p567.
208
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Source:MarshDavidandHeatherSavigny,PoliticalScienceasaBroadChurch:TheSearchforaPluralistDiscipline.Politics,VOL.24,no.03,(2004),p163.
.
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20%31 %
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:
209
)Brady Henry & David Collier : :
2004()VerbaSidney : :
1994()Bennett Andrew, & Alexander George :
2005(1.
2 .
( ) "Whogetswhat,when,and
how?" )
"Whatmakeswhodowhat,when,andwhy andhowdoeseach
actinresponse?"3.
4.
5.
1 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p54.2 MargaretLevi,op.cit,p835.3 Ibid,p837.4 ElinorOstrom,NewHorizonsinInstitutionalanalysis,AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.89,no.01,(Mar,1995),p178.5 Shu-YunMa,op.cit,p62.
210
:–) 2001-2013(
"
) "(") "
(1 .
"Purescience":
1994 " " IanShapiro " " DonaldGreen
: )
1994 ("Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of
Applications inPoliticalScience"
"
2 .
3.
4.
1 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p487.2 Donald Green, and Ian Shapiro, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in PoliticalScience,USA,NewHavenandLondon,YaleUniversityPress,1994,p32.3 PetterHall,TheDilemmasofContemporarySocialScience,boundary2,vol.34,no.03,(Fall,2007),p10.4 MargaretLevi,op.cit,p838.
211
1.
:
) ("Perestroika
movement"
2.
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"Mr. Perestroika"
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" "ScottJames " "SigelmanLee
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MonroeKristenRenwick4 .
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APSR " "
1 :339.2 InternationalEncyclopediaoftheSocialSciences,(WilliamA.DarityJr.),op.cit,vol.06,p314.3 GerardoMunckandRichardSnyder,Passion,Craft,andMethodinComparativePolitics,op.cit,p55.4 MonroeRenwickKristen,ShakingThingsUp?Thoughtsabout theFutureofPoliticalScience,PS:Politicalstudies,(June,2002),p181.5 TheEncyclopediaOFpoliticalscience,(GeorgeThomasKurianandothers),op.cit,p1285.
212
"
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Kasza
" " StevenBrams
" " " David Brunori
" " HeinzEulau19691.
: " "
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) 1963 ;Almond &
Verba /Inglehart;1977,1990,1997 /Barnes;1979 /Verba,Nie&Kim;1978 /
Norris;1999,2000 /2001Dalton; /2000Pharr&Putnam;.(
7-"Interdisciplinaryresearch"2.
∗
1 StephenBennettEarl, “Perestroika”Lost:WhytheLatest “Reform”Movement inPoliticalScienceShouldFail,PS:politicalstudies,(June,2002),p177.2 Ibid,p178.
∗48.
213
1-
2-
3-
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5-1.
1967
" "
"Shapiro""Green"
2.
" " StephenEarlBennett
Kasza"robots" " " Bennett
"apocalypticphraseology"
3 .
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" "
1 StephenToulmin,op.cit,p836.2 DonaldGreen,andIanShapiro,op.cit,p46.3 StephenBennettEarl,op.cit,p178–179.
214
1 .
" " " " Bent Flyvbjerg2001
: )
2001(2 " " .Flyvbjerg " " Laitin
3.
.
.
4 .
5 .
6.
1 DavidLaitin,ThePerestroikanChallengetoSocialScience,PoliticsandSociety,vol.31,no.01,(March2003),p163.2 :
(BentFlyvbjerg,MakingSocialScienceMatter:WhySocialInquiryFailsandHowItCanSucceedAgain(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2001).3 Bent Flybjerg, A Perestroikan Straw Man Answers Back: David Laitin and Phronetic Political Science, Politics &Society,Vol.32,No.03,(September2004),p399.
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215
23 .
1 .
1880-1920
2 .1921-
1966
3 .1967-
1988
4 . 1989 ...
1. .
.
-
.
-
.
2.1 .
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2 .
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216
):(
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2"Teleology".
115.2 VonMisesLudwig,Theoryandhistory,USA,LudwigvonMisesInstitute,Auburn,Alabama,2007,p240.
6.1.
2 .
)Valuesofcomparativists(
Whig )
19
1929
1969
:
11....
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.
( ) 1 .
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3.
.
" " Charles Ragin2000
1 BentFlybjerg,FiveMisunderstandingsAboutCase-StudyResearch,QualitativeInquiry,Vol.12No.02,(April,2006),p.p241–242.
2293.3294.
218
1"
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12
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1 ToddLandman,IssuesandMethodsinComparativePolitics:AnIntroduction,ThirdEdition,op.cit,p306.2 Ibid,p307.3 Storm Elliot, Pedagogical Perestroika in Comparative Political Science, Critical Intersections in Education: AnOISE/UTStudents’Journal,vol.01,no.01(winter,2013),p30.
219
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" "
: "1
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.
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3.
1 JohnForrester,OnKuhn’sCase:PsychoanalysisandtheParadigm,CriticalInquiry,vol.33,(Summer,2007),p818.2 JohnDryzek,op.cit,p492.
3 : : ) :198914.
220
221
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225
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228
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University Dr.
Taher moulay
-Saida- Algeria
Faculty of law and political science
Department of political science
And international relations
DissertationfortheobtainmentoftheMaster'sDegreeinPoliticalScience
andInternationalRelations
Specialty:Comparativepolitics
Elaboratedbythestudent:Supervisedby:
BelakhdarTaifourDr.AbdellaliAbdelkader
Thejurymembers:
- Prof.DrTachmaBoumedienne…………...…President
- Dr.AbdellaliAbdelkader…………….……..……Reporter
- Prof.DrSerrierAbdellahRabah………………Member
- Dr.HaroucheNourddine…………………………Member
2012/2013
Comparative Politics:
Dimensions of the epistemological undulations over the dynamic of
construction and deconstruction of knowledge
259
ABSTRACT
hisstudyaimstryingtotackletheevolutionofthefieldofcomparativepoliticsbyfocusing on the role of methodological approaches, particular scientific andquantitative tendencies in Political Studies in this field, by linking between
differentparadigmsweredominantindifferentstagestimeofevolution,these"modelsguiding"wasnaturaloutcomesofepistemological juncturesoccurredin the fieldasaninterpretation's "Thomas Kuhn" of how rises and evolves of the knowledge, whichdisagree with the pattern before the twentieth century,which was considered to thatdevelopment takes patternal accumulation and continuation, while the newinterpretation put forward by this author believes that evolution Do not get onlythrough cognitive revolutions successive and separate from each other, and the mainreasonthishappensisthe"crisis"thatoccurwithinthecommunityofscientificresearchthat had been agreed on the principles and scientific rules formalize that community,andthiscrisisisduebytheinabilityofthe"paradigms"prevailinginfindingappropriatesolutionstotheproblematicsthatoccuronthefield.
It wasnecessary to study and discuss interpretations philosophyof science on thedevelopmentofknowledge,particularlyscientificknowledge,inordertoknowtherealsiteofthedevelopmentwitnessedbythefield,duringtheperiodextendsfromthefirstcomparativestudyofscientificexperimentalofpoliticalsystemsandconductedbythethinker Greek "Aristotle" and passing different periods and successive stages closelyassociatedextentintellectualmaturityofthehumanmind,inspiteofthedelayedbenefitvarious social sciences, including political science from the methods used by variousnatural sciences, and it was not because of the uses in itself, but because of lack ofunderstanding of social scientists and politists of the real dimensions underphenomenon of humanity as a whole, and political phenomenon in particular, inadditiontotheinabilityofthesescientiststodevisescientificmethodsfromtakingintoaccount theprivacyofpoliticalphenomenon,mostof themethodshasborrowedfromthe sciences, which achieved successes at the level of results and in terms of thecredibilityoftheprediction.
Andevenmadesomeof thebranchesofsciencesocial,psychologicalandeconomicsuccessesof certain thanks to thedevelopmentofplatforms for certainscientific takeinto account the specificity of each phenomenon, but the political science branches,includingthefieldofcomparativepoliticsdidnothaveashareintheconclusiveresultsregarding political studies and political realities in world, which created a lastingdebatesbetweensupportersofthetrendsofscientificandbetweentheorientationsofsupportersofthetendenciesof"Criterialvalues",andalthoughthedominantofboththetwoparadigmsonthefieldforcertainperiods,butwerenotabsolutedominant,thereisalwayspoliticalscientistswhorejectbeingmisledbytherulesofspecificresearchunderthe domination of a research groups on the field, which make the field exposed topermanentrevisions,whetheratthelevelofthemethodsorthelevelofresearchtopicsandtheoriticalapplications.
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There is no doubt that the Criterial values is the one who dominated the fieldthroughout the previous phase of the behavioral model, and like the rest of PoliticalStudies,whichwasfoldingunderthepoliticalandethicalphilosophy,butthebehavioralsubtraction,whichbeganwithinthetwentiethcenturyanddominatedonthefieldafterthe Second World War created new directions in comparative studies, in particularmethodological approaches of the scientific trends. In spite of the strong criticism itsuffered this model in the seventies and eighties but it returned again with "rationalchoice"inthenineties,butthistimeitdidnothavethesamestronginfluenceleftbythebehavioral model, and the reason for that limited the pioneers of this trend of newscientific theories derived from the field of "micro-economic" and overgrowth inempiricalapplicationsofmathematicalmodels,makingthemexposedtocriticismintheearly stagesof thebeginning as the book (thepathologiesof rational choice) in1994,andendingwiththeanti-movementtothistrend(perestroikaofpoliticalscience).
followsfromtheforegoing,theparadigmsresultingfromthemethodologicaltrendsrepresentedintwoparadigms,thefirstisthe"Criterialvalues"intheformofqualitativestudies, which required the field since its inception and throughout the stages ofdevelopment, the second is the "empirical model" with its scientific and quantitativetendency, it is clear the model who finds a quasi-Scientific's revolution is the lattermodel,becausethecognitive'sshockcausedbythisscientificorientedandthesizeofthedebate and the controversy that surrounded about it and still further, the behavioralmodelandthesecondscientifictendencyareformedadifferencesarticulatedbetweentheconstructionof knowledgeprevailing before them,and thedeconstruction rolebytheseformsofmethodologicaltrends,andinparallelwiththatshouldnotbeoverlookedreactiontothestrongtrendofthesetwotendencies,whatpostBehaviouralismandtheperestroika of political science were played an important role in not giving theopportunitytothesemodelsinordertoreachthefinalstagesofaparadigmasasenseof"ThomasKuhn",onthecontrary,itmadethefieldasawholeisgoingoninacrisis,andthere is no complete circle in the field as he went to many of the authors. As if themodels and anti-models have become intractable pattern in the field of comparativepolitics.
Thisstudywaslaunchedfromthefollowingproblematic:
- To which extent the epistemological undulations (manners and scientificmethods in the political researchs)played a role in the process of buildinganddismantling to the structure of knowledge in the field of comparative politicsaccording to the patterns of continuation, circumvolution and cognitiveestrangement ? And how moved from the fields of theoretical and normativeknowledgetothefieldsofscientificknowledgewithinthecompetingparadigms?
The study confirms the validity of the first hypothesis (the scientific revolution ofknowledge as interpreted by "Thomas Kuhn" that played an important role inestablishingthegroundrulesformethodologicalframeworksandtheoreticalapproachsinthefieldofcomparativepoliticsandthisiswhatleadstoestrangementandtobuildanew knowledge), which is really What happened with the behavioral movement andwith the second scientific revolution in the field in 1990, has developed research
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methods and changed many approachs has been development of the other, alsoexpanded the agendas of research, but that it iswith respect to a partial rupture thestudyprovedthatitisnottrueasaglobaltruth,thematterhere,thenatureofthefieldknowledge belongs to the Social Sciences, a science experience has shown theimpossibilityofevolutionaccordingtothepatternofestrangementandseparationtotalforthepreviousstudies,becausetheaccumulationofknowledgeplaysanimportantroleinthisfield,byacenturiesofstudiesanddevelopment.
With regard to the second hypothesis notion that: (accumulation of knowledge,whichsettlesforaperiodoftimeandthattakesalineupwardandascendinginthefieldof comparative politics is a result of the expansion of the research programs ofquantitativeandqualitative studies, andnot asa resultofundergoing theprincipleoftherevolutionandtheestrangementofknowledge,thisiswhatleadstothedisassemblyof knowledge and re-installed, where it owns a mechanism her new susceptibilityinterpretation and analysis of a new political phenomena), the study confirms thishypothesisinsomepointpostBehaviouralismandintherestofthestagesthatfollowed,asthefieldexpandsconsiderablytothepointoffearinwhichscholarsofcomparativepolitics from disintegration and dispersion unit systematically and objectively,especiallythe latterduetothemassiveexpansionthe field,which ispaidthemtosaidabout "the islands theory" in order to keep the field on its cohesion. However, thisassumptionisincorrectifdroppedonthestageofBehaviouralism,therewasnosuddenspurtinevolution,andstructuralfunctionalandcommunicationapproachsaswellastofocusresearchonparticularperspective,aperspectiveof"Developmentalism",featuresarepredominant,whichprintedthe field in thisperiod,andeven in termsof trying toapplyscientificrigorwassearchfora"generaltheory"isthemostimportantscientifictrendsinthisperiod.
Thethirdhypothesisargument:(trendsrelatedthescientific tendencieshasplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofthefieldandearnedtheresultsofitsresearchmorecredibilityasaresulttomethodologyrigorous;ifthisistrueisthereapossibilitytocancel theorientationsof the"Criterialvalues"?Or thePoliticalStudies in this fieldrequirehiringbothtwothetrends?),ontheonehandthattheorientationsofscientifictendencieshasplayedan important role in thedevelopmentof the field, it is true thestudyproved thatbyhighlighting thevariousquantitativeandempiricalmethodsandemploy the theoretical models in each of the phase Behaviouralism and the secondscientific tendency, which employed various theories of rational choice andmathematical quantitative, and other methods of scientific research. The assumptionthat thesemethodsearned the researchsof the field amorecredibility, it is incorrect,many of the results in terms of explanation or prediction was wrong, for example,linkingdemocracyoccurrenceto theeconomicdevelopment.That isnottrue inall thecountrieswhichbecomedemocratic,thisprovesanythingitshowstherelativisminthepoliticalconcepts,evenifsubjectedtoscientificmethodsinthestudy.
The fourth hypothesis argument: (unlike political philosophy in political science,which is reviewing its role gradually, it has gained the field of politics comparativeimmunity against cracking and collapse grace to the conflict and competition thatgovernsitsparadigms,andhasanabilitytoadapttomovementscountermeasuresand
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even with the epistemological revisions), the study has confirms this hypothesis, andevidence that the field is evenup to this date (2013) is still of particular importancewithin the fields of political science, grace to the methodological topical pluralismadvocatedbythelastanti-scientificmovement.
It isnoteworthythateverymovementcounterto thosescientific tendencies,as thepost-Behaviouralismandtheperestroikaofpoliticalscience,theyadvocatedtheneedofnot to neglect qualitative studies and not domination imposed by a specific searchgroupsonthefield,andnorfortheexclusionthesupportersofthescientifictendency.Themostimportantresultofthestudyisthatthemethodologicaltendenciesiscreatestheparadigmsinthefieldofcomparativepolitics,andnotthetopicaltrends,inaddition,Topicsstudiedbyscholarsofcomparativepoliticsthroughouttheevolutionofthefieldwere not the subject of controversy and debate sharp, even though there were somedifferenceswastakingonTraditionalStudiesasstudiesstilldonottakeintoaccountthechangesandgrowthofthedynamicfactors,oritsnaturewaswesternandnarrow,butthe real debates was about the shortcomings and the domination of the character ofnormative studies, in addition to being accused the theory Interests and it wasdescriptiveandnotacomparativestudies,thislastdebateistheonewhochangedtheformofthefielddramatically.Andtheconceptof"crisis"intheparadigmsinthefieldofcomparativepoliticsdidnotoccurattheleveloftopicalresearchs,but"crisis"occurredat the level of methods of researchs. Underwent the dynamic of construction anddeconstructionofknowledge in the field to the twomethods in termsof research, thefirstmethodisthewayofdeductive waspredominantinEuropeanStudies.ThesecondwaytosearchisthewayofinductivethatcharacterizedAmericanStudies.
The modern economics is the first Newtonian social science. Its successfulcolonizationofpoliticalscienceimpliesthatpoliticalsciencehasalsobeen Newtonized.Apart from the atomistic nature of methodological individualism, the rational choiceschoolisalsoNewtonianinthesensethatitaimsatreducingthecomplexpoliticalworldinto a few simple laws; the Behaviouralism and rational choice are the two majorscientificapproachesincontemporarypoliticalscience.TheysharetheNewtonianbeliefin discoverable regularities, testable theories, quantitative data, and positivistmethodologies. However, to a large extent such scientificity of political science isborrowedfromotherdisciplines,mainlyeconomics.Overall,thisdisciplinehasnotyetfound its Newton. Because the persistence in tracking the literatures of the field ofcomparative politics leads to the conclusion diversity, plurality, division, competitionand conflict between the scholars of this field, especially with the feedback andcontroversyontheissuesofmethodologyandspecificresearch,andthiswasawaytobalanceandevolutionwithinresearchgroups,andallattemptstocancel thisdiversityand plurality was rejected, and the absence of flexibility in the understanding ofdevelopmentsbothwithinthesegroupstofindingsolutionstoproblematicsonpoliticalrealitywasfailure.
Key words: comparative politics, epistemology, paradigms, scientific revolutions,accumulationofknowledge,normativeandempiricaltrends,methodologicalpluralism.