1435 / 2014

1435 / 2014

1434

./ .- , 1434

197 16.5 * 23.5

: 978-603-8109-57-1

1- 2- .1434/3086 614.7

: 1434/3086: 978-603-8109-57-1

67

) ( . )Food sanitation( " " "FAO"

. " " " 2005 : 22000" . ) (

.

.

5

Micro organisms in food"

6 :

13 :

17 :

Bacteria" :

21 :

30 :

Aeromonas species )30 )

)Clostridium botulinum "33 )"

"Clostridium perfringens )CL.welchii 42)

Yersinia enterocolitica( "47 )"

)Vibiro parahaemolyticus( "50 "

Listeria monocytogenes" )54 )

).Salmonella spp( 59

)Staphylococcus aureus( "65 "

Streptococci" )70 )

.Shigella spp" 75

)Escherichia coli( 82 "

.Brucella spp" 95

Campylobacter spp" 106

Bacillus species" 113

120 "Vibrio cholerae

)Entamoeba( 126

).Giradia spp( 131

.Cryptosporidium spp" 137

)Toxoplasma gondii( 142

)Cysticerci( 147

Cyclospora cayetanensis" 152

)Anisakis simplex( 156

Ascaris Lumbricoides" 161

Trichinella spiralis" 166

Trichuris trichuris" 171

:

174 ) (

177

180

)Prions( 184 :

192

9 8

: Viruses : . 1

. .. 2 .. 3

: rickettsiae : . 1

. .. 2 .. 3

Coxiella( burnetii( )50%( )Q.fever( . )(

. )Burnet(

.)Queensland(

Microorganisms in food

.

. :

:: bacteria :

.. 1 .. 2 . 3

. )( .. 4

11 10

:)Basidomycete(

.Basidium .

.

Multilateral

.

: )True yeasts(: . 1

Ascospores Ascomycetes

:2 .Endomyces 3 .Saccharomyces 4 .Zygosaccharomyces 5 .Hanseniaspora

: Pichia

Yeasts molds Fungi :. :

. 1

. . 2

.

. . 3

:

:)Imperfect fungi )Deuteromycetes .

:)Phycomycetes( :

.)Oomycetes( .)Zygomycetes( :)Ascomycetes(

8 .

13 12

Hansenula Debaromyces

)False yeasts( : . 6 Deuteromycetse Ascospores

: Mycoderma Candida Cryptococcus Torulopsis

:Parasites : .Host

.reservoir host

. Commensals.

. :

Protozoa: . 1 .

. Classes Orders Families Genera Species.

: .)Sarcodina ( )Amebas( .)Mastigophora ( )Flagellates( .)Ciliata ( )Ciliates( .)Sporozoa(

)(

. . )Helminthes(: . 2

.

: )Nematoda(

.)Roundworms( )Threadworms( .)Flatworms .. Platyhelminthes( )Acanthocephala(

.)Spiny thorny Headed worms(

.

15 14

.: :

: . 1

: Flavobacterium Streptococcus Lactobacillus )Micrococcus .Alcaligenes( Achromobacter Pswdomonas

)Bacillus Clostridium(

. : . 2

: )Salmonella spp. Campylobacter jujni Brucella spp.(.

)Arthropoda( )Insects( . 3 Organized . .

. Jointed appendages .Chitonized exoskeleton .Hemocele

) ) ( .

:)Chilopoda( )centipedes(

)Pentastomido( )Tongue worms( )Crabs(

)Crustacea( )Cray fish( )Arachinda( )copepodes(

)spiders( )scorpions(

)Mites( )Ticks(

)Hexapoda( Hexapoda" )Insects(

* * *

17 16

Micrococcus Clostridium( Escherichia Staphyococcus Streptococcus Alcaligenes

.)Aerobacter Acheromobacter Pseudomonas Flavobacterium : . 3

)610x20 310x5 (.

. :

Proteus Shigella Aerobacter Bacillus Salmonella( Micrococcus Clostridium Escherichia lactobacillus

.)Pseudomonas Staphylococcus Molds Yeasts Protozoa

:

.

. : . 4

Bacillus Escherichia( : Actinomyces Clostridium Proteus Aerobacter Streptomyces Micrococcus Molds Pseudomonas Alcaligenes Streptococcus Achromobacter Protozoa

.) Yeasts

: : . 5 . . Vibrio Pseudomonas Proteus Micrococcus(

.)Aerobacter Bacillus Achromobacter Escherichia

: ) . 6(

. .

.: :

. :

.

.

19 18

: . )(

. :

) ( )

22000:2005(.

* * *

) Commensals ( Pathogens

. :

. . : )( .

. :

.

.

21 20

: )(

) .. ..(. :

. ) (.

) (. :

. . ) (

.

) (. :

.

) ( )(

. :

:

. . .

.:

)( ) (

. :

. 1

23 22

. ) ( ) (

. :

) (.

.

.

.

.

.

* * *

: )1 2 3 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 7 8 (

: .

. . .

. ) (.

:

Bacteria

25 24

1. : : .

.:

.Endotoxin

: . .Mesosomes

: .

: . RNA .

.: DNA )(

.

: . .

: .

2. : :

.Pilli : . :

. ) (.

Flagella: .

.)E.coli ) Capsule: . Phagocyte

. Spores: ) . ( ) ( 120

100 .

27 26

:

1. : : : .

.Azetobacter : .

.: ) Pseudomonas( . Pseudomonas

. .

. 2. : :

: . .

: . H2O2

.

: . .

3 5 % .

.3. : )0.3%(

)5 10 %(.4. :

.5. :

.6. )pH(: )7.2( )9 12 ( )3

pH( .7. : 37 30 42

. . :

Psychrophilic : . ) 10( .

Mesophilic : . 20 45.

29 28

:Therophilic .

55. : .8 )CO Cu Ca K(

.9. :

)0.85 (. :

:

1 "Lag phase :

.

2 "log phase:

.

3

"Stationary:

.

. "Decline phase: 4

: Pilli: . 1

) (.

capsule: . 2 :

.: . 3

.

31 30

::

1 .:"IgA Protease"A

IGA . Coagulase: . 2

. Leucocidin : .. 3

: : Collagenase: .

. Fibrinolysin : .

. Heamolysin: . .

: Hyalurinic Acid: . .

)( :

:

*

) (

: .

* * *

33 32

Aeromonas species ) ) Vibrionaceae )Aeromonadaceae(. : )A.Salmonicida( : 37. :

. 31 . . )A.sorbia( )A.hydrophila( : )A.cavae( ) ( )A.veronii( )A.schubertii(

.)A.trota( )A.jandaei( )421( )28(. )6.5 7.5( )10( )5.5(

. )%4( )6%(.

. . : . . . .

. : ) ( 1982 472 ) ( 7 .

. : 6 5 . .

35 34

. ) 10 ( .

.

. ) (

. :

.

: )virulence(

. .

. .

) )Clostridium botulinum

)( )IV I ) .

)GA( . . ) I IV(

. I A B F )35 40( )10 ( 10% ) ( B E II F )18 25(

37 36

)3.3( )5%( . III C D ) ( )40( )15( )10( )3%( . IV G )37( )6.5%(

. )germination( )activation(

. )70 80( )5 20 ( )60 75(

)10 15 (.

. )130 170 ( .

)150 (. .

. )Cl.baratii( )Cl.butyricum(

: . .

. . . )pH 4.5(

)80( )10 (. .

. : :

: . EBA F G C

. )18 36 ( )8 (

.)A(

39 38

: )

( . ) ( ) ( . )6 8 ( )A B E(

.:

.

.)structure of intestine and microflora( : .

. )(: .

.

: .

) 4.6( .

.1. :

.

.. :

)10( )3.3( . )4 8( .

. )15( )2 3 ( )20(

.

41 40

. )pH(: )4.6( )5.0(. )5.0(. )4.6( .)Metabiosis )

buffering activity of proteins )starter(

. . acidification

.

.. )aw( )Nacl( : . )0.935( )%10( )0.970( )5%( )5%( )10%(

.

.

. : .

. .

. Inactivation of .2

: C.botulinum spores in food ) redox potential (.

. )12D( )121(

43 42

)10 12 ( )46D( . )UHT( )137.8( .

)125( . . )

...( . :

.

:)Inactivation of the toxin in food( 3. . )A B E F( )79( )20 ( )85( )5 (. )pHo( .

.

Sanitation in plant( .4:)environment

. . )100 200( .

.

45 44

Clostridium perfringens )CL.welchii )

. )41 45( )60( . EA

)35 40(. )15(. )5 9( )300 (

)4 %6(.

""

enterotoin

-toxin

B-toxin

Iota-toxin

E-toxin

A

++

B ++++

C

+++

D +++

E +++

: A ) (

.

. A .

.

47 46

A . .

.:

.

. . . .

. : A

)100 (

)10 ( )100(. )6 24 (

. )24 ( .

. A . . )310 610( . A

.

. : )610 710(

.

49 48

: .. 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 . 5

. . 6

.

) Yersinia enterocolitica )

Coccobacillus )25( .Enterobacteriaceae . Y.aldovae( Y.bercovieri Y.frederiksenii Y.intermedia Y.mollaretii Y.kristensenii Y.rohdei(

. . O. 50 . Ribotyping 0 : 3 Clones.

0:3 I II . I II IV

.

51 50

) )25 29(. 44( )5%( 4.6 )

4 10(. : .

. IA )0:5 0:6 30 0:78 0:18 0:46 ( IB )0:8 0:4 13b 0:13a 0:18 0:20 0:21( 2)0:9 0:527(

3)0:123 0527( 4)0:3( 5)0:23(. )35927(

)813182021( . :

. 3 14 5% . )Sedimentation( .

.

: )24 48 (

. ) ..(

) (. :

. 1 .

.. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5

53 52

)Vibiro parahaemolyticus(

Vibrionaceae . )2% 3%( )8%( . )5 43( )37(. ) 5 ( 8.6 7.8 11 14.8

O 0.940 0.996 K 20 O 65 K

. Wagatsuma

Kanagawa haemolysin TDH TRH(

. )65( . )D values(

)65( )55(. :

.

.

.:

.

.

55 54

)310( )1.1 x 310( )510 710( .

. )12 (

. .

.

. )

( 4 94

15 .

: )70 . 1

15 (

. Haemolysin )610 ( 35( Haemolysin )32( )24

( )25( )48 (. Haemolysin )5.5 6.5(. Kanagwa haemolysin )( )17 ( )4(. )115( )180( )10.4 48.1(

.

. . )

( ) ( .

57 56

) ( Listeria cmonocytogenes

L.ivanovii L.bulgarica

. 0.5 2 0.5 )20 25 ( )

(. )3 45 (

6 9 0.92 10%.

)13 ( )1/2a1/2b1/2c3a3b3c4a4b4c4d4e4ab7( 1/2a 1/2b ( 4b( .

. : Phage typing )electrophoretic enzyme typing( 64% )28( )%78( )20 ( . )RNA( )

(. : )Vegetation( .

. .

59 58

20 30% . )1( )4b(

. )(

:.. 1 / . 2

. .. 3 50 .. 4 . 5

. )0.15% 2%( . : )(

.

)septicemic episodes( illFull term baby. . )septicemia( ) ( .

. ) (

.:

)310( .

. :

.. 1 . 2

61 60

.

. 3 .

. 4 .

).Salmonella spp(

Enterobacteriaceae S.gallinarumS.pullorum )5 45( )35 37 (

) 6.5 7.5(. )70( )71.1( )15 (

. )0.94( )0.93( ) 80% (.

)20%( .

63 62

)S.typhimurium( )4 14 (

)10( )7 (.

: S.enteritidis S.welteverden .

.

)(

. 67 1991

S.ponna .

.

. .

.:

65 64

.

. .

.

. CA

. )6 72 ( . ) 2 4 (. .

.

. . ) ( S.choleraesuis

.

. . )10 100 (

. :

HACCP system . 1 .

.

67 66

.. 2 . 3

. . 4

. . 5

.S.hadar . 6

. . 7

) (

.

)Staphylococcus aureus(

)1 (

) (. Staph.intermedius

Staph.hyicus )7 46 ( )37( )10 45 (

)40(. .

69 68

)4.5 9.3 ( ) 7.0( )4.8

9.0 ( )5.0(. ) 6.5 7.3 ( ) 7 10 %( 20%

10% . )0.86( 0.87 )0.90(

. Extracelluar proteins . ) A F F ( C C3 C2 C1 G Gv

. A

. : . )30% 35%(

. )18% 75%(

) ( . .

. . )46 59 (

. A C D A C :

.

A . 80/81 )( 80/81 . .

.

71 70

. . .

.:-

) 510 610 (

)0.1 1.0 (.

: . . .

.

.

. :

. 1

. . 2

.

)4( . 3

. . 4

.

. 5

.

73 72

Streptococci ) )

Streptococci . . S.suis

. ) 52( . Str.

pyogenes )20( )40(. 126 )120 (

)195 (.

I( )V A( )20( J( .

. . )29( .

.:

.

.

: . .

.

: .

75 74

) (

)5 15( . .

.

. Fetus B Str.agalactiae . )7% 30% ( .

. B

. ) C( Str.

zooepidemicus .

)M L G( .

: Str.pyogenes . )B( )septicemic fetus(

)C( . A B

. Str.acidominimus Str.uberis Str.cremoris

. . ) ( .

77 76

)Exanthema( . )Rheumatic( A.

. D ) (

)2 36 ( .

: . 1

. . 2

. .. 3

.Shigella spp

Enterobacteriaceae . . . )7 46( )37( )4.8 9.3(

. )4.0(

. Shigella

flexneri .

)14( )7(. )0.96( ) 5.2%(

)10%( .

79 78

. : shigella )A ( Shigella dysenteriaeflexneri ) B( Shigella boydii ) C( Shigella sonnei ) D( )38(

)10 100 (. . . . )24 48 (.

.

1 ) (.

:

/ 10

) (

81 80

:

. :

. . . . ) (

. . .

. .

. . )mortality and morbidity(

)1 5 ( ) 1987( )16567( 1987 )67.7%( )22.2%( )2.1%( )%1.4(

)6.6%( . )650.000(

1991. . . .

. : . . )1 7 ( . . . .

.

83 82

.

:

. :

: . 1

. . 2

. . 3

.

. 4

.)

(.

. 5.

. 6

. . 7

. . 8

. . 9

.

85 84

)Escherichia coli(

E.coli )normal microflora(

. Kauffman O ) ( )17(

. H ) ( ) 56( K .

F )Fimbrial( .

: .. 1

. 2.

.. 3 .. 4 . 5

. . . 6

. O:H. .

. . 1

: )H7:O157( 1983

1992/5/15 1993/2/28. )470(

.

87 86

)O175:H7(

. O4 O5 O16 O26 O55(

.O157 ) O111ab O113 O117 O172

.)O176 O177 O178 O180 O181( )60 ( Kshigalike

1 . 1 2 ) Vero Hela( . verotoxin

. O157:H7 )B.glucurovidase GUD( )Sorbitol( )30 42 ( )44

45 ( )10( . )4.5( )3.6 3.9(. )64.3( )9.6 (

) 20 (.

: O157:H7

. 1992 . 1993. 18 8

)100 ( ) (. . )9( )6(

. .

.

. 75% .

89 88

1989 ) ( 243 ) 12 (

.

. )2 9 (. . . 4 )50%(

)95%( . )56 75%(

. O157:H7( Hemolytic uremic( . syndrome HUS( . . )Arterioles( . )2 7 %(

.)O157:H7( )O157:H7(

. . )Normal intestinal flora(

)O157:H7( . :

. 1

. .. 2 .. 3

: .2

. ) Antigenic (

. )O:H( ) (

91 90

.

. )CFA1 SC1 CS6( . F4 .)K99 ( F5 K88(( 987P D . )F4( K88 F5)k99( F41 O6 O8 O11 O15 ( 987 P

.)O173 O20 O25 O27 O78 O128 O148 O149 O159 2 3 .

. )12 72 ( .

. )7 46 ( ) 50( )37(. )O157:H7( )8( )44 45 (.

.

. )O157:H7( . )4.0 4.4( . ) 3.6(

)4( )4.5(. )0.95(. ) ( )8.5%(

O157:H7 )%2.5(.

. . DNA

. mouthfecal( rout( ) ( . . . . )400 (

93 92

) (. .

.

: .)GAPs( O157:H7 .

. HACCP

)FSMS 22000 : 2005(.

. .

3. : O28 O29 O112 O124 O136 (

.)O167 O143 O144 O152 O159 O164 ) H(

.

. )10 18

( )(. .

. )1

5 %( . ) 610 (

. . ) ( .

) (.4. : .

. .

.

95 94

.

.

) 610(. O55 O86 O111(

.) O119 O126 O125 O127 O128 O142 ) (

. . :

. . )( DNA .

.HEP2 : . electrolytes .

.

.5. : HEP2 ) ( .

. )42( )40 ( .DNA .

. O3 O15 O44 O86 O77 O111(

.)O127 .

)1 2 (.6. :

)4 5 ( . :

: . 1

.

97 96

.. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6

.Brucella spp

: Brucella meltensis

Brucella abortus Brucella suis

Brucella canis B.neotomae

.

0.5 0.7 . ) ( Biovars / A )( M )( )1 3( )1 7 ( )78( )7( )9( .

)1 5 (. . : . .

. Less adaptive

) 5 (

99 98

. genome . ) ( biogroups

. :

. Neotoma lepida .

. .

. .

.

.

) (. .

. ) (

)4(. .

. .

.

101 100

.

. ) ( ) ( 45 1938 1939 45

. . .

. 30 . . )1(

.

)3( . )6( . )2( . ) 1 :100( .

13. : ) 1975( ) FAO WHO OIE(

. ) (. .

. 7.893 1987 )74 100.000 ( 1979 1987 8 250.000 ) (

103 102

71.051 )13 100.000 ( 1988 80000 1989. 5003 )6 100000 ( 1990. 1986

(. 100000 3( 1989 6321 1947 224 1972 1981 ) CDC 1982(. 500 19311939 1962 .

.)Rev1( 4683 1988 3041

1990.

)2(.

. 1 3 .

. 40 .

. . . .

.

. . Sponelylitis . / .

. . 19 .

: 1 .

2 ) (

105 104

) ( Aerosol .

8 30 .

. 19 .

. .

19 .

.:

)600 900 ( )200 ( 6 . Jarisch Herxheimer Reaction . . )

1986( ) ( .

:

.

.

) (

.

. . ) ( . .

.

. )5%( ) ( )%8 %10 ( .

107 106

)30( )2%( . )2%( )3%( ) ( . )1%(

)0.5%( )5( . . )19BA( ) 19 ( . )19BA( )104M( . .

.

. )19( . )( ) 3 8 ( . )65% 80%( .

. )70 90 %( .

: )8 ( 6 . . )REVI( ) 20.000

(. .

.

109 108

Campylobacter spp

. Campylobacter jejuni . campylobacter fetus ) (

. Campylobacter coli Comylobacter lari Compylobacter upsaliensis . S )3 5 %( )3 10 %( )42( )30( ) (. microaerophiles .Thermophiles ) )42

)6.5 7.5( )4.9(. )( )4.0(

. 0.987 )2% (. 1% ) (.

. 1977 .

. : Camoylobacter jejuni :

) 1980( )60( ) 1982( )90( . ) 1985( )1.405( 96.1% 92.1%

.

111 110

: . )1982( 100% 600 38 46 83 94 . 35% 50% 20 70 % . 2.5 % 70 % 20

186 )0.0 % 30%( . . )Colifroms( ) ( )( . ) 4

( . 30% 300 5.1% 1800

. ) ( .

.

.

. ) 1988( 104 3 ) ( . . . 2 5 . ) 1/3 ( . 7 10 . 2 3 . . .

. )Electrolyte replacement( . )6( .

.

113 112

:

. 1/3

: . 1

. . 2

.

. 3.

. 4

.: )( Campylobacter fetus )fetus( )Venerealis(. )( )25(

)42(. :

) (

. . .

. . : )(

. . ) 45(.

. . %27 43% ) 1990(

. . . .

115 114

2 7 . 50% .

.

. .

. :

.

Bacillus species

. . ) Bacillus cereus( )B.licheniformis ) B.subtilis B.pumilus( .

. )30 35 (

) 55(. ) ( )4(. )37(. )7( .

117 116

)4.3 9.3( . )2 11 (

. )0.93( . )0.91(.

. )(

. ) nisin(

. : .

. / . . ) 510 ( .

.

: . )6 15 ( .

. 24 . )0.5 6 ( / . 24 . . .

. )610 CFU (

.

: .

. . .

119 118

. ) ( ) (.

.:

. . .

. 1980 CDC 1981 . ) )

(.

22 1985.

. )31%( )36( 22 )11( 3 .

. 6 )11( . 30 ) 23 ( . )22 (

. ) ( .

121 120

. .

)2 3 ( . .

.

.

. .

.:

. .

:

. .

. ) (

. . )10

55 (. .

)310 / ( . )63( . )

4 ( .

123 122

)Vibrio cholerae )

)1.5 ( )0.4

( : O1:

. O1

.

O . O1 O1 O1

)Nonagglutinable NAGs( . O1

.)WHO1993( 1993 O139 1992 . O139

. O139

.

O1 )El Tor( 1958

. O1 )polyvalent( )Ogawa( )Inhab( O1 O1

.:

O1 Servars

)Smith 1977( 70 . : O1 . O139 )

( .:

. .

O1 .

.

125 124

O1 .

.

.)Zafari et al1973( : 14% 790 O1 . . 1968

.)Kamal. 1971( )16%( taylor et al.1988( o1(

. O1 . . ) adherence( Cholera like toxin

. O1

. 2% 237 O1 9 44

.

:

. . O1. )

O1( .

544 31 . 56 . 42 %75 )( )100 ( . ) (

. )( ) (.

. : :

. .

: )610 810 ( .

127 126

O1 . . . 100% )25% ( 93%

71% 21% . 40 5397 .

.O1 )20.8%( )7% ( Cellulitis )5%( )11.9%(

(. O1 ) ...( )60%( . O1

. O139 O1. .O139 O1

.:

: )Electrolytes(. .

)O139( O1 )Rehydration(

. :

.. 1 .. 2 . 3

. .. 4

.

.

* * *

129 128

) (

. )Entamoeba histolytica( )E.polecki( . )E.dispar(

. )(:

Trephic Vegetative )Trophozoite(

)cystic( . )Mitosis( . . .

. :

: .

. )Trophozoite(

)Entamoeba(

131 130

)desiccation( . .

)Formed( )28 (. 6 )2 ( 40 34

.:

.

:

.) WHO1981( "invasive"

.

. ) ( )Benenson 1995( . )Fascioiasis(

)Peripheral eosinophils( ) ( .

. 50 )50.000 100.000( . 1990 1994 ) ( )3000(

. :

. :

)(. . . .

. .

. .

. .

133 132

: 2% 30 . ) (

. )70 .

(. )74( .

.

).Giradia spp(

. )G.intestinalis( )G.muris( )G.agilis( .

)G.caviae(

. )G.duodenalis( )G.lambila( 1859 1915.

. . )10 19( ) 5 12 ( )2 4 ( )( .

135 134

. 13 8 x ) 7 10 (. . . )( . )8( )21(

. )20(. . .

. : .

. . .

.

)ld50( )10( . )900( .

. .)Hill 1993(

. :

)1997( )264( )57( .

. . Rypochlorhydria )protein aloric( . A .

.

137 136

Cross( . species (.

.)Procyon lotor( )Gerbillus gerbillus( )norvegicus ) )Ovis musimon( )ovis canddensis( )Anililocopra amoricana( ) beaver( . ) 1981(

)resurgence( . 1967 128 . .

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http://www.sfda.gov.sa/Ar/food/topics/Food%20Quality%20awareness/Food-19052009-ar1.htmhttp://www.sfda.gov.sa/Ar/food/topics/Food%20Quality%20awareness/Food-19052009-ar1.htm

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