/

1031 - 3415

I

"

"

962

" :

..

."

.176 11

III

,

, .

,

.

, .

.

.

.

. . ....

V

AAA= American Arbitration Association.

ADR= Alternative Dispute Resolution.

AFNIC= L'association franaise pour le Nommage Internet en

cooperation.

AFA =The Arbitration Fairness Act

All ER= All English Law report.

At= Austria.

B2B= Business to Business.

B2C= Business to Consumer.

BILETA= British and Irish Law Education and Technology

Association.

Cass. civ= Cassation civile.

CCQ= Civil Code of Quebec.

C2C= Consumer to Consumer.

CI= Consumer International.

CJJA= Civil jurisdiction and judgments Act

CNRS= Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Duke L.& Tech= Duke Law and Technology.

EAA= English Arbitration Act

EC= European Convention.

ECJ= European Court Justice.

ECR= England Courts report.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria

VI

ed= edition.

EEC= European economic community.

Eg= Egypt

EJCL= Electronic Journal of Comparative Law.

EU= European United.

FAA= Federal Arbitration Act

Fr= France

ibid= In the same place. Used in footnotes and bibliographies to

refer to the book, chapter, article, or page cited just before.

ICANN= The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and

Numbers.

ICC= International Chamber of Commerce.

ICLQ= International Comparative Law Quarterly.

IOCU= International Organization Consumer United.

J. D. I : Journal du Droit International (Clunet)

J.L&TECH= Journal of Law and Technology.

JILT= Journal Information, Law and Technology.

LLM= The Master of Laws.

McGILT L.J= Mcgill Law Journal.

N= Number, Numro.

N.C.J.L.& TECH= North Carolina Journal of Law and

technology.

NSW= New South and Wales.

Nz= New Zealand .

VII

O.J.= Official Journal.

OAS= Organization of American States.

ODR= Online Dispute Resolution.

OECD= organization for Economic Co-operation and

Development.

P= page.

PDF= Portable Document Format .

PHD= Doctor of Philosophy.

PIAC= Public Interest Advocacy Centre.

R.C.A.D.I= Recueil des Cours de lAcadmie de droit

International de la Haye

Rev. Crit. D.I.P. : Revue Critique de Droit International Priv

R.J.T= Revue Juridique themis.

REV= Review

SPIDR= Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution.

UCC= The Uniform Commercial Code .

UCITA = Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act.

UK= United Kingdom.

UN= United Nation.

UNESCAP= United Nation Economic and Social Commission

for Asia and the Pacific.

UNIDROIT= International Institute for the Unification of Private

Law.

US= united state

VIII

VA. J.L. & TECH.= Virginia Journal of Law and Technology

Association.

Vol= VOLUME

WIPO= World Intellectual Property Organization .

WTO=The World Trade Organization

1

,

,

-

-

,

.

,

,

,

.

: :

,

,

,

,

.

2

,

(1)

,

(2)

,

,

(3)

.

,

,

(4)

,

,

(5)

. :

" "

,

1191

: : . (1) . 34 ,2222 , ,

, OECD (2)

CI

, .

: (3)

Christine Riefa: Article 5 of the Rome Convention on the Law

Applicable to Contractual Obligations of 19 June 1980 and Consumer

E-Contracts: The Need for Reform, This article is published in Information

and Communication Technology Law, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2004, p.10.

.1191 122 , 9 ,1192 5 (4)

,, 91 , 32 (5) ,. 32, 11

3

1193

(1)

.

1115

goods and services Electronic

Commerce ,

(2)

.

(3)

.

, ,

,

,

,

,

. :

,

,

: (1)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet

OECD (2)

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/13/34023235.pdf : : WTO

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/wkprog_e.htm : WIPO

http://ecommerce.wipo.int/primer/index.html

: (3)

Lorna E. Gillies: Electronic Commerce and International Private Law:

A Study of Electronic Consumer Contracts, Published by Ashgate, England,

2008, p.20.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internethttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/13/34023235.pdfhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/wkprog_e.htm

4

,

.

.

, -

, -

,

,

.

,

1199 44/2221

,

.513/2229 1192

, ),(

, )(

,

,

,

(1)

.

,

,

.

,

.

: (1)

Erin Ann Ohara: Choice of Law For Internet Transactions: The Uneasy

Case For Online Consumer Protection, University of Pennsylvania Law

Review, Vol. 153: 2005, p.1883.

5

,

.

,

,,

,

.

,

(1)

,

,

.

,,

(2)

.

,

,

,Lex Electronica

,

: (1)

Julia Hrnle: online dispute resolution- the emperor's new clothes?

Benefits and Pitfalls of Online Dispute Resolution and its Application to

Commercial Arbitration, 17th BILETA Annual Conference 2002,

University, Amsterdam, p.1&2.

: (2)

Zheng Sophia Tang: Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of

Laws, HART Publishing Oxford and Portland, Oregon 2009, This book is

based on PhD thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham in summer

2007, p.14.

6

(1)

. :

, ,

.

, ,

. ,

, , , ,

.

, ,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

, .

: 1119 John Perry Barlow (1)

https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html

https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html

7

:

.

:

, ,

,

. :

,

, ,

,

, ,

. :

,

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

8

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

9

:

( ) :

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

31 :

:

,

,

) ( ) ( ,

,

.

, (1)

-

.

, ,

" ,

, , "

(2)

.

,

(3)

,

(1) ,

Aggressive selling : 2002 4

http://www.europarl.europa.eu

: . (2)5 , ,

.

, , , : . (3) . 15, 2002,

31 :

,

,

. ,

,

,

(1)

,

,

(2)

.

:

: .

. :

, : (1)Uta Kohl : Jurisdiction and the Internet, Regulatory Competence over Online

Activity, Cambridge, UK, 2007, p.33.

, , 2010 (2) :

International Law Association The Hague Conference(2010) International

Protection of consumers, Report to the Seventy-Fourth Conference of the

International Law Association at The Hague (16-20 August 2010)

31 :

:

,

,

(1).

,

, ,

,

(2)

.

:

. :

. :

: .

: , . : (1)

, 2002, , 2 , , . 124

.112, 2002 , , , :. (2)

31 :

:

(1)

,

(2)

.

, ,

,

, .

,

,

(3)

.

(1) , ,

, ,

,

" , 1292

: .. ,

:" , , , ...

Ewoud Hondius: The Notion of Consumer: European Union versus Member

States, Sydney Law Review Vol. 28:89, 2006, p.90.

: (2)Norbert Reich: A European Concept of Consumer Rights: Some Reflections on

Rethinking Community Consumer Law, At, New Developments in International

Commercial and Consumer Law Proceedings of the 8th Biennial Conference of the

International Academy of Commercial and Consumer Law, Oxford, UK,1998, p.443.

, : , . (3) : . 2, 1 2009 , ,

Christine Riefa: A French perspective on Misleading advertising campaigns

for Internet access, Hertfordshire Law Journal 2003.1(2) 23-29 ,p.3.

37 :

:

, ,

,

,

(1)

.

,

,

,

(2)

, ,

(3)

.

, :. (1) , . 4, 2005 25, , , ,

:, . 115 , , :

.29 , ,

242/32 (2), , 1225 2

: ,

, , ,

, ,

, .

, :

See: Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Supplement No. 7, p.19,

available online:http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art55/english/rep_supp7_

vol4art55 _e_advance.pdf

Directive Council European 7/97 (3) ,

, ,

(OECD) ,

, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Electronic consumer :

.1 .

31 :

: : :

.1

,

,

,

. Consumer International -

,

,

.2 , .

.3 .

. .4 . .5 . .9 . .2 . .2

See: Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context in, OECD

Publications,2003,p.15.

See also, Martijn W. Hess link: European Contract Law: a Matter of

Consumer Protection, Citizenship, or Justice? Centre for the Study of

European Contract Law, Working Paper Series, 2006, p.3. Available online

SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=946727.

31 :

(IOCU), 1290 (1) ,

(CI ) 1223 (2)

,

:

. .1 .2

. .3

. . .4 .5

. :(OECD(3 -

, 1222

,

.

,

.

,

.International organization consumer united: (1)

.Consumer International: (2) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (3)

02 :

,

(1)

. -

(2)

,

2002 ,1220

(3)

9 ,

,

.

1220

" 9/1

,

"

(4)

.

1292 22

(5)

,

: (1)http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/oecd.consumer.protection.in.electronic.commmerce.guideline.recommendation.1999/.

: (2)Stanislav Lovetski: International Sources of Consumer Protection, theses of the master, University Quebec Montreal 2008, p.51.

1220 523/2002 (3) , :2002 12,

Parliament and Council Regulation 593/2008, Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (Rome I), 2008 O.J., L177/6.

. 133 , , :, . (4) ,

,

.

: (5) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41968A09

27(01): EN:HTML

http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/oecd.consumer.protection.in.electronic.commmerce.guideline.recommendation.1999/http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/oecd.consumer.protection.in.electronic.commmerce.guideline.recommendation.1999/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41968A09%2027(01)http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41968A09%2027(01)http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41968A09%2027(01)

03 :

, 151413

(1)

, 121915

. -

, .1, 1223 5 13/23

(2)

.

.2 , 1222 20 2/22

(3)

,

.14

,

,

, ,

(4)

.

,2000 2 31/2000 .3 ) (

(5)

,

: (1)Official Journal of the European Communities, L. 12/1, 16.1.2001.

: (2)Official Journal of the European Communities, L. 095 , 21/04/1993 p. 0029 0034.

: (3)Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L. 144/19 20 May 1997.

: (4)Dr. Hans Schulte-Nlke in co-operation with Dr. Christian Twigg-Flesner and Dr. Martin Ebers: EC Consumer Law Compendium- Comparative Analysis-UNIVERSITAT BIELEFELD,2007,p.30.

: (5)Official Journal of the European Communities No L 178 , 17/07/2000 p. 0001 - 0016.

00 :

,

,

.

2002 29 .4 . ,

2002 12 .5

., .2

, ,

.

: - .1

(1)

23-242 .

, 1223 29

2001 23

, 2/22

2005 942/2005

,

: (1)

.1222 10 22-22 .1 . 1222 13 529-22 .2 .1223 21 990-23 .3

.1229 1 1243-29 .4 .1222 5 14-22 .5

.1222 9 21-22 .9

01 :

, ,

2010

(1)

. : .2

,

UCITA 1222, (2)

(3)

,

(4)

,

.

120114 .3 1222 12

,

"

..."

(5)

,

.

:2010/ 2/ 1 2010-232 (1)http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000022517087

&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006146551&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565

&dateTexte=20101214.

. Transactions ActUniform Computer Information: (2)

:1222 23 (3)http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/archives/ulc/fnact99/1990s/ueta99.pdf

see more: Jillian G. Brady and Spencer Weber Waller: Consumer Protection in

the United States: An Overview, available online:http://www.luc.edu/law/

academics/special/center/antitrust/pdfs/us_consumer_protection.pdf.

: (4)Principles of Consumer Protection for Electronic Commerce: A Canadian

Framework, p.11, Available online:http://www.bmo.com/pdf/9243741Princip

ConsProt_en.pdf, see also: Consumer Protection Rights In Canada In The Context

Of Electronic Commerce, A Report to the Office of Consumer Affairs Industry

Canada, July 31, 1998, p.14.

:2002 1222 12 (1)http://www.umbricht.com/eng/frameset4.asp?status=1&id=358&user=guest

http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000022517087&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006146551&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20101214http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000022517087&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006146551&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20101214http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000022517087&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006146551&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20101214http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/archives/ulc/fnact99/1990s/ueta99.pdfhttp://www.luc.edu/law/%20academics/special/center/http://www.luc.edu/law/%20academics/special/center/http://www.bmo.com/pdf/9243741Princip%20ConsProt_en.pdfhttp://www.bmo.com/pdf/9243741Princip%20ConsProt_en.pdfhttp://www.umbricht.com/eng/frameset4.asp?status=1&id=358&user=guest

01 :

: -

, ,

,

.

:

: .11222 112

(2)

, ,

, 2000 23

. 39-34, 22-25

2002 21 .2(3)

, ,

,

.

2002 92

(4)

. 2004 13092 .3

(1)

,

,

,

.

.1222 2, 1222 112 (2)

2002 22 2002 12 (3).1/2/2002 229

2002/ 5/ 12 2002 92 (4).12/5/2002 294

5 2004 13092 (1).2004

01 :

2009 24 .4

(2)

,

1 ,

, 2009

(3)

,

,2002 2 ,

, .

, 2009( 39 )

1222( 10 )

(4)

,

. 2009 92 .5

(5)

,

,

. 2001

,

,

2004 15

.

2009 24 (2).13/2/2009

2009 1 (3). 442 2009

2009 39 (4) 2/10/2009, 10/1222

.455 12/10/2009

20 20/5/2009 12/5/2009 (5).

01 :

2009 40 .9

(1)

,

49 ,

2002

(2)

,

/ 4

. , 2002 22 .2

, ,

,

(3)

. , (4) 2001 25 .8

,

, 2009 .

.

.22/12/2009, 24/2009 2009 40 (1)

15 12 2002 49 (2) .2002

.10/3/2002 2002 22 (3)

4524 2001 25 (4) .2001/ 12/ 31

07 :

,

.

,

(1)

,

.

,

(2)

.

(1)

:

: ,

Karen Alboukrek: Note: Adaptiong To A New World Of E-Commerce: The

need for uniform consumer protection in the international electronic marketplace,

George Washington International Law Review 425, 2003, p.14.

See also : ECOM WORLD , searching for the wisdom of Solomon in EC

Disputes, at : http//www.ecomworld.com/htmlgovern/06100,1.htm c last visited

Dec.1,2000.

See also: Report To Congress: The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act of

1999,section 3006 concerning the abusive registration of domain names. Available

online: www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/olia/tmcybpiracy/repcongress .pdf.

, , (2)

.12 , ,: , .

http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/olia/tmcybpiracy/repcongress%20.pdf

01 :

Consumption : "

" ,

.

,

" ,

"

(1)

.

,

,

,

, ,

(2)

.

:

, ,

,

.

"

"

(3)

(4)

.

, , :. (1) . 2 1229 , ,

: (2)Christine Riefa:The reform of electronic consumer contracts in Europe: towards an effective legal framework?, Lex Electronica, vol. 14 n2 ( Fall 2009),p.17.

, : . (3) .2 1229 , ,

. , , (4)

.12 1222 ,

01 :

(1)

,

(2)

,

(3)

,

(4)

,

,

:

(1) 5 1220

, 15 1292, 9

95 1220 25

: http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=publications.details&pid=926

, : notion of consumer in the EU Directives: Directive 85/577, Art. 2 , Directive

90/314, Art. 2/4, Directive 93/13, Art. 2/b , Directive 94/47, Art. 2, Directive 97/7,

Art. 2/2 , Directive 98/6, Art. 2/e, Directive 99/44, Art. 1/2/a-c, Directive 87/102,

Art. 1/2/a, Directive 2000/31, Art. 2/e , Directive 2002/65, Art. 2/d, Directive

2005/29, Art. 2/a..

.12 , (2)

:. : (3). ,22 2002 , ,

, , , :

: . , 93 -2005

: . , 20 2009, , ,

,

2005( 30 22 , ) : . 91

Ewoud Hondius: The Notion of Consumer: op. cit. p.93

(4), 1222 30 , 1222 22, 1223 24

2000 14 1225 24

Gruber v Bay Wa AG Case C-464/01 [2005] ECR1-439

:

http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=C-464/01%20 [2005]%20ECR1-439&td=ALL .

http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=publications.details&pid=926http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=C-464/01%20%20%5b2005%5d%20ECR1-439&td=ALLhttp://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=C-464/01%20%20%5b2005%5d%20ECR1-439&td=ALLhttp://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=C-464/01%20%20%5b2005%5d%20ECR1-439&td=ALL

12 :

: ,

,

(1)

.

,

(2)

.

,

,

(3)

.

:

,

(4)

, ,

, ,

(5)

.

" services

,

, (1) . ,

: Ewoud Hondius: The Notion of Consumer: op. cit. p.94.

. 93 ,, : . (2)

Gruber v Bay Wa AG Case C-464/01 [2005] ECR1-439 (3) .

(4) )( " ,

, )( ,

.....".

.22 , ,:. (5)

13 :

,

..."

(1)

.

: ,

(2)

,

"

,

"

(3)

.

1220

(4)

,

( 1-132 )

, :. (1) .22 2000,

, (2) ,

,

: ,

Mehta, Swati Mehta: Consumer Protection in India: The Path Covered and the

Journey Forward (March 5, 2010).p.1, Available at SSRN:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1565522. .

.22 , , :. (3)

: (4)REGULATION (EC) No 593/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND

OF THE COUNCIL of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual

obligations (Rome I) Art. 6: " Without prejudice to Articles 5 and 7, a contract

concluded by a natural person for a purpose which can be regarded as being

outside his trade or profession (the consumer) with another person acting in the

exercise of his trade or profession (the professional) shall be governed by the law

of the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, provided that the

professional:"

10 :

1225 1 25-129

(1)

.

" 22/11/2001

, 13/23

"

(2)

.

(3)

,

,

1222 22

: (1)Art. (L 132-1) dans les contrats conclus entre professionnels et non-

professionnels ou consommateurs, sont abusives les clauses qui ont pour objet ou

pour effet de crer, au dtriment du non professionnel ou du consommateur, un

dsquilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat.

: (2)ECJ judgment of 22 November 2001, joined cases C-541/99 and C-542/99 - Cape

Snc v Ideal service Srl and Ideal service MN RE Sas v OMAI Srl [2001], ECR I-

9049," The term 'consumer', as defined in Article 2(b) of Council Directive

93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, must be

interpreted as referring solely to natural persons." Available

online:http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en.

, (3) ,

. . ,

, ,

( 2 9 ) , : . , 3 1222

. 91, ,

http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en

11 :

(1)

.

(2)

.

,

(3)

.

, :

:

.1

,

,

(4)

.

.2 ,

. , , :

, , .3 ,

(1) Cass 1re civ, 28 avr .1987., : . : 1222 31 . 95 ,,

.12 , ,

: (2)

John Dikie: internet and electronic commerce law in the European union,

HART publishing , oxford 1999.p.18.

) , , :. (3) .22 1 ,2002(, ,

. (4)

11 :

(1)

,

1222 21

)

(

(2)

.

.4 ,

(B2C ) (3)

(B2B ) , (4)

,

(C2C) (5)

, ,

(9)

.

, , .5 ,

: (1)

Ewoud hondius: The Notion Of Consumer, op. cit, p.94.

R &B Customers Brokers Ltd v UDT Finance Ltd [1988] 1 (2)All ER 847 :

http://www.iucedu.eu/group/sem1_L2/2012%20CCOMLA/case%20law/R_B_Cust

oms_Brokers_Co_Ltd_v_United_Domini.PDF.

.Business To Consumer (3)

.Business To Business (4)

:Consumer To Consumer . (5)Andrs Guadamuz Gonzlez: The Legal Implications Of The C2C Electronic

Commerce Model, Available online: http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream

/1842/2259/ 1/ eBaylaw.pdf.

, : , . (9) 12 , 1229 , , : , . 23,

, , ":", .

: , . 53, 2004 ,

. 2 , ,

http://www.iucedu.eu/group/sem1_L2/2012%20CCOMLA/case%20law/R_B_Customs_Brokers_Co_Ltd_v_United_Domini.PDFhttp://www.iucedu.eu/group/sem1_L2/2012%20CCOMLA/case%20law/R_B_Customs_Brokers_Co_Ltd_v_United_Domini.PDFhttp://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream%20/1842/2259/http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream%20/1842/2259/http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream%20/1842/2259/

11 :

, ,

. ,

, , "

, ,

". , ,

,

,

(1)

.

(2)

,

, ,

,

(3)

, , Internet (1) international inter internet

, network ,

,

: ,

Peter Carey, The Internet and E-commerce, Published by Thorogood, London,2001.p.3.

: (2)Report to the Ranking Senate Minority Member of the Joint Economic Committee International Electronic Commerce Definitions and Policy Implications, March 2002, p.12.

: (3) . : .:

11 :

, , ,

.

1222 20 2/22

, "

"

(1)

.

,

,

(2)

.

: .

. : ,:

.

: , , ,

, , .

. : ) (:

, .

:

Peter Carey: The Internet and E-commerce, op. cit, p.4.

: (1)

Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997

on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts, distance ART,2,1

"contract` means any contract concerning goods or services concluded between a supplier and a consumer under an organized distance sales or service-provision

scheme run by the supplier, who, for the purpose of the contract, makes exclusive

use of one or more means of distance communication up to and including the

moment at which the contract is concluded".

(2) ,

, ,

17 :

" - -

, ,

,

" ,

(1)

.

:

,

,

,

2009 .

, 402 2011 , 133

,

, 3

iresearch , 12020 2010 25 2010

, :

. http://www.gspay.com/the-e-commerce-market.php

: (1)Christine Riefa:The reform of electronic consumer contracts in Europe, op. cit,

p.11.

, : ,

, ,

,

,

,

,

, , ,

,

- , ,

. , .

, , :

, 42 ,2002 42, , ,

, : , , .

,

. 1222,2003 12-10

11 :

: (1)

:

,

,

, , ,

"

, ,

"

(2)

.

" (L 19-121 )2001 ,

"

(3)

.

,

, ,

(4)

.

,

: . : (1), , ,

: . 12 ,2005

See: A short guide for businesson distance selling, Published by the Office of Fair Trading, available online: http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/business_leaflets/ general/oft913.pdf. See also: John Dikie:Consumer Confidence and the ECDirective on Distance Contracts, op. cit, p.218.

.2/1 2/22 (2)

: (3)

Art L.121-16: Les dispositions de la prsente section s'appliquent toute vente

d'un bien ou toute fourniture d'une prestation de service conclue, sans la prsence

physique simultane des parties, entre un consommateur et un professionnel qui,

pour la conclusion de ce contrat, utilisent exclusivement une ou plusieurs

techniques de communication distance. .

.199, , :. (4)

http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/business_leaflets/%20general/oft913.pdfhttp://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/business_leaflets/%20general/oft913.pdf

11 :

,

.

, :

:

(1)

,

, ,

,

(2)

, ,.

(3)

.

:

,

,

,

(4)

.

:

,

,

,

: (1)Murielle Isabelle Cahen: la formation des contrats de commerce lectronique,

Ratio Juris, Academic Journal, septembre,1999,p.28.

, . 20 , , : . (2) .20 , , :

.42 , , : . (3)

, . 23 , , : . : (4): , ,

, . : , 94 ,2009,

: , . 42, 2002 , , , , ,

.142, 2002

12 :

(1)

.

- - :

,

(2)

.

,

,

(3)

.

,

,

(4)

.

, ,

,

.

92 ,2000 1 , , . : , (1) , , : , .

.150 ,2009 ,

: . : (2) : , . , 132 ,2012, ,

, . : , 103, 2002 ,

, . : 24, 2011,

.23, 2011 , ,

, : . (3) .132,

. 103 : , , . (4)

13 :

:

, "

, ,

"

(1)

.

"

"

(2)

,

- (3)

, ,

(4)

, ,

,

:

,

" (100 )

, , (1): , ,

,

,

, ,

: . ,

. 2 , , : .

: (2)Mo Zhang: Contractual Choice Of Law In Contracts Of Adhesion And Party

Autonomy, AKRON LAW REVIEW 3/23/2009, p.123.

: (3)Alfred W. Meyer: Contracts of Adhesion and the Doctrine of Fundamental

Breach, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 50, No. 7 (Nov., 1964), p.1178.

.203 , , :. (4)

10 :

...

.."

(1)

.

:

: , ,

[]

(2).

, , :

- -

,

.

,

(3)

:

, :

,

,

,

, :, : . (1) , : , . 140 ,

, . 45, , , , 239,

:, . 51 , , :

, . 152 , ,

: , . 44 , , :

.121 , , .1222 , ,: . (2) : (3)

, ,

,

: . : ,

:, . 25 , ,

.152 , ,

11 :

, (1)

,

( " 12 )

. ." ..

, ,

.

:

(2)

,

, web

, ,

(3)

.

,

,

,

, . 121 , , : , . (1) , . 45 , , :

:, . 1222 , , :

Murielle Isabelle Cahen: la formation des contrats de commerce lectronique,

op. cit, p.28.

, . 209 , , : . (2) , , :

.25, 2003 , , ., , 242, 2003 , (3)

,

. , . ,

, . 93, 2002 , , , , :

, 2004 , , , : : 252

John Dikie: Consumer Confidence and the EC Directive on Distance

Contracts, op. cit, p.224.

11 :

(1)

,

,

, , )(

.

:

,

(2)

.

,

:

(C2C) :

, ,

.

, (B2C) : - - :

(3)

,

Consumer ,

,

, Business

, ,

(4)

,

.42, , : . (1)

: : . (2) , . 92, 1, 2002 , , ,

, 2002 , , , - , , :

. 20 : , . 213 , ,: . (3)

.121 , ,

: (4)Mo Zhang: Contractual Choice Of Law In Contracts Of Adhesion And Party

Autonomy, op. cit, p.123.

11 :

)(

(1)

.

,

55-42: )

129 , 222(, 1229

2, 1222 12

212 , 1229 34

, 52, 1242

92, 1222 23 2

21, 222 ,

, 42242 ,

92, 95, 29, , 542, 52 439

.

. ,

: (1)Zheng Sophia Tang: Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of Laws,op.

cit., p.25.

11 :

:

,

, ,

,

,

(1)

.

,

(2)

.

,

,

,

(3)

.

,

: . : ( 1)

.32, 1222, , ,

: (2)

Martin Godel, Les contrats du commerce international, Cours du Professeur

Jacquet, Institut de Hautes tudes Internationales, Genve, p.4, available online:

http://www.stoessel.chheidipcontrats_commerce_international_jacquet.pdf : , , , ( . 3)

: . , 425, 2000 20,

: . , 125, 2000, , ,

, :42 1225 , , ,

Lna Gannag1:Le contrat sans loi en droit international priv, Electronic

Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 11.3 (December 2000), p.5.

17 :

- , ,

, :

. :

. :

" Antoine Kassis ,

"

(1)

.

,

,

(2)

, :

: (1) Dfinir le contrat international nest pas chose aise, cela se comprend. La

difficult de le dfiner est-elle mme tributaire en premir lieu de la difficult de

distinguer la relation purement interne, qui releve du droit interne, de la relation

international qui relve du droit international priv, Antoine Kassis: la nouveau

droit europen des contrats internationaux, l.g.d.Paris, 1993, p.15. : , .

.132, ,

: . : (2), . : 22, ,

, , . : 40 ,1222 , ,

, : 13, 2000, ,

. 53 , ,

11 :

:

(1)

,

,

) ,

( - -

(2) (3)

.

"

"

(4)(5)

.

: (1)Martin Godel, Les contrats du commerce international, op. cit, p.3." La notion juridique du contrat international Cest la notion qui comporte llment dextranit . Ces lments indiquent quil y a des points de contacts avec au moins deux Etats"

, , : , , (2) (Batiffol (Henri , , , ,

"

. : ", :

. 32 , ,

,

, - - "

", . :

.22 20, 2010 , ,

: (3)James Douglas: Arbitration of international sale of goods disputesunder the Vienna convention, paper delivered at the institute of arbitrators and mediators Australia national conference 2006 , p8, available onlin:http://www.cisg.law.pace. edu/cisg/biblio/douglas.html.

. : (4) .39, 2012 , ,

: .: (5), . : 25, 1295, 21, ,

.24 , ,

11 :

- -

"

"

(1)

" ,

, " " ,

- -,

"

(2)

,

(3)

.

(4)

,

,

, . : (1) .140,

, 2003 : , , . (2), : . : 200

: ., 90 , ,

, . : 93 , ,

.33, 1222, , , ,

: (3)G. R. Delaume: What is an International Contract? an American and a Gallic

Dilemma, International and Comparative Law Quarterly (ICLQ) Vol. 28, No. 2 ,

April 1979, p.279:" It connot be said that existing judicial pronouncements provid a precise definition of the concept of " international contract" .... The ultimate

solution may, thus, depend primarily on the weight to be given to legal factors

considered in their proper( i.e transnational as opposed to domestic)

environment".

: (4)Alqudah Maen; Lexcution de Contrat de Vente Internationale de

Marchandises (tude Comparative Du Droit Francais Et Droit Jordanien), Thse

pour le doctorat en droit Universite De Reims Champagne Ardenne Faculte De

Droit Et De Sciences Econmmique, 2007, p.18.

12 :

(1)

,

(2)

.

"

"

(3)

,

(4)

.

, ,

(5)

.

,

,

,

(9)

.

: , . 1220 12 (1) .53 , ,

: (2)Alqudah Maen; Lxecution de Contrat de Vente Internationale de Marchandises, op. cit, p.20.

.202 : , , . (3)

, . 542, 1222: , , . (4) .22: , ,

: , . : (5) .4, 2005 24 -20 ,

3/3 , 1220 (9) , . 3 "

13 :

:

,

(1)

,

(2)

,

,

(3)

,

(4)

.

: : .1

" , "

"

"3-The fact that the parties have chosen a foreign law, whether or not

accompanied by the choice of a foreign tribunal, shall not, where all the other

elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are connected with one

country only, prejudice the application of rules of the law of that country which

cannot be derogated from by contract, hereinafter called mandatory rules".

: (1)Alqudah Maen; Lexcution de Contrat de Vente Internationale de Marchandises, op. cit, p.21.

(2) ,

,

, : , . , .

.29

. (3)

, . 23. : , , (4) , , :

.20

Alqudah Maen; Lexcution de Contrat de Vente Internationale de Marchandises, op. cit, p.27.

10 :

" , "

22/5/1222 ,

(1)

,

Pelissier du Besset (2)

,

(3)

Matter ,

"

" ,

(4)

.

:

.2

,

1234 14 ,

(5)

,

" "

(9)

.

: (1)Cass. Civ., 17 mai 1927, D.P., 1928, 1, p 25, conel. P. Matter, note H. capitant: J. D. I., 1928, p. 419.

: (2)Cass. civ. 4 novembre 1958 D. 1959 P. 361 est ss note MALAURIE, Cour dappel de Dijon, 27 avril 1983, 1, ch-affaire de Socit A.M.I.d socit CENTREST, J. D. I., n III, 1983, p.610 612.

- (3) , -

.

: (4)le contrat doit produire comme un mouvement de flux et de reflux au-dessus des frontires, des consquences rciproques dans un pays et dans un autre.

: (5)Cass.civ., 14 fvrier 1934, Sirey, I, p.297

: (9) le caractre international dune opration ne dpend pas ncessairement du domicile des parties et du lieu stipul pour imprimer aux mouvements de fonds quelle comporte un caractre dpassant le cadre de lconomie interne .

11 :

(1)

,

:

.3

,

,

, ,

(2)(3)

Mardele ,

Dambricourt (4)

.

,

, "

) ( ,

- ,

" -

(5)

.

.

, : . : (1) : . , 39 , ,

. 204 , ,

: (2)Cass.civ, 19 fvrier 1930, Rev. Crit. D.I.P., p.514 et 515; Cass. civ, 27 janvier 1931, Sirey, 1933, 1, 41, note J-P. Niboyet.

(3) 1222 21

, . :

.222, 2002, ,

(4) , ,

. ,

, . : (5) .33,

11 :

:

,

.

,

,

,

,

(1)

,

,

(2)

.

(3)

,

1224 2

(4)

" ", ,

1291 (1) ,

1225

: Pommier ,

"La qualification du contrat exigeune double approche conomique et juridique, qui peut tre restrictive car cumulative; mais dans sa complntarait elle permet la certitude de I' internationalit du rapport juridique"

. : , ,

.1, 92

.512. : , , (2)

, 1222 4 (3) ,

,

, . :

, 1222 29, 35 , ,

Alqudah Maen 32 .

: (4)Cour dappel de Paris, 9 novembre 1984, Clunet 1986, P.1039, note E.LOQUIN

:

11 :

,

,

,

(1)

.

:

,

,

) ,

( , "

) ( "

(2)

.

,

(3)

,

,

.

,

,

Alqudah Maen; Lxecution De Contrat De Vente Internationale De

Marchandises, op.cit, p.31.

(1) .

. : , (2) .22 42,

, 1229 22 Rouen (3) , ,

.1, 54 , . :

11 :

(1)

, ,

(2)

.

,

,

,

(3)

.

,

,

:

, ,

,

. ,

, ,

:

.39 . : , , (1)

(2) , :

Martin Godel: Les contrats du commerce international, op.cit, p.5.

. : , , (3) .51

17 :

:

,

,

:

:

(1)

,

(2)

,,

,

(3)

,

,

,

(4)

.

(5)

,

(9)

.

, . : , (1) 2000 3-1 , , ,

.22, 2004 ,

: (2)Julia Hrnle: Cross-Border Internet Dispute Resolution, Cambridge, UK, 2009, p.19.

.32, . : , (3)

: (4)Friedman, David; Contracts in Cyberspace, Berkeley Program in Law and

Economics, Working Paper Series, 06-01-2001, p.2&3 available online:

http://escholarship.org/uc/item/ 9pw748fm.

.92, . : , (5)

: . : (9) .42, 2004 , ,

http://escholarship.org/uc/item/%209pw748fm

11 :

,

(1)

,

.

data internet provider ,

processor data transferor(2)

,

.

:

(3)

, ,

,

,

(4)(5)

.

, . : , (1) , , ,

.1992, , 2003 12-10

", :a network of networks" (2)Zheng Sophia Tang: Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of Laws,

op. cit., p.13. "where it is hard to efficiently control the access and transfer of data

messages online, which provides businesses a partially aimless market, where their

promotion could 'target' everywhere accessible by consumers. The cyber-market is

also an anonymous market, where, without the intervention of legal regulation, the

contracting parties can hardly know the real identity of each other, including some

information which is crucial to private international law, such as the domicile or

habitual residence of the other party. Furthermore, e-commerce involves a new

intermediary the Internet Service Provider (ISP), on which the online activities are

actually carried out".

.55. : , , (3)

: , . (4) .21, , , ,

: (5)Tapio Puurunen: Dispute Resolution in International Electronic Commerce,

Helsinki University Printing House, Finland, 2005, p.12.

11 :

,

(1)

.

,

, - -

.

,

, ,

,

(2)

.

,

,

,

- -,

1229

(3)

,

(4)

.

. : , (1) .433, 2002, , ,

, . : (2) .150,

, 1229 12 (3) )( , :

http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/ar/uncitral_texts/electronic_commerce/1996Model.html

) ( ) (4) 15-11 (, ,

12 :

, " ,

,

"

(1)

.

,

,

: , :

, : ,

,

.

(2)

,

(3)

.

. ,

, , 2002

,

,

, ,

,

, 10 ,

, , 2005

. ,

. : , (1) .153,

(2) . 112, , , : . :

. : (3) .22, 2002, , ,

13 :

,

,

,

(1)

.

,

(2)

,

(3)

,

, .

::

(4)

,

:

, :

,

.302 , (1)

, . 50. : , , (2) . 32 : , ,

(3)

, ,

.252, 1, 43, 22/5/1222, 42 452

: . (4) , . : , 34, ,

, . : 122, 2001 52 , ,

. : , 150 , ,

, 149 , ,

:

Martin Godel: Les contrats du commerce international, op.cit, p.5.

10 :

, ,

,

(1)

,

(2)

,

(3)

:

:

,

,

.

:

)(

, IP

.

:

,

,

,

,

.

,

.122. : , , (1)

. : (2) .34, ,

: (3)Zheng Sophia Tang: Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of Laws,

op. cit, p.58.

11 :

,

,

(1)

.

:

,

,

)(

,

(2)

,

,

(3)

.

, ,

. : :

,

,

(4)

)( ,

,

, (1) ,

.

, . 25. : , , (2), . 151 : , ,

: , .

, ,

, 1945, , 2003 12 -10 ,

: , . (3) .142 ,

.42, (4)

11 :

: )

(,

(1)

.

(2)

,

, .

2005

(3)

, : "

"

(4)

,

.

. : (1) .55, ,

(2). : , , :

.153 , ,

2005 23 (3) .www.uncitral.org , ,

: " (4) ,

) ( ",

, 12, , 2003, 2-5

.

:

76

:

- -

,

, .

,

,

(1)

,

.

(2)

,

!,

(3)

.

: (1)Louis F. Del Duca, Albert H. Kritzer & Daniel Nagel: Achieving Optimal Use of

Harmonization Techniques in an Increasingly Interrelated Twenty-First

Century World Consumer Sales:Moving the EU harmonization Process to a

global plane, available online:http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/delduca-

kritzernagel .html.

: (2)Alan Wiener: Opportunities And Initiatives In Online Dispute Resolution:

Originally published in SPIDR, Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution,

Summer 2000, Volume 24, No.3, p.13.

. : , (3) .65, 2212 , ,

http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/delduca-kritzernagel%20.htmlhttp://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/delduca-kritzernagel%20.html

:

76

- -

.

,

,

(1)

,

.

(2)

.

,

(3)

.

(4)

,

,

,

(6)

, ,

(5)

,

. (1)

. 44 (2)

.235 : , , . (3)

. (4)

. : (6) .14, 2226, ,

, (5) : ,

Denis T. Rice: jurisdiction over Internet Disputes Different Perspectives Under

American and European law in 2002, available online:http://www.howardrice

.com/uploads/content/ jurisdiction_internet.pdf.

:

76

(1)

.

(2)

,

.

:

. :

. :

(1) - -

,

, : . : ,

.5, 2223 ,

(2)

on- line dispute ,

resolution procedure.

:

67

:

,

,

,

,

(1)

.

- -

-

-

(2)

.

, ,

.

,

,

(3)

,

. : (1) .65, ,

: (2)Denis T. Rice: jurisdiction over Internet Disputes Different Perspectives Under American and European law in 2002, op. cit, p.3.

: (3)Lee A Bygrave & Dan Svantesson: Jurisdictional Issues and Consumer Protection in Cyberspace: The View from Down Under[Paper presented at conference entitled Cyberspace Regulation: E-Commerce and Content, Grace Hotel, Sydney, 24.05.2001], p.2, Available online:http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/ other /CyberLRes/2001/12/.

http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/%20other%20/CyberLRes/2001/12/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/%20other%20/CyberLRes/2001/12/

:

67

,

,

, .

:

:

.

. :

:

67

:

,

,

.

,

(1)

.

, ,

,

,

(2)

.

:

: .

: .

. :

: (1)Denis T. Rice: Jurisdiction Over Privacy Issues On The Internet, works paper,

Cyberspace Law Committee of the Business Law Section and the International

Law Section, State Bar of California, November 4, 2004, p.11, available online:

http://www.howardrice.com/index.cfm? fuseaction=people.personDetail&id=9554.

, : (2) , :

: , ,

.

http://www.howardrice.com/index.cfm?%20fuseaction=people.personDetail&id=9554

:

67

22

(1)

,

(2)

.

(3)

,

(4)

.

42 ,

,

(6)

,

62

(5)

, .

. -

, 2224 45 1251 13 (1) .2224 5 22

2222 42 42 (2) . 2222

(3) 1251

44/2221 ,

,1211, 6 ,41 (Civil jurisdiction and judgments Act 1982 (CJJA

:Poyton (D.A.) : Electronic Contracts: an analysis of The Law Applicable to electronic contracts in England and Wales and Its Role in Faciliating The Growth of Electronic, PHD, University: WALESABERYSTWYTH, 2004, p.38.

: . (4) .54 2221, ,

.114 ,2222 ,1 : , , ,. (6)

62 (5)

,

.21/6/1211 41 312 ,

:

66

:

(1)

,

,

22

(2)

.

(3)

,

(4)

,

(6)

.

,

(5)

,

!

.

: The Concept of Domicile :

,

(4)

,

.123, , , . (1)

22 , (2) ,

, ,

... 63 ,

,

62 1124 - 1215 13

-155 1215

.

.144 ,. : , (3)

.1. : , , (4)

, : (6)Uta Kohl : Jurisdiction and the Internet, op. cit., p.74.

, 2224, , , . : (5) .121

, . : . (4) .411, 1224, ,

:

66

(1)

12,

,

,

, , ,

(2)

:

, 42: .1 , : :

, :

, ,

(3)(4)

.

.52 , , . : (1)

: (2)Peter Stone: EU Private International Law Harmonization of Laws, Edward

Elgar Cheltenham, UK, 2006, p.59.

, (3) , :2224

Mark v. Mark [2004] EWCA Civ. 168; [2004] 3 WLR 641, residence in the

relevant country and live there for a period to demonstrate that the residence has

become habitual.

13/6/1224

56 164 ...

, 12, 1 41 13/6/1224

, 1151

.513, 1 43 12/4/1222 61 1415

: (4)Peter Stone: EU Private International Law Harmonization of Laws, op. cit.,

p.61 residence requires a settled or usual place of abode with a substantial

degree of permanence or continuity, and that the presumption of substantial

connection from three months residence provides no guidance as to whether the

person has become resident..

:

66

22

(1)

,

,

(2)

.

41 : .2 ,

(3)

,

, (1) ,

Personal Jurisdiction

,

: , Sharon K. Black: Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age, The Morgan

Kaufmann Series in Networking, USA, 2002, p.398, "In the United States, a

state cannot just claim jurisdiction over any party it chooses. It must first

consider whether the state has certain "minimum contact" with the party. In

such cases, the claimant is known as the forum state and in deciding what

contacts are sufficient, elements such as (1) residence, (2) incorporation, or

(3) property ownership in the state are considered. While physical presence

of the defendant in the state is not required, lesser contact, such as business

transactions by mail or wire communications can establish jurisdiction. As

the U.S. Supreme Court noted, it is an inescapable fact of modern

commercial life that a substantial amount of business is transacted solely by

mail and wire communications across state lines, thus obviating the need for

physical presence within a State in which business is conducted".

,

,

, , ,

.

(2) . ,

, :

.51 ,

44/2221 52/1 (3) : ,

:

68

(1)

,

. : .3

,

, ,

- -

(2)

. 42/2

,

(3)

.

43: .4 , .

(4)

. 32/1

Art. 60/1"For the purposes of this Regulation, a company or other legal person or

association of natural or legal persons is domiciled at the place where it has its:(a)

statutory seat, or (b) central administration, or (c) principal place of business." .1212 41/ 24

: , . : . (1) :, 412, ,

Peter Stone: EU Private International Law Harmonization of Laws, op. cit.,

p.62, Poyton (D.A.) : Electronic Contracts: op. cit., p.40.

, . : (2), : , 44, 2221, 4 , ,

.11,

.123 , : , . (3)

. : , (4) .51,

:

68

, ,

(1)

.

,

, ) (

(2)

.

:

, ,

,

, .

,

,

(3)

,

,

(4)

.

, ,

,

(6)

.

: : ,

(1)

.

.123 : , , . (1)

.122 , , . : , (2)

(3) .

(4) .,

.54 , ,:. (6)

:

68

" ":

:

:

,

, ,

,

(2)

.

:

,

(3)(4)

.

: :

,

(6)

.

, :

,

(5)

.

.56 , ,:. (1)

, . : (2) .162 ,1224 ,

: . : (3) , : 116, ,

.12 , , ,

: (4)Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.45.

, . : (6) .44,

, . : (5) .56,

:

67

:

,

(1)

.

:

,

,

.

. :

online contract

,

,

,

,

(2)

.

,

,

(3)

, .

,

,

(4)

.

,

, :

. : , , , (1) .21

: . (2) .11, ,

: . , 32 : , , . (3) .252, ,

, . : (4) .146,

:

67

:

, ,

.

-

-

(1)

.

: ,

,

(2)

.

:

,

, ( nz , ) (at )

( fr( , )eg)(3)

.

(AFNIC ) (4)

,

,

.

, ,

- -:

(6)

,

, 12 2222 16-11 , (1) :

http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htm

: . . (2) .13 , ,

: (3)Froment, Camille; La loi applicable aux contrats du commerce lectronique;

available online; http://www.u-paris2.fr/dessdmi/articles/memoires/PDF/camillefr

oment.pdf. p12. L'association franaise pour le Nommage Internet en copration: (4)

: (6)Sharon K. Black: Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age, op. cit. p.397.

http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htmhttp://www.u-paris2.fr/dessdmi/articles/memoires/PDF/camillefr%20oment.pdfhttp://www.u-paris2.fr/dessdmi/articles/memoires/PDF/camillefr%20oment.pdf

:

67

,

,

(1)

,

.

:

( net.( )com. )(.org.) 2) , ).

,

, ,

,

(3)

.

, ) (,

, 1225

, , 2226

,

,

,

, ,

: (1)Zheng Sophia Tang: Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of Laws,

op. cit, p.54.

: (2)Dan L. Burk; Jurisdiction in a World Without Borders, Virginia Journal of Law

and Technology Association 1997, 1 VA. J.L. & TECH. 3, p.4.

: (3)Froment, Camille; La loi applicable aux contrats du commerce lectronique;

op. cit,p.13.

:

67

, ,

(1)(2)

.

-1225

-

, 2226

,

(3)

.

,

(4)

32,

(6)

.

, : (1)http://www.uncitral.org

,2222 1 ,31/2222 (2) , :

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:178:0001:0001

:EN:PDF

: , . (3) .254 ,

, : . : (4) .11, 2222 , ,

, 2222 11 (6), 31 1212, 4 1222

, 41

, 6 1214

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:178:0001:0001

:

66

: :

(1)

,

(2)

.

,

, ,

(3)

.

, ,

,

,

(4)

.

,

1211, 1251

, 6 2226 ,

.15 44/2221

, . (1)

: (2)Juan Pablo Varga:Jurisdiction And Applicable Law, 2004, Available Online:

http://www.emarketservices.com/clubs/ems/prod/Jurisdiction.pdf.

.46 , , . : (3)

: (4)Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.19, "The

conflicting interest between sellers and buyers generates the problem: sellers do

not want to be sued abroad and buyers prefer to seek solutions near home. If there

is no agreement on jurisdiction, then the lack of this uniformity means that e-

business companies face the possibility of being subject to any foreign legal

jurisdictions in which their web sites can be accessed".

:

66

(1)

(2)

.

,

(3)

(4)

.

,

.

, : , : :

(6)

,

(5)

,

,

,

,

,

, . : (1) .165, 2222 , ,

.15. : , , (2)

.12 , ,:. (3)

.144 , , . : (4)

, 2224 123 2226 14 (6) ...

- 21 ... :

http://www.dubaicourts.gov.ae/pls/portal/eservice.rpt_adv_rules.show?p_arg_

names

, : : (5) .13 ,

http://www.dubaicourts.gov.ae/pls/portal/eservice.rpt_adv_rules.show?p_arg_nameshttp://www.dubaicourts.gov.ae/pls/portal/eservice.rpt_adv_rules.show?p_arg_names

:

66

(1)

,

,

(2)

.

:

,

,

(3)

.

(4)

,

(6)

,

,

, 32

, ,

(5)

,

,

,

(4)

.

, (1), , 62, 1226 ,

.161, 2224 ,

.442 33 3/6/1212 61 1232 (2)

: . (3) .141 2212 , ,

, . : (4) .61,

, . : . (6) .446, ,

.326 : , , . (5)

, : . (4) .211 ,

:

68

,

(1)

.

, 1261

2/3

,

,

,

.

(2)

. : :

(3)

(4)

,

,

1211 21

(6)

.

1216

,

1244 43 (1) .1224 24

: , (2)http://www.uncitral.org

, : . (3) .62: , ,

, 2226 (4)

http://www.hcch.net : 1214

24

.

, : . : (6) .263, 1214,

:

68

,

..

(1)

.

6/2

-2 ... 1221

,

.

,

(2)

,

,

(3)

,

(4)

,

.

, ,

,

(6)

.

. : , : 14/12/1216 (1) .64 , ,

: (2) . ,

:

: . .

. , 136 : , ,

, . : , ,

.455

(3)

, : . : , , ,

.125

.141 , , . : (4)

, 31 (6) : . : , , 4/3

.145

:

68

2226 ,

, 44/2221 ,

, :

: .

. :

(1)

.

,

,

(2)

,

- -

, ,

(3)

.

,

: (1)Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.23, " In

general, there are four basic rules under the Choice of Court Convention. First, the

chosen court must hear the case when proceedings are brought before it, that is, a

court designated in an exclusive choice of court agreement shall not decline to

exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the dispute should be decided in a court of

another state. Second, any court not designated in the exclusive forum selection

agreement must refuse jurisdiction. Third, state parties must recognise and enforce

judgments resulting from an exclusive choice of court agreement. Fourth, an

optional provision allows states to declare that they will recognise and enforce

judgments rendered by courts of other Contracting States designated in non-

exclusive choice of court agreements".

(2) , ) (

, .44/2221 14,

, , : . : (3) .164

:

67

,

. :

:

:(1) .1 -

-

(2)

,

32

, .

: .2

(3)

,

, .

(4)

,

)( (1) 2226,

.162 , , : , : .

.44 (2)

, :1224 /22/2 (3)Case C-106/95 [1997] ECR I-944, that an agreed place of performance

determines jurisdiction under Article 5(1) as long as the agreement is valid

according to the applicable law does not apply if the agreed place of

performance has no actual connection with the real subject matter of the

contract.

. , . : (4) : , 445, ,

Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.22,

exclusive choice of court agreements has contains five requirements:... finally, the

designated courts must be connected to a particular legal relationship.

:

67

(1)(2)

,

(3)

.

(4)

,

(6)

.

,

,

,

(5)

.

,

,

,

: (1)Poyton (D.A.) : Electronic Contracts: op. cit., p.58.

, (2) ,

, :6/3 1214 http://www.umbricht.ch/pdf/SwissPIL.pdf.

. : (3) .112, 142, ,

1241 12 (4)

, . :

.141, ,

.164. : , , (6)

, : . (5) .66,

:

67

.

,

1216

... ...

(1)

.

,

,

,

(2)

.

,

(3)

,

1215 1415

(4)

.

: .3

,

: . : (1) .164 , ,

.245. : , , (2)

, . : (3) .66,

: (4)http://curia.europa.eu/common/recdoc/convention/en/c-textes/_brux-textes.htm.

http://curia.europa.eu/common/recdoc/convention/en/c-textes/_brux-textes.htm

:

67

(1)

,

.

: :

,

,

,

(2)

.

,

,

,

(3)

.

,

(4)

,

1251

, 4 1256

.162 , , : . (1)

: (2)Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.24.

: (3)Peter Arnt Nielsen: Jurisdiction Over Consumer Contracts, paper published in a

european commentaries on private International law Brussels ,1, regulation, Sellier

european law publishers, 2007, p.319.

.2 21 , (4)

:

66

, ,

14 44/2221

(1)

.

,

,

(2)

,

(3)

.

14

(4)

.

- -

,

2222 24

44/2221 (1) , 1251,

.

: (2)Zheng Sophia Tang: Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of Laws,

op. cit, p.131.

: (3)Murill Isabell Cahen:la formation des contrats de commerce electronique, op.

cit, p.10.

: (4)Article 17:"The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an

agreement:

1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen; or 2. which allows the consumer to bring proceedings in courts other than those

indicated in this Section; or

3. which is entered into by the consumer and the other party to the contract, both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the contract domiciled or

habitually resident in the same Member State, and which confers

jurisdiction on the courts of that Member State, provided that such an

agreement is not contrary to the law of that Member State".

:

66

,

)(

(1)

.

, .

.

,

. ,

,

,

(2)

,

(3)

.

: 2222 24 242/21 (1)http://curia.europa.eu/.

(2) , ) (

,1222 5 ,

.241. : , ,

(3) , : .

. 223 : , ,

http://curia.europa.eu/

:

66

: :

32/2

...

(1)

, .

:

. .1 . .2

:

, ,

,

, ,

,

, ,

, , , , :

(2)

, ,

:

:

,

(1) 1222, 12/2 2222 42

, 45/2 , 6/2

,113 1214, 2216 1251, 4/2 , 25/1

.6/1

1. : , (2) . 65, 2225 ,

:

888

accept

(1)

.

, ,

, 21, 114

.121

:

,

...

.

,

(2)

,

,

(3)

.

:

,

11 ,

. 1212

(4)

.

:

,

,

.21, . : , (1)

.122, , : . (2)

.413. : , , (3)

. : , (4) .21, ,

:

888

, , 24

(1)

.

(2)

,

,

,

(3)

.

,

, ,

(4)

,

(6)

,

website

.

: , . (1) ,

.1511 , ,2223 12-12

: . : , (2) , , . : 142 ,2225,

. 12 , ,

. : , (3) .122,

: (4)Zheng Sophia Tang: Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of Laws,

op. cit, p.82.

(6)

.

:

888

(1)

,

,

.

,

,

(2)

.

:

,

.

,

(3)

,

,

(4)

.

(6)

,

: (1)Zheng Sophia Tang: Electronic Consumer Contracts in the Conflict of Laws,

op. cit, p.84.

. : , (2) .21, ,

. : (3) .41, ,

: SLT 1083 (Outer House[ )2222] (4)Peter Stone: EU Private International Law Harmonization of Laws, op. cit.,

p.84.

: (6)Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.48, The

obligation means that which is relied upon as the basis for the claim.

:

887

,

(1)

.

1251

6/2

,

(2)

.

,

,

,

(3)

,

.

,

,

(4)

,

(6)

. , 2224

(5)

.

.32. : , , (1)

.6, 44/2221 (2)

.232. : , , (3)

: . : (4) .42 , ,

62 , (6) .

: (5)

:

887

: :

, .

(1)(2)

.

,

(3)

.

,

(4)

.

,

.

Color Drack GmbHv. Lexx International Vertriebs GmbH(Case C-386/05), [2007]

I. L. Pr. 35, in such a case, the point of closest linking factor will, as a general

rule, be at the place of the principal delivery, which must be determined on the

basis of economic criteria.

.231 , , . : (1) : (2)

Poyton (D.A.) : Electronic Contracts: op. cit., p.81,In English law there are

several well-established principles in relation to the time and place at which a

contract is `made'. Primarily the point at which an acceptance is effective dictates

the time and place at which the contract is formed. If this occurs within the

jurisdiction the court may exercise its discretion to hear the case and permit

service out of the jurisdiction.

.42 , , . : (3)

: . (4) .433, ,

:

887

:

:

,

,

, .

:

- .1 -

- ,

.

(1)

, ,

(, )(, )

, ,

.

,

!,

(2)

.

,

, ,

,

.31. : , , (1)

, (2) :

Faye Fangfei Wang: Internet Jurisdiction and choice of law , op. cit., p.53.

:

887

,

. , 12/3

, 2226

: 16 1225

.

- -

(1)

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

., .2

,

1251 ,

6/1,

- -

(2)

.

. : (1) .143, ,

: (2) A person domiciled in a Member State may, in another Member State, be sued:

1. (a) in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question;

:

886

,

.

.

:

(1)

, ,

(2)

, .

(3)

.

(b) for the purpose of this provision and unless otherwise agreed, the place

of performance of the obligation in question shall be:

in the case