-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8

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1 1.3 Quadratic Functions Previously, we worked with linear functions, in which the highest exponent of the variable x was 1. In this section, we find ourselves working with quadratic functions, for which the highest exponent of the variable x is 2. Definition Any function that can be written in the form f(x)=ax 2 +bx+c, where a, b, and c are all real numbers, is called a quadratic function . The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola. x y -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 -2 -4 -6 Figure (a) When the value of a (from f(x)=ax 2 +bx+c) is a positive number, the parabola will open upward. f(x)=x 2 +3 is shown in figure (a). For this function, note that a=1, a positive value. So the parabola will open upward. x y -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 -2 -4 -6 Figure (b) When the value of a is a negative number, the parabola will open downward. f(x)= -x 2 -2x+3 is shown in figure (b). Here, a=-1, a negative value. So the parabola will open downward. Next Slide

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Previously, we worked with linear functions, in which the highest exponent of the variable x was 1. In this section, we find ourselves working with quadratic functions, for which the highest exponent of the variable x is 2. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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1

1.3 Quadratic Functions

Previously, we worked with linear functions, in which the highest exponent of the variable x was 1. In this section, we find ourselves working with quadratic functions, for which the highest exponent of the variable x is 2.

Definition Any function that can be written in the form f(x)=ax2+bx+c, where a, b, and c are all real numbers, is called a quadratic function. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.

x

y

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8

8

6

4

2

-2

-4

-6

Figure (a)

When the value of a (from f(x)=ax2+bx+c) is a positive number, the parabola will open upward.

f(x)=x2+3 is shown in figure (a). For this function, note that a=1, a positive value. So the parabola will open upward.

x

y

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8

8

6

4

2

-2

-4

-6

Figure (b)

When the value of a is a negative number, the parabola will open downward.

f(x)= -x2-2x+3 is shown in figure (b). Here, a=-1, a negative value. So the parabola will open downward.

Next Slide

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2

1.3 Quadratic Functions

A very important ordered pair that should be identified on every parabola is the vertex.

If a parabola opens upward, the vertex’s y-value will be the smallest number in the function’s range.The parabola graphed in figure (a) has its vertex at (0,3). This function’s smallest value in its range is 3.

x

y

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8

8

6

4

2

-2

-4

-6

Figure (a)Vertex:(0,3)

If a parabola opens downward, the vertex’s y-value will be the largest number in the function’s range.The parabola graphed in figure (b) has its vertex at (-1,4). This function’s largest value in its range is 4.

x

y

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8

8

6

4

2

-2

-4

-6

Figure (b)Vertex:(-1,4)

1. The vertex is the point (h,k).2. Every parabola is symmetric with respect to a line that

contains the vertex. The equation for the parabola’s line of symmetry is x=h.

3. If a > 0, the parabola opens upward.If a < 0, the parabola opens downward.

4. If |a| > 1, the parabola is narrower than the basic parabola.If |a| < 1, the parabola is wider than the basic parabola

2Standard Form of a Quadratic Function: x k f a x h

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3

1.3 Quadratic Functions

Example 1. Given the function f(x)= 2(x 3)2 7 , find the following: Vertex, line of symmetry, opens up or down, wider or narrower than the basic

parabola.Solution: h=3; k=-7, so the vertex is (3,-

7).Then, the line of symmetry would be the equation is x=3.

Since a = 2, the parabola opens upward and is narrower than the basic parabola.

Your Turn Problem #1

22Given the function f x x 5 8 , find the following:

3Vertex, line of symmetry, opens up or down,

wider or narrower than the basic parabola.

Answer: Vertex: (-5,8).

Line of symmetry: x = -5.

Since a > 0, opens up.

Since a <1, wider than the basic parabola .

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

Vertical Translations

The basic parabola is the functions f(x) = x2.

Let’s make a table and find some ordered pairs. Since h = 0 in this equation, pick two points to the left of 0 and two points to the right of 0.

We can see the graph is symmetric with respect to the line x = 0, (the y-axis).

x y 0 0-1 1-2 4 1 1 2 4

x

y

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

4

3

2

1

f(x)=x2

●●

●●A graph of a function of the form f(x)= x2+k,

where k is a real number, vertically translates the graph of the function f(x)= x2 up k units (if k is positive) or down k units (if k is negative).

Example 2. Graph g(x)=x2+3.Solution: This graph has the same shape as the graph of

f(x)= x2, but every point has been raised 3 units.

x

y

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

5

4

3

2

1

f(x)=x2

g(x)=x2+3

6

7

The graph of f(x)=x2 has been vertically translated up 3 units to give the graph of g(x)= x2+3.

Next Slide

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5

1.3 Quadratic Functions

Your Turn Problem #2

2Graph the function f x x 4.

x

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

4

3

2

1

f(x)=x2

f(x)=x2-4

-1

-2

-3

-4

y

5

6

7

On homework or a test, only the requested function needs to be graphed. If you wish to have both the basic parabola and the translated parabola on the same grid, each parabola should be appropriately labeled.

Vertically translate every point on the graph of f(x)= x2 down 4 units (since k=-4).

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6

1.3 Quadratic Functions

For this equation, h = 1. The graph has the same shape as the graph of f(x)= x2, but every point has been moved to the right 1 unit.

Example 3.Graph f(x)=(x 1)2.

Solution:

In general, a graph of a function of the form f(x)= (x - h)2, where h is a real number, horizontally translates the graph of the function f(x)= x2 to the left h units (if h is negative) or to the right h units (if h is positive).

Horizontal Translations

The graph of f(x)=x2 has been horizontally translated to the right 1 unit to give the graph of f(x)= (x-1)2.

Your Turn Problem #3

2Graph the function f x x 2 .

Horizontally translate every point on the graph of f(x)= x2 to the left 2 units (since h=-2).

f(x)=[x-(-2)]2

x

y

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

5

4

3

2

1

f(x)=x2

f(x)=(x+2)2

Answer:

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

There are different methods for graphing parabolas. Different methods for finding the vertex and different methods for finding points on the graph. What has been shown in this lesson, we can obtain the desired parabola using a vertical or horizontal translation. If the value of ‘a’ is negative, we would get a reflection, the parabola would open downward. If the value of ‘a’ is other than 1, it would change the shape of the parabola. We will focus on another method will be more straightforward.

2Procedure for graphing a parabola of the form: f x a x h k

1. Find the vertex, which is (h,k).

2. Make a table and pick two values to the right of h, and two values to the left of h. Find the corresponding values for y= f(x).

3. Plot the points and sketch of graph of the parabola. The parabola must be symmetric.

Next Slide

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

1. Find the vertex. (h =opposite of the # inside parentheses, k = # outside parentheses.

2 Graph f(x) x 1 3 by choosing "enough" Example values for x. 4.

Next Slide

(-1,-3)

2. Make a table. Use two numbers to the right of -1 and two numbers to the left of -1.

3. Plot and sketch.

x y 0 1 -2-3

-2 1-2 1

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

Your Turn Problem #4

2Graph the function f x x 2 1.

x axis

y axis

Vertex (2,-1)

x y 3 0 4 3 1 0 0 3

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

Example 5.

Solution:

2Graph the function f x 2x 1.

1. Find the vertex. (0,1)

2. Make a table. Use two numbers to the right of 0 and two numbers to the left of 0.

x y 1 3 2 9-1 3-2 9

x axis

y axis

3. Plot and sketch.

Next Slide

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

Your Turn Problem #5

2Graph the function f x 2 x 1 .

x axis

y axis

Vertex (1,0)

x y 2 -2 3 -8 0 -2-1 -8

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

If the parabola is in the form, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, use completing the form to obtain the desired form of a parabola. An example will be shown as the procedure is given.

2Using Completing the Square to obtain the Standard Form of a Parabola: f x a x h k.

2. Take the half of the middle term and square it. Add that number

inside the parentheses and add it’s opposite to the constant outside the parentheses.

1. Factor the ‘a’ from the first two terms. Leave ‘c’ alone and leave a space for a number to be added later. We are creating a perfect square trinomial.

2Example: f x x 6x 3

2f x x 6x __ 3

2f x x 6x 39 9 2

16 3

23 9

3. Rewrite trinomial as a binomial squared and add the constants.

2f x x 3 12

Note: the number inside the parentheses is always the same number that gets squared and the same sign as the sign of the middle term.

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

2E Write f x 2x 8x 5 in standard formxample 6 ..

2. Take the half of the middle term and square it. Add that number inside the parentheses and add it’s opposite to the constant outside the parentheses. Because of the 2 outside the parentheses, the value being added is actually 8. Therefore a -8 will be added to the constant.

1. Factor the ‘a’ from the first two terms. Leave ‘c’ alone and leave a space for a number to be added later.

2f x 2 x 4x 54 8

2

14 2

2

2 4

3. Rewrite trinomial as a binomial squared and add the constants.

2f x 2 x 4x __ 5

2f x 2x 8x 5

2 4 8

2f x 2 x 2 13

Your Turn Problem #6

2Write the function f x 3x 18x 5 in standard form.

2Answer: f x 3 x 3 22

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

2E Write f x 5x 20x 18 in standard formxample 7. .

2. Take the half of the middle term and square it. Add that number inside the parentheses and add its opposite to the constant outside the parentheses. Because of the –5 outside the

parentheses, the value being added is actually -20. Therefore a +20 will be added to the constant outside the parentheses.

1. Factor the ‘a’ from the first two terms. Leave ‘c’ alone and leave a space for a number to be added later.

2f x 5 x 4x 18 24 0

2

14 2

2

2 4

3. Rewrite trinomial as a binomial squared and add the constants.

2f x 5 x 4x __ 18

2f x 5x 20x 18

5 4 20

2f x 5 x 2 2

Your Turn Problem #7

2Write the function f x 3x 24x 7 in standard form.

2Answer: f x 3 x 4 41

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

2E Write f x x 5x 3 in standard formxample 8 ..

2. Take the half of the middle term and square it. Add that number inside the parentheses and add it’s opposite to the constant outside the parentheses.

1. There is no ‘a’ to factor from the first two terms. Leave ‘c’ alone and leave a space for a number to be added later.

2f x x 5x __ 3

2f x x 5x 34

254

25

2

1 55

2 2

5 252 4

3. Rewrite trinomial as a binomial squared and add the constants.

2

5 37f x x

2 4

Your Turn Problem #8

2Write the function f x x 3x 1 in standard form.

2

3 13Answer: f x x

2 4

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

2 Graph f xExample 2x9. 12x 17.

1. Write in standard form.

2f x 2 x 6x __ 17

2f x 2 x 6x 17 19 8

2f x 2 x 3 1

2. Find the vertex. (3,1)

3. Make a table. Use two numbers to the right of 3 and two numbers to the left of 3.

x y 4 -1 5 -7 2 -1 1 -7

Next Slide

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1.3 Quadratic Functions

Your Turn Problem #9

2Graph the function f x 3x 12x 7.

Vertex (-2,-5)

x y-1 -2 0 7-3 -2-4 7

The EndB.R.1-5-07