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Mak. Müh. Durusel ÇAKA (503041107) Prof. D

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ÖNSÖZ i KISALTMALAR v 7$%/2�/ø67(6ø vi ù(.ø/�/ø67(6ø vii 6(0%2/�/ø67(6ø viii ÖZET x SUMMARY xi

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2.2 Kojenerasyon Teknikleri 5

2.2.1 Gaz Türbinli Kojenerasyon 5

2.2.2 Buhar Türbinli Kojenerasyon 8

2.2.3 Trijenerasyon 9

2.3 Konvansiyonel�6LVWHPOHUOH�.RMHQHUDV\RQ�6LVWHPOHULQLQ�.DUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ 11

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����'L÷er Yöntemler 17

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3.3.2 Piyasa Verileri 17

����6D\ÕVDO�d|]�POHPH 20

3.4.1 Termodinamik Analiz 23

3.4.2 Ekipman Maliyetleri 29

3.4.3 Ekserji Analizi 30

3.4.4 Ekonomik Analiz 32

���6218d/$5�9(�ø5'(/(0( 39

����dHúLWOL�0RGHOOHU�øoLQ�d|]�POHPH 39

4.2 Türbin Veriminin Maliyete Etkisi 42

4.3 Katalog Bilgileri 43

KAYNAKLAR 45

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EK-A 47

EK-B 52

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KISALTMALAR

COGEN : Kojenerasyon CRF : *HUL�gGHPH�.DWVD\ÕVÕ PEC : Tahmini Ekipman Maliyeti

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Sayfa No

Tablo 2.1. Konvansiyonel Sistem ile Kojenerasyonun (375 kW) Parasal .DUúÕODúWÕUPDVÕ...................................................................................

12

Tablo 2.2. Konvansiyonel Sistem ile Kojenerasyonun (210 kW) Parasal .DUúÕODúWÕUPDVÕ.................................................................................. 13

Tablo 3.1. Gaz Türbini ve Buhar Türbini Kojenerasyon Sistemi Verileri ...... 18 Tablo 3.2. 'H÷LúLN�)LUPDODUGDQ�$OÕQDQ�*D]�7�UELQL�)L\DWODUÕ……………….. 19 Tablo 3.3. *D]�7�UELQOL�.RMHQHUDV\RQ�6LVWHPL�$NÕú�%LOJLOHUL…….................. 29 Tablo 3.4. Kojenerasyon Sistemi Ekserji Verileri……..................................... 32 Tablo 3.5. *D]�7�UELQOL�.RMHQHUDV\RQ�6LVWHPL�(NVHUML��0DOL\HW�'H÷HUOHUL...... 35 Tablo 4.1. 'H÷LúLN�*LULú�9HULOHUL�øoLQ�0aliyetler.............................................. 40 Tablo 4.2. 'H÷LúLN�7�UELQ�9HULPOHULQGH�(OHNWULN�YH�%XKDU�0DOL\HWL………... 43 Tablo 4.3. Gaz Türbini Kojenerasyon Seti Katalog Bilgileri………………… 44

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ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO���� ùHNLO�$�� ùHNLO�$�� ùHNLO�$�� ùHNLO�$�� ùHNLO�$�� ùHNLO�$�� ùHNLO�$�� ùHNLO�$�� ùHNLO�$�9 ùHNLO�%�� ùHNLO�%�� ùHNLO�%�� ùHNLO�%��

: .RMHQHUDV\RQ�(QHUML�.D]DQFÕ....................................................... : Basit bir gaz türbinli kojenerasyon çevrimi ……………………. : Gaz türbinli kojenerasyon sistemi................................................. ��%LU�JD]�W�UELQLQLQ�J|U�Q�ú��������������������������������������������............... : Basit bir buhar türbini çevrimi...................................................... : Bir buhar türbininin J|U�Q�ú����������������........................................ ��7ULMHQHUDV\RQ�JHQHO�úHPDVÕ��������................................................... ��6R÷XUPDOÕ�VR÷XWPD���������������������������............................................ ��$%%�ILUPDVÕ�JD]�W�UELQL�fiyat – elHNWULNVHO�J�o�JUDIL÷L�«««���� ��*HQHUDO�(OHFWULF�ILUPDVÕ�JD]�W�UELQL�IL\DW�– elektriksel güç JUDIL÷L««««««««««««««««««««««���

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: Buhar türbini maliyet tablosu - 1................................................. : Buhar türbini maliyet tablosu - 2 ................................................ : Gaz türbini maliyet tablosu.......................................................... : Hava kompresörü maliyet tablosu............................................... ��,VÕ�JHUL�ND]DQÕP��QLWHVL�PDOL\HW�WDEORVX�....................................... : Pompa maliyet tablosu.................................................................. : Buhar kondenseri maliyet tablosu................................................ : Jeneratör maliyet tablosu - 1........................................................ : Jeneratör maliyet tablosu - 2........................................................ ��+DYD�NRPSUHV|U��YH�G|QHO�NRPSUHV|U�VDWÕQ�DOPD��

maliyetleri.................................................................................... ��7�UELQ�YH�VÕNÕúWÕUÕFÕ�VDWÕQ�DOPD�PDOL\HWOHUL .................................. : Gaz türbini, buKDU�W�UELQL�YH�LoWHQ�\DQPDOÕ�PRWRU�VDWÕQ�DOPD�

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INVESTMENT COSTS OF THERMAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS

SUMMARY

Cogeneration is a system which produces electricity and heat together. The gas turbine or gas engine which works in simple cycle to produce only electricity, produces electricity with %30 of used energy. In cogeneration, the exhaust gas is used in the cycle and total efficiency of the system reaches %70-90. In order to calculate easily total investment costs of thermal system like a cogeneration, market values can be used. But, some calculations must be done in order to find share of each component’s cost in total investment cost. The effect of one component to all system can be seen with this method. There are two methods to calculate investment costs of components in literature. The equations which were prepared by Valero is the first one. Valero analysed a gas turbine cogeneration system with air preheater and prepared 5 different equations for each component of system. After finding thermodynamic values of the system, the equations are solved. The second one is an equation which were prepared by Boehms. There is only one equation for all components. In order to use in this equation, there is a chart was prepared by Boehms. The referans values were determined and these can be read from the chart for each components. Also, there are some charts which can be found different sourches. These curves were prepared by different time values. In this study, the gas turbine cogeneration system which produces 30 MW electricity power and 14 kg/s steam at 20 bars, is used to calculate the costs of system components. For these costs, Valero’s equation are used. After finding the costs of components, the system is analysed economical and is calculated costs of produced electricity and steam. The economic effects of isentropic turbine efficiency, compresor pressure ratio and inlet temperature of combustion products entering the turbine are analysed. For this study, 16 differerent systems are prepared which have different inlet values and calculated costs of all components. According to found values, increasing or decreasing the costs of system component is not possible with change of only one parameter.

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(QHUML� YHULPOLOL÷L�KHP�HQHUMLQLQ��UHWLPL�YH� LOHWLPL��KHP�GH� W�NHWLPL�DODQÕQGD�JHQHO�oDOÕúPDODUÕQ� W�P�Q��NDSVDPDNWDGÕU��%LU� WDUDIWD�GDKD�D]�PDOL\HW�YH�GDKD�D]�ELULQFLO�ND\QDN� NXOODQÕPÕ\OD� GDKD� oRN� HQHUML� �UHWLPL� \|Q�QGH� oDOÕúPDODU� V�UHUNHQ�� GL÷HU�WDUDIWD� D\QÕ�PLNWDU� HQHUML\OH� GDKD� oRN� Lú� \DSÕOPDVÕ� � YH\D� D\QÕ�PLNWDU� LúLQ� GDKD� D]�HQHUML� W�NHWLOHUHN� \DSÕOPDVÕ� NRQXVXQGD� oHúLWOL� oDOÕúPDODU� \�U�W�OPHNWH�� WHGELUOHU�JHOLúWLULOPHNWH��SROLWLND�YH�VWUDWHMLOHU��UHWLOPHNWHGLU��.DYDN��������

$YUXSD� YH� G�Q\DGD�� HQHUML� YHULPOLOL÷LQLQ� |QHP� ND]DQPDVÕQÕQ� ELU� VRQXFX� RODUDN�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�X\JXODPDVÕ�GD�|QHP�ND]DQPÕú�YH��ONHOHU�EX�WHVLVOHUH�D÷ÕUOÕN�YHUPH\H�EDúODPÕúODUGÕU�� $YUXSD� %LUOL÷L�� ����� \ÕOÕQD� NDGDU� �\H� �ONHOHUGH� WRSODP� HOHNWULN��UHWLPLQGHNL�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�SD\ÕQÕ���¶�GDQ����¶�H�oÕNDUDUDN�LNL\H�NDWODPD�KHGHILQL�EHQLPVHPLúWLU� �(XURFRJHQ�� ������� $%'� GH� EHQ]HU� úHNLOGH� NRPELQH� oHYULP�sistemlHULQLQ� WLFDUL�� VÕQDL�YH�NDPXVDO�ELQDODUGD�YH��ONH�JHQHOLQGH�NXOODQÕPÕQÕ������\ÕOÕQD�NDGDU�NDGHPHOL�RODUDN�DUWWÕUPD�SODQODUÕQD�VDKLSWLU��

.RMHQHUDV\RQ� VLVWHPOHUL�� LON� \DWÕUÕP� PDOL\HWL� RODUDN� SDKDOÕ� VLVWHPOHUGLU�� $QFDN���UHWLOHQ� HOHNWULN� HQHUMLVL� YH� DoÕ÷D� oÕNDQ� DWÕN� JD]ODUÕQ� NXOODQÕOPDVÕ� VRQXFX� ROXúDQ�JHOLUOHU� VLVWHPLQ� NÕVD� ELU� V�UHGH� NHQGL� PDOL\HWLQL� NDUúÕODPDVÕQÕ� VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU�� %X�V�UHQLQ�NÕVDOPDVÕ��HOHNWULNVHO�YH�ÕVÕO�RODUDN�LKWL\DoODUÕ�NDUúÕOD\DFDN�GR÷UX�VLVWHPOHULQ�VHoLOPHVL�YH�LúOHWLOPHVLQH�ED÷OÕGÕU��

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KXUXODFDN� ELU� VLVWHPLQ� |Q� IL]LELOLWH� oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD� HQ� |QHPOL� XQVXUODUGDQ� ELUL�� LON�\DWÕUÕP�PDOL\HWLGLU��.RMHQHUDV\RQ��QLWHVLQLQ�E�W�Q�HNLSPDQODUÕ�LOH�NXUXOXP�PDOL\HWL��SL\DVDGDQ� DOÕQDFDN� ELOJLOHUOH� NROD\OÕNOD� EHOLUOHQHELOLU��$QFDN�� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� �QLWHVL��biUNDo� ELOHúHQGHQ� ROXúPDNWDGÕU� YH� KHU� ELU� ELOHúHQLQ� NHQGLQH� DLW� SDUDPHWUHVL��GH÷LúNHQL� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�� %X� ELOHúHQOHULQ� SDUDPHWUHOHULQH� YH� GH÷LúNHQOHULQH� ED÷OÕ�RODUDN� PDOL\HWOHUL� GH÷LúLU�� %X� oDOÕúPDGD� ELU� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� �QLWHVLQLQ� WRSODP�PDOL\HWLQLQ� QH� NDGDUÕQÕ� KDQJL� ELOHúHQLQ� ROXúWXUGX÷X� KHVDSODQPD\D� oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU��0DOL\HWOHUL�EHOLUOHPHN�LoLQ�\|QWHPOHU�DUDúWÕUÕOPÕú��ED÷ÕQWÕODU�YH�WDEORODU�GHUOHQPLúWLU��$UDúWÕUÕODQ� \|QWHPOHU� LoLQGH� LNL� WDQHVL� |Q� SODQD� oÕNPDNWDGÕU�� %XQODUÕQ� LONL��9DOHUR¶QXQ�oHúLWOL�GH÷LúNHQOHUGHQ�\DUDUODQDUDN�ROXúWXUGX÷X�ED÷ÕQWÕODUGÕU��øNLQFLVL�LVH��%RHKP� WDUDIÕQGDQ� ROXúWXUXODQ� D\JÕW� WDEORVX� YH� WDEORGDNL� GH÷HUOHULQ� NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ�ED÷ÕQWÕGÕU�� $\UÕFD�� EX� LNL� \|QWHPLQ� GÕúÕQGD� oHúLWOL� G|QHPOHULQ� PDOL\HWOHULQL� LoHUHQ�WDEORODU�EHOLUOHQPLúWLU���

øON�\DWÕUÕP�PDOL\HWL�LoLQ�EHOLUOHQHQ�ED÷ÕQWÕODU��JD]�W�UELQOL�ELU�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPLQH�X\JXODQPÕúWÕU��6LVWHPLQ�|QFH� WHUPRGLQDPLN�o|]�POHPHVL�\DSÕODUDN�VÕFDNOÕN��EDVÕQo�GH÷HUOHUL�� HQHUML� YH� HNVHUML� DNÕODUÕ� KHVDSODQPÕúWÕU��'DKD�VRQUD� D\JÕW�PDOL\HWOHUL� LoLQ�belirlenen�ED÷ÕQWÕODU�NXOODQÕODUDN�PDOL\HW�DNÕODUÕ�HOGH�HGLOPLú��HNLSPDQ�PDOL\HWOHULQLQ��U�Q�PDOL\HWOHULQH�HWNLVL�DUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU��

0DOL\HW�DNÕODUÕ�NXOODQÕODUDN�VLVWHPLQ��UHWPLú�ROGX÷X�HOHNWUL÷LQ���N:K¶�LQLQ��ÕVÕQÕQ�GD��� NLORJUDPÕQÕQ� PDOL\HWOHUL� KHVDSODQPÕú� YH� W�UELQ� YHULPLQLQ� EX� GH÷HUOHUH� HWNLVL�LQFHOHQPLúWLU�� $\UÕFD�� NXUXODQ� PRGHOGHQ� \DUDUODQÕODUDN� GH÷LúLN� JLULú� úDUWODUÕ� LoLQ�HNLSPDQ� PDOL\HWOHUL� KHVDSODQPÕú�� PDOL\HWOHULQ� GH÷LúLP sebepleri üzerine yorumlar

\DSÕOPÕúWÕU��

<DSÕODQ� KHVDSODPDODU� VRQXFX� J|U�OP�úW�U� NL�� D\QÕ� PLNWDU� HQHUMLQLQ� NRQYDQVL\RQHO�bir sistem yerine kojenerasyon ünitesi ile üretilmesi önemli kazançlar getirmektedir.

%X�ND]DQFÕQ�E�\�NO�÷���NRMHQHUDV\RQ��QLWHVLQLQ�E�\�NO�÷��YH� VLVWHPLQ�NXUXODFD÷Õ�IDEULNDQÕQ�LKWL\DoODUÕ�LOH�RUDQWÕOÕGÕU�

$\UÕFD�� NXUXODQ� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� �QLWHVLQL� ROXúWXUDQ� ELOHúHQOHULQ�PDOL\HWOHUL� GHGH÷LúLN�SDUDPHWUHOHUH�ED÷OÕGÕU��6DGHFH�X\JXQ�SDUDPHWUHOHULQ�VHoLOPHVL��VLVWHPLQ�NDUOÕ�ROPDVÕ�LoLQ� \HWHUOL� GH÷LOGLU�� d�QN��� VHoLOHQ� ELOHúHQOHULQ� LON� \DWÕUÕP� PDOL\HWOHUL� GH� L\L�incelenmeli ve parameWUHOHU�HQ�X\JXQ�úHNLOGH�VHoLOPHOLGLU���

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3

2. /ø7(5$7h5�$5$ù7,50$6,

Birincil� \DNÕW� UH]HUYOHULQLQ� D]DOGÕ÷Õ� YH� JOREDO� UHNDEHWLQ� DUWWÕ÷Õ� J�Q�P�]GH� enerji

girdilerinde süreklilik, kalite�YH�DVJDUL�PDOL\HWOHUL�VD÷ODPDN�NDoÕQÕOPD]�ROPXúWXU��Bu

anlamda kojenerasyon gün�P�]�oD÷GDú�HQHUML�\|QHWLPL�WHNQLNOHUL�LoLQGH�|Q�VÕUDODUGD�yer DOPDNWDGÕU��

Kojenerasyon elektrik YH� ÕVÕQÕQ� D\QÕ� VLVWHPGH� EHUDEHUFH� �UHWLOPHVLGLU� Bu yöntem,

HOHNWULN� YH� ÕVÕQÕQ� D\UÕ� VLVWHPOHUGH üretilmesinden daha ekonomik sonuçlar

ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU��%DVLW�oHYULPGH�oDOÕúDQ��\DQL�VDGHFH�HOHNWULN��UHWHQ�ELU�JD]�W�UELQL�\D�da motoru,� NXOODQGÕ÷Õ� HQHUMLQLQ����¶� XQX� HOHNWUL÷H� oHYLUHELOLU� Kojenerasyonda ise

VLVWHPGHQ� GÕúDUÕ\D� DWÕODFDN� RODQ� ÕVÕ� HQHUMLVLQLQ� E�\�N� ELU� E|O�P�� GH� NXOODQÕODUDN

WRSODP�HQHUML�JLULúLQLQ����0-���DUDVÕQGD�GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL�VD÷ODQDELOLU��%X�yönteme

³� ELUOHúLN� ÕVÕ-J�o� �UHWLPL� ³� \D� GD� NÕVDFD� ³� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� ³� GHQLU����������������������������������(www.kojenerasyon.com, 2006).

ùHNLO�����.RMHQHUDV\RQ�(QHUML�.D]DQFÕ

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<XNDUÕGDNL� JUDILN� HOHNWULN� YH� ÕVÕ� �UHWLPLQGH� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� VD\HVLQGH� HOGH� HGLOHQ�ND]DQFÕ� J|VWHUPHNWHGLU� �Graz University of Technology, Institute for Thermal

Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics, 2002). Solda gösterilen sistem elektrik ve

ÕVÕQÕQ� D\UÕ� D\UÕ� �UHWLOPHVL� VRQXFX� ROXúDQ� HQHUML� W�NHWLPLQL� J|VWHUPHNWH�� VD÷GD J|VWHULOHQ�LVH�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�X\JXODPDVÕQÕ�J|VWHUPHNWHGLU��*|U�OG�÷��JLEL�D\QÕ�PLNWDU�HQHUML\L�HOGH�HWPHN�LoLQ�VROGDNL�VLVWHPGH�GDKD� ID]OD�\DNÕW� W�NHWPHN�JHUHNPHNWHGLU��Sistemlerin toplam verimleri veya enerjiden yararlanma oranODUÕ� VROGD������ VD÷GD�LVH� ���� VHYL\HOHULQGHGLU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD kojenerasyon sisteminin çevreye en önemli

NDWNÕODUÕQGDQ� ELUL� GH� EXUDGD� RUWD\D� oÕNPDNWD�� E�\�N� HQHrML� WDVDUUXIX� \DQÕQGD� DWÕN�emisyonlarÕ�GD�D\QÕ�RUDQGD�D]DOPDNWDGÕU��hlkemizde henüz üzerinde çok durulmayan

bu husus, sistemin özellikle AYUXSD� �ONHOHULQGH� \D\JÕQ� WHúYLN� J|UPHVLQLQ� DQD�sebeplerinden biridir.

2.1 .RMHQHUDV\RQXQ�)D\GDODUÕ

Ülke düzeyinde,

1. <�NVHN�ELULQFLO�HQHUML�NXOODQÕP�YHULPOLOL÷LQLQ�VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ�\HUHO�YH\D�LWKDO�HQHUML�ND\QDNODUÕQÕQ�WDVDUUXIX�

2. (QHUML�oHYULPLQLQ�W�NHWLP�\HULQGH�JHUoHNOHúWLULOPHVL�VRQXFXQGD�HOHNWULN�HQHUMLVL�LOHWLP�YH�GD÷ÕWÕP�ND\ÕSODUÕQÕQ�\RN�HGLOPHVL�

3. 0HUNH]L�VDQWUDOOHUH�J|UH�GDKD�NÕVD�LQúDDW�YH�GHYUH\H�DOPD�V�UHOHULQLQ�VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ�KÕ]OÕ�HOHNWULN�HQHUMLVL�DU]�VDWÕúÕ�

4. Üretilen yaraUOÕ� ÕVÕ� J�o� ELULPL� EDúÕQD� oHYUH\H� DWÕODQ� NDWÕ�� VÕYÕ� YH� JD]� PDGGH�PLNWDUÕQÕQ�� \DOQÕ]� HOHNWULN� �UHWHQ� PHUNH]L� HQHUML� VDQWUDOL� YH\D� \DOQÕ]� EXKDU��UHWHQ�ELU�HQG�VWUL�ND]DQÕQD�J|UH�GDKD�D]�ROPDVÕ�

5. 6DQD\L�WDUDIÕQGDQ�W�NHWLOHQ�HOHNWULN�HQHUMLVLQLQ�D]�VD\ÕGD�PHUNHzi santral yerine,

GD÷ÕOPÕú� ELU� úHNLOGH� HQG�VWUL\HO� W�NHWLP� \HUOHULQGH� �UHWLOPHVLQLQ� XOXVDO�J�YHQOL÷H�VD÷OD\DFD÷Õ�NDWNÕ�

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øúOHWPH�ED]ÕQGD�

1. øúOHWPHQLQ� D]DODQ� WRSODP� HQHUML� JLGHUOHUL�� QLKDL� �U�Q� NDOLWHVLQL� G�ú�UPHGHQ�PDOL\HWLQL�D]DOWDFDN��úLUNHWLQ�UHNDEHW�J�F��DUWDFDNWÕU��

2. øúOHWPHQLQ� HQHUML� WHPLQ� J�YHQFHVL� RODFDN�� �UHWLP� NHVLQWLOHULQLQ� \RO� DoWÕ÷Õ�]DUDUODU�RUWDGDQ�NDONDFDNWÕr (www.kojenerasyon.com, 2006).

2.2 Kojenerasyon Teknikleri

Kojenerasyon oHúLWOL� \ROODUGDQ� VD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU�� .RMHQHUDV\RQ� GH÷LúLN� J�o�üreticilHUL\OH�JHUoHNOHúWLULOHELOLU��%DúOÕFD�\|QWHPOHU�DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOPLúWLU��

2.2.1 Gaz Türbinli Kojenerasyon

*D]�W�UELQOL�ELU�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPL�ùHNLO����¶�GH�YHULOPLúWLU��%X�oHYULPGH�EXOXQDQ�D\JÕWODU� KDYD� NRPSUHV|U��� \DQPD� RGDVÕ� YH� JD]� W�UELQLGLU�� 'Õú� KDYD� EDVÕQFÕ� YH VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD�NRPSUHV|UH�JHOHQ�KDYD�VÕNÕúWÕUÕODUDN�EHOOL� ELU�EDVÕQFD�\�NVHOWLOLU��'DKD�VRQUD� EDVÕQoOÕ� KDYD� \DQPD� RGDVÕQGD� \DNÕW� LOH� \DNÕODUDN� ����–����� .� FLYDUÕQGD�\DQPD�JD]ODUÕ� HOGH�HGLOLU��<DQPD�JD]ODUÕ� W�UELQGH�JHQLúOH\HUHN�J�o��UHWLU��hUHWLOHQ�güç ile KHP�NRPSUHV|U�oDOÕúWÕUÕOÕU�KHP�GH� LVWHQHQ�HOHNWULN�HQHUMLVL��UHWLOPLú�ROXQXU��7�UELQGHQ�oÕNDQ�JD]ODUÕQ�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�����LOD�����&�VÕFDNOÕNODUÕ�DUDVÕQGDGÕU��Genellikle

W�UELQ�LOH�NRPSUHV|U�WHN�úDIWD�PRQWH�HGLOLU�YH�W�P�J�o��QLWHVL�D\QÕ�KÕ]GD�oDOÕúÕU��Bu

tip t�UELQOHU�VDELW�KÕ]OÕ�RSHUDV\RQODUGD�NXOODQÕOÕU��2UODQGR�������.

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+$9$

7h5%ø1�$7,.�*$=,

(/(.75ø.�(1(5-ø6ø

)$<'$/,�,6,,6,�'(öøù7ø5ø&ø

*$=�7h5%ø1ø -(1(5$7g5

ùHNLO����2 Basit bir gaz türbinli kojenerasyon çevrimi

$7,.�,6,�.$=$1,

*$=�7h5%ø1ø

<$.,7

<$10$�2'$6,

.2035(6g5

68 '2<08ù�%8+$5

<$10,ù�*$=/$5

ùHNLO��� 3 Gaz türbinli kojenerasyon sistemi

6LVWHP�� \XNDUÕGD� DQODWÕODQ� NÕVPÕ� LOH� VDGHFH� HOHNWULN� �UHWHELOLU��.RMHQHUDV\RQXQ� DVÕO�DPDFÕ�RODQ�DWÕN�JD]ODUGDQ�\DUDUODQPDN�LoLQ�DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�NXOODQÕOPDOÕGÕU��7�UELQGHQ�oÕNDQ�\�NVHN�VÕFDNOÕNWDNL�JD]ODU�DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕQD�J|QGHULOLU�YH�ÕVÕWÕODFDN�RODQ�VX�LOH�ÕVÕ� WUDQVIHULQGH� EXOXQDUDN� HQHUMLVLQLQ� ELU� E|O�P�Q�� RQD� DNWDUÕU�� 6RQXoWD� VX\XQ�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�DUWDU�YH\D�EXKDU�ROXU��%|\OHOLNOH�SURVHVWH�LVWHQLOHQ�ELoLPGH�NXOODQÕODELOLU�

6LVWHPLQ� JD]ODUÕ� LVH� DUWÕN� GÕúDUÕ� DWÕOÕU��'ÕúDUÕ� DWÕODQ� JD]ODUÕQ� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� G�ú�N� ROXUVD��sistemin verimi de yüksek olur.

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*D]� W�UELQOL� VLVWHPOHUGH� ���0:�J�FH� NDGDU� UDKDWOÕNOD� HOHNWULN� HQHUMLVL� �UHWLOHELOLU��Elektriksel verim %20-��� DUDVÕQGDGÕU�� 7RSODP� YHULP� LVH� VRQ� \DSÕODQ� oDOÕúPalar

VRQXFX� ���¶\H� NDGDU� \�NVHOWLOPLúWLU�� 7�UELQH� JLULú� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� \�NVHN� YHULP� LoLQ�önemOL�ELU�XQVXUGXU��*D]ODU�W�UELQH�QH�NDGDU�\�NVHN�VÕFDNOÕNWD�JLUHUVH��W�UELQ�Yerimi

de o oranda artar. TürbinH� JLUPHGHQ� |QFH� JD]ODU� ÕVÕWÕODUDN� VLVWHPLQ� YHULPL�DUWWÕUÕODELOLU�� %X� \�]GHQ� ED]Õ� VLVWHPOHUGH� \DQPD� ROD\Õ� |QFHVLQGH� KDYD� ÕVÕWÕODUDN�yanma ürünlerinin VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� DUWWÕUÕOÕU� YH� GROD\ÕVÕ\OD� W�UELQH� JLUHQ� JD]ÕQ� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� GD�DUWPÕú�ROXU�

<DSÕODQ� DUDúWÕUPDODUGD�� N�o�N� W�UELQOHUGH� �� �����N:� LOH� ����� N:�DUDVÕ�� KHU� N:K�HOHNWULN� �UHWLPL� LoLQ� ��� LOD� ��� NJ� \�NVHN� VÕFDNOÕNWD� DWÕN� JD]� �UHWLOLU�� 'DKD� E�\�N�kapasiteli t�UELQOHUGH� �� ��� 0:� YH� �]HUL� �� EX� GH÷HU� �� LOD� ��� NJ� DWÕN� JD]D� G�úHU��2UODQGR�� ������� 6RQXoWDQ� GD� J|U�OG�÷�� JLEL� W�UELQLQ� NDSDVLWHVL� DUWWÕNoD� DWÕN� ÕVÕ�PLNWDUÕ� GD� D]DOÕU�� $\UÕFD�� \�NVHN� NDSDVLWHOL� W�UELQOHU�� PHNDQLN� YHULPOHUL� \�NVHN�ROGXNODUÕ�LoLQ�GH�WHUFLK�Hdilmektedir.

*D]� W�UELQOL� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� VLVWHPOHULQGH� \DNÕW� RODUDN� GR÷DOJD]�� JD]�� IXHO-oil gibi

\DNÕWODU�NXOODQÕODELOLU��$QFDN��WHUFLKHQ�GR÷DOJD]�YH\D�ELRJD]�NXOODQÕOPDOÕGÕU��d�QN��LPG, fuel-RLO�SDKDOÕ�RODELOPHNWHGLU�

ùHNLO���� Bir gaz türbininin�J|U�Q�ú� (Graz University of Technology, Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics, 2002

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2.2.2 Buhar Türbinli Kojenerasyon

%XKDU� W�UELQOL� oHYULP�� 5DQNLQH� oHYULPL� RODUDN� GD� DGODQGÕUÕOÕU�� 7HPHO� ELOHúHQOHUL�NÕ]JÕQ� EXKDU� ND]DQÕ�� W�UELQ�� NRQGHQVHU� YH� VX� JHUL� EHVOHPH� SRPSDVÕGÕU�� %XKDU� ÕVÕ�GH÷LúWLULFLVLQGH� \R÷XúWXNWDQ� VRQUD� VÕYÕ� KDOLQGH� SRPSD\D� JLUPHNWH� YH� ND]DQD�EDVÕOPDNWDGÕU�� .D]DQGDQ� oÕNDQ� NÕ]JÕQ� EXKDU� GD� W�UELQH� JLUHr ve elektrik üretimi

VD÷ODQÕU�(Çengel ve Boles, 1996).

Buhar türbinlerinde kapasite 100 kW’ÕQ� DOWÕQGDQ� ���� 0:¶D� NDGDU� GH÷LúHELOLU �(QHUJ\�1H[XV�*URXS���������%DVÕQo�LVH������N3D¶GDQ�EDúOD\ÕS������N3D¶ÕQ��]HULQH�oÕNDELOLU��2UODQGR��������

%XKDU�W�UELQOL�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPOHULQGH�\DNÕW�RODUDN�SHWURO��U�QOHUL��N|P�U��ELRJD]�ve boylerde yanabilecek�KHU�W�UO��\DNÕW�NXOODQÕODELOLU�

%2</(5

(/(.75ø.�(1(5-ø6ø

)$<'$/,�,6,,6,�'(öøù7ø5ø&ø

�7h5%ø1 -(1(5$7g5

ùHNLO������Basit bir buhar türbini çevrimi

%XKDU�W�UELQOL�VLVWHPLQ�HQ�E�\�N�DYDQWDMÕ�KHU�W�UO��\DNÕWÕQ�NXOODQÕODELOL\RU�ROPDVÕGÕU��%XQXQ� \DQÕQGD� WHVLV� ER\XWODUÕ� NRQXVXQGD� KHUKDQJL� ELU� OLPLW� ROPDPDVÕ� GD� ED]Õ�\DWÕUÕPFÕODU� LoLQ� WHUFLK� VHEHELGLU�� 'H]DYDQWDMODUÕ� LVH�� HOHNWULNVHO� YHULPLQLQ� G�ú�N�ROPDVÕ� YH� LúOHWPH� PDOL\HWOHULQLQ� \�NVHN� ROPDVÕGÕU�� (OHNWULNVHO� YHULP� EXKDU�W�UELQOHULQGH����� LOD� ��� DUDVÕQGDGÕU��*D]� W�UELQLQGH� LVH� EX� GH÷HU����¶XQ� �]HULQH�oÕNDELOPHNWHGLU� �� *UD]� 8QLYHUVLW\� RI� 7HFKQRORJ\�� ,QVWLWXWH� IRU� 7KHUPDO�Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics, 2002).

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9

dHYULPLQ� ÕVÕO� YHULPL�� oHYULPH� ÕVÕ� JHoLúLQLQ� ROGX÷X� RUWDODPD� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� DUWWÕUDUDN�YH�YH\D� oHYULPGHQ� oHYUH� RUWDPD� ÕVÕ� JHoLúLQLQ� ROGX÷X� RUWDODPD� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� G�ú�UHUHN�\�NVHOWLOHELOLU��dHYULPGHQ�oHYUH\H�ÕVÕ�JHoLúLQLQ�ROGX÷X�RUWDODPD�VÕFDNOÕN��W�UELQ�oÕNÕú�EDVÕQFÕQÕ� G�ú�UHUHN� VD÷ODQDELOLU�� dHYULPH� ÕVÕ� JHoLúLQLQ� ROGX÷X� RUWDODPD� VÕFDNOÕN��ND]DQ� EDVÕFÕQÕ� \�NVHOWHUHN� YH\D� DNÕúNDQÕ� GDKD� \�NVHN� VÕFDNOÕNODUD� NÕ]GÕUDUDN�VD÷ODQDELOLU�� )DNDW� DNÕúNDQÕQ� NÕ]GÕUÕOPDVÕ�� ND]DQ� PDO]HPHVLQLQ� GD\DQDELOHFH÷L� HQ�\�NVHN�VÕFDNOÕNOD�VÕQÕUOÕGÕU��dHQJHO�YH�%ROHV���������

ùHNLO����� Bir bXKDU�W�UELQLQLQ�J|U�Q�ú��(Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics, 2002)

2.2.3 Trijenerasyon

.RMHQHUDV\RQ�VRQXFXQGD�HOGH�HGLOHQ�VÕFDN�VX�YH\D�EXKDUGDQ�VR÷XUPDOÕ�VR÷XWXFXODU�DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ� LOH� VR÷XWPDGD� GD� \DUDUODQÕOPDVÕ� HVDVÕQD� GD\DQDQ� VLVWHPH� ³WULMHQHUDV\RQ´�GHQLU�� 7�NHWLOHQ� \DNÕW� NRMHQHUDV\RQGDNL� LOH� D\QÕ� ROPDVÕQD� UD÷PHQ� HOHNWULN�� ÕVÕ� YH�VR÷XWPD�LKWL\DoODUÕ�NDUúÕODQDELOPHNWHGLU��%X�VLVWHP�LOH�\DNÕWWDQ�\DUDUODQPD�RUDQÕ�GD�HQ�\�NVHN�GH÷HUOHUH�XODúÕU�

6DGHFH� NÕú� D\ODUÕQGD� VÕFDN� KDYD� LKWL\DFÕ� RODQ� ELU� WHVLVH� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� �QLWHVL�NXUXOGXNWDQ� VRQUD� DWÕN� JD]ODUGDQ� \D]� D\ODUÕQGD� GD� \DUDUODQDELOPHN� LoLQ� VR÷XUPDOÕ�VR÷XWXFX�NXOODQÕOPDOÕGÕU��7RSODP�YHULP��EX�VD\HGH�DUWWÕUÕODELOLU�

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10

6R÷XUPDOÕ�VR÷XWXFXODUGD�oDOÕúDQ�SDUoD�VD\ÕVÕ�GL÷HU�VR÷XWPD�JUXSODUÕQD�J|UH�GDKD�D]�ROGX÷X�LoLQ�DUÕ]D�\DSPD�RODVÕOÕ÷Õ�YH�EDNÕP�LKWL\DFÕ�GDKD�D]GÕU��3DUoD�VD\ÕVÕQÕQ�D]OÕ÷Õ D\UÕFD� J�U�OW�� VHYL\HVLQL� GH� G�ú�UPHNWHGLU�� 0DOL\HW� RODUDN� GD� ELU� VR÷XUPDOÕ�VR÷XWXFXQXQ� PDOL\HWL� /L-Br solüsyonu içerenler için 870-920 ¼�WRQ¶GXU�(www.techno-WULJHPHG�FRP��������� �(QHUML�PDOL\HWL� LVH��D\QÕ�PLNWDUGD�HQHUML�EDúND�ELU� VR÷XWPD� JUXEX� NXOODQÕODUDN� \DSÕOVD\GÕ�|UQH÷LQ� HOHNWULN� HQHUMLVL� LOH� oDOÕúDQ� ELU�sistem) çok daha yüksek olurdu.

ùHNLO�����7ULMHQHUDV\RQ�JHQHO�úHPDVÕ��%LVPDUFN�

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11

ùHNLO������6R÷XUPDOÕ�VR÷XWPD��ZZZ�HQNRHQHUML�FRP�WU�WHNQLN�������

2.3 .RQYDQVL\RQHO�6LVWHPOHUOH�.RMHQHUDV\RQ�6LVWHPOHULQLQ�.DUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ

<XNDUÕGDNL� �o� E|O�PGH� JHQHO� RODUDN� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� YH� WULMHQHUDV\RQXQ� WHNQLN��VW�QO�NOHULQGHQ�EDKVHGLOGL��$VÕO� NRQXPX]� RODQ�PDOL\HWOHU� DUDVÕQGDNL� NDUúÕODúWÕUPD�bu bölümde gösterilecektir.

�����\ÕOÕQGD�\DSÕODQ�EX� LQFHOHPHGH��RUWDODPD�����N:�HOHNWULNVHO�J�o� LKWL\DFÕ�RODQ�ELU�KDVWDQH\H�����N:�HOHNWULNVHO�J�o��UHWHQ�ELU�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPL�NXUXOPDNWDGÕU��$\QÕ� úDUWODUGD� VDGHFH�NRQYDQVL\RQHO� ELU� VLVWHP�NXUXOPDVÕ� GXUXPXQGD�� LNL� VLVWHPLQ�PDOL\HWOHULQLQ� NDUúÕODúWÕUPDVÕ� \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU�� +DVWDQHQLQ�� LNL� VLVWHPL� GH� \ÕOGD� �����saaW�oDOÕúWÕUDFD÷Õ�YDUVD\ÕOPÕúWÕU��.RMHQHUDV\RQOX�GXUXPGD��VLVWHP�����N:�HOHNWULNVHO�gücü üretmekte, geri kalan elektriksel güç mevcut konvansiyonel sistemle

NDUúÕODQPDNWDGÕU��+HU� LNL� VLVWHPLQ� \ÕOOÕN�PDOL\HWOHUL�7DEOR� ���¶� GH� J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU�(Orlando, 1996).

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12

Tablo 2.1 Konvansiyonel Sistem ile Kojenerasyonun (375 kW) Parasal .DUúÕODúWÕUPDVÕ��2UODQGR������)

Konvansiyonel Sistem Kojenerasyon (375 kW)

6DWÕQ�$OÕQDQ�*�F�Q�0DOL\HWL���� 369 437 185 162

,VÕWPD�øoLQ�<DNÕWÕQ�0DOL\HWL ($)

157 530 88 475

6LVWHPGH�*�o�hUHWPHN�øoLQ�<DNÕWÕQ�0DOL\HWL���� 121 333

%DNÕP�0DVUDIÕ���� 38 000

'L÷HU�0DVUDIODU���� 18 319

Toplam ($) 526 967 451 290

<XNDUÕGDNL� WDEOR\D� J|UH�� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� VLVWHPL� NXUPDQÕQ� LúOHWPHFL\H� \ÕOOÕN� NkUÕ��526967 –�������� �������¶GÕU��%X�GH÷HU�NXUXODQ�NRMHQHUDV\RQ��QLWHVLQLQ�HOHNWULNVHO�gücüne bölünürse 75677 / 375 = 202 $/kW bulunur (Orlando, 1996).

hUHWLOHQ�HOHNWULN�HQHUMLVLQLQ�PDOL\HWL�KHU�LNL�VLVWHPGH�NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDN�LVWHQLUVH��\ÕOOÕN�PDOL\HW� \ÕOOÕN� HOHNWULN� �UHWLPLQH� E|O�QPHOLGLU�� øNL� VLVWHPLQ� GH� �UHWPHVL� JHUHNHQ�toplam elektrik enerjisi 5 197 400 kWh’dir (Orlando, 1996). Konvansiyonel sistemde

EXOXQDQ� PDOL\HW� EX� HQHUML� PLNWDUÕQD� E|O�Q�UVH� ������ ��N:K� EXOXQXU�� $\QÕ� LúOHP�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPL�LoLQ�WHNUDUODQÕUVD�PDOL\HW���������N:K�RODUDN�KHVDSODQÕU��

%XOXQDQ�ELULP�HQHUML�EDúÕQD�HOHNWULN�PDOL\HWOHUL�GH�J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�NL��LKWL\Do�GX\XODQ�elekWULN�HQHUMLVLQLQ�VDGHFH�ELU�NÕVPÕ�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPL� WDUDIÕQGDQ�NDUúÕODQVD�ELOH�HOHNWULN� PDOL\HWOHULQGH� |QHPOL� G�ú�úOHU� J|U�OPHNWHGLU�� <XNDUÕGD� YHULOHQ� |UQHNWH��LKWL\Do� GX\XODQ� ���� N:� J�F�Q� \DNODúÕN� ���¶OÕN� E|O�P�� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� LOH��UHWLOPHVLQH� UD÷PHQ� HOHNWULN� PDOL\HWOHULQGH� ���¶OLN� ELU� G�ú�ú� VD÷ODQPÕúWÕU�� 'DKD�\�NVHN�NDSDVLWHOL�ELU�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPL�VHoLOPLú�ROVD\GÕ��PDOL\HWWHNL�G�ú�ú�GDKD�da fazla olurdu.

$\QÕ� oDOÕúPD� ��� kW elektriksel güç üreten bir kojenerasyon sistemi kurularak

WHNUDUODQPÕúWÕU�� +DVWDQHQLQ� LKWL\DoODUÕQGD� KLoELU� GH÷LúLNOLN� \DSÕOPDPÕúWÕU�� %X�GXUXPGD�LNL�VLVWHPLQ�PDOL\HW�NDUúÕODúWÕUPDVÕ�7DEOR����¶GH�YHULOPLúWLU�

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13

Tablo 2.2 Konvansiyonel Sistem ile Kojenerasyonun (210 kW) Parasal .DUúÕODúWÕUPDVÕ��2UODQGR�������

Konvansiyonel Sistem Kojenerasyon ( 210 kW )

6DWÕQ�$OÕQDQ�*�F�Q�0DOL\HWL���� 369 437 265 130

,VÕWPD�øoLQ�<DNÕWÕQ�0DOL\HWL ($) 157 530 109 456

6LVWHPGH�*�o�hUHWPHN�øoLQ�<DNÕWÕQ�0DOL\HWL���� 77 969

%DNÕP�0DVUDIÕ���� 24 000

'L÷HU�0DVUDIODU���� 11 255

Toplam ($) 526 967 487 810

%X�GXUXPGD�HOGH�HGLOHQ�ND]DQo���������ROPXúWXU��%XQXQ�ELULP�J�FH�NDUúÕOÕN�JHOHQ�GH÷HUL� ���� ��N:¶GÕU�� øNL� VLVWHPLQ� HOHNWULN� HQeUMLVL�PDOL\HWL� NDUúÕODúWÕUÕODFDN� ROXUVD��NRQYDQVL\RQHO�LoLQ�GH÷LúLNOLN�ROPD\ÕS�\LQH���������N:K�, kojenerasyon ünitesi için

������ ��N:K� KHVDSODQPDNWDGÕU�� *|U�OG�÷�� JLEL� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� �QLWHVL� LOH� QH� NDGDU�fazla elektrik üretilirse elektrik enerjisi maliyeti de o oranda D]DOPDNWDGÕU�

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14

3. .2-(1(5$6<21� 6ø67(0ø� (.ø30$1� 0$/ø<(7ø� +(6$3/$0$�<g17(0/(5ø

<XNDUÕGD� GD� EHOLUWLOGL÷L� JLEL� oHúLWOL� W�UOHUGH� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� WHVLVOHUL� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��+HUKDQJL�ELU�LúOHWPH�ELU�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPL�NXUPDN�LVWHGL÷LQGH�|QFH�HNRQRPLN�ELU�GH÷HUOHQGLUPH�\DSPDN�]RUXQGDGÕU��%X�GH÷HUOHQGLUPH\L�\DSPDN�LoLQ�NXOODQÕODELOHFHN�bir ölçü, geri ödeme süresidir. Bir LúOHWPHQLQ�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�WHVLVLQH�\DWÕUDFD÷Õ�SDUD\Õ�QH�NDGDUOÕN�ELU�V�UHGH�JHUL�ND]DQDFD÷Õ�YH�HNLSPDQÕQ�DPRUWLVPDQ süresi sonuna kadar

ne kadar kâU� HGHFH÷LQL� ELOPHVL� JHUHNOLGLU�� %X� KHVDSODUÕQ� \DSÕODELOPHVL� YH� ELU� |Q�IL]LELOLWH� ROXúWXUXODELOPHVL� LoLQ� WHVLVLQ� LON� \DWÕUÕP� PDOL\HWLQLQ� ELOLQPHVL� JHUHNOLGLU��%LU� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� WHVLVLQLQ� LON� \DWÕUÕP� PDOL\HWLQLQ� EXOXQPDVÕQÕQ� \DQÕQGD� EX� WHVLVL�ROXúWXUDQ� ELOHúHQOHULQ� PDOL\HWOHULQLQ� ELOLQPHVLQLQ� GH� \DUDUÕ� YDUGÕU�� %|\OHFH�ELOHúHQOHULQ� WHUPRGLQDPLN� SDUDPHWUHOHUL� LOH� PDOL\HWOHUL� DUDVÕQGD� ED÷� NXUXODUDN��WHUPRHNRQRPLN� RSWLPL]DV\RQ� oDOÕúPDODUÕ� \DSPDN� RODQDNOÕGÕU�� $QFDN� ELOHúHQ�PDOL\HWOHULQLQ� EHOLUOHQPHVL� NROD\� GH÷LOGLU� YH� OLWHUDW�UGH� EX� NRQXGD� oRN� D]� ELOJL�YDUGÕU�� $úD÷ÕGD� ELOHúHQ� PDOL\HWOHULQLQ� KHVDSODQPDVÕ\OD� LOJLOL� ED]Õ� \|QWHmler

LQFHOHQPLúWLU�

3.1 9DOHUR�7DUDIÕQGDQ�9HULOHQ�%D÷ÕQWÕODU

Bu yöntemi kullanarak sadece gaz türbinli kojenerasyon sistemi için hesaplama

\DSÕODELOLU��%X�KHVDSWD�KHU�ELU�HNLSPDQ�LoLQ�D\UÕ�D\UÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕODU�ROXúWXUXOPXúWXU��%X�ED÷ÕQWÕODU�� ELOHúHQ� SDUDPHWUHOHUL\OH� EHUDEHU� ED]Õ� VDELWOHU� GH� EXOXQGXUPDNWDGÕU��%D÷ÕQWÕODUGD� EXOXQDQ� ELOHúHQ� SDUDPHWUHOHULQL� EXOPDN� LoLQ� |QFHOLNOH� WHUPRGLQDPLN�DQDOL]�\DSÕOPDOÕ�YH�E�W�Q�DNÕúODU�LoLQ�EDVÕQo��VÕFDNOÕN��GHEL��HQWDOSL�YE��SDUDPHWUHOHU�EXOXQPDOÕGÕU��%X�GH÷HUOHU�EXOXQGXNWDQ�VRQUD�ED÷ÕQWÕGDQ�\DUDUODQÕODELOLU��%X�\|QWHP���VLVWHP� ELOHúHQOHULQLQ� SDUDPHWUHOHULQL� GH� NXOODQGÕ÷Õ� LoLQ� GR÷UXOX÷X� GDKD� ID]ODGÕU���$úD÷ÕGD��DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�EXOXQGXUDQ�JD]�W�UELQOL�NRMHQHUDV\RQ�VLVWHPLQLQ�ELOHúHQOHUL�LoLQ�NXOODQÕODQ�ED÷ÕQWÕODU�YHULOPLúWLU��

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Kompresör ;

PECac =

− 1

2

1

2

12

11 lnp

p

p

p

C

mC

sc

a

η (3.1)

<DQPD�2GDV��

PECcc = ( )[ ]24423

3

422

21 exp1 CTC

p

pC

mC a −+

− (3.2)

+DYD�|Q�ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ��

PECaph = ( ) 6,0

,

65

41

aphlm

g

TU

hhmC (3.3)

Türbin için ;

PECgt = ( )[ ]34433

5

4

32

31exp1ln CTC

p

p

C

mC

st

g −+×

−η

(3.4)

$WÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ için ;

PEChrsg = 2,15352

8,0

,

8,0

,

51 gb

evlm

ev

eclm

ec mCmCT

Q

T

QC ++

∆+

∆ (3.5)

%D÷ÕQWÕODUGD�NXOODQÕODQ�VHPEROOHULQ�NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ�DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOPLúWLU�

ma = hava debisi

mg = gaz debisi

mb = buhar debisi

�sc = kompresörün izantropik verimi

�st = türbinin izantropik verimi

h = entalpi

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16

Qec = ekRQRPD\]HUGHNL�ÕVÕ�WUDQVIHUL Qev = EXKDUODúWÕUÕFÕGDNL�ÕVÕ�WUDQVIHUL ¨7lm� �ÕVÕ�IDUNÕQÕQ�ORJDULWPLN�NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ

%D÷ÕQWÕODUGD�NXOODQÕODQ�VDELWOHULQ�GH÷HUOHUL�DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOPLúWLU�

Kompresör C11= 71.10 $/(kg/s) C12 = 0.9

<DQPD�RGDV����������&21 = 46.08 $/(kg/s) C22 = 0.995

C23 =0.018 (K-1) C24 = 26.4

Gaz türbini C31 = 479.34 $/(kg/s) C32 = 0.92

C33 = 0.036(K-1) C34 = 54.4

+DYD�|Q�ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ����&41 = 4122 $/(m1.2) U = 18 W / (m2K)

$WÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�������C51 = 6570 $/(kW/K)0.8

C52 = 21276 $/(kg/s)

C53 = 1184.4 $/(kg/s)1.2

3.2 %RHKP�7DUDIÕQGDQ�9HULOHQ�7DEORODUOD�7DKPLQL�(NLpman Maliyetinin

+HVDEÕ

%LU� ÕVÕO� VLVWHP� WDVDUOD\DELOPHN� LoLQ�� ELUNDo� HNLSPDQÕQ� NXOODQÕOPDVÕ� JHUHNOLGLU�� %X�HNLSPDQODUÕQ�oHúLGL��NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ�DODQ�YH�ER\XWX�IDUNOÕOÕNODU�J|VWHULU��%X�IDUNODU�J|]�|Q�QH� DOÕQDUDN� HNLSPDQODU� LoLQ� WDEORODU� ROXúWXUXOPXúWXU�� %X� tablolarda referans

RODUDN� NDSDVLWH� YH�PDOL\HW� GH÷HUOHUL� YHULOPLúWLU��%X� GH÷HUOHU�� G�]HQOHQHQ� ED÷ÕQWÕGD�NXOODQÕODUDN�HNLSPDQÕQ�\DWÕUÕP�PDOL\HWL�KHVDSODQPÕú�ROXU��.XOODQÕODQ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOPLúWLU�

C = Cr

m

rS

S

(3.6)

&� �HNLSPDQ�\DWÕUÕP�PDOL\HWL Cr� �HNLSPDQ�UHIHUDQV�PDOL\HW�GH÷HUL S = kapasite

Sr� �UHIHUDQV�NDSDVLWH�GH÷HUL P� �NDWVD\Õ

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17

Bu yöntem maliyet olarak genel bir bilgi edinmek için yeterlidir. Ancak hiçbir sistem

YHULVLQLQ� J|]� |Q�QH� DOÕQPDPDVÕQGDQ� GROD\Õ� JHQHO� ELU� LIDGHGHQ� |WH\H� JHoHPH]����������������%X�\|QWHP�NXOODQÕODUDN��ED]Õ�VLVWHP�HNLSPDQODUÕ�LoLQ�ROXúWXUXODQ�PDOL\HW�– kapasite

WDEORODUÕ�(N-A’ da gösterilmektedir.

3.3 'L÷HU�Yöntemler

3.3.1 0DOL\HW�7DEORODUÕ

3L\DVDGDNL� �UHWLFLOHUGHQ� WRSODQDQ� YHULOHUOH� ROXúWXUXODQ� WDEORODUGÕU�� 7DEORODU�� �����\ÕOÕQÕQ� RFDN� D\ÕQÕQ� SL\DVD� YHULOHULQLQ� ELU� RUWDODPDVÕ� QLWHOL÷LQGHGLU�� %X� H÷ULOHU�NXOODQÕODUDN� PHYFXW� SL\DVD� YHULOHULQH� GDKD� \DNÕQ� VRQXoODU� HOGH� HGLOHELOLU�� $\UÕFD�EXUDGDNL� YHULOHUGH� NXOODQÕODQ� HNLSPDQÕQ� �UHWLP� PDO]HPHVLQH� J|UH� GH� IL\DWODUGDNL�GH÷LúLNOLNOHU� J|VWHULOPLúWLU�� %X� WDblolar EK-B’de gösterilmektedir �3HWHUV� YH� GL÷���2003).

3.3.2 Piyasa Verileri

<XNDUÕGD� YHULOHQ� GH÷HUOHULQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD� SL\DVDQÕQ� GH÷HUOHUL� GDKD� GH÷LúNHQ� ELU�GXUXPGDGÕU�� +HUKDQJL� ELU� GÕú� HWNL� �� HNRQRPLN�� VL\DVDO� YV�� �� IL\DWODUÕQ� �UHWLPGHQ�kaynaklanmayan� QHGHQOHUGHQ� GROD\Õ� DUWPDVÕQD� \DGD� D]DOPDVÕQD� \RO� DoDELOLU�� %X�\�]GHQ� GH÷LúLN� ND\QDNODUGDQ� HOGH� HGLOPLú� SL\DVD� YHULOHULQL� J|]� DUGÕ� HWPHk

RODQDNVÕ]GÕU�

%X�GH÷HUOHULQ�GR÷UXOX÷X�G�]HQOHQGL÷L�G|QHPLQ�NRúXOODUÕ\OD�ED÷ODQWÕOÕGÕU��+HU�G|QHP�LoLQ� JHoHUOL� ROPDVÕ� JLEL� ELU� GXUXP� V|]� NRQXVX� GH÷LOGLU�� $\UÕFD�� PDOL\HWOHULQ�DUDúWÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ��ONHQLQ�GH�WDEORODU�\DGD�H÷ULOHU��]HULQGHNL�HWNLVL�G�ú�Q�OPHOLGLU� Sanayi

úDUWODUÕ�JHOLúPLú��ONHOHUGH�\DSÕODQ�DUDúWÕUPDODU� LOH�JHOLúPHNWH�RODQ�\DGD�JHOLúPHPLú�VDQD\L\H� VDKLS� �ONHOHUGHNL� IL\DWODU� IDUNOÕOÕN� J|VWHUHFHNWLU�� 7DEOR� ���� LOH� J|VWHULOHQ�NDUúÕODúWÕUPDGD� JD]� W�UELQL� LOH� EXKDU� W�UELQL� WHNQLN� YH� HNRQRPLN� SDUDPHWUHOHU göz

|Q�QH� DOÕQDUDN� LQFHOHQPHNWHGLU�� *|U�OG�÷�� JLEL� ELU� JD]� W�UELQOL� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� LoLQ�ortalama 500-800 ¼�N:H�PDOL\HW�KHVDSODQÕUNHQ��EXKDU�W�UELQL�LoLQ�EX�GH÷HU����-900

¼�N:H�VHYL\HOHULQGHGLU���

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18

Tablo 3.1 Gaz Türbini ve Buhar Türbini Kojenerasyon Sistemi Verileri (www.techno-trigemed.com, 2006)

Makina Gaz Türbini Buhar Türbini

Güç (Mwe) 0.2 – 100 0.5 – 100

,VÕ�*�o 1.25 – 2 2 – 10

Elektriksel Verim (%) 15 – 35 10 – 40

,VÕO�9HULP���� 40 – 59 40 – 60

Toplam Verim 60 – 85 60 – 85

dDOÕúPD�6�UHVL��<ÕO� 15 – 20 20 – 35

Kurulum Maliyeti (¼�N:H� 500 – 800

700 – 900

%DNÕP�0DOL\HWL��¼�0:K� 2 – 7 3

<DNÕW *D]��VÕYÕ�\DNÕWODU %�W�Q�\DNÕWODU Trijenerasyon maliyetinde ise�� VDGHFH� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� NÕVPÕQGD� ����� N:� HOHNWULNVHO�J�o� LoLQ� PDOL\HW� \DNODúÕN� ��� ¼�kWe¶GÕU�� 6R÷XUPDOÕ� VR÷XWXFXQXQ� PDOL\HWL� LVH�\DNODúÕN� ����-150 ¼�N:¶GÕU��6R÷XUPDOÕ�VR÷XWXFXGD��NRMHQHUDV\RQGD��UHWLOHQ�J�F�Q����¶Õ��NDGDU�J�o��UHWLOHELOLU��gUQH÷LQ������N:�HOHNWULNVHO�J�o��UHWHQ�NRMHQHUDV\RQ��QLWHVLQLQ� PDOL\HWL� \DNODúÕN� ����� N:� î� ��� ¼�N:� 750 000 ¼¶GXU�� 6R÷XUPDOÕ�VR÷XWXFXGD� EX� J�F�Q����¶Õ� \DQL� ����� N:�î� ����� � ���� N:� J�o� �UHWLOHELOLU�� %X�NDSDVLWHGH� ELU� VR÷XWXFXQXQ� PDOL\HWL� LVH� ���� N:� î� ��� ¼�N:� ���� ��� ¼¶GXU�(Türkel, 2006).

*D]�W�UELQOHULQGH�NDSDVLWHQLQ�DUWPDVÕ�LOH�N:K�HOHNWULN�EDúÕQD�PDOL\HW�D]DOPDNWDGÕU��7DEOR� ���¶GH� GH÷LúLN� ILUPDODUGDQ�� GH÷LúLN� oÕNÕú� J�oOHUL� LoLQ� DOÕQDQ� JD]� W�UELQL�PDOL\HWOHUL�YHULOPLúWLU��*|U�OG�÷��JLEL���UHWLFL�ILUPD�QH�ROXUVD�ROVXQ�GH÷LúPH\HQ�WHN�úH\�� NDSDVLWH� DUWPDVÕ\OD� ELULP� PDOL\HWOHULQ� D]DOPDVÕGÕU�� 7RSODP� PDOL\HWOHU� GR÷DO�RODUDN� DUWPDNWDGÕU� DQFDN�� EX� LNL� W�UELQL� NDUúÕODúWÕUPDN� LoLQ� ELU� RUDQ� ROPDPDNWDGÕU��.DUúÕODúWÕUPD�\DSDELOPHN�LoLQ�ELULP�PDOL\HWOHU�LQFHOHQPHOL�YH�GDKD�VRQUD�ekonomik

\RUXPODU� \DSÕOPDOÕGÕU� gUQH÷LQ�� $%%� ILUPDVÕQÕQ� GH÷LúLN� NDSDVLWHOL� W�UELQOHUL�incelenecek olursa birim maliyetler 489 $/kW’dan�EDúOD\ÕS��JLGHUHN�D]DODUDN 164,3

MW kapasiteli türbinde 219,11 $/kW�GH÷HULQH�XODúPDNWDGÕU�

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19

Tablo 3.2. 'H÷LúLN�)LUPDODUGDQ�$OÕQDQ�*D]�7�UELQL�)L\DWODUÕ� (www.gasturbines.com/trader)

Üretici Model

dÕNÕú�Gücü (kW)

Maliyet (Milyon $)

Birim Maliyet

($ / KW) ABB GT35 16360 8.1 $489.00 ABB GT10 21800 9.5 $435.78 ABB GT10 24630 10.1 $410.07 ABB GT8 48500 15.6 $321.65 ABB GT8C 52600 16.1 $304.18 ABB GT11N 81600 20.5 $251.23 ABB GT11N 83880 20.5 $244.40 ABB GT11N2 109200 24.5 $224.36 ABB GT13D2 100500 22.5 $223.88 ABB GT13E 148000 31.1 $209.46 ABB GT13E2 164300 36.0 $219.11

ALLISON 501KB5 3725 1.8 $483.22 ALLISON 501KH 3740 2.1 $561.50 ALLISON 570KA 4610 2.6 $563.99 ALLISON 571KA 5590 2.8 $500.89

GE 5271RA 20260 5.7 $281.34 GE 5371PA 26785 7.5 $280.01 GE M5382C 28337 7.7 $271.73 GE 6541B 39325 10.5 $267.01 GE 6101FA 71750 18.5 $257.84 GE 7111EA 84920 19.3 $227.27 GE 7171EF 126200 28.8 $228.21 GE 7191F 151300 30.4 $200.93 GE 7221FA 161650 34.0 $210.33 GE 9161E 119355 23.8 $199.41 GE 9171E 125940 24.5 $194.54 GE 9231EC 173680 32.2 $185.40 GE 9281F 217870 39.9 $183.14 GE 9301F 214000 42.0 $196.26 GE 9311FA 228195 45.0 $197.20 GE LM500 3880 1.9 $489.69 GE LM1600 13430 6.9 $513.78 GE LM2500 22216 9.5 $427.62

KWU V64.3 60650 18.5 $305.03 KWU V84.2 103200 23.5 $227.71 KWU V84.2 106200 23.3 $219.40 KWU V84.3 139000 33.0 $237.41 KWU V84.3 152700 34.5 $225.93 KWU V94.2 148800 30.2 $202.96 KWU V94.2 154000 30.2 $196.10 KWU V94.3 200360 41.0 $204.63 KWU V94.3 219000 45.0 $205.48

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20

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����������

� ����� ����� ����� ������ ������ ������ ������(/(.75ø.6(/�*hd���N:��

)ø<$7

������

ùHNLO�����$%%�ILUPDVÕ�JD]�W�UELQL�IL\DW�– elektriksel güç gUDIL÷L

����������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

� ����� ����� ����� ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������(/(.75ø.6(/�*hd���N:��

)ø<$7�

�����

ùHNLO�����*HQHUDO�(OHFWULF�ILUPDVÕ�JD]�W�UELQL�IL\DW�– elektriksel güç�JUDIL÷L

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����������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

� ����� ������ ������ ������ ������(/(.75ø.6(/�*hd���N:��

)ø<$7

������

ùHNLO�����.:8�ILUPDVÕ�JD]�W�UELQL�IL\DW�– elektriksel güç�JUDIL÷L

3.4 6D\ÕVDO�d|]�POHPH

%X�E|O�PGH��DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�EXOXQDQ��ELU�JD]�W�UELQOL�NRMHQHUDV\RQ��QLWHVLQLQ�VD\ÕVDO�o|]�POHPHVL� \DSÕOPÕúWÕU�� <DSÕODQ� NDEXOOHU� NXOODQÕODUDN� E�W�Q� DNÕúODU� LoLQ� EDVÕQo��VÕFDNOÕN�GHEL�YE��GH÷HUOHU�EXOXQPXú�YH�EX�GH÷HUOHU�NXOODQÕODUDN�VLVWHP�ELOHúHQOHULQLQ�PDOL\HWOHUL�YH�DNÕúODUÕQ�HNVHUML�RUDQODUÕ�KHVDSODQPÕúWÕU��6RQ�RODUDN�GD�HNRQRPLN�ELU��o|]�POHPH� \DSÕODUDN� E�W�Q� DNÕúODUÕQ� PDOL\HWOHUL� LOH� �UHWLOHQ� HOHNWUL÷LQ� YH� EXKDUÕQ�PDOL\HWL�KHVDSODQPÕúWÕU.

øQFHOHGL÷LPL]� VLVWHPGH� ED]Õ� GH÷LúNHQOHULQ� EHOLUOHQPLú� VÕQÕUODU� LoHULVLQGH� NDEXO�HGLOPHVL� JHUHNPHNWHGLU�� *D]� W�UELQOL� ELU� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� VLVWHPL� WDVDUODQÕUNHQ�NRPSUHV|UGHNL� VÕNÕúWÕUPD� RUDQÕ� ��¶\Õ� JHoPHPHOLGLU� �� 32/P1������ %XQXQ� \DQÕQGD��kompresörün izantropik verimi %90’dan, türbinin izantropik verimi %92’den küçük

seçilmelidir (�sc ���������st ���������$\UÕFD�\DQPD�JD]ODUÕQÕQ�W�UELQH�JLULú�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�GD�1550K’i geçmemelidir (T4 ������.�� �%HMDQ� YH� GL÷��� �������<DSÕODQ� o|]�POHPHGH�NRPSUHV|U� VÕNÕúWÕUPD� RUDQÕ� 32/P1=8, gaz türbinin izantropik verimi �st =0.80,

kompresörün izantropik verimi �sc� �������\DQPD�JD]ODUÕQÕQ�W�UELQH�JLULú�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�GD�T4 = 1300K kabul edilmiúWLU��%HMDQ�YH�GL÷HUOHUL��������

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22

$\UÕFD� � o|]�POHPHGH� VLVWHP� SDUDPHWUHOHUL� GH� EHOLUOHQPHOLGLU�� %X� |rnek için

üretilecek net güç 30 MW, üretilecek�GR\PXú�EXKDUÕQ�EDVÕQFÕ����EDU��GHELVL����NJ�V�RODUDN�EHOLUOHQPLúWLU��39 = 20 bar, m9 = 14 kg/s).

.RPSUHV|UH�JLUHQ�KDYDQÕQ�VÕFDNOÕN�YH�EDVÕQFÕ�VÕUDVÕ\OD�71 = 298.15K ve P1 = 1.013

EDU� DOÕQPÕúWÕU��+DYDQÕQ�NLP\DVDO� ELOHúLPLQLQ�PRODU� RODUDN��77.48 N2, %20.59 O2,

%0.03 CO2, %1.90 H2O(g)�ROGX÷X�YDUVD\ÕOPÕúWÕU��

$WÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕQD�JLUHQ�JHUL�EHVOHPH�VX\XQXQ�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�78� ���������EDVÕQFÕ�38 = 20

EDU�DOÕQPÕú�YH�ND]DQGDQ�oÕNDQ�DWÕN�JD]ODUÕQ�EDVÕQFÕQÕQ�37� �������EDU�ROGX÷X�NDEXO�HGLOPLúWLU�

6LVWHPGH� \DNÕW� RODUDN� GR÷DOJD]� NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU�� <DNÕWÕQ� \DQPD� RGDVÕQD� JLULúWH�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�710� �������.��EDVÕQFÕ�310� ����EDU�NDEXO�HGLOPLúWLU��

0RODU� RODUDN� \DNÕW-KDYD� RUDQÕQÕ� ���� KHVDSODPDN� Lçin \DNÕWÕQ�� KDYDQÕQ� YH� \DQPD��U�QOHULQLQ�PRODU�GHELOHULQGHQ�\DUDUODQÕOÕU�

=a

F

n

n �������� += 1a

P

n

n � (3.7)

.XOODQÕODQ�VHPEROOHULQ�NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ�DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOPLúWLU�

nF� �<DNÕWÕQ�PRODU�GHELVL na� �+DYDQÕQ�PRODU�GHELVL nP =Yanma ürünlerinin molar debisi

*HUoHNOHúHQ�\DQPD�ROD\ÕQÕQ�NLP\DVDO�UHDNVL\RQX�úX�úHNLOGHGLU�

�&+4 + [0.7748N2 + 0.2059O2 + 0.0003CO2 + 0.019 H2O]

:�>�����@>[N2N2 + xO2O2 + xCO2CO2 + xH2OH2O] (3.8)

(OH� DOGÕ÷ÕPÕ]� o|]�POHPHGH� PRODU� \DNÕW-KDYD� RUDQÕ� �� � ������� RODUDN� NDEXO�HGLOPLúWLU�� <DQPD� VRQXFXQGD� ROXúDQ� JD]ODUÕQ� NLP\DVDO� ELOHúLPLQLQ� PRODU� RODUDN�%75.07 N2, %13.73 O2, %3.14 CO2, %8.06 H22�ROGX÷X�YDUVD\ÕOPÕúWÕU��

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����

��

�� �

��

+56*

+$9$�g1�,6,7,&,6,

<$10$�2'$6,

*$=�7h5%ø1ø.2035(6g5

ùHNLO���� Gaz Türbinli KojenHUDV\RQ�6LVWHPLQLQ�$NÕú�'L\DJUDPÕ

3.4.1 Termodinamik Analiz

.RPSUHV|UGH�VÕNÕúWÕUPD�RUDQÕ�32/P1� ���YH�JLULú�EDVÕQFÕ�31� �������EDU�ROGX÷X�LoLQ��P2� � ������ î� �� � ������ EDU� RODUDN� EXOXQXU�� gQ� ÕVÕWÕFÕ� YH� \DQPD� RGDVÕQGD� EDVÕQo�ND\ÕSODUÕQÕQ���� ROGX÷X� NDEXO� HGLOLUVH�� KDYD� |Q� ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ� oÕNÕú� EDVÕQFÕ� 33 = 7.7 bar,

\DQPD�RGDVÕ�oÕNÕú�EDVÕQFÕ�34 = 7.3 bar bulunur.

$WÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕQGDQ�oÕNDQ�JD]ÕQ�EDVÕQFÕ�37� �������EDU�YH�DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�LOH�W�UELQGH�JHUoHNOHúHQ�EDVÕQo�ND\EÕ����NDEXO�HGLOLUVH��DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�JLULú�EDVÕQFÕ�36 = 1.0636

EDU��W�UELQ�oÕNÕú�EDVÕQFÕ�35 = 1.0955 bar bulunur.

0RODU� \DNÕW� GHELVL� LOH� PRODU� KDYD� GHEL� GHELVL� DUDVÕQGDNL� ���� QXPDUDOÕ� ED÷ÕQWÕ�düzenlenecek olursa,

a

a

F

F mM

Mm λ= (3.9)

bulunur. MF, Ma� VÕUDVÕ\OD� \DNÕWÕQ� YH� KDYDQÕQ� PRODU� N�WOHVL�� PF, ma� LVH� VÕUDVÕ\OD�\DNÕWÕQ�YH�KDYDQÕQ�N�WOHVHO�GHELVLGLU��

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24

Sistem için enerji dengesi 3.10�QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�LOH�YHULOPLúWLU��

0 = Qcv – Wcv + na ( h1 – h2 ) + np ( h4 – h5 ) (3.10)

%D÷ÕQWÕGD�J|VWHULOHQ�4cv��VLVWHPLQ��UHWWL÷L�ÕVÕ\Õ�J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�YH�GH÷HUL��¶GÕU��:cv,

VLVWHPLQ�\DSWÕ÷Õ� LúL��Qa ile np� VÕUDVÕ\OD�KDYDQÕQ�YH�\DQPD��U�QOHULQLQ�PRO� VD\ÕODUÕQÕ�göstermektedir. Wcv = ma × Wnet , np� �����������× na�ROGX÷XQGDQ�

( ) ( ) ( )21541 hhhh

WMm neta

a −+−×+×

(3.11)

úHNOLQL� DOÕU�� $úD÷ÕGD�� ����� QXPDUDOÕ� ED÷ÕQWÕGD� YHULOHQ� WHULPOHULQ� KHVDSODPDODUÕ�JHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU�

0�NHPPHO� JD]ODUÕQ� L]DQWURSLN� KDO� GH÷LúLPL� LoLQ�� |]J�O� ÕVÕODU� VDELW� NDEXO� HGLOLUVH��VÕFDNOÕN�YH�EDVÕQo�DUDVÕQGDNL�LOLúNL������QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ� LOH�YHULOPHNWHGLU��+DYDQÕQ�P�NHPPHO� JD]� NDEXO� HGLOPHVL\OH� NXOODQGÕ÷ÕPÕ]� |UQHN� PRGHOGH� EX� ED÷ÕQWÕGDQ�\DUDUODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��

( ) kk

s

P

P

T

T/1

1

2

1

2

= (3.12)

%X� ED÷ÕQWÕ� LOH� L]DQWURSLN� KDO� GH÷LúLPL� VRQXQGDNL� oÕNÕú� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�72s� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��%D÷ÕQWÕGD�NXOODQÕODQ�N���VDELW�EDVÕQoWDNL�|]J�O�ÕVÕQÕQ�Fp��VDELW�KDFLPGHNL�|]J�O�ÕVÕ\D�Fv

RUDQÕGÕU��+DYD�LoLQ�N�GH÷HUL�����DOÕQPÕúWÕU�

T2s = 298.15 × (8)(1.4-1)/1.4

T2s = 540 K

AdyDEDWLN�NRPSUHV|UGH�PH\GDQD�JHOHQ�JHUoHN�KDO�GH÷LúLPL�VRQXQGDNL�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�72

bulmak için ise izantropik verimden yaUDUODQÕOÕU�� $úD÷ÕGD� YHULOHQ� ����� QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�NXOODQÕODUDN�NRPSUHV|U�oÕNÕú�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�EXOXQXU�

�AC = ( )( )12

12

TT

TT S

−−

(3.13)

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25

( T2 – 298.15 ) / 0.86 = 540 – 298.15

T2 = 579.5 K

%XOXQDQ�VÕFDNOÕNODUGDNL�HQWDOSLOHU��LGHDO�JD]ODU�LoLQ�G�]HQOHQPLú�HQWDOSL�ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ�LOH�EXOXQXU�� $úD÷ÕGD� ���� nXPDUDOÕ� ED÷ÕQWÕ� LOH� J|VWHULOHQ� HQWDOSL� KHVDEÕ� EDVÕQoWDQ�ED÷ÕPVÕ]�RODUDN�KHVDSODQÕU��

( )00

hhhh Tf −+= (3.14)

Burada parantez içindeki terim standart referans haline göre duyulur entalpiyi

göstermektedir. Bu terim, verilen haldeki duyulur entalpi h ile, standart referans

KDOL�RODQ����&�VÕFDNOÕN�YH���DWP�EDVÕQoWDNL�GX\XOXU�HQWDOSL� 0h DUDVÕQGDNL�IDUND�HúLWWLU��

0fh terimi formasyon entalpisini göstermektedir. Formasyon entalpisi; belirli bir halde

EXOXQDQ� ELU�PDGGHQLQ�� NLP\DVDO� ELOHúLPLQGHQ� ND\QDNODQDQ� HQWDOSLVLGLU� �dHQJHO� YH�Boles, 1996).

.XOODQÕODQ�PRGHOGH�� \DQPD�ROD\Õ�JHUoHNOHúPHGHQ�|QFH�KDYDQÕQ� Loerisinde bulunan

JD]ODUÕQ� PRODU� RUDQODUÕ� J|]� |Q�QH� DOÕQDcak olursa, entalpi ifadesi 3.15� QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕGDNL�úHNOLQL�DOÕU�

h = 0.7748[hf + (hT – h0)]N2 + 0.2059[hf + (hT – h0)]O2

+ 0.0003[hf + (hT – h0)]CO2 + 0.019[hf + (hT – h0)]H2O (3.15)

YanmD�|QFHVL�JHUoHNOHúHQ�DNÕúWD��KDYDQÕQ�LoHULVLQGH�EXOXQDQ�12, O2, CO2, H2O’nun

IRUPDV\RQ�HQWDOSLOHUL�VÕUDVÕ\OD�������-393520, -241820 kJ/kmol’ dür. Element olarak

EXOXQDQ�JD]ODUÕQ�IRUPDV\RQ�HQWDOSLOHUL��¶�GÕU��<XNDUÕGDNL�GHQNOHP�NXOODQÕODUDN�71 ve

T2s�VÕFDNOÕNODUÕ�LoLQ�HQWDOSLOHU�DúD÷ÕGD�EXOXQPXúWXU����

T2s = 540K için h2s = 2458.25 kJ/kmol

T1 = 298.15K için h1 = -4713.3 kJ/kmol

�� QXPDUDOÕ� DNÕú� LoLQ� HQWDOSL� GH÷HUL� VÕFDNOÕNOD� ����� QXPDUDOÕ� GHQNOHP� NXOODQÕODUDN�EXOXQDELOHFH÷L� JLEL� ����� QXPDUDOÕ� ED÷ÕQWÕ� NXOODQÕODUDN�� YHULOHQ� NRPSUHV|UOHU� LoLQ�izantropik verim ifadesiyle de bulunabilir.

( h2S – h1��� ��AC * ( h2 – h1 ) (3.16)

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<XNDUÕGDNL� ED÷ÕQWÕ� |UQHN� LoLQ� NXOODQÕODFDN� ROXUVD� NRPSUHV|U� oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� DNÕú� LoLQ�HQWDOSL�GH÷HUL�

(2458.25 – (-4713.3)) = 0.86 * ( h2 – h1 ) (3.17)

( h2 – h1 ) = 8339.04 kJ / kmol

h2 = 3625.72 kJ/kmol bulunur.

<DQPD�ROD\Õ�JHUoHNOHúWLNWHQ�VRQUD�ROXúDQ�NDUÕúÕPÕQ�NLP\DVDO�ELOHúLPLQGHNL�JD]ODUÕQ�PRODU� RUDQODUÕ� LON� GXUXPD�J|UH� GH÷LúPHNWHGLU��%X�GH÷LúLNOLN� VRQXFX������QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕGD� YHULOHQ� HQWDOSL� ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ� GD� GH÷LúPHNWHGLU� YH� ����� QXPDUDOÕ� ED÷ÕQWÕGDNL�GXUXPX�DOPDNWDGÕU��

h = 0.7507[hf + (hT – h0)]N2 + 0.1372[hf + (hT – h0)]O2

+ 0.0314[hf + (hT – h0)]CO2 + 0.0807[hf + (hT – h0)]H2O (3.18)

%X� ED÷ÕQWÕ� NXOODQÕODUDN� \DQPD� RGDVÕ� oÕNÕú� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� 74 = 1300K için entalpi

KHVDSODQÕUVD�K4 = 1087.31 kJ/kmol bulunur.

T4� ������.�\DQPD�RGDVÕ�oÕNÕú�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�LoLQ�K4 = 1087.31 kJ/kmol bulunur. Entalpi

GH÷HUOHUL�EX�úHNLOGH�EXOXQGXNWDQ�VRQUD�HQWURSL�LIDGHVLQLQ�GH�WDQÕPODQPDVÕ�JHUHNOLGLU��ø]DQWURSLN�KDO�GH÷LúLPL�LoLQ�HQWURSL�IDUNÕ������QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕGD�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�

( )1201

0212 /ln PPRssss −−=− [kJ/kmol.K] (3.19)

%X� ED÷ÕQWÕGD� 02s �� L]DQWURSLN� KDO� GH÷LúLPL� VRQXQGDNL� 0

s � GH÷HULQL�� 01s � LVH� JLULú�

halindeki 0s GH÷HULQL�J|VWHUPHNtedir. R terimi de gaz sabitini ifade etmektedir.

7�UELQGHQ�oÕNDQ�JD]ÕQ�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕ� �75�� EXOPDN� LoLQ� W�UELQGH� JHUoHNOHúHQ� L]DQWURSLN�KDO� GH÷LúLPLQGHQ� \DUDUODQÕOÕU�� ø]DQWURSLN� KDO� GH÷LúLPL�� VDELW� HQWURSLGH� JHUoHNOHúWL÷L�için s4 ile s5s�GH÷HUOHUL�HúLW�DOÕQÕU.

7�UELQH�JLUHQ�JD]ÕQ�HQWURSLVL�V4��JD]ÕQ�LoHULVLQGHNL�JD]ODUÕQ�PRODU�RUDQODUÕ�J|]�|Q�QH�alÕQDUDN�G�]HQOHQHQ�DúD÷ÕGDNL������QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�LOH�EXOXQDELOLU�

s4 = xN2[sT – R ln(xN2P4/P0)] + xO2[sT – R ln(xO2P4/P0)]

+ xCO2[sT – R ln(xCO2P4/P0)] + xH2O[sT – R ln(xH2OP4/P0)] (3.20)

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%D÷ÕQWÕGDNL�[�GH÷HUL�\DQPD�VRQXFX�ROXúDQ�NDUÕúÕPÕQ�ELOHúHQOHULQLQ�PRODU�RUDQODUÕQÕ�J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�� 7�UELQGHNL� L]DQWURSLN� KDO� GH÷LúLPL� LoLQ� HQWURSL� IDUNÕ� \D]ÕODFDN�olursa,

s5S – s4 = so (T5S) – so (T4) – R * ln (p5/p4) (3.21)

%D÷ÕQWÕGD�YHULOHQ� L]DQWURSLN� KDO�GH÷LúLP�VRQXQGDNL� EDVÕQo�35s�� JHUoHN�KDO�GH÷LúLPL�VRQXQGDNL�EDVÕQFD��35� ��������EDU��HúLWWLU��*D]�VDELWL�5 ������N-�NPRO�.�DOÕQPÕúWÕr. %X� WHULPOHU�ED÷ÕQWÕGD�\HULQH�NRQGXNWDQ�VRQUD�KHU�ELOHúHQLQ� L]DQWURSLN�KDO�GH÷LúLPL�VRQXQGDNL� VÕFDNOÕN� LoLQ� HQWURSL� GH÷HULQH� ED÷OÕ� ELU� ED÷ÕQWÕ� EXOXQXU�� %X� ED÷ÕQWÕ\D�LWHUDV\RQOD�oHúLWOL�VÕFDNOÕNODU�LoLQ�GHQHPHOHU�\DSÕOÕU�YH�GR÷UX�VÕFDNOÕN�GH÷HUL�EXOXQXU��gUQHN�PRGHO� LoLQ�\XNDUÕGDNL�ED÷ÕQWÕ�NXOODQÕOÕUVD� L]DQWURSLN�KDO�GH÷LúLPL�VRQXQGDNL�VÕFDNOÕN�75s� ����.�EXOXQXU��%X�VÕFDNOÕN�GH÷HULQGHNL�HQWDOSL 3.18�QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�NXOODQÕODUDN hesaplanacak olursa h5s = -15389.4 kJ/kmol bulunur.

Adyabatik bir türbin için�YHULP�LIDGHVL��NXOODQÕODQ�PRGHO�LoLQ�\D]ÕODFDN�ROXUVD�

�GT = Shh

hh

54

54

−−

(3.22)

EXOXQXU�� $G\DEDWLN� W�UELQ� YHULPL� EDúODQJÕoWD� �GT = 0.80 seçildL÷L� YH� K4 ve h5s

WHULPOHUL�GDKD�|QFH�EXOXQGX÷XQGDQ�

0.80 × ( 1087.31 – (-15389.4) = h4 – h5

h5 = -�������� N-�NPRO� EXOXQXU�� %X� HQWDOSL� GH÷HUL� LoLQ� ����� QXPDUDOÕ� ED÷ÕQWÕGD�LWHUDV\RQ� \DSÕODFDN� ROXUVD� W�UELQ� oÕNÕúÕQGD� JHUoHN� KDO� GH÷LúLPL� VRQXQGDNL� VÕFDNOÕN���T5 = 925K bulunur.

5421 ,,, hhhh �WHULPOHUL�KHVDSODQGÕ÷ÕQD�J|UH�KDYDQÕQ�N�WOHVHO�GHELVL�Pa, 3.11�QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�LOH�EXOXQDELOLU�

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )04.833939.131810321.01

30000649.28

1 2154 −+×+×

=−+−×+

×=

hhhh

WMm CVa

a λ (3.11)

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28

%XUDGDQ� KDYDQÕQ� N�WOHVHO� GHELVL�Pa� � ������� NJ�V� EXOXQXU��<DNÕW� GHELVLQL� EXOPDN�içLQ�� KDYD� \DNÕW� RUDQÕ� YH� PRODU� D÷ÕUOÕNODU� NXOODQÕODUDN� ROXúWXUXOPXú� ���� QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�NXOODQÕODUDN�

22.163649.28

043.160321.0 ×

×=

= a

a

FF m

M

Mm λ (3.9)

mF� ������NJ�V�EXOXQXU��<DQPD�VRQUDVÕ�ROXúDQ�JD]ODUÕQ�GHELVL�PP ise,

mP = ma + mF = 166.16 kg/s bulunur. (3.23)

+DYD�|Q�ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ�LoLQ�\DQPD�|QFHVL�HQWDOSL�ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ�NXOODQÕODFDN�ROXUVD��73 = 850 K

için h3 = 12163.37 kJ/kmol bulunur.

7HUPRGLQDPL÷LQ���<DVDVÕ�KDYD�|Q�ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ�LoLQ�G�]HQOHQLUVH�

0 = na (h2 – h3 ) + np ( h5 – h6 ) (3.24)

bulunur. Bu denklemden h5 – h6� � ������� N-�NPRO� KHVDSODQÕU� YH� K5 daha önceden

KHVDSODQGÕ÷Õ� LoLQ�K6 = -��������N-�NPRO� � �EXOXQXU��<DQPD�VRQUDVÕ�HQWDOSL�ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ�NXOODQÕODUDN�LWHUDV\RQ�\DSÕODFDN�ROXUVD�76 = 670 K bulunur.

$WÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�LoLQ���<DVD�\D]ÕOÕUVD�

0 = np ( h6 – h7 ) + m8 (h8 – h9 ) (3.25)

bulunur. Buradan h6 – h7� � ����� N-�NPRO� KHVDSODQÕU� YH� K7 = -24866.3 kJ/kmol

EXOXQXU�� <DQPD� VRQUDVÕ� HQWDOSL� ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ� NXOODQÕODUDN� LWHUDV\RQ� \DSÕODFDN� ROXUVD������T7 = 530 K bulunur.

<XNDUÕGD� \DSÕODQ� KHVDSODPDODU� VRQXFX� EXOXQDQ� GHEL�� VÕFDNOÕN� � YH� EDVÕQo� GH÷HUOHUL�7DEOR����¶�GH�|]HWOHQPLúWLU�

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29

7DEOR������*D]�7�UELQOL�.RMHQHUDV\RQ�6LVWHPL�$NÕú�%LOJLOHUL Konum Madde Debi

( kg / s )

6ÕFDNOÕN

( K )

%DVÕQo

( bar )

1 Hava 163.22 298.15 1.013

2 Hava 163.22 580 8.1

3 Hava 163.22 850 7.69

4 Yanma Ürünleri 166.16 1300 7.31

5 Yanma Ürünleri 166.16 925 1.095

6 Yanma Ürünleri 166.16 670 1.063

7 Yanma Ürünleri 166.16 530 1.013

8 Su 14.00 298.150 20.00

9 Su 14.00 485.570 20.00

10 <DNÕW 2.93 298.150 12.00

Mhava = 28.649, Myanma ürünleri. = 28.254

<DNÕWÕQ�|]J�O�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ�0� �������

3.4.2 Ekipman Maliyetleri

gUQHNWH� NXOODQÕODQ� NRMHQHUDV\RQ� �QLWHVLQLQ� ELOHúHQOHULQLQ� PDOL\HWOHUL�� 9DOHUR¶QXQ�ED÷ÕQWÕODUÕ�NXOODQÕODUDN�DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOPLúWLU�

Kompresör;

PECac =

− 1

2

1

2

12

11 lnp

p

p

p

C

mC

sc

a

η (3.1)

PECac = 4 826 583 $

<DQPD�2GDVÕ�

PECcc = ( )[ ]24423

3

422

21 exp1 CTC

p

pC

mC a −+

− (3.2)

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30

PECcc = 175 466 $

+DYD�|Q�ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ�

PECaph = ( ) 6,0

,

65

41

aphlm

g

TU

hhmC (3.3)

PECaph = 2 113 497 $

Türbin için;

PECgt = ( )[ ]34433

5

4

32

31exp1ln CTC

p

p

C

mC

st

g −+×

−η

(3.4)

PECgt = 1 260 730 $

$WÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�LoLQ�

PEChrsg = 2.15352

8.0

,

51 gb

evlm

ev mCmCT

QC ++

∆ (3.5)

PEChrsg = 1 171 057 $

RODUDN�EXOXQPXúWXU��

3.4.3 Ekserji Analizi

%LU� VLVWHPGHQ� HOGH� HGLOHELOHFHN� HQ� oRN� Lú�� VLVWHP� EHOLUOL� ELU� EDúODQJÕo� KDOLQGHQ��WHUVLQLU�ELU�KDO�GH÷LúLPL\OH�oHYUHQLQ�EXOXQGX÷X�KDOH��|O��KDOH��JHWLULOLUVH�HOGH�HGLOLU��%X�GH÷HU��VLVWHPLQ�YHULOHQ�EDúODQJÕo�KDOLQGH��\DUDUOÕ� Lú�SRWDQVL\HOLQL�YH\D� Lú�\DSPD�RODQD÷ÕQÕ� J|VWHUPHNWHGLU� YH� HNVHUML� �NXOODQÕODELOLUOLN�� GL\H� DGODQGÕUÕOÕU� �dHQJHO� YH�Boles, 1996).

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31

)L]LNVHO� YH� NLP\DVDO� ROPDN� �]HUH� LNL� DGHW� HNVHUML� KHVDSODQÕU�� )L]LNVHO� HNVHrji için

DúD÷ÕGD�J|VWHULOHQ����� numarDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�NXOODQÕOÕU�

fe = ( h – h0 ) – T0 ( s- s0 ) [ kJ/kg] (3.26)

Kimyasal eksHUML�LoLQVH�DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOHQ������QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕ�G�]HQOHQPLúWLU�

k

e

k

chx

xTRe ln0−= (3.27)

<XNDUÕGDNL� LNL� ED÷ÕQWÕGD� GD� YHULOHQ� 70� WHULPL�� GÕú� RUWDP� VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕ� EHOLUWPHNWHGLU��%D÷ÕQWÕGD� EXOXQDQ� ORJDULWPLN� LIDGH� G�]HQOHQLU� YH� ED÷ÕQWÕ� LGHDO� KDOGH� EXOXQDQ� JD]�NDUÕúÕPODU�LoLQ�\D]ÕODFDN�ROXUVD�DúD÷ÕGDNL�KDOL�DOÕU��

( )∑ += kk

ch

kkch xxTRexe ln0 (3.28)

%D÷ÕQWÕGD� NXOODQÕODQ� ch

ke � WHULPL�� N� ELOHúHQLQLQ� VWDQGDUW� PRODU� NLP\DVDO� HNVHUMLVLQL�J|VWHUPHNWHGLU��%X�GH÷HU��NLP\DVDO�ELOHúLN�YH�HOHPHQWOHU�LoLQ�G�]HQOHQPLú�YH�WDEOR�KDOLQGH� \D\ÕQODQPÕúWÕU�� øQFHOHGL÷LPL]� |UQHNWHNL� ELOHúHQOHU� LoLQ� VWDQGDUW� PRODU�NLP\DVDO�HNVHUMLOHU��$KUHQGWV¶LQ������\ÕOÕQGD�KD]ÕUODGÕ÷Õ�WDEORGDQ�DOÕQPÕúWÕU��6]DUJXW�YH�GL÷HUOHUL��������

øQFHOHGL÷LPL]�|UQHN�LoLQ�IL]LNVHO�YH�NLP\DVDO�HNVHUMLOHU�\XNDUÕGD�J|VWHULOHQ�ED÷ÕQWÕODU�kullaQÕODUDN� KHVDSODQPÕú� YH� 7DEOR� ���� µGH� J|VWHULOPLúWLU� Kojenerasyon sistemini

ROXúWXUDQ����DNÕú�LoLQ�GH�IL]LNVHO�YH�NLP\DVDO�HNVHUMLOHU�KHVDSODQPÕú�YH�VRQXo�RODUDN�KHU� ELU� DNÕú� LoLQ� WRSODP� HNVHUMLOHU� EXOXQPXúWXU�� %XQODUÕQ� \DQÕQGD� �UHWLOHQ� HOHNWULN�J�F�Q�Q� HNVHUMLVL�� GDKD� VRQUDNL� E|O�POHUGH� J|U�OHFH÷L� JLEL� ������ N:� RODUDN�EHOLUWLOPLúWLU�

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32

Tablo 3. 4. Kojenerasyon Sistemi Ekserji Verileri

(NVHUML�2UDQODUÕ��N:� $NÕú�1R Durum EPH ECH E

1 Hava 0 0 0 2 Hava 43321 0 43321 3 Hava 70864 0 70864 4 Yanma Ürünleri 137601 2488 140089 5 Yanma Ürünleri 53256 2488 55744 6 Yanma Ürünleri 22774 2488 25262 7 Yanma Ürünleri 8499 2488 10986 8 Su 2573 35 2608 9 Su 12791 35 12826 10 <DNÕW 1666 152100 153767

3.4.4 Ekonomik Analiz

%X�E|O�PGH�|UQHN�PRGHOLQ�E�W�Q�DNÕúODUÕ�LoLQ�PDOL\HW�KHVDEÕ�\DSÕOPÕúWÕU��%X�KHVDS�\DSÕOÕUNHQ�� VLVWHPLQ� \ÕOOÕN� oDOÕúPD� V�UHVL� ����� VDDW� DOÕQPÕú�� VLVWHPGH� \DNÕW� RODUDN�NXOODQÕODQ� GR÷DOJD]ÕQ� IL\DWÕ� 5 × 10-6� ��N-� RODUDN� NDEXO� HGLOPLúWLU�� .XUXODQ� WHVLVLQ�HNRQRPLN� |PU�Q�Q� ��� \ÕO� YH� EX� V�UHGHNL� \ÕOOÕN� IDL]� RUDQÕQÕQ� �� ��� ROGX÷X�YDUVD\ÕOPÕúWÕU�

%�W�Q� VLVWHP� ELOHúHQOHUL� LoLQ� PDOL\HW� GHQJH� ED÷ÕQWÕODUÕ� NXUXODUDN� E�W�Q� DNÕúODUÕQ�maliyetleri belirlenebilir. Maliyet denge� ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ�� HQ� WHPHO� RODUDN� ����� QXPDUDOÕ�ED÷ÕQWÕGD�YHULOPLúWLU�

...

IFP CCC += (3.29)

%X�ED÷ÕQWÕGD� ..

, FP CC terimleri VÕUDVÕ\OD� �U�QOHULQ�YH�JLUHQOHULQ� \ÕOOÕN�PDOL\HWOHULQL��.

IC � LVH� LON� \DWÕUÕP� GH÷HULQLQ� IDL]� RUDQÕ� J|]� |Q�QH� DOÕQDUDN� KHVDSODQPÕú� \ÕOOÕN�maliyetini göstermektedir.

øON�\DWÕUÕP�GH÷HULQLQ�\ÕOOÕN�PDOL\HWLQL�EXODELOPHN�LoLQ�HNLSPDQÕQ�EXOXQDQ�LON�\DWÕUÕP�GH÷HULQLQ�JHUL�|GHPH�NDWVD\ÕVÕ�&5)� LOH� oDUSÕOPDVÕ�JHUHNOLGLU��%X�NDWVD\ÕQÕQ�KHVDEÕ�DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOPLúWLU�

CRF = ( )

( ) 11

1

−++×n

n

i

ii = 0.177 (3.30)

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33

%D÷ÕQWÕGDNL� L� WHULPL� \ÕOOÕN� IDL]� RUDQÕQÕ�� Q� LVH� \DWÕUÕPÕQ� HNRQRPLN� |PU�Q��EHOLUWPHNWHGLU��'H÷HUOHU�|UQHN� LoLQ� VÕUDVÕ\OD�����YH���� \ÕO� DOÕQPÕúWÕU�6LVWHPLQ� W�P�HNLSPDQODUÕ�LoLQ�LON�\DWÕUÕP�GH÷HUOHUL�GDKD�|QFH�KHVDSODQPÕúWÕ��<ÕOOÕN�PDOL\HWOHUL�LVH�DúD÷ÕGD�EXOXQPXúWXU�

.RPSUHV|U�������������������������î������� �������������\ÕO +DYD�|Q�ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ�����������������î������� �������������\ÕO <DQPD�RGDVÕ�����������������������î������� ������������\ÕO *D]�7�UELQL������������������������î������� �������������\ÕO� HRSG : ����������������������î������� �������������\ÕO�

6LVWHPLQ� WRSODP� PDOL\HWL� \XNDUÕGDNL� EHú� ELOHúHQ� YH� ���� GL÷HU� HNLSPDQODU� ROPDN��]HUH� ��� ���� ����¶GÕU��%X� GH÷HUOHU� GH� EXOXQGXNWDQ� VRQUD� E�W�Q� VLVWHP� ELOHúHQOHUL�LoLQ�GHQJH�ED÷ÕQWÕODUÕ�\D]ÕODELOLU�YH�EHú�ELOHúHQ� LoLQ�\D]ÕODFDN�EHú�ED÷ÕQWÕ�o|]�OHUHN�PDOL\HWOHU�KHVDSODQÕU��

.RPSUHV|U� LoLQ� \D]ÕODQ� PDOL\HW� GHQJH� ED÷ÕQWÕVÕQGD� JLUHQ� PDOL\HWOHU� RODUDN�NRPSUHV|UH� JLUHQ� KDYDQÕQ� YH� W�UELQGH� �UHWLOHQ� J�F�Q� NRPSUHV|U� LoLQ� NXOODQÕODQ�NÕVPÕQÕQ�PDOL\HWOHUL� LOH� NRPSUHV|U�Q� LON� \DWÕUÕP�PDOL\HWL� NXOODQÕOÕU��hU�Q�PDOL\HWL�RODUDN�GD�NRPSUHV|U�Q�oÕNÕúÕQGDNL�PDOL\HW�KHVDSODQÕU�

C1 + C11 + Zac = C2 (3.31)

c1E1 + c11E11 + Zac = c2E2 (3.32)

4332136008000

85402547509 211 ×=

×+× cc (3.33)

43321029653645.047509 211 ×=+× cc (3.34)

+DYD� |Q� ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕQÕQ� PDOL\HW� GHQJH� ED÷ÕQWÕVÕQGD� JLUHQ� PDOL\HWOHU� RODUDN� NRPSUHV|U�oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� KDYDQÕQ� YH� W�UELQ� oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� \DQPÕú� JD]ODUÕQ� PDOL\HWOHUL� LOH� KDYD� |Q�ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕQÕQ� LON� \DWÕUÕP� PDOL\HWL� NXOODQÕOÕU�� hU�QOHU� NÕVPÕQGD� LVH�� KDYD� |Q� ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ�oÕNÕúÕQGDNL�KDYD�LOH�DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕ�JLULúLQGHNL�\DQPÕú�JD]ODUÕQ�PDOL\HWOHUL�NXOODQÕOÕU��

C2 + C5 + Zph = C3 + C6 (3.35)

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34

c2E2 + c5E5 + Zph = c3E3 + c6E6 (3.36)

252627086436008000

3734705574443321 6352 ×+×=

×+×+× cccc (3.37)

2526270864012967708.05574443321 6352 ×+×=+×+× cccc (3.38)

0DOL\HW� GHQJH� ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ� \DQPD� RGDVÕ� LoLQ� \D]ÕODFDN� ROXUVD�� KDYD� |Q� ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ�oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� KDYD� YH� NXOODQÕODQ� \DNÕWÕQ� PDOL\HWL� LOH� \DQPD� RGDVÕQÕQ� LON� \DWÕUÕP�PDOL\HWL� NXOODQÕOÕU�� <DQPD� RGDVÕ� oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� \DQPÕú� JD]ODUÕQ�PDOL\HWL� GH� �U�QOHULQ�PDOL\HWLQL�ROXúWXUXU�

C3 + C10 + Zcc = C4 (3.39)

c3E3 + c10E10 + Zcc = c4E4 (3.40)

14008936008000

3097515376770864 4103 ×=

×+×+× ccc (3.41)

14008930010755208.015376770864 4103 ×=+×+× ccc (3.42)

*D]� W�UELQL� LoLQ�HNRQRPLN� DQDOL]�\DSÕODUDN�PDOL\HW� GHQJH�ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ� \D]ÕOÕUVD�� JLUHQ�PDOL\HWOHU�RODUDN� W�UELQ�JLULúLQGHNL�\DQPÕú�JD]ODUÕQ�PDOL\HWL� LOH� W�UELQLQ�LON�\DWÕUÕP�PDOL\HWL� DOÕQÕU�� hU�QOHULQ� PDOL\HWL� RODUDN� GD�� W�UELQ� oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� \DQPÕú� JD]ODUÕQ�PDOL\HWL�LOH�W�UELQGH��UHWLOHQ�WRSODP�J�F�Q�PDOL\HWL�NXOODQÕOÕU�

C4 + Zgt = C5 + C11 + C12 (3.43)

c4E4 + Zgt = c5E5 + c11E11 + c12E12 (3.44)

30000475095574436008000

332846140089 121154 ×+×+×=

×+× cccc (3.45)

30000475095574470115571527.0140089 121154 ×+×+×=+× cccc (3.46)

%HúLQFL�YH�VRQ�ELOHúHQ�RODQ�DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕQGD�PDOL\HW�GHQJH�ED÷ÕQWÕVÕ�ROXúWXUXOXUNHQ��DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕQÕQ�JLULúLQGHNL�\DQPÕú�JD]ODUÕQ�YH�ND]DQD�JLUHQ�JHUL�EHVOHPH�VX\XQXQ�

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PDOL\HWOHUL� LOH� ND]DQÕQ� LON� \DWÕUÕP� PDOL\HWL�� JLUHQ� PDOL\HWOHU� RODUDN� NDEXO� HGLOLU��'ÕúDUÕ�DWÕODQ�\DQPÕú�JD]ODUÕQ�PDOL\HWL�LOH�JHUL�EHVOHPH�VX\XQGDQ�HOGH�HGLOHQ�EXKDUÕQ�PDOL\HWL�GH��U�QOHULQ�PDOL\HWL�RODUDN�NXOODQÕOÕU��

C6 + C8 + Zhrsg = C7 + C9 (3.47)

c6E6 + c8E8 + Zhrsg = c7E7 + c9E9 (3.48)

128261098636008000

207277260825262 9786 ×+×=

×+×+× cccc (3.49)

1282610986007197118.0260825262 9786 ×+×=+×+× cccc (3.50)

<XNDUÕGD�KHU�ELOHúHQ�LoLQ�ELU�ED÷ÕQWÕ�HOGH�HGLOPLúWLU��%X�ED÷ÕQWÕODUGD��NRPSUHV|UH�YH�DWÕN� ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕQD�JLUHQ�KDYD�YH�JHUL�EHVOHPH�VX\XQXQ�PDOL\HWOHUL�&1, C8�VÕIÕU�NDEXO�HGLOGL��$\UÕFD� W�UELQ�JLULúLQGHNL�YH�oÕNÕúÕQGDNL�ELULP�HNVHUML maliyetleri c4, c5; hava

|Q� ÕVÕWÕFÕVÕ� JLULúLQGHNL� YH� oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� ELULP� HNVHUML maliyetleri c5, c6� LOH� DWÕN� ÕVÕ�ka]DQÕQÕQ� JLULú� YH� oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� ELULP� HNVHUML maliyetleri c6, c7� HúLW� NDEXO� HGLOPLúWLU��%XQXQ�\DQÕ� VÕUD� W�UEinde üretilen gücün birim ekserji� EDúÕQD�PDOL\HWOHUL�F11, c12 de

HúLW�NDEXO�HGLOPLúWLU��

%X�EHú�GHQNOHPLQ�o|]�OPHVL�VRQXFX�EXOXQDQ�GH÷HUOHU�7DEOR����’de verilmektedir.

7DEOR������*D]�7�UELQOL�.RMHQHUDV\RQ�6LVWHPL�(NVHUML��0DOL\HW�'H÷HUOHUL

$NÕú�1R E ( kW ) c ( $/kWh ) C ( $/h ) 1 0 0 0 2 43321 0.0638 2763.5 3 70864 0.0615 4362.4 4 140089 0.0509 7136.1 5 55744 0.0509 2839.6 6 25262 0.0509 1286.8 7 10986 0.0509 559.6 8 2608 0 0 9 12826 0.0587 753.1

10 153767 0.018 2767.8 11 47509 0.056 2659.6 12 30000 0.056 1679.4

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6LVWHPLQ� �UHWWL÷L� HOHNWUL÷LQ� PDOL\HWL� ��� QXPDUDOÕ� DNÕúOD� J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU�� $QFDN��VDGHFH�EX�GH÷HU�HOHNWULN�PDOL\HWL�RODUDN�DOÕQDPaz.

6LVWHPLQ� WRSODP� LON� \DWÕUÕP� PDOL\HWL� KHVDSODQÕUNHQ�� EHú� ELOHúHQLQ� GÕúÕQGD� ����RUDQÕQGD�GL÷HU�PDOL\HWOHUL�GH�KHVDED�NDWÕOGÕ��%X�GH÷HU��PDOL\HW�GHQJH�ED÷ÕQWÕODUÕQGD�NXOODQÕOPDPDNWDGÕU��%X�\�]GHQ�HOHNWULN�YH�EXKDU�PDOL\HWOHULQH�HWNLVL�EHOLUOHQPHOLGLU�

Bu�GL÷HU�PDOL\HW��GDKD�|QFH�EXOXQDQ�JHUL�|GHPH�NDWVD\ÕVÕ�&5)�LOH�oDUSÕODUDN�\ÕOOÕN�PDOL\HWL�KHVDSODQÕU��%D÷ÕQWÕODU�VRQXFXQGD�EXOXQDQ�HOHNWULN�YH�EXKDU�PDOL\HWLQH�\DUÕ�\DUÕ\D�HNOHQLU�

ZGL÷HU = 1 000 000 $

(NLSPDQÕQ�\ÕOOÕN�PDOL\HWL� �=GL÷HU × CRF = 1 000 000 ×������� �������������\ÕO (3.51)

8000

177000 = 22.12 $ / saat

C´12 = 1679.4 + 11.06 = 1690.46 $ / saat (3.52)

(OHNWULN�YH�EXKDU�PDOL\HWLQH�D\UÕFD��DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕQGDQ�GÕúDUÕ�DWÕODQ�\DQPÕú�JD]ODUÕQ�parasal etkisi de eklenmelidir. 7�QXPDUDOÕ�DNÕúOD�J|VWHULOHQ�DWÕN�JD]ODUÕQ�PDOL\HWL��DWÕN�ÕVÕ�ND]DQÕQGD�JHUoHNOHúHQ�HNVHUML�GH÷LúLPL�LOH��UHWLOHQ�QHW�HOHNWULN�J�F�Q�Q�RUDQÕQGD�maliyetlere eklenir.

E9 – E8 = 12826 – 2608 = 10218 kW (3.53)

W12 = 30000 kW

C7 = 559.6 $ / saat

C = 6.5591021830000

30000×

+ = 417.4 $ / saat (3.54)

C´´12 = 1690.46 + 417.4 = 2107.9 $ / saat (3.55)

Elektrik maliyeti = C´´12 / E12 =

360030000

9.2107

× (3.56)

= 1.9517 × 10-5 $ / kJ = 7.02 ¢ / kWh

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37

Sistemin buhar maliyeti de Tablo 3.5¶GH� �� QXPDUDOÕ� DNÕúOD� J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU��<XNDUÕGD� HOHNWULN� PDOL\HWLQH� HNOHQHQ� GL÷HU� HNLSPDQ� PDOL\HWL� YH� DWÕN� JD]ODUÕQ�PDOL\HWOHUL��D\QÕ�úHNLOGH�EXKDU�PDOL\HWLQH�GH�HNOHQLU�

C´9 = 753.1 + 11.06 = 764.16 $ / saat

%X�GH÷HU�GL÷HU�\DWÕUÕP�PDOL\HWOHULQGHQ�HNOHQHQ�PDOL\HWWLU�

$\UÕFD���QXPDUDOÕ�DNÕúWDQ�GR÷DQ�HN�PDOL\HW�YDUGÕU�

E9 – E8 = 12826 – 2608 = 10218 kW (3.57)

W12 = 30000 kW

C7 = 559.6 $ / saat

C = 6.5591021830000

10218×

+ = 142.17 $ / saat (3.58)

C´´9 = 764.16 + 142.17 = 906.33 $ / saat (3.59)

%XKDUÕQ�PDOL\HWL���Fbuhar = buharm

E

E

C 9

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1

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Tablo 3.5� LQFHOHQGL÷L� WDNWLUGH� HQ� \�NVHN� \ÕOOÕN� PDOL\HWLQ� NRPSUHV|U� oÕNÕúÕQGDNL� ��QXPDUDOÕ�DNÕúWD�ROGX÷X�J|U�O�U��

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$\QÕ� WDEORGDQ� ELULP� HNVHUML� EDúÕQD� EXKDU� PDOL\etinin ( C9 = 16.31 $/GJ ), birim

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4. 6218d/$5�9(�ø5'(/(0(

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7DEOR������'H÷LúLN�JLULú�YHULOHUL�LoLQ�PDOL\HWOHU Fiyatlar

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4.2 Türbin Veriminin Maliyete Etkisi

3.4. bölümde gösterilen modellemeyi kullanarak sadece izantropik türbin verimi

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7DEOR�����'H÷LúLN�7�UELQ�9HULPOHULQGH�(OHNWULN ve Buhar Maliyeti

�tür Toplam Maliyet ( $ )

Elektrik Maliyeti ( ¢ / kWh )

Buhar Maliyeti ( ¢ / kg )

0,86 11 600 000 4.01 1.04

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Tablo 4.3 Gaz Türbini Kojenerasyon Seti Katalog Bilgileri

TBM-RB211T Elektrik Üretimi kW 31700 g]J�O�<DNÕW�7�NHWLPL kJ/kWh 9254 <DNÕW�7�NHWLPL kJ/s 81491 Elektriksel Verim % 38,9 (NVR]�6ÕFDNOÕ÷Õ C 500 Eksoz Debisi kg/s 94,4 (NVR]�,VÕ�.DSDVLWHVL kcal/h 31,93 %XKDU�6ÕFDNOÕ÷Õ C 184 %XKDU�%DVÕQFÕ bar 10 Buhar Debisi t/h 52 'R÷DOJD]�%DVÕQFÕ bar 35 Boyutlar L*W*H 20,87*6*9 $÷ÕUOÕN ton 160

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KAYNAKLAR

Bejan, A., Tsatsaronis G. and Moran M., 1996. Thermal Design and Optimization, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bismarck, Mpieri Ike., $QDO\VLV�RI�7ULJHQHUDWLRQ�6\VWHPV�:ÕWK�5HVSHFW�WR�(QHUJ\�Consumption, CO2 Emission and Economics, Institute für Energietechnick, Technische Universität Berlin.

Boehm, F., 1987. Design analysis of thermal systems, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Çengel, Y. A. and Boles, M.A., Çeviren: Derbentli, T., 1996. Mühendislik <DNODúÕPÕ\OD�7HUPRGLQDPLN��0F*UDZ�+LOO�

Energy Nexus Group, 2002. Technology Characterization: Steam Turbines.

Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics, 2002. Cogeneration (CHP) Technology Portrait, Graz University of Austria.

Kavak, K., 2005��'�Q\DGD�YH�7�UNL\H¶GH�HQHUML�YHULPOLOL÷L�YH�7�UN�VDQD\LQGH�HQHUML�YHULPOLOL÷LQLQ�LQFHOHQPHVL��øNWLVDGL�6HNW|UOHU�YH�.RRUGLQDV\RQ�*HQHO�0�G�UO�÷��

Kojenerasyon Nedir? , http://www.kojenerasyon.com

Orlando, J. A., 1996. Cogeneration Design Guide, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating andA ir-Conditioning Engineers Inc.

Peters, M. S., Timmerhaus, K. D. and West, R. E., 2003, Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Eng. Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill.

Szargut, J., Morris, D. R. and Steward, F. R., 1988. Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes, Hemisphere, New York.

Techno-Economic Characteristics, 2005. www.techno-trigemed.com

7ULMHQHUDV\RQ��$EVRUEVL\RQOX�6R÷XWPD, 2005.http://www.enkoenerji.com.tr/teknik

Tuma7XUERPDFK�hU�Q�.DWDOR÷X��2006.

Türkel, M., ������.LúLVHO�J|U�úPH� Valero, A. 1994, CGAM Problem: Definition and Conventional Solution, Energy –

Int. J., Vol. 19, pp. 268-279.

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Wark, J. K., 1995. Advanced Thermodynamics For Engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York.

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