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Full Articles 国際運動障害学会(Movement Disorder Society)が作成した Unified Parkinson , s Disease Rating Scale 改訂版 (MDS-UPDRS)に関する教育プログラム パーキンソン病におけるアマンタジンの長期抗ジスキネジア効果 Abstracts パーキンソン病患者における異常な視覚系の活性化   他 13 本収載 日本語版 Vol.4 No.3 January 2011 ISSN 1881-901X INCLUDED IN THIS ISSUE

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Page 1: */$-6%&%*/5)*4*446&...'VMM"SUJDMFT Má Ë q¢.PWFNFOU%JTPSEFS4PDJFUZ£U^ R`h 6OJpFE1BSLJOTPO T%JTFBTF3BUJOH4DBMF~ [¢.%4 61%34£t b Óé¬åÜ Í ©ï¹ï ´tSZ Úï»´ïw Õ8Å´µ©É´

Full Articles国際運動障害学会(Movement Disorder Society)が作成したUnified Parkinson

,s Disease Rating Scale 改訂版

(MDS-UPDRS)に関する教育プログラム

パーキンソン病におけるアマンタジンの長期抗ジスキネジア効果

Abstractsパーキンソン病患者における異常な視覚系の活性化  

       他13本収載

日本語版 Vol.4 No.3 January 2011

ISSN 1881-901X

INCLUDED IN THIS ISSUE

書き出し用.indd 3 11.1.13 3:43:19 PM

Page 2: */$-6%&%*/5)*4*446&...'VMM"SUJDMFT Má Ë q¢.PWFNFOU%JTPSEFS4PDJFUZ£U^ R`h 6OJpFE1BSLJOTPO T%JTFBTF3BUJOH4DBMF~ [¢.%4 61%34£t b Óé¬åÜ Í ©ï¹ï ´tSZ Úï»´ïw Õ8Å´µ©É´

e-mail: [email protected]

Corporate Sales Associate Director:Kimiyoshi Ishibashi

2011

2011

2010

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

Jose A. Obeso, MD, PhDUniversity of Navarra

Pamplona, Spain

C. Warren Olanow, MD, FRCPC

Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York, USA

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Kailash P. BhatiaLondon, United Kingdom

Serge PrzedborskiNew York, New York, USA

David J. BurnNewcastle, United Kingdom

Kapil SethiAugusta, Georgia, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Manuel AlegrePamplona, Spain

CME EDITOR

Kelly LyonsKansas City, Kansas, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Michelle TagliatiNew York, New York, USA

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Dag AarslandStavanger, Norway

Angelo AntoniniMonza, Italy

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Maren E. BoddenMarburg, Germany

Vincenzo BonifatiRotterdam, The Netherlands

Paolo CalabresiPerugia, Italy

Richard CamicioliEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Mark R. CooksonBethesda, Maryland, USA

Ted DawsonBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Alfonso FasanoRome, Italy

Victor FungWestmead, Australia

Glenda HallidaySydney, Australia

Regina KatzenschlagerVienna, Austria

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

Christine KleinLuebeck, Germany

Paul KrackGrenoble, France

Andres LozanoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Pablo Martinez-MartinMadrid, Spain

Hiroshi MatsudaSaitama, Japan

Mike McDermottRochester, New York, USA

Giuseppe MecoRome, Italy

Janis MiyasakiToronto, Ontario, Canada

Tetsutaro OzawaNiigata, Japan

Walter PaulusGottingen, Germany

Stephen G. ReichBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Webster RossHonolulu, Hawaii, USA

Terrance SangerPalo Alto, California, USA

W.M. Michael SchupbachParis, France

Klaus SeppiInnsbruck, Austria

Fabrizio StocchiChieti, Italy

Louis TanSingapore, Singapore

Barbara C. TilleyCharleston, South Carolina, USA

Mathias ToftOslo, Norway

Claudia TrenkwalderKassel, Germany

Bob van HiltenLeiden, The Netherlands

Jens VolkmannKiel, Germany

Daniel WeintraubPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

FOUNDING EDITORS

1986–1995

Stanley FahnC. David Marsden

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Julie NashManaging Editor, Movement Disorders320 North Salem Street, Suite 205

Apex, NC 27502

Phone: 1-919-423-7009; E-mail: [email protected]

PAST EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

2004–2009

Gunther DeuschlChristopher G. Goetz

For submission instructions, subscriptions, and all other information, please visit http://www.movementdisorders.org/publications/journal.php.

� 2010MovementDisorder Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, except as permitted under section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States CopyrightAct,without either the priorwritten permission of the publisher, or authorization through theCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Such requestsandother permission inquiries shouldbe addressed to thePermissionsDepartment, c/o JohnWiley&Sons, Inc., 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030; (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected] in theUnitedStates ofAmerica byTheSheridanPress.

J_ID: za2 Customer A_ID: MDS_25_13_EDBD Date: 16-SEPTEMBER-10 Stage: I Page: 1

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

Jose A. Obeso, MD, PhDUniversity of Navarra

Pamplona, Spain

C. Warren Olanow, MD, FRCPC

Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York, USA

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Kailash P. BhatiaLondon, United Kingdom

Serge PrzedborskiNew York, New York, USA

David J. BurnNewcastle, United Kingdom

Kapil SethiAugusta, Georgia, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Manuel AlegrePamplona, Spain

CME EDITOR

Kelly LyonsKansas City, Kansas, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Michelle TagliatiNew York, New York, USA

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Dag AarslandStavanger, Norway

Angelo AntoniniMonza, Italy

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Maren E. BoddenMarburg, Germany

Vincenzo BonifatiRotterdam, The Netherlands

Paolo CalabresiPerugia, Italy

Richard CamicioliEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Mark R. CooksonBethesda, Maryland, USA

Ted DawsonBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Alfonso FasanoRome, Italy

Victor FungWestmead, Australia

Glenda HallidaySydney, Australia

Regina KatzenschlagerVienna, Austria

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

Christine KleinLuebeck, Germany

Paul KrackGrenoble, France

Andres LozanoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Pablo Martinez-MartinMadrid, Spain

Hiroshi MatsudaSaitama, Japan

Mike McDermottRochester, New York, USA

Giuseppe MecoRome, Italy

Janis MiyasakiToronto, Ontario, Canada

Tetsutaro OzawaNiigata, Japan

Walter PaulusGottingen, Germany

Stephen G. ReichBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Webster RossHonolulu, Hawaii, USA

Terrance SangerPalo Alto, California, USA

W.M. Michael SchupbachParis, France

Klaus SeppiInnsbruck, Austria

Fabrizio StocchiChieti, Italy

Louis TanSingapore, Singapore

Barbara C. TilleyCharleston, South Carolina, USA

Mathias ToftOslo, Norway

Claudia TrenkwalderKassel, Germany

Bob van HiltenLeiden, The Netherlands

Jens VolkmannKiel, Germany

Daniel WeintraubPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

FOUNDING EDITORS

1986–1995

Stanley FahnC. David Marsden

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Julie NashManaging Editor, Movement Disorders320 North Salem Street, Suite 205

Apex, NC 27502

Phone: 1-919-423-7009; E-mail: [email protected]

PAST EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

2004–2009

Gunther DeuschlChristopher G. Goetz

For submission instructions, subscriptions, and all other information, please visit http://www.movementdisorders.org/publications/journal.php.

� 2010MovementDisorder Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, except as permitted under section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States CopyrightAct,without either the priorwritten permission of the publisher, or authorization through theCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Such requestsandother permission inquiries shouldbe addressed to thePermissionsDepartment, c/o JohnWiley&Sons, Inc., 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030; (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected] in theUnitedStates ofAmerica byTheSheridanPress.

J_ID: za2 Customer A_ID: MDS_25_13_EDBD Date: 16-SEPTEMBER-10 Stage: I Page: 1

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

Jose A. Obeso, MD, PhDUniversity of Navarra

Pamplona, Spain

C. Warren Olanow, MD, FRCPC

Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York, USA

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Kailash P. BhatiaLondon, United Kingdom

Serge PrzedborskiNew York, New York, USA

David J. BurnNewcastle, United Kingdom

Kapil SethiAugusta, Georgia, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Manuel AlegrePamplona, Spain

CME EDITOR

Kelly LyonsKansas City, Kansas, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Michelle TagliatiNew York, New York, USA

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Dag AarslandStavanger, Norway

Angelo AntoniniMonza, Italy

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Maren E. BoddenMarburg, Germany

Vincenzo BonifatiRotterdam, The Netherlands

Paolo CalabresiPerugia, Italy

Richard CamicioliEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Mark R. CooksonBethesda, Maryland, USA

Ted DawsonBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Alfonso FasanoRome, Italy

Victor FungWestmead, Australia

Glenda HallidaySydney, Australia

Regina KatzenschlagerVienna, Austria

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

Christine KleinLuebeck, Germany

Paul KrackGrenoble, France

Andres LozanoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Pablo Martinez-MartinMadrid, Spain

Hiroshi MatsudaSaitama, Japan

Mike McDermottRochester, New York, USA

Giuseppe MecoRome, Italy

Janis MiyasakiToronto, Ontario, Canada

Tetsutaro OzawaNiigata, Japan

Walter PaulusGottingen, Germany

Stephen G. ReichBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Webster RossHonolulu, Hawaii, USA

Terrance SangerPalo Alto, California, USA

W.M. Michael SchupbachParis, France

Klaus SeppiInnsbruck, Austria

Fabrizio StocchiChieti, Italy

Louis TanSingapore, Singapore

Barbara C. TilleyCharleston, South Carolina, USA

Mathias ToftOslo, Norway

Claudia TrenkwalderKassel, Germany

Bob van HiltenLeiden, The Netherlands

Jens VolkmannKiel, Germany

Daniel WeintraubPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

FOUNDING EDITORS

1986–1995

Stanley FahnC. David Marsden

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Julie NashManaging Editor, Movement Disorders320 North Salem Street, Suite 205

Apex, NC 27502

Phone: 1-919-423-7009; E-mail: [email protected]

PAST EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

2004–2009

Gunther DeuschlChristopher G. Goetz

For submission instructions, subscriptions, and all other information, please visit http://www.movementdisorders.org/publications/journal.php.

� 2010MovementDisorder Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, except as permitted under section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States CopyrightAct,without either the priorwritten permission of the publisher, or authorization through theCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Such requestsandother permission inquiries shouldbe addressed to thePermissionsDepartment, c/o JohnWiley&Sons, Inc., 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030; (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected] in theUnitedStates ofAmerica byTheSheridanPress.

J_ID: za2 Customer A_ID: MDS_25_13_EDBD Date: 16-SEPTEMBER-10 Stage: I Page: 1

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

Jose A. Obeso, MD, PhDUniversity of Navarra

Pamplona, Spain

C. Warren Olanow, MD, FRCPC

Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York, USA

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Kailash P. BhatiaLondon, United Kingdom

Serge PrzedborskiNew York, New York, USA

David J. BurnNewcastle, United Kingdom

Kapil SethiAugusta, Georgia, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Manuel AlegrePamplona, Spain

CME EDITOR

Kelly LyonsKansas City, Kansas, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Michelle TagliatiNew York, New York, USA

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Dag AarslandStavanger, Norway

Angelo AntoniniMonza, Italy

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Maren E. BoddenMarburg, Germany

Vincenzo BonifatiRotterdam, The Netherlands

Paolo CalabresiPerugia, Italy

Richard CamicioliEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Mark R. CooksonBethesda, Maryland, USA

Ted DawsonBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Alfonso FasanoRome, Italy

Victor FungWestmead, Australia

Glenda HallidaySydney, Australia

Regina KatzenschlagerVienna, Austria

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

Christine KleinLuebeck, Germany

Paul KrackGrenoble, France

Andres LozanoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Pablo Martinez-MartinMadrid, Spain

Hiroshi MatsudaSaitama, Japan

Mike McDermottRochester, New York, USA

Giuseppe MecoRome, Italy

Janis MiyasakiToronto, Ontario, Canada

Tetsutaro OzawaNiigata, Japan

Walter PaulusGottingen, Germany

Stephen G. ReichBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Webster RossHonolulu, Hawaii, USA

Terrance SangerPalo Alto, California, USA

W.M. Michael SchupbachParis, France

Klaus SeppiInnsbruck, Austria

Fabrizio StocchiChieti, Italy

Louis TanSingapore, Singapore

Barbara C. TilleyCharleston, South Carolina, USA

Mathias ToftOslo, Norway

Claudia TrenkwalderKassel, Germany

Bob van HiltenLeiden, The Netherlands

Jens VolkmannKiel, Germany

Daniel WeintraubPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

FOUNDING EDITORS

1986–1995

Stanley FahnC. David Marsden

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Julie NashManaging Editor, Movement Disorders320 North Salem Street, Suite 205

Apex, NC 27502

Phone: 1-919-423-7009; E-mail: [email protected]

PAST EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

2004–2009

Gunther DeuschlChristopher G. Goetz

For submission instructions, subscriptions, and all other information, please visit http://www.movementdisorders.org/publications/journal.php.

� 2010MovementDisorder Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, except as permitted under section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States CopyrightAct,without either the priorwritten permission of the publisher, or authorization through theCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Such requestsandother permission inquiries shouldbe addressed to thePermissionsDepartment, c/o JohnWiley&Sons, Inc., 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030; (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected] in theUnitedStates ofAmerica byTheSheridanPress.

J_ID: za2 Customer A_ID: MDS_25_13_EDBD Date: 16-SEPTEMBER-10 Stage: I Page: 1

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

Jose A. Obeso, MD, PhDUniversity of Navarra

Pamplona, Spain

C. Warren Olanow, MD, FRCPC

Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York, USA

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Kailash P. BhatiaLondon, United Kingdom

Serge PrzedborskiNew York, New York, USA

David J. BurnNewcastle, United Kingdom

Kapil SethiAugusta, Georgia, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Manuel AlegrePamplona, Spain

CME EDITOR

Kelly LyonsKansas City, Kansas, USA

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Michelle TagliatiNew York, New York, USA

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Dag AarslandStavanger, Norway

Angelo AntoniniMonza, Italy

Erwan BezardBordeaux, France

Maren E. BoddenMarburg, Germany

Vincenzo BonifatiRotterdam, The Netherlands

Paolo CalabresiPerugia, Italy

Richard CamicioliEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Mark R. CooksonBethesda, Maryland, USA

Ted DawsonBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Alfonso FasanoRome, Italy

Victor FungWestmead, Australia

Glenda HallidaySydney, Australia

Regina KatzenschlagerVienna, Austria

Karl KieburtzRochester, New York, USA

Christine KleinLuebeck, Germany

Paul KrackGrenoble, France

Andres LozanoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Pablo Martinez-MartinMadrid, Spain

Hiroshi MatsudaSaitama, Japan

Mike McDermottRochester, New York, USA

Giuseppe MecoRome, Italy

Janis MiyasakiToronto, Ontario, Canada

Tetsutaro OzawaNiigata, Japan

Walter PaulusGottingen, Germany

Stephen G. ReichBaltimore, Maryland, USA

Webster RossHonolulu, Hawaii, USA

Terrance SangerPalo Alto, California, USA

W.M. Michael SchupbachParis, France

Klaus SeppiInnsbruck, Austria

Fabrizio StocchiChieti, Italy

Louis TanSingapore, Singapore

Barbara C. TilleyCharleston, South Carolina, USA

Mathias ToftOslo, Norway

Claudia TrenkwalderKassel, Germany

Bob van HiltenLeiden, The Netherlands

Jens VolkmannKiel, Germany

Daniel WeintraubPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

FOUNDING EDITORS

1986–1995

Stanley FahnC. David Marsden

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Julie NashManaging Editor, Movement Disorders320 North Salem Street, Suite 205

Apex, NC 27502

Phone: 1-919-423-7009; E-mail: [email protected]

PAST EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

2004–2009

Gunther DeuschlChristopher G. Goetz

For submission instructions, subscriptions, and all other information, please visit http://www.movementdisorders.org/publications/journal.php.

� 2010MovementDisorder Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, except as permitted under section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States CopyrightAct,without either the priorwritten permission of the publisher, or authorization through theCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Such requestsandother permission inquiries shouldbe addressed to thePermissionsDepartment, c/o JohnWiley&Sons, Inc., 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030; (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected] in theUnitedStates ofAmerica byTheSheridanPress.

J_ID: za2 Customer A_ID: MDS_25_13_EDBD Date: 16-SEPTEMBER-10 Stage: I Page: 1

書き出し用.indd 4 11.1.13 3:43:32 PM

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国際運動障害学会(Movement Disorder Society)が作成したUnified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale 改訂版(MDS-UPDRS)に関する教育プログラム 2

パーキンソン病におけるアマンタジンの長期抗ジスキネジア効果 8

Full Articles

パーキンソン病患者における異常な視覚系の活性化 15

パーキンソン病におけるジスキネジアの評価尺度に関する作業部会報告:批評と勧告 16

パーキンソン病において心臓交感神経変性は嗅覚機能と相関する 18

NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study におけるうつ病とその後のパーキンソン病発症リスク 20

発作性運動誘発性舞踏アテトーゼ患者の被殻活動亢進:fMRI研究 22

本態性振戦の治療における後部視床腹部領域に対する深部脳刺激 24

パーキンソン病センターで確認されたゴーシェ病:画像所見と臨床的特徴 26

幻視のあるパーキンソン病患者の側頭皮質における5-HT2A 受容体の増加 28

一次性ジストニアの診断における課題:誤診から得たエビデンス 30

, , , 変異による錐体路徴候を伴う早期発症型L-ドパ反応性パーキンソニズム 32

パーキンソン病における併発癌 34

変性パーキンソニズムにおける中脳のセロトニントランスポーター:123I-FP-CIT SPECT による研究 36

ドパミンアゴニストの副作用:French Pharmacovigilance Database での比較 38

ジスキネジア発現の予測因子としてのパーキンソン病発症年齢 40

Selected from Movement Disorders Vol. 25 No. 9-12, 2010

表紙:重度の発話障害のあるグルタル酸尿症I型(glutaric aciduria type 1; GA1)患者が描いた絵。この絵から,代替となるコミュニケーション手段および芸術的能力の発達の可能性が示唆される。(Flamand-Rouvière et al, Movement Disorders, 2010, Vol. 25 No. 11, page 1605)

Abstracts

監修: 水野 美邦 順天堂大学医学部附属 順天堂越谷病院院長

編集委員: 宇川 義一 福島県立医科大学医学部(五十音順) 神経内科学講座教授 梶  龍兒 徳島大学医学部神経内科教授 近藤 智善 公立大学法人和歌山県立医科大学 神経内科教授

髙橋 良輔 京都大学医学研究科臨床神経学教授野元 正弘 愛媛大学大学院医学系研究科 病態治療内科教授服部 信孝 順天堂大学医学部脳神経内科教授山本 光利 香川県立中央病院神経内科主任部長

日本語版Vol.4 No.3 January2011

ATP13A2 PLA2G6 FBXO7 Spatacsin

書き出し用.indd 1 11.1.13 3:43:33 PM

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2

国際運動障害学会(Movement Disorder Society)が作成した Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale 改訂版(MDS-UPDRS)に関する教育プログラムTeaching Program for the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale: (MDS-UPDRS)

Christopher G. Goetz, MD*, Glenn T. Stebbins, PhD, Teresa A. Chmura, BS, Stanley Fahn, MD, Werner Poewe, MD, and Caroline M. Tanner, MD, PhD

*Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1190–1194

Key Word パーキンソン病,MDS-UPDRS,UnifiedParkinson’sDiseaseRatingScale,評価尺度

DVD 本冊子巻末にMDS-UPDRS教育プログラムDVDを収載しております。

国際運動障害学会(MovementDisorder Society;

MDS)によるUnifiedParkinson’sDiseaseRating

Scale 改訂版(MDS-UPDRS)の新規作成を受け,我々

はMDS-UPDRSに関する教育プログラムを開発した。

このDVD媒体のプログラムは,実際の使用方法の統一

を目的としてMDS-UPDRSの 4つのパートを映像と音

声で説明している。PartⅢ(運動能力検査セクション)では,専門家パネルの合意のもと,全項目(筋強剛を除

く)について各評価段階(0~4)を例示している。専

門家パネルによって選択されたサンプルは評価の一致

率がいずれも有意に高く,Kendall の一致係数W は

0.99~0.72の範囲であった。この教育プログラムは

患者検査の詳細を映像で示し,その正しい判定も提示し

ている。PartⅢでは,修了書プログラム(CertificateProgram)用練習問題として,MDS-UPDRSの各評価

段階に合致する4つの症例を提示している。この教育

プログラムでは英語を使用しているが,MDS-UPDRS

には英語以外の公式翻訳版も作成中であるため,本プ

ログラムも様々な言語に翻訳される可能があると考えら

れる。

Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS)は

1980年代に作成され,その後まもなくパーキンソン病

(Parkinson’s disease; PD)研究の標準評価尺度となった 1,2。

2001年,国際運動障害学会(Movement Disorder Society;

MDS)は UPDRSの評価を行い,その報告書では UPDRS

の長所が高く評価されたものの,今日の科学的発展を反

映して追加すべき内容も多く指摘された 3。報告書の結論

の要約では,オリジナル版の長所を引き継ぐと同時に,

明らかになった問題点を解決し,臨床的に妥当な PDの

非運動障害も盛り込んだ UPDRSの新規改訂版の作成が

勧告された。MDSが作成した UPDRS改訂版(MDS-

UPDRS)は,予備調査において十分な臨床測定効果が確

認され,800例以上の PD患者を対象とした大規模評価

の成績も良好であった 4,5。MDS-UPDRSは www.

movementdisorders.orgで入手可能である。

MDS-UPDRSは,従来使われてきた尺度の改訂版であ

り,その使用にあたってはトレーニングが特に重要であ

る。この新たな評価尺度には,実際の使用方法の統一を

目的とした説明も含まれているが,現時点で利用可能な

のは英語版のみである。我々は,データ収集・解釈の一

貫性を高めるためにこの DVD媒体の教育プログラムを

作成した。このプログラムは,推奨される検査法を映像

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3

C. G. Goetz et al.

で示し,MDS-UPDRSのすべてのパートで症例を提示す

る。運動能力検査セクションはMDS-UPDRSの核心部分

であるため,この教育プログラムでは特に重点を置いた。

この DVD媒体の教育プログラムの一部は,UPDRSオリ

ジナル版の運動能力検査セクションに関して以前開発さ

れた教育ビデオテープ 6をモデルとした。この新規プロ

グラムの運動能力検査セクションの主要目的は,次の 2

つである。第 1の目的は,各評価段階に合致し,運動障

害専門家パネルが典型例として選んだ PD患者を提示す

ることである。第 2の目的は,一連のMDS-UPDRS運動

能力検査の詳細を提示し,研究者やトレーニング中の医

師が自己学習に利用して専門家パネルの判定スコアと比

較できるようにすることである。

患者および方法

プログラムの全体像MDS-UPDRSは 4つのパートで構成されている。Part

Ⅰは「日常生活における非運動症状(Nonmotor

Experiences of Daily Living)」に関する 13項目の質問から

なり,PartⅡは「日常生活における運動症状(Motor

Experiences of Daily Living)」に関する 13項目の質問から

なる。PartⅢは 18項目の「運動能力検査(Motor

Examination)」からなるが,一部の項目では身体の左右

などの複数のスコアが評価されるため,スコアの数は 33

である。PartⅣは,motor fluctuationおよびジスキネジア

に関する 6項目の質問からなる。すべての質問に対して

同じ臨床評価尺度,すなわち 0=正常,1=非常に軽度,

2=軽度,3=中等度,4=高度を使用する。PartⅠの複

雑行動(complex behavior)を扱う 6項目の質問と,Part

Ⅳの fluctuationおよびジスキネジアを扱うすべての質問

は,患者や介護者と面談した評価者が回答する。PartⅠ

および PartⅡに含まれる残りの 20項目の質問は,患者・

介護者が回答し,評価者は直接回答しない。PartⅢでは

全項目について評価者が客観的な検査を行う。本教育プ

ログラムは,まず評価担当医にMDS-UPDRSの全体像を

説明し,続いて,質問票への記入と PartⅢ実施のために

一貫した対話型質問を行う手法を提示するようデザイン

されている。

患者映像の選択本プログラムはRush University Medical Center(Chicago,

IL)の施設内倫理委員会(Institutional Review Board;

IRB)の承認を受けた。参加したすべての患者は,インター

ネット上の公開を含み,顔などの映像が教育目的で使用

されることを明記したインフォームド・コンセント文書に

署名した。PartⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅳで提示されるすべての症例は,筆頭著者(senior author)が選択し,面談も行った。Part

Ⅲに含まれるすべての患者映像については,筆頭著者が,

MDS-UPDRSの検査プロトコールに従ってビデオ撮影さ

れた患者 190例を収集し,あらゆる範囲の運動障害を網

羅するよう PD患者を選択した。これらの患者と接点の

ない著者 1名(T.A.C.)は,SPSS(version 16, SPSS Inc.,

Chicago, IL)の Random Number Generatorプログラムで

順番を無作為化した上で〔無作為化割り付けは別の著者

(G.T.S.)が実施〕,これらの映像を編集し,各項目の映像

セットに登録した。専門家パネル(S.F.,W.P.,C.M.T.)

に評価してもらうため,各項目につき少なくとも 15例を

提示した。これらの映像セグメントは,MDS-UPDRSで

行われた検査全体からの抜粋であり,各セグメントは非

常に短いため(大部分が 30秒未満),「安静時振戦の持

続性(Constancy of Rest Tremor)」(PartⅢの項目 18)の

具体例とはなりえなかった。また,筋強剛を映像化する

ことは困難なため,この項目は評価対象から除外したが,

教育目的の説明は収録した。「運動の総合的自発性(Global

Spontaneity of Movement)」〔オリジナル版の寡動(Body

Bradykinesia)〕を説明する映像では,歩行,着席,足組み,

起立,椅子の移動,元の位置への復帰(repositioning)な

どの複合課題を患者に実行させたが,これらは別々に編

集することも可能である。この項目のスコア判定は Part

Ⅲ全体のデータ検討結果が反映されるため,実際に

MDS-UPDRSを適用する際には,この映像セグメントは

あまり役立たないかもしれない。PD患者 7例の映像は,

修了書プログラム用練習問題として利用できるよう,各

セグメントの編集をせずそのままの状態とした。

患者映像の評価教育プログラムに収録される症例のスコアリングを担

当する専門家パネルとして,MDS-UPDRS委員会 3の投

票に基づき,3名の国際的な運動障害専門家(S.F.,W.P.,

C.M.T.)が選出された。これらの評価者はいずれも映像

の患者と面識がなかった。3名の評価者全員が同席する

会合を 1日開き,ここですべての映像を評価した。評価

は討議なしで行った。本プロジェクトの研究者らは,プ

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4

Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale 改訂版(MDS-UPDRS)に関する教育プログラム

ロジェクトの開始に先立ち,本教育プログラムには 100%

の合意が得られた症例,もしくは 3名中 2名が合意し,

なおかつ残りの 1名と他とのスコアの差が 1ポイントの

みの症例に限って採用することに同意した。専門家パネ

ルのスコアが完全に一致した症例が複数あった場合には,

組織委員会(organizing team)が,画像の焦点およびコ

ントラストが最良のサンプルを選択した。2つのスコア

の境界上にあると評価した場合には,高いほうのスコア

とすることも合意されていた。評価者らは,与えられた

各映像セットのすべての映像セグメント(通常 20個)を

スコアリングした。上述の基準が満たされ,この映像セッ

トからすべての評価段階(0~ 4)の症例を選択できた場

合は,専門家パネルは次の項目の評価へと進んだ。基準

が満たされなかった場合は,2つめの映像セットを評価し,

すべての項目とスコアが採用基準を満たすまでこれを繰

り返した。この過程の終了後,修了書プログラム用に,

患者 7例の検査の詳細を示した映像について同様の評価

を行った。

データ解析教材用の症例と修了書プログラム用の症例を選択する

ために,次の 2つの方法で専門家間評価の一致度評価を

行った。まず,事前に定めた映像セグメントの採用基準

として,100%の一致,もしくは 3名中 2名の一致で,な

おかつ残りの 1名と他とのスコアの差が 1ポイントのみの

症例を選択した。2つめの方法として,MDS-UPDRS運

動能力検査セクションの各項目に関する評価者 3名の一

致度を,Kendallの一致係数Wで統計学的に検定した 10。

患者 7例のMDS-UPDRS運動能力検査セクション全体を

示す映像については,評価者 3名の一致度を,Kendallの

一致係数Wで同様に評価した。修了書(Certificate)を

取得する上で許容されるスコア範囲を設定するため,専

門家 3名が評価したスコアの 95%信頼区間を各症例につ

いて算出した。PDの臨床症状の全範囲(「非常に軽度」

から「高度」)を表し,一致度が最も高かった 5症例を,

プログラム収録用に選択した。このうち 1例は自己評価

用練習問題(専門家パネルによる正しい判定も提示)とし,

4例は修了書プログラム用とした。

教育プログラム完成版の内容教育プログラム完成版は,MDS-UPDRS文書 5と付属

DVDからなる。MDS-UPDRSには,詳細な使用説明書(印

刷物)が評価尺度本体に添付されているため,評価者は,

別添の「ユーザーマニュアル」がなくても,推奨使用法

のガイドブックとしていつでも参照できる。完成版 DVD

は,MDSのウェブサイトを通じて,すべてのMDS会員

に配布する予定である。この DVDは,教育モジュール

(Teaching Module)と修了書プログラムモジュール

(Certificate Program Module)で構成される。教育モジュー

ルは,使用法,実施方法,面談の事例,患者検査の実演

を示し,MDS-UPDRS全体を説明している。別の電子ファ

イルとして「補足資料(Supporting Information Materials)」

も提供されており,より多くの事例や詳細情報を知るこ

とができる。PartⅢ(運動能力検査セクション)では,

筋強剛を除く各項目について,各評価カテゴリー(0~ 4)

の症例を提示している。PartⅢの教育モジュールの最後

には,ある症例が詳細に提示されており,自己評価用練

習問題として活用できる。この練習問題については,専

門家パネルによる正しい判定を字幕表示した映像も収録

されている。修了書プログラムモジュールでは,軽度~

高度まであらゆる範囲のパーキンソニズムを呈する患者

4例を提示しており,評価者の自己評価用練習問題とし

て利用できる。このプログラムは,MDSのウェブサイト

で公開される予定である。ウェブサイト上では,各自の

評価スコアを入力・送信できるようになっており,専門

Data Analysis

Expert rater concordance assessments were conducted

using two methods to select the teaching examples and

certificate program cases. First, the prespecified criterion

for inclusion of a video segment was 100% agreement

or two-thirds agreement, with the third rating being only

1 point different from the other score. Second, agree-

ment among the three raters for each videotaped item of

MDS-UPDRS motor examination section was statisti-

cally tested using a Kendall’s coefficient of concordance

W (10). Agreement among the three raters for the seven

complete UPDRS Motor Examination videotapes was

likewise assessed using a Kendall’s coefficient of con-

cordance W. To set the range of scores that would be

within the acceptable range for successful Certificate

acquisition, the 95% Confidence Intervals of the scores

by the three expert raters were determined for each

case. The five cases with the highest concordance that

represented the overall clinical breadth of PD from

slight to severe were selected for presentation: one case

was used as a self-assessment exercise with the expert

panel’s ratings revealed and four were used for the

Certificate Program.

Final Content of the Teaching Program

The final teaching program materials include the

MDS-UPDRS5 and the accompanying DVD. The MDS-

UPDRS has full printed instructions as part of the mas-

ter scale to serve as a continual guide to raters on rec-

ommendation usage without the need for a separate

‘‘user manual.’’ The final DVD, to be distributed to all

MDS members with internet access through the MDS

website, is organized into a Teaching Module and a Cer-

tificate Program. In the teaching portion, the entire

MDS-UPDRS is explained including a review of

instructions, administration techniques, examples of

interviewing, and demonstrations of patient examina-

tions. Supporting Information Materials are available in

additional electronic files for more extensive examples

and details. For Part III (motor examination), an exam-

ple of each item except rigidity is shown for each rating

category from 0 to 4. At the end of the Part III teaching,

a full case is presented for self-assessment with the case

played a second time with the ratings from the expert

panel superimposed. In the Certificate Program module,

four cases that represent the gamut from mild to severe

parkinsonism are presented for raters to use as a self-

assessment exercise. The program will be launched on

the MDS website so that raters can enter their scores

and receive immediate feedback on their scores relative

to the expert panel ratings.

RESULTS

Three hundred forty-two individual videotape seg-

ments comprising the 16 items were rated: speech, fa-

cial expression, finger tapping, hand movements, pro-

nation–supination, toe tapping, leg agility, arising from

chair, gait, freezing, postural stability, posture, global

spontaneity of movement, postural tremor of hand, ki-

netic tremor of hand, rest tremor amplitude of hand,

leg, and lip/jaw. Ninety-eight percent of all filming

segments met criteria for inclusion on the training pro-

gram. The rates of agreement for each item were all

significant (Table 1). The rater agreement for individ-

ual items ranged from a high value of W 5 0.99 for

gait and postural stability (X2 5 41.7, P < 0.0005) to

a low value of W 5 0.72 for facial expression (X2 530.4, P 5 0.007). Eighty ratings (five from each of the

16 items) were selected for presentation in the training

segment of teaching program, based on the criteria

listed previously. The rater agreement for the complete

MDS-UPDRS Motor Examination section videotapes

was significant (W 5 0.92, X2 5 16.7, P 5 0.01).

Four of these examinations with the highest rate of

agreement and representing mild, moderate, moderate

to severe, and severe were selected for the Certificate

Program exercise (patient 1, W 5 0.92, X2 5 39.2, P< 0.0005; patient 2, W 5 0.87, X2 5 34.3, P 5 0.001;

patient 3, W 5 0.97, X2 5 43.7, P < 0.0005; and

patient 4, W 5 0.97, X2 5 43.7, P < 0.0005). Confi-

TABLE 1. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance W valuesfor each item in the MDS-UPDRS Part III Teaching

Program

MDS-UPDRS Part III Item

Kendall’scoefficient of

concordance W v2 Significance

Speech 0.92 38.7 <0.0005Facial expression 0.72 30.4 0.007Rigidity of neck and

four extremitiesa

Finger taps 0.87 36.7 0.001Hand movements 0.85 35.8 0.001Pronation/supination 0.78 32.7 0.003Toe tapping 0.94 39.3 <0.0005Leg agility 0.92 38.7 <0.0005Arising from chair 0.96 40.4 <0.0005Gait 0.99 41.7 <0.0005Freezing of gait 0.97 40.9 <0.0005Postural stability 0.99 41.7 <0.0005Posture 0.83 34.8 0.002Global spontaneity

of movement0.90 37.9 0.001

Postural tremor of hands 0.91 38.2 <0.0005Kinetic tremor of hands 0.91 38.4 <0.0005Rest tremor amplitude 0.96 40.3 <0.0005Constancy of rest tremora

aNot included in the teaching tape.

1192 C.G. GOETZ ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010

Table 1 MDS-UPDRS PartⅢ教育プログラムに含まれる各項目の Kendallの一致係数W

a教育用の映像には含まれない。

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5

C. G. Goetz et al.

家パネルの正しい判定と比較したフィードバック結果を

すぐに確認することができる。

結 果

次の 16項目を収録した 342の映像セグメントを評価し

た:「言語」「顔の表情」「指タッピング」「手の運動」「回

内回外運動」「つま先タッピング」「下肢の敏捷性」「椅子

からの立ち上がり」「歩行」「すくみ現象」「姿勢の安定性」

「姿勢」「運動の総合的自発性」「手の姿勢時振戦」「手の

動作時振戦」「手・下肢・口唇 /下顎の安静時振戦の振幅」。

全映像セグメントの 98%が教育プログラムの採用基準を

満たしていた。各項目の評価一致率はいずれも有意に高

かった(Table 1)。各項目の評価者間の一致率は,「歩行」

や「姿勢の安定性」のように非常に高いもの(W= 0.99,

Χ2= 41.7,p< 0.0005)から,「顔の表情」のように比較

的低いもの(W= 0.72,Χ 2= 30.4,p= 0.007)まで様々

であった。前述の基準にしたがい,80の映像(16項目か

らそれぞれ 5つ)を教育プログラムの教育モジュール収

録用として選択した。完成したMDS-UPDRS運動能力検

査セクション映像の評価者間の一致率は有意に高かった

(W= 0.92,Χ 2= 16.7,p= 0.01)。これらの検査を示し

た映像のうち,一致率が最も高く,軽度,中等度,中等

度~高度,高度の症状を代表する 4つの映像を,修了書

プログラム用練習問題として選択した(患者 1:W= 0.92,

Χ2= 39.2,p< 0.0005;患者 2:W= 0.87,Χ 2= 34.3,

p= 0.001;患者 3:W= 0.97,Χ 2= 43.7,p< 0.0005;

患者 4:W= 0.97,Χ 2= 43.7,p< 0.0005)。修了書プロ

グラムに収録した 4サンプルの各信頼区間(小数点以下

を四捨五入した 95パーセンタイル)は,患者 1:± 3,

患者 2:± 6,患者 3:± 7,患者 4:± 9であった。

考 察

UPDRSの公式版は英語版のみである。UPDRSの改訂

版であるMDS-UPDRSは,英語以外の公式翻訳版も作成

中であるが,作業には相当の時間がかかると考えられる。

多施設が参加する国際研究では,MDS-UPDRSがただち

に利用される可能性が高い。我々はこのことを踏まえ,

新たに導入されるMDS-UPDRSの実際の使用方法を統一

するとともに,本尺度の主要セクションである「運動能

力検査(Motor Examination)」の判定基準となる映像を提

供するため,このプロジェクトに着手した。PartⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅳでは,患者からの回答(フィードバック)に基づいて

評価データを得る必要があり,今回作成した教育プログ

ラムでは,全般的な説明と面談方法の解説に加えて,評

価者が患者・介護者から回答を引き出す際の代表例も提

示した。PartⅢでは,運動障害専門家チームが合意した

症例を示しながら評価項目を説明した。最後に,PartⅢ

を対象とした修了書プログラム用練習問題として,様々

な障害レベルの PD患者の映像も収録した。

今回の教育プログラムの映像を 3名の専門家が評価し

たところ,評価者間のスコア一致率は非常に高かった。

この一致レベルは,UPDRSオリジナル版の教育プログラ

ムよりも高かった 6。これらのデータから,MDS-UPDRS

を明確に標準化し,統一的な使用を推進するという本プ

ログラムの作成意図は満たされたと考えられる。オリジ

ナル版のトレーニング課題に比べると,修了書の取得に

おいて許容されるスコア範囲(専門家 3名が評価したス

コアの 95%信頼区間に収まる範囲)は大幅に小さくなっ

ており,修了書プログラム用練習問題で好成績を修めた

評価者間の患者評価スコアは,ばらつきが小さいと考え

られる。

我々は本教育プログラムの使用場面を 3つ想定してい

る。第 1に,本プログラムはコンセンサス資料としての

役割を果たすと考えられる。すなわち,研究者は,我々

が提供した専門家パネルのスコアリング方法と自身のス

コアリング方法を比較することができる。ただし,我々

は「ゴールドスタンダード」となるスコアの開発を目指

したわけではない。また,我々の評価方法を統一的に採

用すべきであるとか,今後国際的に採用すべきであると

いった主張をするつもりもない。むしろ我々は,運動障

害の経験が豊富で UPDRSオリジナル版を熟知する研究

者が評価した場合の例として,このスコア判定を共有し

たいと考えている。今回の専門家パネルの 2名(S.F.と

W.P.)はMDS-UPDRSの開発に参加していたが,残る 1

名(C.M.T.)は専門知識をもつ一方でMDS-UPDRSの策

定に関与していなかったために採用された。専門家パネ

ルは西半球と東半球の両者を代表していた。経歴やトレー

ニング状況が異なるにもかかわらず,専門家パネルの意

見の一致率は高かった。

第 2に,MDS-UPDRSの複数の運動能力検査において

障害の段階を正しく判断しようとする際に,本プログラ

ムは指針になると考えられる。MDS-UPDRSの評価選択

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6

Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale 改訂版(MDS-UPDRS)に関する教育プログラム

肢は一貫して臨床用語(0=正常,1=非常に軽度,2=

軽度,3=中等度,4=高度)で示されており,本プログ

ラムの組織委員会は,それぞれの障害レベルにあると判

定される臨床的 PD患者の例を選抜することができた。0

と 4という両端のスコアについても十分な代表例が提示

できたことから,MDS-UPDRSは中間的な評価に偏るこ

となく,障害の範囲全体をカバーすることが示された。

MDS-UPDRSによる障害の捉え方は,概念上,オリジナ

ル版の UPDRSとは異なる。臨床試験の多くは,臨床的

に非常に軽度な PD早期での介入を目指すため,1(非常

に軽度)の評価基準はしばしば従来とは異なる。UPDRS

オリジナル版で採用されている 0~ 4の評価段階を維持

するには,オリジナル版で 2つの選択肢(「高度(severe)」

および「顕著(marked)」)が与えられている一部の項目

に修正を加え,高度(4)という 1つの選択肢にする必要

があった。MDS-UPDRS委員会は,いずれにしても高度

な障害のさらなる区別は臨床的に適切とは言えず,治療

が無効なことも多いという理由で,上記の決定を妥当と

判断した。UPDRSが使用されてきた長い歴史を考えると,

あらゆる PD患者の映像を収録した特別な教育ツールは,

臨床医や研究者による新たな評価尺度への移行に役立つ

であろう。

第 3に,本プログラムはMDS-UPDRSの評価サンプル

を詳細に提示している。様々な研究チームが同じような

臨床的障害を検討している場合,MDS-UPDRSの使用方

法が統一されていることを確認する必要があり,この評

価サンプルは一連の確認試験として利用できるであろう。

特に臨床試験において複数のチームが各々の試験で得た

データを比較したい場合,被験者のタイプや治療転帰を

把握する臨床評価手段について最大限に統一されていれ

ば,非常に好都合である。多施設研究チームが臨床試験

開始前に本プログラムの症例を利用して,高い評価者間

信頼性を確立することも可能である。複数の評価者にお

いて評価者間信頼性基準を設けたり,修了書プログラム

(専門家パネルによる評価スコアの 95%信頼区間に収ま

るスコア判定を下した評価者に修了書を与える)を「ゴー

ルドスタンダード」として使用したりできる。教育モ

ジュールと修了書プログラム用練習問題はMDS会員へ

の無償提供が予定されており,非会員もプログラムを利

用できるようにする予定である。MDSの役員・関係者が

開発したプログラムを利用すれば,研究計画のスポンサー

はMDSのサービスを利用し,臨床試験計画の一員とし

て適格なMDS会員・非会員を確認することが可能であ

る(www.movementdisorders.org参照)。

映像の説明

セグメント 1MDS-UPDRS教育プログラムは,全般的ガイドライン,具

体的な使用方法,面談方法(PartⅠおよびⅣ),患者・介護

者用質問票の受け渡し(PartⅠおよびⅡ),運動能力検査(Part

Ⅲ)からなる。教育プログラムの最後には,PartⅢに関する

修了書プログラム用練習問題が収録されている。詳細は本文

参照。

謝 辞著者らは,「MDS-UPDRSに関するMDS Task Force」によ

り開発・検証されたMDS-UPDRSに基づいて本プログラムを

作成した:Christopher G. Goetz(プログラム・ディレクター),

Barbara C. Tilley(運営委員会メンバー,「臨床測定の検証に

関する小委員会」の議長),Stephanie Shaftman(コンサルタ

ント),Glenn T. Stebbins(運営委員会メンバー,「臨床測定

尺度の開発に関する小委員会」の議長),Stanley Fahn,Pablo

Martinez-Martin,Werner Poewe,Cristina Sampaio,Matthew B.

Stern,Richard Dodel,Bruno Dubois,Robert Holloway,Joseph

Jankovic,Jaime Kulisevsky,Anthony E. Lang,Andrew Lees,

Sue Leurgans,Peter A. LeWitt,David Nyenhuis,C. Warren

Olanow,Olivier Rascol,Anette Schrag,Jeanne A. Teresi,

Jacobus J. van Hilten(運営委員会メンバー,アルファベット

順),Nancy LaPelle(コンサルタント)。MDSは,UPDRS改

訂版プログラムの開発に関して Boehringer-Ingelheim USA,

GlaxoSmithKline,Pfizer, Inc.から無制限助成金を受けた。英

国パーキンソン病協会(UK Parkinson’s Disease Society)も英

国における被験者の評価を支援した。

著者の役割Christopher G. Goetz,Glenn T. Stebbins,Teresa A. Chmura,

Stanley Fahn,Werner Poewe,Caroline M. Tanner:全体の構想,

プロトコールの作成,プロトコールデータ収集,調査,品質

管理および /またはデータ解析,データの批判的検討と解釈,

原稿の執筆・批判的検討・承認に関与した。

資金に関する開示Christopher G. Goetz:謝礼金を伴う諮問委員会委員:

Allergan,Biogen,Boehringer-Ingelheim,Ceregene,EMD

Pharmaceuticals,Embryon,Impax Pharmaceuticals,I3

Research,Juvantia Pharmaceuticals,Kiowa Pharmaceuticals,

GlaxoSmithKline,Merck KgaA,Merck and Co,Neurim

Pharmaceu t i ca l s,Novar t i s Pharmaceu t i ca l s,Ovat ion

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7

C. G. Goetz et al.

Pharmaceuticals,Oxford Biomedica,Schering-Plough,Solstice

Neurosciences,Solvay Pharmaceuticals,Synergy/Intec,Teva

Pharmaceuticals。研究助成:NIH,Michael J. Fox Foundation,

Kinetics Foundation か ら 助 成 金 を 受 領。Dr. Goetz は,

Parkinson’s Disease Foundationから支援を受けている Rush

Parkinson’s Disease Research Centerを指揮する立場にある。謝

礼金受領:Movement Disorder Society,Northwestern University,

American Academy of Neurology,Robert Wood Johnson Medical

School。印税:Oxford University Press,Elsevier Publishers。給

料受領:Rush University Medical Center。Glenn T. Stebbins:研

究助成:National Institutes of Health,Michael J Fox Foundation,

Fragile X Foundation,American Cancer Society,Rayman Family

Fund,Kinetics Foundation,Parkinson’s Disease Foundation。給

料受領:Rush University Medical Center。Teresa A. Chmura:

給料受領:Rush University Medical Center。Stanley Fahn:謝

礼金を伴う諮問委員会委員:Anteres Pharma,Boehringer-

Ingelheim,Eisai,EMD Serono,IMPAX Pharma,Intec Pharma,

Merz Pharma,Novartis,Teva Pharmaceuticals。研究助成:

Dr. Fahnは,Parkinson’s Disease Foundationから支援を受

けている Columbia Parkinson’s Disease Research Centerの

Fellowship Training Programを指揮する立場にある。謝礼金

受領:American Academy of Neurology,Johns Hopkins Medical

Center,University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School,

Cleveland Clinic Foundation,Wayne State University School of

Medicine,Columbia University。印税:Elsevier Publishers。給

料受領:Columbia University。Werner Poewe:諮問委員会委員

に対する謝礼金ならびに講演料の受領:Böhringer-Ingelheim,

Teva,Novartis,GSK,UCB。研究助成:Böhringer-Ingelheim,

Astra Zeneca。謝礼金受領:Movement Disorder Society,

Austrian Parkinson’s Disease Society,Austrian Neurological

Society。印税:Thieme,Germany。給料受領:Innsbruck

Medical University。Caroline M. Tanner:謝礼金を伴う諮問委

員会委員:National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

(Advisory Council),Michael J Fox Foundation,Lundbeck

Pharmaceuticals,National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association。研

究助成:National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,Neurotoxins

and Experimental Therapeutics Research Program(Department

of Defense),Michael J Fox Foundation,Parkinson’s Disease

Foundation,現在および過去の溶接消耗品製造業者で構成さ

れる団体,James & Sharron Clark,Brin Foundation。謝礼金受領:

Movement Disorders Society。給料受領:Parkinson’s Institute。

REFERENCES

are certified as part of the clinical trial design (contact

www.movementdisorders.org).

LEGENDS TO VIDEOTAPE

Segment 1. The MDS-UPDRS Teaching program

covers general guidelines, specific instructions, and

methods for interview techniques (Parts I and IV),

delivery of patient/caregiver questionnaire (Parts I and

II), and the Motor Examination (Part III). A Certificate

Program exercise for Part III is the final portion of the

teaching program. See text for details.

Acknowledgments: The authors prepared this programbased on the MDS-UPDRS that was developed and testedunder the auspices of the MDS Task Force on the MDS-UPDRS: Christopher G. Goetz, Program Director; Barbara C.Tilley, Steering Committee Member, Chair of ClinimetricTesting Subcommittee; Stephanie Shaftman,, Consultant,Glenn T. Stebbins, Steering Committee Member, Chair ofScale Clinimetric Development Subcommittee; Stanley Fahn,Pablo Martinez-Martin, Werner Poewe, Cristina Sampaio,Matthew B. Stern, Richard Dodel, Bruno Dubois, RobertHolloway, Joseph Jankovic, Jaime Kulisevsky, Anthony E.Lang, Andrew Lees, Sue Leurgans, Peter A. LeWitt, DavidNyenhuis, C. Warren Olanow, Olivier Rascol, Anette Schrag,Jeanne A. Teresi, Jacobus J. van Hilten, Steering CommitteeMembers, listed in alphabetical order; Nancy LaPelle, Con-sultant. The MDS received unrestricted grants for the devel-opment of the UPDRS revision program from: Boehringer-Ingelheim USA, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer, Inc. The UKParkinson’s Disease Society also provided support for assess-ment of subjects in the UK.

Author’s Roles: Christopher G. Goetz, Glenn T. Stebbins,Teresa A. Chmura, Stanley Fahn, Werner Poewe, CarolineM. Tanner: Participation in overall concept, protocol prepara-tion, protocol data acquisition, surveillance, quality controland/or data analysis, critical review of data and interpreta-tion, and writing or critical review and approval of manu-script.

Financial Disclosures: Christopher G. Goetz—Consultingand Advisory Board Membership with honoraria: Allergan,Biogen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ceregene, EMD Pharmaceuti-cals, Embryon, Impax Pharmaceuticals, I3 Research, JuvantiaPharmaceuticals, Kiowa Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmith Kline,Merck KgaA, Merck and Co, Neurim Pharmaceuticals,Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Ovation Pharmaceuticals, OxfordBiomedica, Schering-Plough, Solstice Neurosciences, SolvayPharmaceuticals, Synergy/Intec, Teva Pharmaceuticals.Grants/Research: Funding from NIH, Michael J. Fox Founda-tion, Kinetics Foundation. Dr Goetz directs the Rush Parkin-son’s Disease Research Center that receives support from theParkinson’s Disease Foundation. Honoraria: Movement Dis-order Society, Northwestern University, American Academyof Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Royal-ties: Oxford University Press, Elsevier Publishers. Salary:Rush University Medical Center. Glenn T. Stebbins—Grants/

Research: National Institutes of Health, Michael J Fox Foun-dation, Fragile X Foundation, American Cancer Society, Ray-man Family Fund, Kinetics Foundation and the Parkinson’sDisease Foundation. Salary: Rush University Medical Center.Teresa A. Chmura—Salary: Rush University Medical Center.Stanley Fahn—Consulting and Advisory Board Membershipwith honoraria: Anteres Pharma, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eisai,EMD Serono, IMPAX Pharma, Intec Pharma, Merz Pharma,Novartis, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Grants/Research:Dr. Fahn directs the Columbia Parkinson’s Disease ResearchCenter and Fellowship Training Program that receives sup-port from the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation. Honoraria:American Academy of Neurology, Johns Hopkins MedicalCenter, University of Alabama at Birmingham MedicalSchool, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Wayne State UniversitySchool of Medicine, Columbia University. Royalties: ElsevierPublishers. Salary: Columbia University. Werner Poewe—Honoraria for consulting an advisory board membership pluslecture fees: Bohringer-Ingelheim, Teva, Novartis, GSK,UCB. Grants/Research funding: Bohringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca. Honoraria: Movement Disorder Society, Austrian Par-kinson’s disease Society, Austrian Neurological Society. Roy-alties: Thieme, Germany. Salary: Innsbruck Medical Univer-sity. Caroline M. Tanner—Consulting and Advisory BoardMembership with honoraria: , National Institute of Neurologi-cal Disorders and Stroke (Advisory Council), Michael J FoxFoundation, Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals, national SpasmodicDysphonia Association. Grants/Research: National Institute ofNeurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Envi-ronmental Health Sciences, Neurotoxins and ExperimentalTherapeutics Research Program (Department of Defense), Mi-chael J Fox Foundation, Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, agroup of current and former manufacturers of welding consum-ables, James & Sharron Clark, Brin Foundation. Honoraria:Movement Disorders Society. Salary: Parkinson’s Institute.

REFERENCES

1. Fahn S, Elton RL, and members of the UPDRS DevelopmentCommittee. Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. In: FahnS, Marsden CD, Calne DB, Goldstein M, editors. Recent develop-ment in Parkinson’s Disease, vol 2. Florham Park, NJ: MacmillanHealth Care Information; 1987. p 153–164.

2. Ramaker C, Marinus J, Stiggelbout AM, van Hilten BJ. System-atic evaluation of rating scales for impairment and disability inParkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2002;17:867–876.

3. Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Par-kinson’s disease. UPDRS: status and recommendations. Mov Dis-ord 2003;18:738–750.

4. Goetz CG, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, et al. Movement DisorderSociety-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s DiseaseRating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): process, format, and clinimetrictesting plan. Mov Disord 2007;22:41–47.

5. Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, et al. Movement DisorderSociety-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s DiseaseRating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetrictesting results. Mov Disord 2008;23:2129–2170.

6. Goetz CG, Stebbins GT, Chmura TA, Fahn S, Klawans HL,Marsden CD. Teaching tape for the motor section of the UnifiedParkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (Videotape accompanies text).Mov Disord 1995;10:263–266.

1194 C.G. GOETZ ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010

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8

パーキンソン病におけるアマンタジンの 長期抗ジスキネジア効果Long-Term Antidyskinetic Efficacy of Amantadine in Parkinson’s Disease

Elisabeth Wolf, MD*, Klaus Seppi, MD, Regina Katzenschlager, MD, Guenter Hochschorner, MD, Gerhard Ransmayr, MD, Petra Schwingenschuh, MD, Erwin Ott, MD, Iris Kloiber, MD, Dietrich Haubenberger, MD, Eduard Auff MD, and Werner Poewe, MD

*Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1357–1363

Key Word パーキンソン病,アマンタジン,ジスキネジア

いくつかの無作為化プラセボ対照試験では,レボドパ

(L—ドパ)治療を受けている進行期パーキンソン病

(Parkinson’sdisease;PD)患者においてアマンタジン

の抗ジスキネジア効果が一貫して示されている。しかし,

これらはいずれも短期試験であり,L—ドパ誘発性ジスキ

ネジア(levodopainduceddyskinesia;LID)に対する

アマンタジンの効果は,投与開始後9ヵ月目ごろから

減衰していくとの主張もある。今回の無作為化プラセボ

対照並行群間比較試験では,アマンタジンの長期抗ジ

スキネジア効果を評価するために,LIDに対して少なく

とも1年間は安定したアマンタジン治療を受けている

PD患者32例を,二重盲検的にアマンタジン投与もし

くはプラセボ投与に切り替えて3週間追跡調査した。

ジスキネジアの出現時間と重症度は,患者日誌に加え,

UnifiedParkinson’sDiseaseRatingScale(UPDRS)

PartⅣ(合併症)の項目32および33で評価した。主要評価項目は,試験参加時と試験薬投与3週間後の

UPDRSPartⅣ(合併症)項目32+33のスコア変化,ならびにUPDRSPartⅣ(合併症)項目32+33のスコア変化の投与群間比較とした。UPDRSPartⅣ(合併症)項目32+33のスコアは,プラセボ投与患者で

は試験参加時の3.06(95%CI,2.1~ 4.03)から3

週間後の追跡調査時には4.28(95%CI,3.1~ 5.4)

と有意に上昇したのに対して(p =0.02),アマンタジ

ン投与を継続した患者では試験参加時3.2(95% CI,

2.1~ 4.4),追跡調査時 3.6(95% CI,2.3 ~ 4.8)

と有意な変化は認められなかった。以上の成績は,LID

のあるPD患者に対するアマンタジンの長期抗ジスキネ

ジア効果を支持するものである。

緒 言

レボドパ(L—ドパ)誘発性ジスキネジア(levodopa

induced dyskinesia; LID)は,2年間 L—ドパ投与を受けた

パーキンソン病(Parkinson’s disease; PD)患者では約 1/3

に,5年以上継続投与された PD患者では半数以上に認

められる 1-3。LIDの管理は,現在もなお進行期 PD治療

における最も困難な課題の 1つである。薬剤不応性 LID

を有する多くの患者では,アポモルヒネの持続皮下注入,

L—ドパの十二指腸内投与,あるいは最も一般的な深部脳

刺激(deep brain stimulation; DBS)など,侵襲的で患者

負担の大きい治療法を考慮せざるをえない。動物実験で

は LID治療を目的とした新しい非ドパミン性標的がいく

つか同定され,A2Aアンタゴニスト 4,5-HT1Aアゴニスト 5,

α2アドレナリンアンタゴニスト,AMPA型グルタミン

酸アンタゴニスト 6などが開発されている。しかし残念

ながら,これまでのところ,これらの薬剤の進行期 PD患

者における臨床試験成績はネガティブもしくは一貫性を

欠くものであり 7-12,LIDを有する PD患者で抗ジスキネ

ジア効果の強固なエビデンスが得られている薬剤はアマ

ンタジンのみである。既に公表されているアマンタジン

の試験では,患者の運動能力を悪化させることなく,ジ

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9

E. Wolf et al.

スキネジアの重症度と出現時間を約 50%低下させること

が一貫して示されている 13-19。しかし,これらの試験の実

薬投与期間は 2~ 4週間にすぎず,アマンタジンの長期

抗ジスキネジア効果に関するデータは限定的かつ相反的

である。Verhagenらの報告では 1年間追跡調査した患者

17例のうち 13例で効果が持続したが 20,患者 40例を対

象とした Thomasらの非盲検試験の報告では LIDに対す

るアマンタジンの効果は平均 5ヵ月後に減衰した 15。

本試験は,進行期PD患者のLIDに対する治療法として,

アマンタジンの臨床的有益性の持続期間を再評価するた

めにデザインされた。

患者および方法

患者L—ドパ長期投与に起因する運動合併症を有する孤発性

PD患者を,オーストリアの 7つの施設で募集した。適格

患者の要件は,LIDに対して最低 1年間はアマンタジン

による安定した治療が行われており,少なくとも試験開

始前の 4週間と試験期間中は他の抗パーキンソン病治療

薬の投与が安定していることとした。

すべての患者から文書によるインフォームド・コンセ

ントを取得した。試験プロトコールは Innsbruck Medical

Universityの倫理委員会で検討・承認され,EudraCTに

登録された(登録番号 2006-004267-59)。

方法本試験は,無作為化二重盲検プラセボ対照並行群間比

較試験としてデザインされた。実薬またはプラセボへの

無作為化(1:1)には,試験薬番号の割り当てを用いた。

Innsbruck Medical Universityの Department of Medical

Statisticが作成した無作為化リストを用いて,患者を 4例

ずつのブロックに無作為に割り付けた。アマンタジン(硫

酸アマンタジン 100 mg,Hofcomant®)またはプラセボ(微

結晶性セルロースおよびラクトース一水和物)含有試験

薬は,外見上同一の錠剤として投与したが,それまで患

者が服用していたアマンタジン錠とはサイズ・色が異な

る。プラセボ錠はMerz Austriaから提供された。実薬に無

作為化された患者には各自の 1日用量のアマンタジンを

投与し,プラセボに無作為化された患者には各自が試験

前に毎日服用していたアマンタジンと同じ剤数を投与し

た。スクリーニング受診時に適格基準のチェックと文書

によるインフォームド・コンセントを取得後,7~ 10日

以内に患者を無作為化した。スクリーニング時には,患

者と必要に応じて介護者に,「睡眠時間」「OFF期」「ジス

キネジアのないON期」「軽い(nontroublesome)ジスキ

ネジアのあるON期」「患者を悩ませる(troublesome)ジ

スキネジアのあるON期」からなる 5項目を 30分単位で

スコアリングする24時間日誌の使用法について説明した。

有効性に関する主要評価項目は,試験参加時から試験

終了時までの Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale

(UPDRS)PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32および 33で評価した

ジスキネジアの出現時間と重症度の変化,ならびに試験

参加時から試験終了時までのスコア変化の投与群間差と

した。副次的評価項目は「患者を悩ませるジスキネジア

のあるON期の時間 /日」「軽いジスキネジアのあるON

期の時間 /日」「ジスキネジアのない ON期の時間 /日」「総

OFF時間 /日」(以上,24時間自己スコアリング日誌 21で

評価),ならびに「ON期の運動機能」〔UPDRS PartⅢ(運

動能力)とUPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32および 33で

別々に評価〕である。有効性の評価は試験参加時(第 1

回受診:無作為化前 24時間以内に実施)と試験薬投与 3

週間後(第 2回受診)に行った。試験参加時の評価では,

先行する 3日間の日誌データの収集とUPDRSのスコアリ

ングを行い,試験薬投与後の評価では有害事象について

も記録した。ジスキネジアの増悪やパーキンソニズムな

どの有害事象,または他の何らかの理由により試験の早

期中止を考えている患者には,intent-to-treat(ITT)集団

の last observation carried forward(LOCF)解析に使用す

るUPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)評価データを得るため,試験

薬の服用を継続したまま臨時受診ないし電話調査に応じ

るよう要請した。

試験終了後はすべての患者に対し,各自の試験前のア

マンタジン治療を継続するよう指示した。

統計解析本試験のサンプルサイズは,同等平均値に関する 2群

間の t検定で推定し,コンピュータソフトウェアパッケー

ジ nQueryで算出した。アマンタジンの LIDへの有効性

に関しては,既に無作為化比較試験(RCT)の 1つで

UPDRS項目 32+ 33スコアは追跡調査時に 1.7± 0.5ポ

イント改善したと報告されている 13。この試験データに

基づけば,両側検定を使用して両側有意水準を 0.05とし,

サンプルサイズを各群 21例とした場合,2群間の差の検

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10

アマンタジンの長期抗ジスキネジア効果

出力は 90%となる。

本試験であらかじめ設定した有効性に関する主要評価

項目は,(1)UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32および 33

の合計スコアに関する試験参加時と試験終了時の群内比

較,(2)試験参加時と試験終了時の UPDRS PartⅣ(合

併症)項目 32および 33の合計スコアの差に関する群間

比較である。2つの投与群において試験参加時と試験終

了時を比較した主要評価項目の群内比較には,対応のあ

る変数に関するWilcoxon符号付順位検定を用いたが,あ

らかじめプロトコールに規定したように,多重比較を考

慮して有意水準を低い閾値(p< 0.05/2= 0.025)に設定

した。試験参加時と試験終了時のUPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)

項目 32および 33の合計スコアの差に関する群間比較(プ

ラセボ群 対 アマンタジン群)には,Mann-Whitney U検

定を用いた。Mann-Whitney U検定の有意水準は,あらか

じめプロトコールに規定したように p< 0.05に設定した。

副次的評価項目では探索的な解析を行い,有意水準は

p< 0.05に設定した。UPDRSに基づく副次的評価項目も,

対応のある変数に関するWilcoxon符号付順位検定で解

析した。日誌に基づく副次的評価項目の一部は正規分布

しないことが Shapiro-Wilks検定で明らかになった。した

がって,日誌に基づく副次的評価項目の試験参加時と追

跡調査時の統計学的比較にも,対応のある変数に関する

Wilcoxon符号付順位検定を用いた。

有効性に関する主要解析は,少なくとも 1回は試験薬

を服用し,試験薬投与中に少なくとも 1つの UPDRS Part

Ⅳ(合併症)スコアまたは日誌データが入手できたすべ

ての患者からなる ITT集団で実施した。早期に試験を中

止した ITT集団の患者には LOCF法を適用した。また,

試験参加時と試験終了時の両者で有効性の主要評価が可

能であった全患者を含む per-protocol(PP)集団を対象に,

有効性の主要解析を再度行った。副次的評価項目の解析

は PP集団で実施した。安全性評価集団は,少なくとも 1

回試験薬を服用したすべての患者とした。

結 果

あらかじめ設定した募集期間の終了時までに無作為化

された患者(ITT集団)は 32例で,そのうち 28例が 3

週間の投与期間を完了した(Figure 1)。1例の患者は自

動車事故後の入院により本試験から脱落した。この事故

は試験薬とは無関係と考えられたが,この男性患者の試

験薬投与は中止し,主治医によるアマンタジンの非盲検

投与に戻った。この症例では試験後の有効性評価は実施

できなかった。3例の患者は無作為化から 4~ 7日後に

ジスキネジアが増悪したため早期に試験を中止した。こ

のうち 1例は臨時受診に応じ,別の 1例は電話調査に応

じたため,試験終了前に UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)のデー

タを入手できた。残る 1例は試験薬中止前に日誌データ

を提供した。28例が試験を完了した(PP集団)。ITT集

団の患者 32例中 14例はアマンタジン群,18例はプラセ

ボ群に無作為化された。

試験参加時における主要変数の分布は両群で同等で

あった(Table 1参照)。

主要評価項目の解析ITT解析において,UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32

および 33の合計スコアで評価したジスキネジアによる身

体能力障害とジスキネジアの出現時間は,プラセボ群で

は試験参加時に比べて 3週間後には有意に上昇したが(平

均スコア:試験参加時 3.1± 1.9 対 試験終了時 4.3± 2.3,

p= 0.02),アマンタジン群では変化が認められなかった

(平均スコア:試験参加時 3.2± 2.0 対 試験終了時 3.6±

2.2,p= 0.58)(Table 2参照)。PP集団の結果も同様で,

プラセボ群では UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32および

33のスコアが有意に上昇したが(平均スコア:試験参加

時 3.1± 1.9 対 試験終了時 4.4± 2.3,p= 0.02),アマン

タジン群では変化が認められなかった(平均スコア:試

験参加時 3.2± 2.0 対 試験終了時 3.6± 2.2,p= 0.58)。

ITT解析において,UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32+

38 patients assessed for eligibility

6 screening failure

32 patients enrolled

14 patients analysed 17 patients analysed

14 patients randomlyassigned to amantadine

18 patients randomlyassigned to placebo

1 premature studytermination

1 drop out2 premature studyterminations

Figure 1 試験の概要

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11

E. Wolf et al.

33スコアの試験参加時と試験終了時との差は,アマンタ

ジン群が+ 0.4(95% CI,- 0.6~ 1.3),プラセボ群が+

1.2(95% CI,0.2~ 2.2)であった。この差について群間

比較を行ったが,統計学的有意差は認められなかった(p

= 0.14)。

副次的評価項目の解析「患者を悩ませるジスキネジアのあるON期」は,プラ

セボ群でのみ試験参加時に比べ 3週間後には有意に延長

していた(1.7± 1.8時間 対 3.5± 3.1時間,p= 0.01)。

同様に,UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32で評価したジ

スキネジア出現時間もプラセボ群で有意に延長していた

(1.8± 1.2時間 対 2.5± 1.2時間,p= 0.026)。他の副次

的評価項目の変数については,いずれの群においても試

験参加時と試験終了時との間で有意な変化は認められな

かった(Table 3参照)。

安全性3週間の試験期間中に計 6件の有害事象が報告された。

アマンタジン群の 1例は転倒し,プラセボ群の 1例は夜

間におけるOFF期の有痛性ジストニアが増悪した。3例

の患者はジスキネジアの増悪により早期試験中止となっ

た(プラセボ群 2例,アマンタジン群 1例)。その他の症

例では UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)と日誌データでジスキ

ネジアの増悪を評価した。プラセボ群の 1例は自動車事

故に遭ったが,試験薬とは無関係であった。

考 察

平均 4.8年間のアマンタジン投与歴のある LIDを有す

る進行期 PD患者において,二重盲検下でアマンタジン

を中止しプラセボに切り替えた患者では統計学的に有意

なジスキネジアの増悪を認めたが,二重盲検下でアマン

タジンを継続した患者では変化は認められなかった。こ

れらの結果は,1年以上投与を継続した場合でもアマン

タジンの抗ジスキネジア効果が十分に持続することを裏

付けている。本試験の結果は,短期二重盲検試験で最初

にアマンタジンを投与された患者 17例のうち,13例は

Table 1 試験参加時の患者背景

値は平均値(SD)で示す。

Analysis of Secondary Outcome Measures

There was a significant increase of ‘‘ON time with

troublesome’’ dyskinesia from baseline to week three

in the placebo group only (1.7 6 1.8 hrs vs. 3.5 6 3.1

hrs, P 5 0.01). Similarly, dyskinesia duration

increased significantly in the placebo group by using

the UPDRS IV item 32 (1.8 6 1.2 hrs vs. 2.5 6 1.2

hrs, P 5 0.026). There were no significant changes

between baseline and end of study in the other second-

ary outcome variables in either group (see Table 3).

Safety

There were a total of six adverse events reported by

patients during the 3 week study period. One patient in

the amantadine group complaint falls and one patient

in the placebo group reported a worsening of painful

Off period dystonia during night. In 3 patient a wor-

sening of dyskinesias lead to a premature study termi-

nation. (two in the placebo and one in the amantadine

group). Otherwise the deterioration of dyskinesia was

rated with UPDRS IV and diary data. One patient in

the placebo group experienced a car accident unrelated

to study medication.

DISCUSSION

Double-blind withdrawal of amantadine in patients

with advanced PD and LID’s, who had been on this

drug for a mean of 4.8 years led to a statistically sig-

nificant increase of dyskinesias in patients switched to

placebo with no change occurring in those maintained

on double-blind amantadine. These results support a

sustained antidyskinetic effect of amantadine extending

well beyond one year of therapy. This appears consist-

ent with the report by Verhagen et al., who observed a

56% reduction of dyskinesia scores after one year of

amantadine in 13 of 17 patients originally treated in a

short term double-blind study.20 However, in that study

dyskinesia ratings were based on AIMS scores after

acute L-dopa challenge tests, which may not necessar-

TABLE 1. Baseline demographics

All patients(N 5 32)

Amantadine(N 5 14)

Placebo(N 5 18)

Age (yrs) 67 (7.7)(range 52–84)

66.1 (6.8)(range 52–76)

67.1 (7.8)(range 53–84)

Age at PD onset (yrs) 50.2 (9.6)(range 32–79)

48.4 (7.2)(range 32–79)

50.6 (11.5)(range 38–60)

Disease duration (yrs) 16.8 (5.9) 17.8 (6.2) 16.5 (7.7)Duration of L-dopa (yrs) 13.4 (6.8) 14.2 (6.8) 12.9 (6.5)Duration of LID (yrs) 6.5 (4.0) 5.7 (3.2) 7.2 (4–4)Amantadine dose (mg/day) 298 (73) 307.7 (86) 293.7 (68)Duration of amantadine treatment (yrs) 4.8 (2.9) 4.2 (2.6) 5.1 (3.0)Daily L-dopa dose (mg/day) 710.5 (365) 698 (319) 722 (413)Other PD medication (number of patients) 3 Ropinirole 4 Ropinirole

8 Pramipexole 5 Pramipexole1 Rotigotine 3 Rotigotine1 Entacapone 1 Bromocriptine1 Tolcapone 1 Apomorphine

8 Entacapone

Values are given as mean (SD).

TABLE 2. Primary outcome measures at baseline and after 3 weeks of blinded treatment with placebo or amantadinecontinuation therapy

Baseline values End of studyScore difference follow-up

vs. baseline Betweengroup

comparisonAmantadine Placebo Amantadine Placebo Amantadine Placebo

UPDRS IV item 32 1 33 PP 3.2 (2.1–4.4) 3.06 (2.1–4.0) 3.6 (2.3–4.8) 4.4 (3.2–5.6) 0.4 (20.6 to 1.3) 1.3 (0.2–2.4)a 0.9 (22.3 to 0.5)UPDRS IV item 32 1 33 ITT 3.2 (2.1–4.4) 3.06 (2.1–4.0) 3.6 (2.3–4.8) 4.3 (3.1–5.4) 0.4 (20.6 to 1.3) 1.2 (0.2–2.2)a 0.9 (22.2 to 0.5)

All values are given as mean (95% CI), PP 5 per protocol analysis, ITT intention to treat analysis.P values are calculated to determine significance of changes between baseline and follow-up at week 3 in either group and to determine the

between group comparison.aSignificant P values P 5 0.02.

1360 E. WOLF ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

Analysis of Secondary Outcome Measures

There was a significant increase of ‘‘ON time with

troublesome’’ dyskinesia from baseline to week three

in the placebo group only (1.7 6 1.8 hrs vs. 3.5 6 3.1

hrs, P 5 0.01). Similarly, dyskinesia duration

increased significantly in the placebo group by using

the UPDRS IV item 32 (1.8 6 1.2 hrs vs. 2.5 6 1.2

hrs, P 5 0.026). There were no significant changes

between baseline and end of study in the other second-

ary outcome variables in either group (see Table 3).

Safety

There were a total of six adverse events reported by

patients during the 3 week study period. One patient in

the amantadine group complaint falls and one patient

in the placebo group reported a worsening of painful

Off period dystonia during night. In 3 patient a wor-

sening of dyskinesias lead to a premature study termi-

nation. (two in the placebo and one in the amantadine

group). Otherwise the deterioration of dyskinesia was

rated with UPDRS IV and diary data. One patient in

the placebo group experienced a car accident unrelated

to study medication.

DISCUSSION

Double-blind withdrawal of amantadine in patients

with advanced PD and LID’s, who had been on this

drug for a mean of 4.8 years led to a statistically sig-

nificant increase of dyskinesias in patients switched to

placebo with no change occurring in those maintained

on double-blind amantadine. These results support a

sustained antidyskinetic effect of amantadine extending

well beyond one year of therapy. This appears consist-

ent with the report by Verhagen et al., who observed a

56% reduction of dyskinesia scores after one year of

amantadine in 13 of 17 patients originally treated in a

short term double-blind study.20 However, in that study

dyskinesia ratings were based on AIMS scores after

acute L-dopa challenge tests, which may not necessar-

TABLE 1. Baseline demographics

All patients(N 5 32)

Amantadine(N 5 14)

Placebo(N 5 18)

Age (yrs) 67 (7.7)(range 52–84)

66.1 (6.8)(range 52–76)

67.1 (7.8)(range 53–84)

Age at PD onset (yrs) 50.2 (9.6)(range 32–79)

48.4 (7.2)(range 32–79)

50.6 (11.5)(range 38–60)

Disease duration (yrs) 16.8 (5.9) 17.8 (6.2) 16.5 (7.7)Duration of L-dopa (yrs) 13.4 (6.8) 14.2 (6.8) 12.9 (6.5)Duration of LID (yrs) 6.5 (4.0) 5.7 (3.2) 7.2 (4–4)Amantadine dose (mg/day) 298 (73) 307.7 (86) 293.7 (68)Duration of amantadine treatment (yrs) 4.8 (2.9) 4.2 (2.6) 5.1 (3.0)Daily L-dopa dose (mg/day) 710.5 (365) 698 (319) 722 (413)Other PD medication (number of patients) 3 Ropinirole 4 Ropinirole

8 Pramipexole 5 Pramipexole1 Rotigotine 3 Rotigotine1 Entacapone 1 Bromocriptine1 Tolcapone 1 Apomorphine

8 Entacapone

Values are given as mean (SD).

TABLE 2. Primary outcome measures at baseline and after 3 weeks of blinded treatment with placebo or amantadinecontinuation therapy

Baseline values End of studyScore difference follow-up

vs. baseline Betweengroup

comparisonAmantadine Placebo Amantadine Placebo Amantadine Placebo

UPDRS IV item 32 1 33 PP 3.2 (2.1–4.4) 3.06 (2.1–4.0) 3.6 (2.3–4.8) 4.4 (3.2–5.6) 0.4 (20.6 to 1.3) 1.3 (0.2–2.4)a 0.9 (22.3 to 0.5)UPDRS IV item 32 1 33 ITT 3.2 (2.1–4.4) 3.06 (2.1–4.0) 3.6 (2.3–4.8) 4.3 (3.1–5.4) 0.4 (20.6 to 1.3) 1.2 (0.2–2.2)a 0.9 (22.2 to 0.5)

All values are given as mean (95% CI), PP 5 per protocol analysis, ITT intention to treat analysis.P values are calculated to determine significance of changes between baseline and follow-up at week 3 in either group and to determine the

between group comparison.aSignificant P values P 5 0.02.

1360 E. WOLF ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

Table 2 試験参加時およびプラセボ /アマンタジン盲検下継続投与 3週間後の主要評価項目

値はいずれも平均値(95% CI)で示す。PP= per-protocol解析,ITT= intent-to-treat解析p値は,各群における試験参加時と 3週間後の追跡調査時を比較した変化の有意性の検討,ならびに群間比較のために算出した。

ap= 0.02で有意差あり。

MDs4-3.indb 11 11.1.13 3:50:03 PM

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12

アマンタジンの長期抗ジスキネジア効果

アマンタジン投与 1年後もジスキネジアスコアが 56%低

下していたというVerhagenらの報告 20と一致すると考え

られる。ただし,Verhagenらの研究では短期 L—ドパ負荷

試験後の AIMSスコアに基づいてジスキネジアが評価さ

れており,日常臨床での L—ドパ投与におけるジスキネジ

ア反応を必ずしも反映していない可能性がある。UPDRS

PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32および 33で評価したジスキネ

ジアの出現時間と身体能力障害には臨床的な意義があり,

なおかつデータの入手が容易であることから,最近行わ

れた 5-HT1Aアンタゴニスト sarizotaneの抗ジスキネジア

効果に関する第Ⅲ相試験 8と同様に,本試験でも主要評

価項目としてこの尺度を使用した。アマンタジンからプ

ラセボに切り替えた患者では,UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)

項目32+33スコアが約 50%上昇した。UPDRS PartⅣ(合

併症)で評価したジスキネジアの重症度と出現時間に関

するスコア変化の数字上の差は,群間比較で統計学的有

意には達しなかったものの,事前に計画していた被験者

数が集まらなかったことによる検出力不足を反映してい

る可能性が最も高い。ジスキネジアのスコアがプラセボ

群でのみ有意に上昇したことと一致して,プラセボ群で

は日誌データでも「患者を悩ませるジスキネジアのある

時間」は 1.7時間から 3.5時間に有意に延長した。この変

化の裏側で,「ジスキネジアのない ON期」と「軽いジス

キネジアのあるON期」は試験参加時よりも試験終了時

のほうが有意ではないものの短縮していた。これに対し,

アマンタジンの二重盲検投与に無作為化された患者で

は,これらのどの評価項目にも本質的な変化は認められ

なかった。

今回の試験成績は,Thomasら 15の報告とは大きく異

なっていた。Thomasらの試験では,当初こそアマンタジ

ン投与 15日後に UPDRS PartⅣ(合併症)項目 32~ 34

のジスキネジアスコアが 45%低下したものの,非盲検下

で追跡調査したわずか 4.9ヵ月後には試験参加時の値に

戻っていた。Thomasらはこの原因について,アマンタジ

ンの抗 PD効果に関する初期研究 22,23で示唆されたもの

と似た,アマンタジンの抗ジスキネジア効果に対する耐

性発現によるものと考えた。しかし,彼らはその一方で,

20例の患者のうち 11例はアマンタジン中止後にジスキ

ネジアの重症度がリバウンドしたと報告している。この

リバウンドは 1~ 2.5週後にはおさまったものの,この期

間中には L—ドパ 1日用量と投与頻度が減らされており,

この特定の観察結果から結論を引き出すのは困難である。

Tabl

e 3  試験参加時およびプラセボ

/アマンタジン盲検下継続投与

3週間後の副次的評価項目

値はいずれも平均値(

95%

CI)で示す。

p値は,各群における試験参加時と

3週間後の追跡調査時を比較した変化の有意性の検討,ならびに群間比較のために算出した。

a p=

0.02

6で有意差あり。

b p=

0.01で有意差あり。

c p=

0.03

7で有意差あり。

ily reflect dyskinetic responses during routine clinical

treatment with L-dopa. Because of the clinical rele-

vance of duration and disability of dyskinesia as

assessed by UPDRS IV items 32 and 33 and because

of the ease of acquiring these data, this measure was

used as the primary outcome of this trial–similar to a

recent phase 3 trial testing the antidyskinetic efficacy

of the 5HT1A antagonist sarizotane.8 In patients

switched from amantadine to placebo the scores of

UPRDS IV items 32 1 33 increased by about 50 %.

The fact that the numerical difference of score changes

for dyskinesia severity and duration as assessed by

UPDRS IV failed to reach statistical significance in the

between group comparison most likely reflects insuffi-

cient power due to failure to recruit the preplanned

number of subjects. Consistent with a significant

increase in dyskinesia scores in the placebo group

only, diary data from the placebo group also showed a

significant increase in time spent with troublesome

dyskinesias from 1.7 to 3.5 hours. This change was

mirrored by a nonsignificant reduction of ‘‘ON without

dyskinesias’’ and ‘‘ON with nontroublesome dyskine-

sias’’ from baseline to end of study. In contrast, all

these measures remained essentially unchanged in the

patients randomized to double-blind amantadine.

Our findings are in contrast to those reported by

Thomas et al.,15 who observed an initial 45% reduction

in dyskinesia scores of UPDRS IV items 32–34 after

15 days of amantadine treatment, with a return to base-

line after only 4.9 months of open-label follow-up.

These authors proposed the development of tolerance

to the antidyskinetic effects of amantadine, similar to

what had been suggested in early studies of its antipar-

kinsonian efficacy.22,23 Nevertheless, they also reported

a rebound of dyskinesia severity in 11 out of 20

patients after amantadine withdrawal. Although this

was found to subside after 1–2.5 weeks, there were

concomitant reductions in daily L-dopa dose and dosing

frequency during this period, limiting the conclusions

to be drawn from this particular observation.

The patients entered into this study had been on

amantadine to treat LID’s for a minimum of one year

and their mean treatment duration was close to 5 years.

The fact that amantadine withdrawal in placebo

patients was associated with significant increases in

dyskinesia severity and duration over the day strongly

argues for long-term antidyskinetic efficacy of amanta-

dine in advanced PD. At the same time there was no

evidence of a clinically meaningful effect of amanta-

dine on ON motor function, as UPDRS motor scores

remained unchanged after withdrawal. The latter is not

unexpected given that these patients were all on L-dopa

TABLE

3.Second

aryou

tcom

emeasuresat

baseline

andafter3weeks

ofblindedtreatmentwithplaceboor

aman

tadine

continua

tion

therap

y

Bas

elin

evalues

End

ofstudy

Sco

rediffe

rence

follow-u

pvs.

bas

elin

eBetwee

ngro

up

com

par

ison

Am

antadin

ePlace

bo

Am

antadin

ePlace

bo

Am

antadin

ePlace

bo

UPDRS

IVitem

32

1.6

(0.9–2.2)

1.8

(1.2–2.4)

1.9

(1.2–2.5)

2.5

(1.8–3.1)

0.3

(20.2

to0.8)

0.7

(0.1–1.3)a

0.4

(21.2

to0.4)

UPDRS

IVitem

33

1.6

(0.9–2.4)

1.3

(0.8–1.8)

1.7

(0.9–2.5)

1.9

(1.2–2.6)

0.1

(20.6

to0.7)

0.6

(20.1

to1.2)

20.5

(21.4

to0.3)

UPDRS

III(m

oto

r)ON

26.8

(18.2–35.3)

27.6

(18.9–36.2)

25.8

(18.9–32.7)

27.7

(20.3–35.1)

20.92

(23.7

to1.9)

0.14

(24.5

to4.8)

21.1

(26.3

to4.2)

ON/O

FF

data,

hrs/d

ay:

ON

tim

ewithoutdysk

ines

ia5.5

(2.9–7.9)

6.3

(4.5–8.1)

5.4

(2.9–8.0)

4.9

(3.0–6.8)

20.05

(20.0

to0.8)

20.86

(22.8

to1.1)

0.8

(21.3

to2.9)

ON

tim

ewith

nontroubleso

me

dysk

ines

ia4.6

(2.7–6.5)

3.5

(2.3–4.8)

4.2

(2.4–6.0)

2.7

(1.6–3.7)

20.3

(21.8

to1.1)

21.0

(22.4

to0.5)

0.6

(21.3

to2.6)

ON

tim

ewith

troubleso

me

dysk

ines

ia2.8

(1.2–4.4)

1.7

(0.7–2.6)

2.5

(1.0–3.9)

3.5

(1.7–5.2)

20.2

(21.5

to1.0)

1.8

(0.2

to3.4)b

22.1

(24.0

to2

0.1)c

OFF

tim

e3.0

(1.3–4.7)

2.9

(1.6–4.2)

2.8

(1.0–4.7)

3.6

(2.3–4.8)

20.1

(20.6

to0.4)

0.6

(20.9

to1.9)

20.6

(22.1

to0.9)

Sleep

7.9

(7.0–8.7)

8.7

(7.7–9.7)

8.6

(7.7–9.5)

9.0

(8.1–9.9)

0.7

(20.1

to1.46)

20.1

(20.8

to0.6)

0.8

(20.1

to1.8)

All

values

are

giv

enas

mea

n(9

5%

CI).

Pvalues

are

calculated

todeter

min

esignifi

cance

ofch

anges

betwee

nbas

elin

ean

dfo

llow-u

pat

wee

k3

ineith

ergro

up

and

todeter

min

eth

ebetwee

ngro

up

com

par

ison.

Sig

nifi

cantP

values

:aP5

0.026.

bP5

0.01.

cP5

0.037.

1361LONG-TERM ANTIDYSKINETIC EFFICACY OF AMANTADINE

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

MDs4-3.indb 12 11.1.13 3:50:04 PM

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13

E. Wolf et al.

本試験に参加した患者は,LID治療を目的とした 1年

以上のアマンタジン投与歴があり,その平均投与期間は

約 5年であった。プラセボ群ではアマンタジン投与中止

に伴いジスキネジアの重症度と 1日の出現時間が有意に

上昇したことから,進行期 PDにおけるアマンタジンの

長期抗ジスキネジア効果が強く支持される。同時に,

UPDRS PartⅢ(運動能力)のスコアは投与中止後も変化

がなく,アマンタジンの ON期運動機能に対する臨床的

に有意な効果を示すエビデンスは得られなかった。ただ

し,患者全例で L—ドパが投与され,大部分の患者ではド

パミンアゴニストも併用投与されていたことから,既に

これらの薬剤によって最大限可能な症状コントロールが

実現されていたと考えられ,この結果は意外なものでは

ない。

本試験では,アマンタジンの速やかな投与中止に伴い,

ジスキネジアの増悪を除く重要な有害反応はみられな

かった。特に錯乱,激越,神経弛緩薬性悪性症候群様症

状 24-26を示した患者はいなかったが,これらの合併症は

長期アマンタジン療法の中止後にまれながら観察されて

いるため,日常臨床ではアマンタジンの段階的な離脱が

推奨される。

今回の試験は二重盲検デザインであるため,観察結果

の説明となるような患者バイアスや試験実施者バイアス

は概ね除外できる。本試験の対象患者数は比較的少な

かったものの,今回のデータから,L—ドパ誘発性ジスキ

ネジアに対するアマンタジンの治療効果は少なくとも数

年間にわたって維持されるという見解が強く支持される。

臨床医は,アマンタジンの投与を中止すると,ジスキネ

ジアの重症度および出現時間が上昇する可能性があるこ

とに注意すべきである。

謝 辞本試験は,Austrian Parkinson’s Disease Study Groupの支援

およびMerz Pharma GmbH(Frankfurt, Germany)の無制限

助成を受けた研究者主導型試験である。著者らは,モニタ

リングおよび試験薬の割り付けに関し,Medical University

Innsbruck,Clinical Trial Center(CTC)の Sabine Embacherに

感謝する。

資金に関する開示Elisabeth Wolf は,Medtronic,Novart is,Boehringer

Ingelheim,Schwarz Pharmaから講演と助言に対する謝礼金

を受けた。Klaus Seppiは,Novartis,Boehringer Ingelheim,

Lundbeck,Schwarz Pharma,UCB Pharma,GlaxoSmithKline

から講演と助言に対する謝礼金を受けた。Regina

Katzenschlagerは,Editorial Board of Movement Disordersの一

員であり,Novartis,Merz,Lundbeck,Cephalon,Santhera,

GlaxoSmithKline,Boehringer Ingelheimから講演と助言に対

する謝礼金を受けた。Guenter Hochschornerは,Cephalon,

GlaxoSmithKline,Novartisの科学諮問委員会の一員であ

り,Novartisおよび Merzから講義に対する謝礼金を受け

た。Gerhard Ransmayrは,Boehringer-Ingelheim,Novartis,

UCB-Pharma,GSK,Biogen-Idec,Merz-Pharma,Lundbeck,

Neurobiotecから諮問委員会への参加,セミナー /講義に対

する個人的な報酬および旅費に対する個人的支払いを受け

た。Petra Schwingenschuhは,Austrian Science Fund(FWF,

Erwin Schrödinger Grant)から研究助成を受けた。Erwin Ott

は,Novartis,Boehringer Ingelheim,Lundbeck,Schwarz

Pharma,UCB Pharma,GlaxoSmithKlineから講演と助言に

対する謝礼金を受けた。Iris Kloiberは,Lundbeck,Pfizer,

GlaxoSmithKline,Boehringer Ingelheim,UCB Pharma,

Schwarz-Pharmaから講演と助言に対する謝礼金を受け

た。Dietrich Haubenbergerは,Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship

(J2783-B09, FWF—Austrian Science Fund)から本論文とは

無関係の研究プロジェクトに対する助成を受け,National

Institutes of Healthの助成も受けている。Eduard Auffは,

Biogenldecと UCBの支援を受け,Allerganから研究助成を

受けた。Werner Poeweは,Boehringer Ingelheim,Esai Ltd,

Novartis,Sovay,Tevaの顧問であり,Boehringer Ingelheim,

Esai Ltd,Genzyme,Novartis,Schering Plough,Sovay,Teva,

Valeantの諮問委員会に参加していた。また,Boehringer

Ingelheimおよび Astra Zenecaから研究助成を受け,Journal of

Neurologyの論説(Review)編集者および European Journal of

Neurologyの編集諮問委員会の一員でもある。

著者の役割Elisabeth Wolfは,試験の構想,デザイン,組織化,実施と

原稿執筆に関与した。Klaus Seppiは,統計解析のデザインと

実施,原稿の査読と批判に関与した。Regina Katzenschlager

は,試験の実施,原稿の査読と批判に関与した。Guenter

Hochschornerは,試験の実施,原稿の査読と批判に関与した。

Gerhard Ransmayrは,試験の実施,原稿の査読と批判に関与

した。Petra Schwingenschuhは,試験の実施,原稿の査読と

批判に関与した。Erwin Ottは,試験の実施,原稿の査読と批

判に関与した。Iris Kloibeは,試験の実施,原稿の査読と批

判に関与した。Dietrich Haubenbergerは,試験の実施,原稿

の査読と批判に関与した。Eduard Auffは,試験の実施,原稿

の査読と批判に関与した。Werner Poeweは,試験の構想とデ

ザイン,統計解析の再検討,原稿の執筆に関与した。

MDs4-3.indb 13 11.1.13 3:50:05 PM

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14

アマンタジンの長期抗ジスキネジア効果

and a majority also on combined therapy with dopa-

mine agonists, hence maximum possible symptomatic

control was already achieved by these drugs.

Acute amantadine withdrawal was not associated

with important adverse reactions other than dyskinesia

increase in this study. In particular there were no cases

of confusion, agitation or neuroleptic malignant syn-

drome-like symptoms.24–26 Nevertheless these compli-

cations have rarely been observed after withdrawal of

long-term amantadine therapy such that gradual aman-

tadine withdrawal is recommended for routine clinical

practice.

The double-blind design of the current study largely

excludes patient or investigator bias as an explanation

for the observed results. Although numbers of patients

included were relatively small, the present data

strongly support the notion that amantadine maintains

its efficacy in the treatment of L-dopa induced dyskine-

sias at least over several years. Clinicians should be

aware that discontinuation of amantadine treatment

may increase dyskinesia severity and duration.

Acknowledgments: The study is an investigator initiatedstudy sponsored by the Austrian Parkinson’s Disease StudyGroup and by an unrestricted grand by the Merz PharmaGmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. We thank to Sabine Embacherof the Clinical Trial Center (CTC), Medical University Inns-bruck, for monitoring and study drug allocation.

Financial Disclosure: Elisabeth Wolf has received hono-raria for speaking and consulting from: Medtronic, Novartis,Boehringer Ingelheim, Schwarz Pharma. Klaus Seppi hasreceived honoraria for speaking and consulting from: Novar-tis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lundbeck, Schwarz Pharma, UCBPharma and GlaxoSmithKline. Regina Katzenschlager servesas a member of the Editorial Board of Movement Disordersand has received honoraria for speaking and consulting from:Novartis, Merz, Lundbeck, Cephalon, Santhera, GlaxoS-mithKline, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Guenter Hochschornerserves on scientific advisory boards for Cephalon, GlaxoS-mithKline and Novartis and received honoraria for lecturesfrom Novartis and Merz. Gerhard Ransmayr has receivedpersonal compensations for participation at advisory boards,travel costs, and seminars/lectures from Boehringer-Ingel-heim, Novartis, UCB-Pharma, GSK, Biogen-Idec, Merz-Pharma, Lundbeck, and Neurobiotec. Petra Schwingenschuhreceived research support from the Austrian Science Fund(FWF, Erwin Schrodinger Grant). Erwin Ott received honora-ria for speaking and consulting from: Novartis, BoehringerIngelheim, Lundbeck, Schwarz Pharma, UCB Pharma andGlaxoSmithKline. Iris Kloiber has received honoraria forspeaking and consulting from Lundbeck, Pfizer, GlaxoS-mithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB Pharma andSchwarz-Pharma. Dietrich Haubenberger is supported by anErwin Schroedinger Fellowship (J2783-B09, FWF—AustrianScience Fund) for a research project unrelated to the manu-script, and the National Institutes of Health. Eduard Auff forBiogenldec and UCB and he received research support from

Allergan. Werner Poewe served as consultant for BoehringerIngelheim, Esai Ltd, Novartis, Sovay and Teva. He was inthe advisory panel for Boehringer Ingelheim, Esai Ltd, Gen-zyme, Novartis, Schering Plough, Sovay, Teva and Valeant.He received research support from Boehringer Ingelheim andAstra Zeneca. He serves as Review editor for the Journal ofNeurology and as a member of the editorial advisory boardfor the European Journal of Neurology.

Author Roles: Elisabeth Wolf was involved in conception,design, organization, execution of study and writing of thedraft, Klaus Seppi was involved in design and execution ofthe statistical analysis, review and critique the manuscript; Re-gina Katzenschlager was involved in execution of study,review and critique the manuscript; Guenter Hochschorner wasinvolved in execution of study, review and critique the manu-script, Gerhard Ransmayr was involved in execution of study,review and critique the manuscript, Petra Schwingenschuh wasinvolved in execution of study, review and critique the manu-script, Erwin Ott was involved in execution of study, reviewand critique the manuscript, Iris Kloibe was involved in execu-tion of study, review and critique the manuscript; DietrichHaubenberger was involved in execution of study, review andcritique the manuscript; Eduard Auff was involved in execu-tion of study, review and critique the manuscript, WernerPoewe was involved in conception and design of the study,review the statistical analysis, writing the draft.

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8. Goetz CG, Damier P, Hicking C, et al. Sarizotane as a treatmentofr dykinesias in parkinson’s disease: a double-blind Placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord 2007;22:179–186.

9. Rascol O, Arnulf I, Peyro-Saint Paul H, et al. Idazoxan, analpha-2 antagonist, and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in patientswith Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2001;16:708–713.

10. Manson AJ, Iakovidou E, Lees AJ. Idazoxan is ineffective forlevodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord2000;15:336–337.

1362 E. WOLF ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

11. Lewitt PA, Guttmann M, Tetrud JW, et al. Adenosine A2A re-ceptor antagonist istradefylline (KW-6002) reduces ‘‘off’’ time inParkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, multicenterclinical trial (6002-US-005). Ann Neurol 2008;63:295–302.

12. Bara-Jimenez W, Bibbiani F, Morris MJ, et al. Effects of sero-tonin 5-HT1A agonist in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Dis-ord 2005;20:932–936.

13. Luginger E, Wenning GK, Boesch S, Poewe W. Beneficialeffects of amantadine on L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkin-son’s disease. Mov Disord 2000;15:873–878.

14. Verhagen Metman L, Del Dotto P, et al. Amantadine as treat-ment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s dis-ease. Neurology 1998;50:1323–1326.

15. Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, et al. Duration of amanta-dine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson’s disease. J Neu-rol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:141–143.

16. Snow BJ, Macdonald L, Mcauley D, Wallis W. The effect ofamantadine on levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s dis-ease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neurophar-macology 2000;23:82–85.

17. Da Silva-Junior FP, Braga-Neto P, Sueli Monte F, De Bruin VM.Amantadine reduces the duration of levodopa-induced dyskinesia:a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Parkinson-ism Relat Disord 2005;11:449–452.

18. Rajput AH, Rajput A, Lang AE, et al. New use for an old drug:amantadine benefits levodopa induced dyskiensias. Mov Disor1998;13:851–854.

19. Ruicka E, Streiova H, Jech R, et al. Amantadine infusion treat-ment of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson’s dis-ease. J Neural Trans 2000;102:1297–1306.

20. Verhagen LM, Del Dotto P, Lepoole K, et al. Amantadine forlevodopa-induced dyskinesias: a 1-year follow-uo Study. ArchNeurol 1999;56:1383–1386.

21. Hauser RA, Friedlander J, Zesiewicz TA, et al. A home diary toassess functional status in patients with Parkinson’s disease withmotor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000;23:75–81.

22. Schwab R, Poskanzer DC, England AC, Young RR. Amantadinein Parknson’s disease: review of more than two years experience.JAMA 1972;222:792–795.

23. Dallos V, Healthfield K, Stone P, Allen FAD. Use of amantadinein Parkinson’s disease. Results of a double-trial. BMJ 1970;4:24–26.

24. Factor S, Molho E, Brown D. Acute delirium after withdrawl ofamantadine in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1998;50:1456–1458.

25. Simpson DM, Davis GC. Case report of neuroleptic malignantsyndrome associated with withdrawl from Amantadine. Am JPsychiatry 1984;141:796–797.

26. Hamburg P, Weilburg JB, Cassem NH, Cohen L, Brown S.Relapse of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with early discontin-uation of amantadine therapy. Compr Psychiatry 1986;27:272–275.

1363LONG-TERM ANTIDYSKINETIC EFFICACY OF AMANTADINE

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

11. Lewitt PA, Guttmann M, Tetrud JW, et al. Adenosine A2A re-ceptor antagonist istradefylline (KW-6002) reduces ‘‘off’’ time inParkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, multicenterclinical trial (6002-US-005). Ann Neurol 2008;63:295–302.

12. Bara-Jimenez W, Bibbiani F, Morris MJ, et al. Effects of sero-tonin 5-HT1A agonist in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Dis-ord 2005;20:932–936.

13. Luginger E, Wenning GK, Boesch S, Poewe W. Beneficialeffects of amantadine on L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkin-son’s disease. Mov Disord 2000;15:873–878.

14. Verhagen Metman L, Del Dotto P, et al. Amantadine as treat-ment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s dis-ease. Neurology 1998;50:1323–1326.

15. Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, et al. Duration of amanta-dine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson’s disease. J Neu-rol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:141–143.

16. Snow BJ, Macdonald L, Mcauley D, Wallis W. The effect ofamantadine on levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s dis-ease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neurophar-macology 2000;23:82–85.

17. Da Silva-Junior FP, Braga-Neto P, Sueli Monte F, De Bruin VM.Amantadine reduces the duration of levodopa-induced dyskinesia:a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Parkinson-ism Relat Disord 2005;11:449–452.

18. Rajput AH, Rajput A, Lang AE, et al. New use for an old drug:amantadine benefits levodopa induced dyskiensias. Mov Disor1998;13:851–854.

19. Ruicka E, Streiova H, Jech R, et al. Amantadine infusion treat-ment of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson’s dis-ease. J Neural Trans 2000;102:1297–1306.

20. Verhagen LM, Del Dotto P, Lepoole K, et al. Amantadine forlevodopa-induced dyskinesias: a 1-year follow-uo Study. ArchNeurol 1999;56:1383–1386.

21. Hauser RA, Friedlander J, Zesiewicz TA, et al. A home diary toassess functional status in patients with Parkinson’s disease withmotor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000;23:75–81.

22. Schwab R, Poskanzer DC, England AC, Young RR. Amantadinein Parknson’s disease: review of more than two years experience.JAMA 1972;222:792–795.

23. Dallos V, Healthfield K, Stone P, Allen FAD. Use of amantadinein Parkinson’s disease. Results of a double-trial. BMJ 1970;4:24–26.

24. Factor S, Molho E, Brown D. Acute delirium after withdrawl ofamantadine in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1998;50:1456–1458.

25. Simpson DM, Davis GC. Case report of neuroleptic malignantsyndrome associated with withdrawl from Amantadine. Am JPsychiatry 1984;141:796–797.

26. Hamburg P, Weilburg JB, Cassem NH, Cohen L, Brown S.Relapse of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with early discontin-uation of amantadine therapy. Compr Psychiatry 1986;27:272–275.

1363LONG-TERM ANTIDYSKINETIC EFFICACY OF AMANTADINE

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

11. Lewitt PA, Guttmann M, Tetrud JW, et al. Adenosine A2A re-ceptor antagonist istradefylline (KW-6002) reduces ‘‘off’’ time inParkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, multicenterclinical trial (6002-US-005). Ann Neurol 2008;63:295–302.

12. Bara-Jimenez W, Bibbiani F, Morris MJ, et al. Effects of sero-tonin 5-HT1A agonist in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Dis-ord 2005;20:932–936.

13. Luginger E, Wenning GK, Boesch S, Poewe W. Beneficialeffects of amantadine on L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkin-son’s disease. Mov Disord 2000;15:873–878.

14. Verhagen Metman L, Del Dotto P, et al. Amantadine as treat-ment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s dis-ease. Neurology 1998;50:1323–1326.

15. Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, et al. Duration of amanta-dine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson’s disease. J Neu-rol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:141–143.

16. Snow BJ, Macdonald L, Mcauley D, Wallis W. The effect ofamantadine on levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s dis-ease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neurophar-macology 2000;23:82–85.

17. Da Silva-Junior FP, Braga-Neto P, Sueli Monte F, De Bruin VM.Amantadine reduces the duration of levodopa-induced dyskinesia:a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Parkinson-ism Relat Disord 2005;11:449–452.

18. Rajput AH, Rajput A, Lang AE, et al. New use for an old drug:amantadine benefits levodopa induced dyskiensias. Mov Disor1998;13:851–854.

19. Ruicka E, Streiova H, Jech R, et al. Amantadine infusion treat-ment of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson’s dis-ease. J Neural Trans 2000;102:1297–1306.

20. Verhagen LM, Del Dotto P, Lepoole K, et al. Amantadine forlevodopa-induced dyskinesias: a 1-year follow-uo Study. ArchNeurol 1999;56:1383–1386.

21. Hauser RA, Friedlander J, Zesiewicz TA, et al. A home diary toassess functional status in patients with Parkinson’s disease withmotor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000;23:75–81.

22. Schwab R, Poskanzer DC, England AC, Young RR. Amantadinein Parknson’s disease: review of more than two years experience.JAMA 1972;222:792–795.

23. Dallos V, Healthfield K, Stone P, Allen FAD. Use of amantadinein Parkinson’s disease. Results of a double-trial. BMJ 1970;4:24–26.

24. Factor S, Molho E, Brown D. Acute delirium after withdrawl ofamantadine in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1998;50:1456–1458.

25. Simpson DM, Davis GC. Case report of neuroleptic malignantsyndrome associated with withdrawl from Amantadine. Am JPsychiatry 1984;141:796–797.

26. Hamburg P, Weilburg JB, Cassem NH, Cohen L, Brown S.Relapse of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with early discontin-uation of amantadine therapy. Compr Psychiatry 1986;27:272–275.

1363LONG-TERM ANTIDYSKINETIC EFFICACY OF AMANTADINE

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

REFERENCES

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15

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1590–1596

Key Word パーキンソン病,幻覚,fMRI,ドパミン,視覚症状

パーキンソン病(Parkinson’sdisease;PD)でみられ

る非運動症状のなかでも,幻覚などの視覚系障害は患

者の生活の質を大きく低下させる。PD患者の視覚系を

さらに詳しく検討するため,健常ボランティア18例と

視覚関連愁訴のないPD患者16例を対象に,機能的磁

気共鳴画像(fMRI)による2つの実験を施行した。一

つが,点滅チェッカーボード課題(flickering

checkerboard task)でもう一つが顔認識課題という2

つの視覚刺激課題である。PD患者では,健常ボランティ

アに比べ,点滅チェッカーボード課題で両側の一次視覚

野(Brodmann第17野)の活動性が低下しており,顔

認識課題では紡錘状回(Brodmann第 37野)の活動

性上昇が認められた。今回の所見から,PD患者では視

覚症状が臨床的に顕在化する前でも,視覚皮質系が有

意に変化していることが確認された。これらの異常が

PD患者の視覚症状の発現に果たす役割については,今

後の研究で評価する必要がある。

パーキンソン病患者における異常な視覚系の活性化Abnormal Visual Activation in Parkinson’s Disease Patients

*Ellison Fernando Cardoso, MD, PhD, Felipe Fregni, MD, PhD, Fernanda Martins Maia, MD, PhD, Luciano M. Melo, MD, João R. Sato, PhD, Antonio Cesário Cruz, Jr., Edno Tales Bianchi, MD, Danilo Botelho Fernandes, MD, Mário Luiz Ribeiro Monteiro, MD, PhD, Egberto Reis Barbosa, MD, PhD, and Edson Amaro, Jr., MD, PhD*NIF, LIM-44, Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Figure 1 点滅チェッカーボード課題遂行中の PD患者と健常ボランティアを比較した脳活性化マップ(ANOVA)。PD患者では健常ボランティアに比べて一次視覚野の活動性が低下していた(黄色)(p

< 0.01)。

Figure 2 顔認識課題遂行中の PD患者と健常ボランティアを比較した脳活性化マップ(ANOVA)。PD患者では健常ボランティアに比べて紡錘状回の活動性が上昇していた(赤色)(p< 0.01)。

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Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1131–1142

Key Word ジスキネジア,パーキンソン病,臨床測定,評価尺度,妥当性,信頼性

パーキンソン病(Parkinson’sdisease;PD)患者でよ

くみられる薬剤誘発性ジスキネジアは,患者の身体機能

のみならず社会機能にも障害をもたらすことが多い。国

際運動障害学会(MovementDisorder Society)は作

業部会を立ち上げ,現在利用可能なジスキネジア臨床

評価尺度の評価,各尺度の臨床測定上の特性に関する

批評,各尺度の臨床的有用性に関する勧告を行った。6

名の臨床研究者を構成員とする作業部会では,PD患者

のジスキネジア評価尺度に関する文献を系統的に検索

し,各尺度のこれまでの使用状況,評価性能パラメータ,

妥当性検証データの質(入手可能な場合)を評価した。

尺度がその開発グループ以外の臨床試験,特にPDに関

する報告で使用され,臨床測定試験(clinimetricstudy)

で妥当性・信頼性・感度が確立されていれば,その尺度

を「推奨レベル(Recommended)」と判定した。上記

の基準のうち2つに合致していれば「提案レベル

(Suggested)」,1つに合致していれば「参考レベル

(Listed)」と判定した。文献の系統的レビューの結果,

妥当性が検証された,またはPD患者に使用されたこと

のある 8 つのジスキネジア評価尺度,すなわち

Abnormal InvoluntaryMovement Scale(AIMS),

UnifiedParkinson’sDiseaseRatingScale(UPDRS)

PartⅣ(合併症),ObesoDyskinesiaRatingScale,RushDyskinesiaRatingScale,ClinicalDyskinesia

RatingScale(CDRS),Lang-FahnActivitiesofDaily

LivingDyskinesia Scale,ParkinsonDisease

Dyskinesia Scale(PDYS-26),UnifiedDyskinesia

RatingScale(UDysRS)が特定された。現時点のレ

ビューでは,上記のうち2つのジスキネジア評価尺度

(AIMS,RushDyskinesiaRatingScale)がPD患者集

団での使用に関して「推奨レベル(Recommended)」

であったが,万全な尺度とは言えなかった。残りの尺度

はすべて「提案レベル(Suggested)」であった。ただし,

最新の2つの評価尺度(PDYS-26,UDysRS)は臨床

測定上の特性に優れ,PDのジスキネジアに関し信頼性

および妥当性の高い評価ツールになると考えられる。今

後この2つの尺度が開発グループ以外による研究で使

用され,成績が十分であれば,両尺度の判定は「推奨レ

ベル(Recommended)」に変更される可能性がある。

今後これらのPD評価尺度のさらなる検証が必要で,新

たな尺度を開発する前に,現在利用可能な尺度の臨床

測定評価を十分に行うべきである。

パーキンソン病におけるジスキネジアの評価尺度に関する 作業部会報告:批評と勧告Task Force Report on Scales to Assess Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease: Critique and Recommen-dations

*Carlo Colosimo, MD, Pablo Martínez-Martín, MD, Giovanni Fabbrini, MD, Robert A. Hauser, MD, Marcelo Merello, MD, PhD, Janis Miyasaki, MD, Werner Poewe, MD, Cristina Sampaio, MD, PhD, Olivier Rascol, MD, Glenn T. Stebbins, PhD, Anette Schrag, MD, PhD, and Christopher G. Goetz, MD*Department of Neurological Sciences and Neuromed Institute, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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17

Abstract

*「使用難易度」は次の基準で評価した。「+」=容易(各項目の合計スコアの算出など),「±」=中程度〔視覚的アナログ尺度(visual

analogue scale; VAS)または簡単な数式など〕,「-」=困難(VASと数式の併用,複雑な数式など),「?」=評価方法に関する情報なしa全項目の回答に要する時間。AIMS= Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale,UPDRS= Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale,CDRS= Clinical Dyskinesia Rating Scale,

PDYS-26= Parkinson Disease Dyskinesia Scale,UDysRS= Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale

Table 1 検討した評価尺度の主要特性

clinimetric criterion in this report did not categorically

require responsiveness [the ability of the scale to cap-

ture changes] to be demonstrated. In the event that a

scale fulfilled the requirements of reliability and valid-

ity, the criterion was considered to be met, although

the absence of responsiveness is noted as a weakness

of the given scale.

As an official MDS document, this report was

submitted and approved by the Scientific Issues Com-

mittee of the MDS before submission to MovementDisorders.

Literature Search Strategy

All scales designed to assess dyskinesia and either

validated or used in studies with patients with PD were

included in the review. These scales were identified by

a systematic literature search. Medline on PubMed was

searched for relevant papers with the terms ‘‘Par-

kinson’s disease,’’ ‘‘parkinsonism’’ or ‘‘Parkinson dis-

ease,’’ and ‘‘dyskinesia’’ or ‘‘dyskinesias’’ published

until December 2008. For each scale, a search was

conducted for the terms ‘‘Parkinson’s disease’’ (or

‘‘parkinsonism’’ or ‘‘Parkinson disease’’) and the name

of the scale. Additionally published or in press peer

reviewed papers or abstracts known to the task force

members were included in this review.

Identified Scales and Their Utilization in ClinicalPractice and Research

Eight rating scales for dyskinesia in PD were iden-

tified (Table 1). These were the Abnormal Involuntary

Movement Scale (AIMS),13 The UPDRS part IV14

with its recent revision by the MDS,12 the Obeso

Dyskinesia Rating Scale,15,16 the Rush Dyskinesia

Rating Scale,17 the Clinical Dyskinesia Rating

Scale,18 the Lang-Fahn Activities of Daily Living

Dyskinesia Scale,19 the Parkinson Disease Dyskinesia

Scale (PDYS-26),20 and the Unified Dyskinesia Rat-

ing Scale (UDysRS).21 Home diaries for patients’

self-assessment of dyskinesias have been developed,22

but these rating instruments are primarily focused on

motor fluctuations. Given that a critique of scales on

motor fluctuations is in development as a separate

project within the Task Force mission, motor fluctua-

tion diaries that include dyskinesia were not consid-

ered in this report.

SCALES FOR DYSKINESIA IN PD

A summary review of each scale is given here. The

complete reviews are available online at the journal

Web site.

AIMS: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale

Description of the Scale

The AIMS is a clinician-rated instrument to assess

the severity of abnormal movements in different parts

of the body.13 The AIMS consists of 10 items organ-

ized in a five-point Likert model. Each item is scored

on a scale from 0 to 4 (absent, minimal, mild, moder-

ate, severe), with higher scores indicating more severe

abnormal movements. Items 1 to 4 rate the presence

and severity of the abnormal movements in the face

and mouth, items 5 to 6 rate the presence and severity

of abnormal movements in the limbs, and item 7 rates

the presence and severity of abnormal movements in

the trunk. The last three items rate, respectively, the

global severity of the abnormal movements, the dis-

ability derived from the abnormal movements, and

patient’s awareness of the abnormal movement. The

maximum score is 40. Two final points refer to dental

TABLE 1. Main characteristics of the scales assessed

Scale Time to complete (minutes) Patient historical rating Clinical examination Administration burden*

AIMS 15 No Yes 1UPDRS 20a Yes Yes 1Obeso (CAPIT) 2 Yes Yes 1Rush Dyskinesia Rating Scale 5 No Yes 1CDRS 10 No Yes 1Lang-Fahn 5 Yes No 1PDYS-26 10 Yes No 1UDysRS 15 Yes Yes 1

*Administration burden was rated as follows: ‘‘1’’(easy, e.g., summing up of the items), ‘‘6’’ (moderate, e.g., visual analogue scale (VAS) orsimple formula), ‘‘2’’ (difficult, e.g., VAS in combination with formula, or complex formula, ‘‘?’’ (no information found on rating method).

aTime necessary to complete the all scale. Abbreviations: AIMS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s DiseaseRating Scale; CDRS, Clinical Dyskinesia Rating Scale; PDYS-26, Parkinson Disease Dyskinesia Scale; UDysRS; Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale.

1133SCALES TO ASSESS DYSKINESIA IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010

判定区分に関する説明は本文参照。a AIMSには複数の改訂版があり,臨床測定解析結果がすべてのバージョンを通じて一定であるか否かは完全には明らかにされていない。b臨床測定試験は特に Part Ⅳ(合併症)について実施されたわけではない。AIMS= Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale,UPDRS= Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale,CDRS= Clinical Dyskinesia Rating Scale,

PDYS-26= Parkinson Disease Dyskinesia Scale,UDysRS= Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale

Table 2 検討した評価尺度の分類

Final Assessment

As the newest scale to be developed, the UDysRS

fulfils the criteria for Suggested to rate dyskinesia in

patients with PD. It has been applied to PD popula-

tions and studied clinimetrically as both a consistent

and reliable measure. The scale, however, has not been

tested to measure its sensitivity to changes, and has

not been studied by other groups, independent of the

large number of investigators who participated in its

development. More wide-spread use of the scale is to

be expected and this Suggested status is likely to

change to Recommended.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

There are several critical issues in developing valid

scales to score drug-induced dyskinesia in PD. First,

assessment of dyskinesia in PD may be based on

objective scoring by the physician or on subjective

evaluation (based on patient or caregiver interview)

and both the choices have some critical limitations.

Objective assessment is limited to a specific point in

time when the patient is assessed by the examiner. On

the other hand, subjective scoring (based on patient

interview) is based on the patient’s personal impression

and therefore more reflective of the overall dyskinesia

burden during the day, but is prone to bias (related to

the mood and cognitive status of the patients). In addi-

tion, it may be difficult to distinguish dyskinesia from

parkinsonian tremor for the inexperienced examiner

and this is even more of a challenge for the patients.

This error may significantly affect the score and the

overall evaluation of the disability related to dyskine-

sia.

An ideal scale for dyskinesia should capture patient

perceptions, time factors of dyskinesia, anatomical dis-

tribution, objective impairment, and disability. At pres-

ent, only two of the reviewed dyskinesia scales (AIMS

and Rush Dyskinesia Rating Scale) can be recom-

mended for use in PD populations (Table 2). Notwith-

standing, in both cases there are specific limitations al-

ready mentioned in the description of the scales. A

major limitation in the older dyskinesia scales is that

despite most of the scales were translated, local ver-

sions were rarely validated.30,31 Currently, in depths

programs of translations are on-going for newer scales

such as the MDS-UPDRS and the UDysRS. Two

scales (PDYS-26 and UDysRS), which have been

recently developed and applied to PD populations,

both have excellent clinimetric properties and appear

to provide a reliable and valid assessment tool of dys-

kinesia in PD. However, their use has not been

explored beyond original authors and consequently in

our final assessment they could not be considered more

than Suggested at the moment. Their use in future clin-

ical trials will tell us whether they are reliable and

easy-to-use rating instruments in routine clinical

research. As a matter of fact, the PDYS-26, which is a

patient-derived scale generating linear measurements,

could well complement dyskinesia measures mainly

(even if not exclusively) clinician-based such as the

UDysRS. Since further testing of these scales in PD is

warranted, no new scales are needed until PDYS-26

and UDysRS are fully tested clinimetrically.

Acknowledgments: Dr. Colosimo is the chairperson of theDyskinesia Scale Assessment Program and Drs. Martınez-Martin, Fabbrini, Hauser, Merello, and Miyasaki are mem-bers. Drs. Poewe, Rascol, Sampaio, Stebbins, and Schrag aremembers of the Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scales TaskForce Steering Committee, chaired by Dr. Goetz. Critiques ofscales are presented in more detail in the Appendix that ispart of the Supporting Information Materials on the Move-ment Disorders Journal website.

Author’s Roles: Carlo Colosimo: Conception, organiza-tion, and execution of the research project; writing of the first

TABLE 2. Classification of the scales assessed

Scale Applied in PD Applied beyond original authors Successful clinimetric testing Qualification

AIMS X X Xa RecommendedUPDRS X X 0b SuggestedObeso (CAPIT) X X 0 SuggestedRush Dyskinesia Rating Scale X X X RecommendedCDRS X 0 X SuggestedLang-Fahn X 0 X SuggestedPDYS-26 X 0 X SuggestedUDysRS X 0 X Suggested

For an explanation of the qualification groups see text.aAIMS has several modified versions and it is not entirely clear whether clinimetric analyses are uniform across all versions.bClinimetric testing not performed specifically on the part IV. Abbreviations: AIMS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; UPDRS, Unified

Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; CDRS, Clinical Dyskinesia Rating Scale; PDYS-26, Parkinson Disease Dyskinesia Scale; UDysRS; UnifiedDyskinesia Rating Scale.

1140 C. COLOSIMO ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010

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18

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1143–1149

Key Word パーキンソン病,臭気スティック同定検査,MIBG

パーキンソン病(Parkinson’sdisease;PD)では運動

症状の発現前に自律神経系および嗅覚系の病理学的変

化が始まることから,これらの障害はPDの臨床症状発

現前の診断のマーカーになると考えられる。本研究では,

PD患者の心臓交感神経機能と嗅覚機能との関連の有無

を検討した。認知症のない孤発性PD患者40例と,年

齢の一致する対照被験者を対象とした。心臓交感神経

機能は,123I-MIBG取り込みによって早期像と後期像の

心臓 /縦隔(heart tomediastinum;H/M)比,洗い出

し率(washout rate;WR)を評価した。嗅覚機能は,

日本人に馴染み深い12の臭気物質を検出する日本人用

臭気スティック同定検査(OdorStick Identification

Test)で評価した。臭気同定スコアは,PD患者群のほ

うが対照群よりも有意に低かった(p <0.001)。特に

早期PD患者(運動症状発現から5年以内)の臭気同

定スコアは,早期像(p<0.05)および後期像(p<0.01)

のH/M比と正に相関し,WRとは負に相関した(p <

0.005)。一方,進行期PD患者(運動症状発現から5

年以上)の臭気同定スコアは,いずれのMIBGパラメー

タとも相関しなかった。運動症状スコアと,臭気同定ス

コア,H/M比,WRとの間に相関は認められなかった。

本試験の結果から,早期PD患者では心臓交感神経系と

嗅覚系の変性が並行して進行するが,進行期PD患者で

はこれらの2つの系の変性速度が異なる可能性がある

と考えられる。

パーキンソン病において心臓交感神経変性は嗅覚機能と 相関するCardiac Sympathetic Degeneration Correlates with Olfactory Function in Parkinson’s Disease

*Mutsumi Iijima, MD, PhD, Mikio Osawa, MD, PhD, Mitsuru Momose, MD, PhD, Tatsu Kobayakawa, PhD, Sachiko Saito, PhD, Makoto Iwata, MD, PhD, and Shinichiro Uchiyama, MD, PhD*Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

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19

Abstract

Figure 1 正常対照群とパーキンソン病患者群における臭気スティック同定検査の臭気同定スコアの比較。各臭気同定スコアの中央値・四分位数(ボックス部分)と 10パーセンタイル・90パーセンタイル(ひげ部分)を示す。

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

p<0.001

Sm

ell i

den

ti�ca

tion

scor

e

Normal subjects Parkinson’s disease

Table 2 早期および進行期パーキンソン病における123I-MIBG心筋シンチグラフィー所見と嗅覚機能

nant type PD. In addition, a study using TRODAT-1

SPECT imaging showed that reduced dopamine trans-

porter binding in the striatum correlated with olfactory

impairment in patients with early PD.28

The H/M ratios in this study were similar to results

in the previous studies.13,14,19 The sensitivity of 123I-

MIBG uptake in PD is generally recognized as 80–

90%,1,2 but drops down to 72% in the early stage of

the disease.13 The sensitivity of the H/M ratios was

lower in this study than in previous reports; however,

that of the WR was 80%. The difference in the sensi-

tivity of H/M ratios might relate to variation in normal

values among institutions; the cut-off value for early

H/M was 1.6 in our study, but 1.8–2.1 in previous

reports.13,15–17,19 Early uptake of 123I-MIBG may

reflect mainly presynaptic sympathetic system integrity

and distribution, while delayed uptake may in addition

reflect the functional status or washout of norepineph-

rine from sympathetic nerve terminals.29 Based on

these results and previous reports, reduced 123I-MIBG

uptake could start from the delayed image, and raised

WR might suggest enhanced spillover of, or reduced

ability to preserve norepinephrine in the cardiac sym-

pathetic terminals in PD.

Spiegel et al.14 reported a significant correlation

between myocardial sympathetic degeneration and

symptoms of hypokinesia and rigidity, and a significant

positive correlation between MIBG uptake and striatal123I-FP-CIT uptake in the early stage of PD. Further-

more, decreased striatal FP-CIT uptake has been found

to correlate significantly with extent of hypokinesia

and rigidity.30 These results suggest that myocardial

sympathetic degeneration and severe loss of nigrostria-

tal neurons are closely coupled. In this study, the H/M

ratios were higher in TDT patients than in ART

patients and MT patients but these differences were

not significant. We excluded 30 patients who were tak-

ing medications from subtypes during ‘‘on phase’’ in

our study. On the other hand, Spiegel et al.14 evaluated

motor function during the ‘‘off’’ (nonmedicated) phase.

Thus, the influence of medication on UPDRS scores

might have modified the categorization from subtypes.

This study showed significant correlations between

the smell identification function and parameters of

MIBG scintigraphy in patients with early PD (below 5

years of the start of motor symptoms), however, there

was no correlation the smell identification function and

parameters of MIBG scintigraphy in patients with

advanced PD. These results suggest that patients with

severe olfactory impairments have marked myocardial

sympathetic hypofunction, and that the myocardial

sympathetic nervous system degenerates in parallel

with the olfactory system in the early PD, and that

these two systems might degenerate at a different rate

of speed in the advanced PD. Olfactory disturbance in

TABLE 1. Cardiac 123I MIBG scintigraphy and odor functions in subtypes of Parkinson’s disease

Tremor-dominant type Akinetic-rigid type Mixed type P value

Numbers (males, females) 9 (2, 7) 22 (16, 6) 9 (7, 2)Age (year) 64.3 6 11.0 66.9 6 10.0 64.2 6 13.6 0.74Duration of illness (months) 63.4 6 75.7 53.1 6 44.3 63.8 6 46.9 0.82Heohn and Yahr stage 1.7 6 0.5 2.3 6 0.8 2.0 6 0.7 0.07UPDRS part III 9.8 6 4.0 20.0 6 10.5 17.7 6 11.5 <0.05Cardiac MIBG scintigraphyEarly H/M ratio 1.89 6 0.38 1.69 6 0.42 1.73 6 0.38 0.46Delayed H/M ratio 1.73 6 0.54 1.56 6 0.56 1.68 6 0.53 0.69Wash out ratio 34.3 6 19.8 53.9 6 24.9 38.2 6 2.2 0.32

Odor functionsSubjective symptom 1.3 6 0.7 2.4 6 1.0 1.9 6 1.2 <0.05Correct answers of the OSIT 7.8 6 3.3 4.5 6 3.0 5.8 6 3.2 <0.05

H/M ration: heart to mediastinum ratio, OSIT: odor stick identification test (mean 6 SD).

TABLE 2. Cardiac 123I MIBG scintigraphy and odorfunctions in the early and the advanced Parkinson’s disease

Early PD Advanced PD P value

Numbers (males, females) 23 (15, 8) 17 (10, 7)Age (year) 66.0 6 11.0 67.4 6 10.1 0.69Duration of illness (months) 25.7 6 15.0 101.8 6 51.9 <0.0001Heohn and Yahr stage 1.9 6 0.6 2.4 6 0.9 0.63UPDRS part III 16.1 6 10.3 18.5 6 10.5 0.48Non-medication (n) 8 2Cardiac MIBG scintigraphyEarly H/M ratio 1.90 6 0.42 1.54 6 0.28 <0.01Delayed H/M ratio 1.82 6 0.59 1.37 6 0.33 <0.01Wash out ratio 41.1 6 23.5 57.4 6 20.4 <0.05

Odor functionsSubjective symptom 1.9 6 1.1 2.2 6 1.0 0.45Correct answers of theOSIT

6.2 6 3.8 4.6 6 2.3 0.22

H/M ration: heart to mediastinum ratio, OSIT: odor stick identifi-cation test (mean 6 SD).Early PD: below 5 years of duration of illness, advanced PD:

above 5 years of duration of illness.

1147MIBG AND ODOR IDENTIFICATION IN PD

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010

H/M ratio=心臓 /縦隔比,OSIT=臭気スティック同定検査(平均値± SD),早期 PD=罹病期間 5年以内,進行期 PD=罹病期間5年以上

Figure 2 臭気スティック同定検査の臭気同定スコアと,123I-MIBG取り込みの心臓 /縦隔(H/M)比および洗い出し率との相関

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

Ear

ly H

/M r

atio

Del

ayed

H/M

rat

ioW

asho

ut r

ate

(%)

Z=2.99p<0.005

Z=3.28p<0.005

Z=-3.07p<0.005

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Smell identi�cation scoreFigure 2 臭気スティック同定検査の臭気同定スコアと,123I-MIBG取り込みの心臓 /縦隔(H/M)比および洗い出し率との相関

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Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1157–1162

Key Word うつ病,パーキンソン病,オッズ比

NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study におけるうつ病と その後のパーキンソン病発症リスクDepression and the Subsequent Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study

*,**Fang Fang, MD, Qun Xu, PhD, Yikyung Park, ScD, Xuemei Huang, MD, PhD, Albert Hollenbeck, PhD, Aaron Blair, PhD, Arthur Schatz-kin, MD, PhD, Freya Kamel, PhD, and Honglei Chen, MD, PhD*Epidemiology Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA**Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

うつ病とパーキンソン病(Parkinson’sdisease;PD)

との関連性を検討するため,症例対照試験を行った。被

験者は,NIH-AARPDietandHealthStudy の追跡調査

により2000年以降にPDと診断された症例群992例

と非PD対照群279,958例である。医師の診断による

うつ病とPDについて,診断年の情報(1984年以前,

1985 ~ 1994 年,1995 ~ 1999 年,2000 年~現

在のカテゴリーで回答)とともに被験者に自己申告して

もらった。2000年以降にPDと診断された症例のみを

解析対象とした。オッズ比(odds ratio;OR)と95%

信頼区間(confidence interval; CI)は,年齢,性別,

教育レベル,婚姻区分,喫煙,コーヒー摂取で補正した

ロジスティック回帰モデルで算出した。2000年以降に

うつ病と診断された人は,うつ病でない人よりもPDの

診断を同時に申告する傾向があった(OR=4.7,95%

CI=3.9~5.7)。1999年以前に診断されたうつ病でも,

2000年以降のPD診断について高いオッズ比が認めら

れた(OR=2.0,95%CI=1.6~2.4)。この関連性

は1995~1999年に診断されたうつ病で強かったが

(OR= 2.7,95% CI = 2.0 ~ 3.6),1985 ~ 1994

年に診断されたうつ病(OR=1.6,95%CI=1.1~

2.3),さらには1984年以前に診断されたうつ病(OR

=1.7,95%CI=1.3~2.3)でも関連性が認められた。

この関連性は他の因子の影響を受けず,健康状態不良

を申告した被験者を除外した解析でも依然として認めら

れた。今回の結果から,うつ病がPDのごく初期の症状

である可能性,あるいはうつ病とPDには共通の病因因

子が存在する可能性が示唆される。

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21

Abstract

Table 1 2000年以降に診断されたパーキンソン病症例群および対照群の特性

被験者割合(%)は四捨五入を行ったため,合計が 100%とならない場合がある。

smoking (ever or never), and coffee drinking (<1 cup/

day or ‡1 cup/day). When applicable, finer categories

of these variables were included in these subgroup

analyses to mitigate potential residual confounding.

We also performed tests for the significance of effect

modification by adding an interaction term in corre-

sponding models.

In the follow-up questionnaire, participants were

asked to report their self-perceived health status as

‘‘excellent,’’ ‘‘very good,’’ ‘‘good,’’ ‘‘fair,’’ or ‘‘poor.’’

To explore whether health status might affect the va-

lidity of our analysis, we conducted an additional anal-

ysis excluding individuals who reported ‘‘poor’’ health

in the follow-up survey. All statistical analyses were

conducted using commercially available SAS software

(Version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina).

RESULTS

Compared to controls, PD cases were on average

older and more likely to be men, married, and college

graduates. PD cases were less likely to smoke or drink

coffee than controls, and more likely to report recently

diagnosed depression (Table 1).

Depression diagnosed before 2000 was associated

with two-fold higher odds of having a PD diagnosis af-

ter 2000. The estimated ORs were similar between the

age- and sex- adjusted model (OR 5 1.9, 95% CI 51.6, 2.3) and the multivariate model (OR 5 2.0, 95%

CI 5 1.6, 2.4). Therefore, only multivariate ORs are

reported. Further analysis of depression diagnosed in

various calendar periods in relation to PD diagnosed

after 2000 is shown in Figure 1. The association was

strongest for depression diagnosed after 2000 (OR 54.7, 95% CI 5 3.9, 5.7), attenuated for depression

diagnosed in 1995–1999 (OR 5 2.7, 95% CI 5 2.0,

3.6), and further weakened for depression diagnosed

earlier. Nevertheless, even depression diagnosed before

1985, at least 15 years before PD diagnosis, was asso-

ciated with a higher risk of PD (OR 5 1.7, 95% CI 51.3, 2.3). Excluding participants who reported poor

health status at the follow-up survey (23.1% cases and

11.1% controls) only slightly attenuated the results.

The multivariate ORs were 4.2 (95% CI 5 3.4, 5.3)

for depression after 2000, 2.4 (95% CI 5 1.7, 3.3) for

depression in 1995–1999, 1.3 (95% CI 5 0.8, 2.1) for

depression in 1985–1994, and 1.4 (95% CI 5 1.0, 2.0)

for depression before 1985.

Since depression before 1985 and in 1985–1994 had

largely similar ORs as shown in the Figure, we com-

bined these two groups in the stratified analyses to

ensure sufficient statistical power. Similar results were

noted across subgroups of age, sex, educational level,

marital status, smoking, and coffee drinking (Table 2).

None of the interaction tests was statistically significant.

DISCUSSION

In this large population of older Americans, we

observed an association between depression and a

higher subsequent risk of PD. The association was

stronger for depression diagnosed in closer proximity

to clinical PD diagnosis, but was also detected even

for depression diagnosed more than 15 years before

PD diagnosis. The depression-PD association was not

explained or modified by the other PD risk factors that

we took into account.

A link between depression and PD has been investi-

gated previously, in case-control,1,3,6–9 historical

cohort,4,5 and prospective cohort2 studies. All but one 7

of these studies showed a positive association between

depression and a higher subsequent risk of PD. Some

known PD protective factors, such as smoking,17 may

serve as self-medication among depressed individuals18

and therefore might alter the association of depression

TABLE 1. Characteristics of Parkinson’s disease casesdiagnosed after 2000 and controls

CharacteristicsCases

(N 5 992)Controls

(N 5 279,958)

Age at baseline in years,mean (SD)

64.4 (4.8) 61.8 (5.3)

Gender, n (%)Men 744 (75.0) 164,491 (58.8)Women 248 (25.0) 115,467 (41.2)

Educational level, n (%)Less than college 481 (48.5) 150,420 (53.7)College or higher 490 (49.4) 123,303 (44.0)Unknown 21 (2.1) 6,235 (2.3)

Marital status, n (%)Married/living witha partner

751 (75.7) 196,825 (70.3)

Not married 236 (23.8) 81,511 (29.1)Unknown 5(0.5) 1,622 (0.6)

Smoking, n (%)Never 414 (41.7) 106,705 (38.1)Former 512 (51.6) 142,469 (50.9)Current 54 (5.4) 27,386 (9.7)Unknown 12 (1.2) 3,398 (1.2)

Coffee drinking, n (%)<1 cup per day 291 (29.3) 74,775 (26.7)‡1 cup per day 695 (70.1) 204,105 (72.9)Unknown 6 (0.6) 1,078 (0.4)

Year of first depressiondiagnosis, n (%)No depression 722 (72.8) 239,587 (85.6)Before 1985 52 ( 5.2) 12,699 (4.5)1985–1994 30 (3.0) 8,414 (3.0)1995–1999 51 (5.1) 8,063 (2.9)2000–present 137 (13.8) 11,195 (4.0)

Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding.

1159DEPRESSION AND PD

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010

Figure 1 様々な時期に診断されたうつ病と 2000年以降に診断されたパーキンソン病との関連性。オッズ比と 95%信頼区間は,年齢,性別,教育レベル,婚姻区分,喫煙,コーヒー摂取で補正した。

Before 1985

10

5

1

1985-1994 1995-1999 2000-present

Calendar year of depression diagnosisO

dd

s ra

tio ±

95%

co

nfid

ence

inte

rval

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22

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1226–1231

Key Word 発作性運動誘発性舞踏アテトーゼ,機能的磁気共鳴画像,低周波数帯域の揺らぎ成分の振幅,被殻,大脳皮質 -線条体 -淡蒼球 -視床ループ

発作性運動誘発性舞踏アテトーゼ患者の被殻活動亢進:fMRI 研究Hyperactive Putamen in Patients with Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Choreoathetosis: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

*,**Bo Zhou, MD, PhD, Qin Chen, MD, PhD, Qin Zhang, MD, PhD, Lei Chen, MD, PhD, Qiyong Gong, MD, PhD, Huifang Shang, MD, PhD, Hehan Tang, and Dong Zhou, MD, PhD*Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China**Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China

発作性運動誘発性舞踏アテトーゼ(paroxysmal

kinesigenicchoreoathetosis;PKC)は,随意運動をきっ

かけとして起こる突然の短時間不随意ジスキネジア様

運動発作を特徴とするまれな神経疾患で,その病態生

理は依然として不明である。本研究の目的は,特発性

PKCにおける脳機能異常の発生部位を安静時機能的磁

気共鳴画像(functionalmagneticresonanceimaging;

fMRI)で特定することである。2007年 5月~2008

年8月に特発性PKC患者7例で検討した。平均発症時

年齢は11.7±3.1(範囲:8~17)歳,平均罹病期間

は6.9±5.1(範囲:1~14)年であった。年齢と性

別を一致させた対照群として7例を募集した。PKC患

者群と正常対照群に発作間欠期脳 fMRIを施行した。ボ

クセル解析により,PKC患者における低周波数帯域の

揺らぎ成分の振幅(amplitude of low frequency

fluctuation; ALFF)の変化を検討した。患者群と対照

群とのパターンの差はStudentt 検定で解析した。全脳

解析において,患者群は正常対照群よりも両側被殻の

ALFFが有意に大きかった(p <0.005)。fMRIは,従

来の画像検査で所見が認められないPKCの評価に有用

である可能性がある。特発性PKCの病態生理には,大

脳皮質 -線条体 -淡蒼球 -視床ループの異常が関連して

いることが示唆された。

at threshold of P < 0.005 and the voxel size was big-

ger than 10. The MNI coordinates were transformed to

Talairach coordinates using mni2tal. The results were

presented using the voxel of peak significance. The

associations among ALFF values and age at onset,

duration of disease, frequency of episode, onset side

were estimated using multiple regression analysis.

RESULTS

Clinical Features

All patients had brief attacks of chorea, athetosis

and/or dystonia precipitated by sudden movements.

Three patients suffered from unilateral attacks and four

affected bilateral sides. The prolonged video-EEG

monitoring was performed in all patients of the group.

In three of the seven patients, typical attack of PKC

was recorded, and their preictal, ictal, and postictal

abnormal electrical activities were absent. No attack of

PKC during video-EEG monitoring in other four

patients (Table 1). One patient (Case 6) who had a his-

tory of epilepsy recorded sporadic sharp wave or sharp

and slow wave complex over his both frontotemporal

regions. However, epileptic attack was not observed in

this case. Abnormal electrical activities were not

recorded in the other cases. Brain MRI revealed no

abnormality in all patients.

SPM Analysis of Resting-fMRI

The patients with PKC showed increased ALFF in

the bilateral putamen (Fig. 1) and the left postcentral

gyrus (Fig. 2) on the resting-state fMRI. Compared

with the control group, the patient group presented sig-

nificant differences (T > 3.1, P < 0.005 uncorrected,

voxel size > 10). In contrast, other brain regions

revealed no significant differences in ALFF between

TABLE 1. Clinical characteristics of the patients

CaseGender/onset

sideAge at onset

(years)Duration of

disease (years)Frequency(per month)

Type ofdyskinesia Video-EEG Treatment Outcome

1 M/L 12 14 145 D Na CBZ Good2 M/R 10 5 15 D N CBZ Good3b M/B 8 12 55 D Na CBZ Good4 M/L 17 1 15 D N CBZ Good5 M/L/R 14 10 30 C N CBZ Good6c M/B 9 3 45 C Abnormal OXC Good7 M/L/R 12 3 90 D Na CBZ Good

aVideo-EEG recorded PKC attack without ictal EEG changes.bPKC family history.cEpilepsy history.M, male; L, lift; R, right; B, bilateral upper and lower limbs simultaneously; D, dystonia; C, choreoathetosis; N, normal; CBZ, carbamazepine;

OXC, oxcarbazepine.

FIG. 1. Significantly increased ALFF in the bilateral putamen (voxel size > 10). [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is avail-able at www.interscience.wiley.com.]

1228 B. ZHOU ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010

Table 1 患者の臨床特性

aビデオ EEG検査で,発作時 EEG変化を伴わない PKC発作が記録された。b PKC家族歴あり。cてんかん歴あり。M=男性,L=左側,R=右側,B=両側上肢および下肢の同時発症,D=ジストニア,C=舞踏アテトーゼ,N=正常,CBZ=カルバマ

ゼピン,OXC= oxcarbazepine

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23

Abstract

Figure 1 両側被殻におけるALFFの有意な増大(ボクセルサイズ> 10)。

3.1

6.5

R

Figure 2 左中心後回におけるALFFの有意な増大(ボクセルサイズ> 10)。

3.1

6.5

R

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24

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1350–1356

Key Word DBS,後部視床腹部領域,不確帯,prelemniscalradiation,本態性振戦

本研究の目的は,本態性振戦(essential tremor;ET)

の治療における深部脳刺激(deepbrain stimulation;

DBS)の標的として,後部視床腹部領域(posterior

subthalamicarea;PSA)が良いかを評価することであ

る。従来,ETの治療におけるDBSの標的は視床中間

腹側核である。最近の研究では,PSAへのDBSが振戦

の治療に有効であることが示されている。本研究はET

患者21例を対象とした。すべての患者を,術前と術後

1年(刺激onおよび off 状態)に本態性振戦評価尺度

(essentialtremorratingscale;ETRS)を用いて評価し

た。83%の患者で電極挿入時の微細破壊による著明な

症状抑制効果(microlesionaleffect)を認め,一部の症

例では何ヵ月にもわたり電気刺激が不要であった。

ETRSの総スコアは術前の46.2から18.7に低下した

(60%低下)。DBSと対側の手に関して,ETRS項目

5/6(上肢の振戦)のスコアは6.2から0.3に(95%

低下),項目11~14(手の機能)のスコアは9.7から

1.3に改善した(87%低下)。日常生活動作は66%改

善した。重度の合併症はみられなかった。患者8例で

は術後に軽度の不全構音障害が認められたが,数日~

数週間以内に消失した。PSAへのDBSにより振戦は著

明に抑制された。

本態性振戦の治療における後部視床腹部領域に対する 深部脳刺激Deep Brain Stimulation in the Posterior Subthalamic Area in the Treatment of Essential Tremor

*Patric Blomstedt, MD, PhD, Ulrika Sandvik, MD, and Stephen Tisch, MBBS, MD*Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Northern Sweden, Umea, Sweden

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25

Abstract

Tremor Assessment

A persistent microlesional effect was seen at the

evaluation after 1 year, when the total preoperative

ETRS of 46.2 6 10.1 was reduced to 40.6 6 12.7

(12%) off stimulation. Total ETRS was on stimulation

further reduced to 18.7 6 8.8 (60%).

The decrease was most pronounced concerning

tremor of the contralateral upper extremity (item 5/6),

which demonstrated a reduction of 95% from 6.2 61.8 to 0.3 6 0.6. This favorable result was reproduced

in the assessment of the contralateral hand function

(items 11–14) where a tremor reduction of 87% from

9.7 6 3.6 to 1.3 6 1.5 was displayed. Part C of the

ETRS, activities of daily living (ADL) (items 15–21),

improved from 12.5 6 3.5 before surgery to 4.3 6 4.6

(66%) on stimulation. All these changes were statisti-

cally significant (P � 0.001). The ETRS scores are

presented in Table 2.

Stimulation Parameters

At the first evaluation, normally 5 weeks after

surgery, the mean stimulation parameters were 2.0 60.7 V, 163.9 6 21.8 Hz, and 62.7 6 8.6 ls. Theseparameters were relatively constant and the mean pa-

rameters 1 year after surgery were 2.5 6 0.8 V, 165 621 Hz, and 61.4 6 6 ls. Initially 15 (65%) patientshad monopolar stimulation, which after 1 year

increased to 78%.

Even though some patients had an additional ipsilat-

eral electrode, all patients were stimulated in the PSA,

except for one patient who had stimulation on a con-

tact in the Vim. No patient had simultaneous stimula-

tion of two ipsilateral electrodes.

Complications and side effects

No hemorrhages or infections were encountered in

this series. Transient mild expressive dysphasia, lasting

from 1 day to 5 weeks, occurred in eight patients. In

this group, one patient had bilateral stimulation, six

left sided and one right sided DBS. Four patients had

TABLE 2. ETRS at baseline before surgery, and on and off stimulation at evaluation1 year postoperatively

ItemMaximumscore Baseline

1 yr

Off On

Sum ETRS (items 1–21) 144 46.2 6 10.1 40.6 6 12.7a 18.7 6 8.8a,b

Part A (items 1–9) 80 12.9 6 4.4 11.0 6 4.7a 5.0 6 3.0a,b

Voice tremor (item 3) 4 0.3 6 0.5 0.04 6 0.2 0.04 6 0.2Head tremor (item 4) 8 0.4 6 0.7 0.2 6 0.5 0.09 6 0.3Tremor of upper extremity (item 5/6)Ipsilateral to DBS 12 4.6 6 2.1 4.8 6 2.6 4.2 6 2.4Contralateral to DBS 12 6.2 6 1.8 4.9 6 2.3b 0.3 6 0.6a,c

Rest 4 0.4 6 0.7 0.1 6 0.3 0 6 0Postural 4 2.4 6 1 1.1 6 1.1a 0.4 6 0.2a,c

Activity 4 3.4 6 1 3.2 6 0.9a 0.2 6 0.5a,c

Handwriting (item 10)d 4 1.5 6 0.9 1.4 6 1 0.5 6 0.6a,c

Hand function (items 11–14) 32 18.2 6 5.5 16.1 6 6.5a 8.8 6 5.2a,c

Ipsilateral to DBS 16 8.1 6 3.5 8.3 6 3.9 7.4 6 4.2Contralateral to DBS 16 9.7 6 3.6 7.8 6 3.5b 1.3 6 1.5a,c

ADL (items 15–21) 28 12.5 6 3.5 11.8 6 4.6a 4.3 6 4.6a,c

Values are mean 6 (SD).aSignificant versus baseline, P � 0.001.bSignificant versus baseline, P � 0.05.cSignificant on versus off stimulation, P � 0.001.dn 5 21. Item 10 is included for all patients in the total ETRS, but the two cases where the

patient did not normally use the treated arm for writing have been excluded in this specification ofitem 10.ETRS, essential tremor rating scale; DBS, deep brain stimulation; ADL, activities of daily living.

TABLE 1. Clinical characteristics of 21 patients withessential tremor treated with DBS in the posterior

subthalamic area

Number

Sex (male/female) 14/7Age (yr)At onset of symptoms 43.3 6 19.1 (10–69)At surgery 63.6 6 14.8 (25–80)

Duration of disease at surgery (yr) 20.3 6 13.1 (5–53)Operation performed on left/right side 17/6Unilateral/bilateral procedures 19/2Previous Vim DBS 1 (Ipsilateral)

1352 P. BLOMSTEDT ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

Table 1 後部視床腹部領域に対するDBSを受けた 本態性振戦患者 21例の臨床的特徴

Tremor Assessment

A persistent microlesional effect was seen at the

evaluation after 1 year, when the total preoperative

ETRS of 46.2 6 10.1 was reduced to 40.6 6 12.7

(12%) off stimulation. Total ETRS was on stimulation

further reduced to 18.7 6 8.8 (60%).

The decrease was most pronounced concerning

tremor of the contralateral upper extremity (item 5/6),

which demonstrated a reduction of 95% from 6.2 61.8 to 0.3 6 0.6. This favorable result was reproduced

in the assessment of the contralateral hand function

(items 11–14) where a tremor reduction of 87% from

9.7 6 3.6 to 1.3 6 1.5 was displayed. Part C of the

ETRS, activities of daily living (ADL) (items 15–21),

improved from 12.5 6 3.5 before surgery to 4.3 6 4.6

(66%) on stimulation. All these changes were statisti-

cally significant (P � 0.001). The ETRS scores are

presented in Table 2.

Stimulation Parameters

At the first evaluation, normally 5 weeks after

surgery, the mean stimulation parameters were 2.0 60.7 V, 163.9 6 21.8 Hz, and 62.7 6 8.6 ls. Theseparameters were relatively constant and the mean pa-

rameters 1 year after surgery were 2.5 6 0.8 V, 165 621 Hz, and 61.4 6 6 ls. Initially 15 (65%) patientshad monopolar stimulation, which after 1 year

increased to 78%.

Even though some patients had an additional ipsilat-

eral electrode, all patients were stimulated in the PSA,

except for one patient who had stimulation on a con-

tact in the Vim. No patient had simultaneous stimula-

tion of two ipsilateral electrodes.

Complications and side effects

No hemorrhages or infections were encountered in

this series. Transient mild expressive dysphasia, lasting

from 1 day to 5 weeks, occurred in eight patients. In

this group, one patient had bilateral stimulation, six

left sided and one right sided DBS. Four patients had

TABLE 2. ETRS at baseline before surgery, and on and off stimulation at evaluation1 year postoperatively

ItemMaximumscore Baseline

1 yr

Off On

Sum ETRS (items 1–21) 144 46.2 6 10.1 40.6 6 12.7a 18.7 6 8.8a,b

Part A (items 1–9) 80 12.9 6 4.4 11.0 6 4.7a 5.0 6 3.0a,b

Voice tremor (item 3) 4 0.3 6 0.5 0.04 6 0.2 0.04 6 0.2Head tremor (item 4) 8 0.4 6 0.7 0.2 6 0.5 0.09 6 0.3Tremor of upper extremity (item 5/6)Ipsilateral to DBS 12 4.6 6 2.1 4.8 6 2.6 4.2 6 2.4Contralateral to DBS 12 6.2 6 1.8 4.9 6 2.3b 0.3 6 0.6a,c

Rest 4 0.4 6 0.7 0.1 6 0.3 0 6 0Postural 4 2.4 6 1 1.1 6 1.1a 0.4 6 0.2a,c

Activity 4 3.4 6 1 3.2 6 0.9a 0.2 6 0.5a,c

Handwriting (item 10)d 4 1.5 6 0.9 1.4 6 1 0.5 6 0.6a,c

Hand function (items 11–14) 32 18.2 6 5.5 16.1 6 6.5a 8.8 6 5.2a,c

Ipsilateral to DBS 16 8.1 6 3.5 8.3 6 3.9 7.4 6 4.2Contralateral to DBS 16 9.7 6 3.6 7.8 6 3.5b 1.3 6 1.5a,c

ADL (items 15–21) 28 12.5 6 3.5 11.8 6 4.6a 4.3 6 4.6a,c

Values are mean 6 (SD).aSignificant versus baseline, P � 0.001.bSignificant versus baseline, P � 0.05.cSignificant on versus off stimulation, P � 0.001.dn 5 21. Item 10 is included for all patients in the total ETRS, but the two cases where the

patient did not normally use the treated arm for writing have been excluded in this specification ofitem 10.ETRS, essential tremor rating scale; DBS, deep brain stimulation; ADL, activities of daily living.

TABLE 1. Clinical characteristics of 21 patients withessential tremor treated with DBS in the posterior

subthalamic area

Number

Sex (male/female) 14/7Age (yr)At onset of symptoms 43.3 6 19.1 (10–69)At surgery 63.6 6 14.8 (25–80)

Duration of disease at surgery (yr) 20.3 6 13.1 (5–53)Operation performed on left/right side 17/6Unilateral/bilateral procedures 19/2Previous Vim DBS 1 (Ipsilateral)

1352 P. BLOMSTEDT ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

Table 2 術前および術後 1年(刺激 onおよび off状態)の ETRS

値は平均値± SDで示す。a術前と比較して有意差あり(p≦ 0.001)。b術前と比較して有意差あり(p≦ 0.05)。c刺激 off時と比較して有意差あり(p≦ 0.001)。d 21例。ETRS項目 10のスコアは全患者において ETRS総スコアに含めた。ただし,普段は治療側の手を書字に使用していない患者 2例は項目 10のデータから除外した。

ETRS=本態性振戦評価尺度,DBS=深部脳刺激,ADL=日常生活動作

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26

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1364–1372

Key Word パーキンソン病,ゴーシェ病,グルコセレブロシダーゼ変異,経頭蓋超音波検査,機能的画像検査,嗅覚

パーキンソン病センターで確認されたゴーシェ病:画像所見と臨床的特徴Gaucher Disease Ascertained Through a Parkinson’s Center: Imaging and Clinical Characterization

*,**Rachel Saunders-Pullman, MD, MPH, MS, Johann Hagenah, MD, Vijay Dhawan, MD, Kaili Stanley, BS, Gregory Pastores, MD, Swati Sathe, MD, Michele Tagliati, MD, Kelly Condefer, MD, Christina Palmese, PhD, Norbert Bru¨ggemann, MD, Christine Klein, MD, AM Roe, MD, Ruth Kornreich, PhD, Laurie Ozelius, PhD, and Susan Bressman, MD*Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA**Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

ゴーシェ病(Gaucher disease;GD)の原因遺伝子で

あるグルコセレブロシダーゼ(glucocerebrosidase;

GBA)は,パーキンソニズムに関与する遺伝子の1つ

である。GD患者がパーキンソニズムを呈するとの報告

は増えているが,神経画像,嗅覚機能,神経心理学的検

査所見に関する報告は少ない。本研究では,三次医療

機関で治療を受けているパーキンソニズムのあるア

シュケナージ系ユダヤ人患者250例をスクリーニング

し,ホモ接合および複合ヘテロ接合のGBA変異が同定

された患者で,経頭蓋超音波検査(transcranial

sonography;TCS),18F—フルオロドパ(F-dopa)およ

びフルオロデオキシグルコース(FDG)ポジトロン放出

断層撮影(positron emission tomography;PET),嗅

覚検査,神経心理学的検査の各所見と臨床的特徴につ

いて検討した。N370S/R496H複合ヘテロ接合変異保

有者2例とN370Sホモ接合変異保有者2例が同定さ

れたが,1例は詳しい評価の完了前に死亡した。TCS(3

例)で認められた黒質のエコー輝度上昇は対照群よりも

高度で〔中脳黒質のエコー輝度上昇面積中央値(エコー

輝度上昇が大きい側)(area of substantia nigra

maximal hyperechogenicity; aSNmax)=0.28 cm2

対0.14cm2,p =0.005〕,孤発性PD患者群(aSNmax

=0.31cm2)と同程度あった。FDGPET(2例)では

レンズ核の代謝亢進を認め,F-dopaPET(2例)では

両側線条体のF-dopa 取り込み低下を認めた。嗅覚検

査を行った2例では著明な嗅覚障害を認め,そのうち

1例では思春期に嗅覚障害が始まっていた。神経心理学

的検査所見(3例)は,パーキンソン病(Parkinson’s

disease;PD)またはびまん性Lewy小体病(diffuse

Lewybodydisease;DLB)と一致していた。画像検査,

神経心理学検査,嗅覚検査の各マーカーから,GDの表

現型にはPDが含まれ,DLBの所見,著明な嗅覚消失,

TCSにおける黒質のエコー輝度上昇,F-dopaおよび

FDGPETの異常所見を認める場合もあることが示唆さ

れる。

Patient 3: developed right arm action tremor and

right leg dragging at age 58. She had a dramatic

response to L-dopa with mild dyskinesias on 200 mg of

L-dopa and pramipexole. Her course was complicated

by a vertebral fracture after a fall, and subsequent

camptocormia that improved partially over time. Four

years after onset, fluctuations in attention and memory

were noted and she was started on donepezil with

some improvement. Subsequent neuropsychological ex-

amination showed moderate letter fluency difficulties

and mild bradyphrenia, executive dysfunction, and spa-

tial processing deficits.

Patient 4: developed slowed and shuffling gait and

cognitive changes characterized by periods of confu-

sion at age 64 years. There was minimal response to

L-dopa (600 mg per day), (reappearance of hallucina-

tions 5 years following disease onset) with side effects.

The prominent remaining motor features include diffi-

culty rising from a chair, balance, including falls,

tremor and mild dyskinesias. His cognition, as meas-

ured by serial neuropsychological assessments, was

TABLE 1. Clinical features

Patient 1 Patient 2 Patient 3 Patient 4

Mutation N370S/N370S N370S/N370S N370S/R496H N370S/R496HFamily history 2 Unknown 1 (mother with

dopa responsivePD, onset in 70’s)

1 (mother withdopa responsive PD anddementia)

Age PD diagnosis 48 60 54 64Initial exam features

Age exam 54 65 58 65Rest tremor 1 2 2 1Total rest tremor scorea 4.5 0 0 1Bradykinesia 1 1 1 1Total bradykinesia Scorea 6.5 12 1.5 3Rigidity 1 1 1 1Total rigidity Scorea 7 5 1.5 2.5Dyskinesias 2 2 2 2Asymmetry 1 1 1 1Cognitive impairment 2 2 2 1

Last exam featuresAge exam 57 67 64 70Rest tremor 1 2 2 2Total rest tremor score 6 0 0 0Bradykinesia 1 1 1 1Total bradykinesia score 16 10 5 12Rigidity 1 2 1 1Total rigidity score 9 0 1 4Dyskinesias 2 2 1 2Total dyskinesia scorea 0 0 1 0Asymmetry 1 1 1 1CognitiveImpairmentb 1 2 1 1

EverDepression 1 1 2 1Anxiety 1 2 1 1Quietipine treatment 1 2 2 1Medication induced

hallucinations1 (severe with

selegiline)1 (mild on

dopamine agonist)1 (on dopamine

agonist and L-dopa)1 (on L-dopa)

Other features Restless legsc 2 2 Hearing loss in 60’s

aTotal scores for UPDRS components calculated as follows: rest tremor 5 UPDRS 20; bradykinesia 5 UPDRS 23–26, 31, rigidity 5 UPDRS22; dyskinesias 5 UPDRS 32–34 total.

bSee Table 4 for neuropsychological test results.cEvaluation for restless legs demonstrated elevated ferritin levels before Gaucher evaluation.

TABLE 2. Imaging and olfactory features

Patient 1 Patient 3 Patient 4

UPSIT 13/40 10/40 N/Aa

F-dopa PETposterior putamen

N/A 48% belowcontrol

38% belowcontrol

TCS (aSNmax)b 0.29 0.25 0.33aSNminc 0.25 0.22 0.26

aPatient 4 administered UPSIT, but unable to complete due to cog-nitive limitations.

bArea of Substantia nigra maximal hyperechogenicity.cArea if Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity on the less affected

side (substantia nigra minimal hyperechogenicity).

1367GAUCHER IDENTIFIED IN PARKINSON’S CLINIC

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

Table 2 画像検査および嗅覚検査の所見

a Patient 4はペンシルバニア大学臭気同定検査(University of

Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; UPSIT)を受けたが,認知機能低下のため検査を完了できなかった。

b中脳黒質のエコー輝度上昇面積(エコー輝度上昇が大きい側)c中脳黒質のエコー輝度上昇面積(エコー輝度上昇が小さい側)

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27

Abstract

Patient 3: developed right arm action tremor and

right leg dragging at age 58. She had a dramatic

response to L-dopa with mild dyskinesias on 200 mg of

L-dopa and pramipexole. Her course was complicated

by a vertebral fracture after a fall, and subsequent

camptocormia that improved partially over time. Four

years after onset, fluctuations in attention and memory

were noted and she was started on donepezil with

some improvement. Subsequent neuropsychological ex-

amination showed moderate letter fluency difficulties

and mild bradyphrenia, executive dysfunction, and spa-

tial processing deficits.

Patient 4: developed slowed and shuffling gait and

cognitive changes characterized by periods of confu-

sion at age 64 years. There was minimal response to

L-dopa (600 mg per day), (reappearance of hallucina-

tions 5 years following disease onset) with side effects.

The prominent remaining motor features include diffi-

culty rising from a chair, balance, including falls,

tremor and mild dyskinesias. His cognition, as meas-

ured by serial neuropsychological assessments, was

TABLE 1. Clinical features

Patient 1 Patient 2 Patient 3 Patient 4

Mutation N370S/N370S N370S/N370S N370S/R496H N370S/R496HFamily history 2 Unknown 1 (mother with

dopa responsivePD, onset in 70’s)

1 (mother withdopa responsive PD anddementia)

Age PD diagnosis 48 60 54 64Initial exam features

Age exam 54 65 58 65Rest tremor 1 2 2 1Total rest tremor scorea 4.5 0 0 1Bradykinesia 1 1 1 1Total bradykinesia Scorea 6.5 12 1.5 3Rigidity 1 1 1 1Total rigidity Scorea 7 5 1.5 2.5Dyskinesias 2 2 2 2Asymmetry 1 1 1 1Cognitive impairment 2 2 2 1

Last exam featuresAge exam 57 67 64 70Rest tremor 1 2 2 2Total rest tremor score 6 0 0 0Bradykinesia 1 1 1 1Total bradykinesia score 16 10 5 12Rigidity 1 2 1 1Total rigidity score 9 0 1 4Dyskinesias 2 2 1 2Total dyskinesia scorea 0 0 1 0Asymmetry 1 1 1 1CognitiveImpairmentb 1 2 1 1

EverDepression 1 1 2 1Anxiety 1 2 1 1Quietipine treatment 1 2 2 1Medication induced

hallucinations1 (severe with

selegiline)1 (mild on

dopamine agonist)1 (on dopamine

agonist and L-dopa)1 (on L-dopa)

Other features Restless legsc 2 2 Hearing loss in 60’s

aTotal scores for UPDRS components calculated as follows: rest tremor 5 UPDRS 20; bradykinesia 5 UPDRS 23–26, 31, rigidity 5 UPDRS22; dyskinesias 5 UPDRS 32–34 total.

bSee Table 4 for neuropsychological test results.cEvaluation for restless legs demonstrated elevated ferritin levels before Gaucher evaluation.

TABLE 2. Imaging and olfactory features

Patient 1 Patient 3 Patient 4

UPSIT 13/40 10/40 N/Aa

F-dopa PETposterior putamen

N/A 48% belowcontrol

38% belowcontrol

TCS (aSNmax)b 0.29 0.25 0.33aSNminc 0.25 0.22 0.26

aPatient 4 administered UPSIT, but unable to complete due to cog-nitive limitations.

bArea of Substantia nigra maximal hyperechogenicity.cArea if Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity on the less affected

side (substantia nigra minimal hyperechogenicity).

1367GAUCHER IDENTIFIED IN PARKINSON’S CLINIC

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

Table 1 臨床的特徴

a Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS)の各コンポーネントの総スコアは,次の各項目の合計とした。安静時振戦= UPDRS項目20,寡動= UPDRS項目 23~ 26,31,筋強剛= UPDRS項目 22,ジスキネジア= UPDRS項目 32~ 34

b神経心理学的検査の結果については Table 4参照。cゴーシェ病の評価前に,レストレスレッグス(むずむず脚)症候群の評価でフェリチン濃度上昇が認められた。

characterized by progressive cognitive decline with

prominent attentional fluctuations, spatial processing

deficits, dysnomia, executive dysfunction, and daily

confusional episodes.

Functional Imaging

Patient 1: FDG PET at 5 years after onset demon-

strated bilaterally increased FDG uptake in the lenti-

form nuclei, more pronounced on the left and in the

thalamus, with bilateral decrease in parieto-occipital

and to a lesser degree anteromedial frontal cortex.

While the scan was interpreted as consistent with mod-

erately advanced IPD, the metabolic reductions in the

prefrontal and parietal regions raised the possibility of

a superimposed cognitive disturbance. Patient 3: F-

dopa PET 2 years after symptom onset showed bilat-

eral reduction in striatal F-dopa uptake consistent with

moderately advanced IPD. FDG PET 8 years after

onset demonstrated bilateral lentiform-thalamic hyper-

metabolism, with reduction in cortical FDG uptake

bilaterally in the parieto-occipital and temporal regions.

Patient 4: F-dopa PET within one year of symptom

onset showed reduced bilateral F-dopa uptake, most

pronounced in the right posterior putamen with relative

preservation of the caudate, consistent with IPD. Quan-

titative analysis is reported in Table 2. Statistical para-

metric mapping for FDG PETs for patients 1 and 3

TABLE 4. Neuropsychological Test Results at Most Recent Examinationa

Neuropsychological measure Patient 1 raw score (z score) Patient 3 raw score (z score) Patient 4 raw score (z score)

Years of education 19 16 16IQ 119 116 109

AttentionDigit span forward 4 (21.62) 9 (11.82) 5 (20.73)Digit span backward 3 (20.99) 6 (10.92) 5 (10.47)Trail making test A Unableb 5800 (21.87) Unable

ExecutiveTrail making test B Unable 22600 (<22.60) UnableMatrix reasoning 0 (<22.60) 7 (21.00) 5 (21.00)Similarities 20 (0.00) – 12 (21.33)

LanguageFAS 28 (21.60) 28 (21.53) 27 (21.20)Animals 7 (<22.60) 23 (10.53) 4 (22.60)BNT 39 (21.80) 57 (0.00) 37 (22.13)

Visual spatialJLO Unable 8 (21.20) –Block design Unable – 2 (22.00)

MemoryStory memory

Immediate recall 10 (22.00) 40 (10.33) 29 (20.67)Delayed recall 6 (21.73) 22 (10.33) 15 (20.33)Recognition 17 (21.80) – 25 (10.47)

With the exception of years of education and IQ (shown as a standard score), data are represented as raw and z scores for each patient.aTest scores based on Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR30), Barona Index,31 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- 3rd Edition (WAIS-

III32), Wechsler Memory Scale-3rd Edition (WMS-III; Story Memory),33 Boston naming test-2nd Edition (BNT),34,35 Controlled Oral Word Asso-ciation (FAS),35 Animal Fluency (Animals),35 Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO; Short Form),36 and Trailmaking Test.35,37

bPatient unable to perform the test.

TABLE 3. Gaucher Featuresa

Patient 1 Patient 3 Patient 4

Mutation N370S/N370S N370S/R496H N370S/R496HAcid B- glucosidase 6.4 nmol/mg protein/hr 5.3 nmol/mg protein/hr Not assessedFerritin Increased (1217 ng/mL) Normal range Normal rangeHb, Platelets Normal Range Normal range Normal rangeLiver Mildly enlarged (1.38 3 normal) Not palpable Not palpableSpleen Moderately enlarged (3.81 3 normal) Not palpable Not palpableFractures Spine fractureb None None

No patients were treated with enzyme replacement therapyaPatient 2 died before formal evaluation for Gaucher.bNo signs of active disease, started on biphosphonates.

1368 R. SAUNDERS-PULLMAN ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

Table 3 ゴーシェ病の特徴 a

酵素補充療法を受けた患者はいなかった。a Patient 2はゴーシェ病の正式な評価前に死亡した。b活動性疾患の徴候なし。ビスホスホネート開始。

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Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1399–1408

Key Word パーキンソン病,セロトニン,5-HT2A 受容体,幻視,オートラジオグラフィ

鮮明な幻視(visualhallucination;VH)はパーキンソン

病(Parkinson’sdisease;PD)患者によくみられる症

状である。PDにおけるVHの病態生理は不明であるが,

下側頭皮質のような視覚処理に介在する脳構造が関与

している可能性がある。セロトニン2A(5-HT2A)受容

体は,精神病を含む多くの精神障害と関連付けられてい

る。我々は,5-HT2A 受容体レベルの上昇がPD患者の

VHに関与するとの仮説を立てた。5-HT2A 受容体のレ

ベルを確認するために,VHのあるPD患者6例,VH

のないPD患者6例,年齢を一致させた健常対照被験

者5例を対象に,[3H]-ケタンセリンおよびスピペロ

ンを用いたオートラジオグラフィを行った。検討した脳

領域は,眼窩前頭皮質,下外側側頭皮質,運動皮質,線

条体,黒質である。VHのあるPD患者の下外側側頭皮

質の[3H]- ケタンセリン結合レベルは,VHのない

PD患者に比べ有意に(45.6%)上昇していた(54.3

±5.2fmol/mg対 37.3±4.3fmol/mg,p =0.039)。

加えて,全PD患者を一群とした場合の運動皮質の

5-HT2A 受容体レベルは,対照群に比べ有意に上昇して

いた(57.8±5.7 fmol/mg対 41.2±2.6 fmol/mg,

p =0.0297)。これらの結果は,視覚処理にきわめて

重要な領域である下外側側頭皮質での5-HT2A 介在性神

経伝達の亢進が,PD患者のVH発現に関連している可

能性を示唆している。本試験の結果から,PDにおける

VHの病態生理について新しい知見が得られた。また,

この消耗性合併症の軽減に5-HT2A アンタゴニストが有

効である理由について,解剖学的根拠が明らかになった。

幻視のあるパーキンソン病患者の側頭皮質における5-HT2A 受容体の増加Increased 5-HT2A Receptors in the Temporal Cortex of Parkinsonian Patients with Visual Hallucina-tions

*,**Philippe Huot, MD, MSc, FRCPC, DABPN, Tom H. Johnston, PhD, Tayyeba Darr, BSc, Lili-Naz Hazrati, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Naomi P. Visanji, PhD, Donna Pires, RVT, Jonathan M. Brotchie, PhD, and Susan H. Fox, MRCP(UK), PhD*Division of Brain Imaging & Behaviour Systems - Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada**Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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29

Abstract

All PD patients were taking levodopa and other dopa-

minergic agents. Five PD patients were taking DA ago-

nists, 3 in the VH group and 2 in the nonhallucinating

group (P 5 0.66, Mann-Whitney U test). Two of the PD

patients without VH were taking a DA agonist with a 5-

HT2A effect (cabergoline and pergolide) (P 5 0.29,

Mann-Whitney U test). Potential 5-HT binding drugs

taken at the time of death are listed in Table 1.

[3H]-Ketanserin Binding in HumanPostmortem Brains

[3H]-Ketanserin binding levels across the different

brain areas are reported in Table 2 and illustrated in

Figure 2. In the control brains, the highest binding lev-

els were found in the frontal cortex, followed by the

temporal and the motor cortex. In these regions, spe-

cific binding represented �80 to 90% of total. The

lowest levels of [3H]-ketanserin binding were encoun-

tered in the SN, in which the nonspecific binding was

high (�50%).

In the inferolateral temporal cortex of PD patients

with VH, [3H]-ketanserin binding was increased by

45.6% compared with PD patients without VH (54.3

6 5.2 fmol/mg vs. 37.3 6 4.3 fmol/mg, respectively,

P 5 0.044, one-way ANOVA, F 5 3.93; P 5 0.039,

Tukey’s post hoc test) (Table 2, Fig. 3). There were no

significant differences in [3H]-ketanserin binding in

TABLE 2. 5-HT2A receptor levels across the studied brain areas

[3H]-Ketanserin binding (mean 6 SEM)

Controls (fmol/mg) All PD (fmol/mg) No VH (fmol/mg) VH (fmol/mg)

Orbitofrontal cortex (BA11) 46.2 6 12.0 45.8 6 4.1 42.1 6 3.3 58.6 6 6.2Inferolateral temporal cortex (BA21) 42.7 6 5.4 50.4 6 4.1 37.3 6 4.3 54.3 6 5.2a

Motor cortex (BA4) 41.2 6 2.6 54.4 6 5.1b 50.9 6 9.4 57.8 6 5.7Striatum 33.8 6 4.0 40.2 6 3.4 35.3 6 5.6 45.1 6 3.4Substantia nigra 14.2 6 3.1 18.5 6 3.3 17.0 6 5.6 20.0 6 4.4

aP 5 0.039 between PD patients with VH and PD patients without VH.bP 5 0.0297 between PD patients and controls.

FIG. 2. Autoradiograms representative of [3H]-ketanserin binding levels on the sections studied. The top row represents the total binding,whereas the bottom row is the nonspecific binding. As illustrated, nonspecific binding is relatively low in the temporal cortex (D) and the striatum(E). However, nonspecific binding was 50% in the SN (F). The total binding was higher in the temporal cortex (A) than in the striatum (B). Thelowest levels (after subtraction of the nonspecific binding) were encountered in the SN (C). These pictures were taken following exposition in aMicroImager for 12 hours. Scale bar: 2 mm. SN, substantia nigra.

14035-HT2A RECEPTORS IN VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2010

Table 2 検討した脳領域における 5-HT2A受容体レベル

ap= 0.039,VHのある PD患者群とVHのない PD患者群との比較。bp= 0.0297,PD患者群と対照群との比較。

Figure 2 検討した切片の[3H]-ケタンセリン結合レベルを示すオートラジオグラム。上段は結合全体,下段は非特異的結合である。図からわかるように,非特異的結合レベルは側頭皮質(D)と線条体(E)で比較的低かった。しかし,中脳黒質(F)の非特異的結合レベルは 50%であった。結合全体のレベルは線条体(B)よりも側頭皮質(A)で高かった。最低の結合レベル(非特異的結合を減算後)は中脳黒質(C)で認められた。これらの写真はMicroImager

で 12時間露光後に撮影した。スケールバー= 2 mm。

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Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1619–1626

Key Word ジストニア,パーキンソン病,本態性振戦,チック,心因性運動障害,ミオクローヌス

近年,ジストニアの理解は進んでいるものの,一次性ジ

ストニアは依然として十分には認識されていない。一次

性ジストニア患者は正しい診断を受けられず,症状が一

時的あるいは永続的に誤分類されている場合がある。本

研究では,当初誤診された一次性ジストニアの症例を再

検討し,最初に正しく診断されなかった理由とその後正

しい診断が確保された理由を解析した。一次性ジストニ

アの誤診では,すべてがこれらに限定されるわけではな

いが,パーキンソン病(Parkinson’sdisease;PD),本

態性振戦,ミオクローヌス,チック,心因性運動障害

(psychogenicmovementdisorder;PMD)など,他の

運動障害と判断される場合が多く,なかには頭痛や脊柱

側弯症と誤診される場合もある。誤診の内訳として多い

のはPDとPMDであるが,これらの例では,ドパミン

トランスポーター(dopaminetransporter;DAT)スキャ

ンや心理学的評価などの診断検査が臨床的な方向付け

に有用である。すべての症例において,当初の判断に矛

盾が生じ,ジストニア特有の臨床像が認識されることで

正しい診断に到達していた。本論文ではこれらの診断の

ヒントを集め,診断の概要をまとめた。

一次性ジストニアの診断における課題:誤診から得たエビデンスThe Diagnostic Challenge of Primary Dystonia: Evidence from Misdiagnosis

*Stefania Lalli, MD, PhD and Alberto Albanese, MD*Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico ‘‘Carlo Besta,’’ Milano, Italy

Figure 1 一次性ジストニアとその他の病態との鑑別診断において解釈が必要な症状と徴候。既発表論文から引用した診断の矛盾点やジストニアの特徴は Table 1に示した。

Primary dystonia

Dystonic tremorEssential tremor

Parkinson’s diseasePsychogenic movement disorder

Essential myoclonusMyoclonus dystonia

Tic disordersTourette syndrome

Headache

Tremor

Myoclonus

Tics

Pain

Dystonic jerks

Tic-like dystonia

Dystonic pain

Other diagnosis

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31

Abstract

Table 1 別の病態が疑われた患者における一次性ジストニアの診断のヒント

既発表論文で挙げられた徴候については出典※を示した。※ 日本語版注釈:Table 1の出典リストは下記をご参照下さい。

tonia can be missed or delayed in a number of patients

with task- and position-specific tremors, particularly

primary writing tremor, occupational tremors, or iso-

lated voice tremor, as typical features of dystonia may

develop only many years after onset.20 A consensus

statement of the Movement Disorder Society set crite-

ria to classify tremor observed in patients or families

affected by dystonia.15 This classification has not

gained diffusion because all these forms are considered

variants of primary dystonia, where the features of dys-

TABLE 1. A list of clues suggesting a diagnosis of primary dystonia in patients suspected to have a different condition

Clinical orientation Clues suggesting primary dystonia

Parkinson’s disease Diagnostic inconsistencies� There is no progression to develop features other than tremor and dystonia10

� There is no clear fatiguing or decrement while performing repetitive movements10

� DAT scan is normal (SWEDD)10

� Features do not improve with dopaminergic treatment (consider acute challenge)Features suggesting the dystonic nature of movements or postures� There is thumb extension tremor, and tremor does not have a pill-rolling aspect10

� Tremor is task- or position-specific10

� There is head tremor10

� Voice is dystonic10

� EMG mapping supports a diagnosis of dystonia19

� Variability of tremor with positional arm changesEssential tremor Diagnostic inconsistencies

� Head tremor is isolated18

� Patients with voice tremors cannot change pitch during vocalization18

� Tremor does not improve with ET therapy (i.e., propanolol, primidone)Features suggesting the dystonic nature of movements or postures� With head rotation there is clear asymmetry of tremor20

� Tremor disappears with geste maneuver21

� There is neck pain or hypertrohy or neck muscles (particularly if asymmetric)20

� EMG mapping or tremor analysis support a diagnosis of dystonia22

� Mirroring produces torsional movements� Family history is positive and dystonia has not been ruled out in other family members

Myoclonus Diagnostic inconsistencies� EMG analysis does not show characteristic features of myoclonus23

Features suggesting the dystonic nature of movements or postures� Abnormal postures are associated with myoclonus (perform mirroring and overflow maneuvers)17

� EMG mapping supports a diagnosis of dystonia19

� Family history is positive and dystonia has not been ruled out in other family membersTics Diagnostic inconsistencies

� There are no behavioral comorbidities� There are no premonitory sensations

Features suggesting the dystonic nature of movements or postures� Tics have a predictable and consistent pattern24

� There is family history of dystonia25

� EMG mapping supports a diagnosis of dystonia19

Psychogenic movement disorder Diagnostic inconsistencies� Absence of possible secondary gain26,27

� Dystonic movements are consistent over time26,27

� Dystonic postures are consistent and congruous over time28

Features suggesting the dystonic nature of movements or postures� The development of dystonic movement and postures is gradual and progressive26,27

� There is a combination of phasic movements and tonic dystonic postures26,27

� EMG mapping supports a diagnosis of dystonia (consider investigating cortical excitability)19,29

Headache Diagnostic inconsistencies� Headache is relieved by gestes maneuvers

Features suggesting the dystonic nature of movements or postures� EMG mapping supports a diagnosis of dystonia19

� Focal pain over the splenius capitis or trapezius muscles is accentuated by palpation� There is hypertrophy of neck muscles (the splenius capitis may become palpable)� Response to botulinum toxin is excellent

Idiopathic scoliosis Diagnostic inconsistencies� Family history is positive and dystonia has not been ruled out in other family members30,31

Features suggesting the dystonic nature of movements or postures� EMG mapping supports a diagnosis of dystonia19

The signs proposed in published papers are referenced.

1621THE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE OF PRIMARY DYSTONIA

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 11, 2010

tributing to increased recognition of mild or nonprog-

ressive cases.

Author Roles: Stefania Lalli was involved in writing ofthe first draft, bibliographic search, and execution of themanuscript. Alberto Albanese was involved in conception, or-ganization, review, and critique of the manuscript.

Financial Disclosures: This work was funded in part bygrants from the Italian Ministry of University and Researchand the Italian Ministry of Health. Stefania Lalli: None.Alberto Albanese: Occasional consultancy advisory boardsand honoraria from Lundbeck, Allergan, and Merz.

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27. Thomas M, Jankovic J. Psychogenic movement disorders: diag-nosis and management. CNS Drugs 2004;18:437–452.

28. Schrag A, Trimble M, Quinn N, Bhatia K. The syndrome offixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain 2004;127:2360–2372.

29. Quartarone A, Rizzo V, Terranova C, et al. Abnormal sensorimo-tor plasticity in organic but not in psychogenic dystonia. Brain2009;132:2871–2877.

30. Kim HJ, Blanco JS, Widmann RF. Update on the managementof idiopathic scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009;21:55–64.

31. Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Girlanda P, et al. Primary cervicaldystonia and scoliosis: a multicenter case-control study. Neurol-ogy 2003;60:1012–1015.

32. Opal P, Tintner R, Jankovic J, et al. Intrafamilial phenotypic vari-ability of the DYT1 dystonia: from asymptomatic TOR1A gene car-rier status to dystonic storm. Mov Disord 2002;17:339–345.

33. Dubinsky RM, Gray CS, Koller WC. Essential tremor and dysto-nia. Neurology 1993;43:2382–2384.

34. Munchau A, Schrag A, Chuang C, et al. Arm tremor in cervicaldystonia differs from essential tremor and can be classified byonset age and spread of symptoms. Brain 2001;124:1765–1776.

35. Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, Bermejo-Pareja F. Risk of incidentParkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in essential tremor: a pop-ulation based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:423–425.

36. Louis ED, Barnes L, Wendt KJ, et al. A teaching videotape forthe assessment of essential tremor. Mov Disord 2001;16:89–93.

37. Louis ED, Rios E, Henchcliffe C. Mirror movements in patientswith essential tremor. Mov Disord 2009;24:2211–2217.

38. Sitburana O, Jankovic J. Focal hand dystonia, mirror dystoniaand motor overflow. J Neurol Sci 2008;266:31–33.

FIG. 1. Symptoms and signs that require interpretation to orient thediagnosis toward primary dystonia or another condition. Diagnosticinconsistencies and features of dystonia derived from published liter-ature are listed in Table 1.

1625THE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE OF PRIMARY DYSTONIA

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 11, 2010

tributing to increased recognition of mild or nonprog-

ressive cases.

Author Roles: Stefania Lalli was involved in writing ofthe first draft, bibliographic search, and execution of themanuscript. Alberto Albanese was involved in conception, or-ganization, review, and critique of the manuscript.

Financial Disclosures: This work was funded in part bygrants from the Italian Ministry of University and Researchand the Italian Ministry of Health. Stefania Lalli: None.Alberto Albanese: Occasional consultancy advisory boardsand honoraria from Lundbeck, Allergan, and Merz.

REFERENCES

1. Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Livrea P, Berardelli A. Epidemiologyof primary dystonia. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:673–678.

2. Albanese A, Barnes MP, Bhatia KP, et al. A systematic reviewon the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystoniaand dystonia plus syndromes: report of an EFNS/MDS-ES TaskForce. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:433–444.

3. Cassetta E, Del Grosso N, Bentivoglio AR, Valente EM, FrontaliM, Albanese A. Italian family with cranial cervical dystonia: clini-cal and genetic study. Mov Disord 1999;14:820–825.

4. Albanese A, Lalli S. Is this dystonia? Mov Disord 2009;24:1725–1731.

5. Tolosa E, Compta Y. Dystonia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol2006;253 (Suppl 7):7–13.

6. Del Sorbo F, Albanese A. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias andtheir management. J Neurol 2008;255 (Suppl 4):32–41.

7. Agostino R, Berardelli A, Formica A, Accornero N, Manfredi M.Sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease and dystonia. Brain 1992;115:1481–1495.

8. Rao G, Fisch L, Srinivasan S, et al. Does this patient have Par-kinson disease? JAMA 2003;289:347–353.

9. Edwards M, Wood N, Bhatia K. Unusual phenotypes in DYT1dystonia: a report of five cases and a review of the literature.Mov Disord 2003;18:706–711.

10. Schneider SA, Edwards MJ, Mir P, et al. Patients with adult-onset dystonic tremor resembling parkinsonian tremor have scanswithout evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs). Mov Dis-ord 2007;22:2210–2215.

11. Fahn S. Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression ofParkinson’s disease? J Neurol 2005;252 (Suppl 4):IV37–IV42.

12. Bain PG. Dystonic tremor presenting as parkinsonism: long-termfollow-up of SWEDDs. Neurology 2009;72:1443–1445.

13. Marshall VL, Reininger CB, Marquardt M, et al. Parkinson’s dis-ease is overdiagnosed clinically at baseline in diagnosticallyuncertain cases: a 3-year European multicenter study with repeat[123I]FP-CIT SPECT. Mov Disord 2009;24:500–508.

14. Marshall V, Grosset D. Role of dopamine transporter imaging inroutine clinical practice. Mov Disord 2003;18:1415–1423.

15. Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Move-ment Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee.Mov Disord 1998;13 (Suppl 3):2–23.

16. Hallett M. The neurophysiology of dystonia. Arch Neurol 1998;55:601–603.

17. Albanese A. The clinical expression of primary dystonia. J Neu-rol 2003;250:1145–1151.

18. Elble RJ. Diagnostic criteria for essential tremor and differentialdiagnosis. Neurology 2000;54 (Suppl 4):S2–S6.

19. Pullman SL, Goodin DS, Marquinez AI, Tabbal S, Rubin M.Clinical utility of surface EMG: report of the therapeutics andtechnology assessment subcommittee of the American Academyof Neurology. Neurology 2000;55:171–177.

20. Rivest J, Marsden CD. Trunk and head tremor as isolated mani-festations of dystonia. Mov Disord 1990;5:60–65.

21. Deuschl G. Dystonic tremor. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2003;159:900–905.

22. Bain P, Brin M, Deuschl G, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis ofessential tremor. Neurology 2000;54 (Suppl 4):S7.

23. Vercueil L. Myoclonus and movement disorders. NeurophysiolClin 2006;36:327–331.

24. Jankovic J. Phenomenology and classification of tics. NeurolClin 1997;15:267–275.

25. Jankovic J, Nutt JG. Blepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia(Meige’s syndrome): familial occurrence. Adv Neurol 1988;49:117–123.

26. Fahn S, Williams DT. Psychogenic dystonia. Adv Neurol 1988;50:431–455.

27. Thomas M, Jankovic J. Psychogenic movement disorders: diag-nosis and management. CNS Drugs 2004;18:437–452.

28. Schrag A, Trimble M, Quinn N, Bhatia K. The syndrome offixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain 2004;127:2360–2372.

29. Quartarone A, Rizzo V, Terranova C, et al. Abnormal sensorimo-tor plasticity in organic but not in psychogenic dystonia. Brain2009;132:2871–2877.

30. Kim HJ, Blanco JS, Widmann RF. Update on the managementof idiopathic scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009;21:55–64.

31. Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Girlanda P, et al. Primary cervicaldystonia and scoliosis: a multicenter case-control study. Neurol-ogy 2003;60:1012–1015.

32. Opal P, Tintner R, Jankovic J, et al. Intrafamilial phenotypic vari-ability of the DYT1 dystonia: from asymptomatic TOR1A gene car-rier status to dystonic storm. Mov Disord 2002;17:339–345.

33. Dubinsky RM, Gray CS, Koller WC. Essential tremor and dysto-nia. Neurology 1993;43:2382–2384.

34. Munchau A, Schrag A, Chuang C, et al. Arm tremor in cervicaldystonia differs from essential tremor and can be classified byonset age and spread of symptoms. Brain 2001;124:1765–1776.

35. Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, Bermejo-Pareja F. Risk of incidentParkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in essential tremor: a pop-ulation based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:423–425.

36. Louis ED, Barnes L, Wendt KJ, et al. A teaching videotape forthe assessment of essential tremor. Mov Disord 2001;16:89–93.

37. Louis ED, Rios E, Henchcliffe C. Mirror movements in patientswith essential tremor. Mov Disord 2009;24:2211–2217.

38. Sitburana O, Jankovic J. Focal hand dystonia, mirror dystoniaand motor overflow. J Neurol Sci 2008;266:31–33.

FIG. 1. Symptoms and signs that require interpretation to orient thediagnosis toward primary dystonia or another condition. Diagnosticinconsistencies and features of dystonia derived from published liter-ature are listed in Table 1.

1625THE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE OF PRIMARY DYSTONIA

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 11, 2010

tributing to increased recognition of mild or nonprog-

ressive cases.

Author Roles: Stefania Lalli was involved in writing ofthe first draft, bibliographic search, and execution of themanuscript. Alberto Albanese was involved in conception, or-ganization, review, and critique of the manuscript.

Financial Disclosures: This work was funded in part bygrants from the Italian Ministry of University and Researchand the Italian Ministry of Health. Stefania Lalli: None.Alberto Albanese: Occasional consultancy advisory boardsand honoraria from Lundbeck, Allergan, and Merz.

REFERENCES

1. Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Livrea P, Berardelli A. Epidemiologyof primary dystonia. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:673–678.

2. Albanese A, Barnes MP, Bhatia KP, et al. A systematic reviewon the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystoniaand dystonia plus syndromes: report of an EFNS/MDS-ES TaskForce. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:433–444.

3. Cassetta E, Del Grosso N, Bentivoglio AR, Valente EM, FrontaliM, Albanese A. Italian family with cranial cervical dystonia: clini-cal and genetic study. Mov Disord 1999;14:820–825.

4. Albanese A, Lalli S. Is this dystonia? Mov Disord 2009;24:1725–1731.

5. Tolosa E, Compta Y. Dystonia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol2006;253 (Suppl 7):7–13.

6. Del Sorbo F, Albanese A. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias andtheir management. J Neurol 2008;255 (Suppl 4):32–41.

7. Agostino R, Berardelli A, Formica A, Accornero N, Manfredi M.Sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease and dystonia. Brain 1992;115:1481–1495.

8. Rao G, Fisch L, Srinivasan S, et al. Does this patient have Par-kinson disease? JAMA 2003;289:347–353.

9. Edwards M, Wood N, Bhatia K. Unusual phenotypes in DYT1dystonia: a report of five cases and a review of the literature.Mov Disord 2003;18:706–711.

10. Schneider SA, Edwards MJ, Mir P, et al. Patients with adult-onset dystonic tremor resembling parkinsonian tremor have scanswithout evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs). Mov Dis-ord 2007;22:2210–2215.

11. Fahn S. Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression ofParkinson’s disease? J Neurol 2005;252 (Suppl 4):IV37–IV42.

12. Bain PG. Dystonic tremor presenting as parkinsonism: long-termfollow-up of SWEDDs. Neurology 2009;72:1443–1445.

13. Marshall VL, Reininger CB, Marquardt M, et al. Parkinson’s dis-ease is overdiagnosed clinically at baseline in diagnosticallyuncertain cases: a 3-year European multicenter study with repeat[123I]FP-CIT SPECT. Mov Disord 2009;24:500–508.

14. Marshall V, Grosset D. Role of dopamine transporter imaging inroutine clinical practice. Mov Disord 2003;18:1415–1423.

15. Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Move-ment Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee.Mov Disord 1998;13 (Suppl 3):2–23.

16. Hallett M. The neurophysiology of dystonia. Arch Neurol 1998;55:601–603.

17. Albanese A. The clinical expression of primary dystonia. J Neu-rol 2003;250:1145–1151.

18. Elble RJ. Diagnostic criteria for essential tremor and differentialdiagnosis. Neurology 2000;54 (Suppl 4):S2–S6.

19. Pullman SL, Goodin DS, Marquinez AI, Tabbal S, Rubin M.Clinical utility of surface EMG: report of the therapeutics andtechnology assessment subcommittee of the American Academyof Neurology. Neurology 2000;55:171–177.

20. Rivest J, Marsden CD. Trunk and head tremor as isolated mani-festations of dystonia. Mov Disord 1990;5:60–65.

21. Deuschl G. Dystonic tremor. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2003;159:900–905.

22. Bain P, Brin M, Deuschl G, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis ofessential tremor. Neurology 2000;54 (Suppl 4):S7.

23. Vercueil L. Myoclonus and movement disorders. NeurophysiolClin 2006;36:327–331.

24. Jankovic J. Phenomenology and classification of tics. NeurolClin 1997;15:267–275.

25. Jankovic J, Nutt JG. Blepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia(Meige’s syndrome): familial occurrence. Adv Neurol 1988;49:117–123.

26. Fahn S, Williams DT. Psychogenic dystonia. Adv Neurol 1988;50:431–455.

27. Thomas M, Jankovic J. Psychogenic movement disorders: diag-nosis and management. CNS Drugs 2004;18:437–452.

28. Schrag A, Trimble M, Quinn N, Bhatia K. The syndrome offixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain 2004;127:2360–2372.

29. Quartarone A, Rizzo V, Terranova C, et al. Abnormal sensorimo-tor plasticity in organic but not in psychogenic dystonia. Brain2009;132:2871–2877.

30. Kim HJ, Blanco JS, Widmann RF. Update on the managementof idiopathic scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009;21:55–64.

31. Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Girlanda P, et al. Primary cervicaldystonia and scoliosis: a multicenter case-control study. Neurol-ogy 2003;60:1012–1015.

32. Opal P, Tintner R, Jankovic J, et al. Intrafamilial phenotypic vari-ability of the DYT1 dystonia: from asymptomatic TOR1A gene car-rier status to dystonic storm. Mov Disord 2002;17:339–345.

33. Dubinsky RM, Gray CS, Koller WC. Essential tremor and dysto-nia. Neurology 1993;43:2382–2384.

34. Munchau A, Schrag A, Chuang C, et al. Arm tremor in cervicaldystonia differs from essential tremor and can be classified byonset age and spread of symptoms. Brain 2001;124:1765–1776.

35. Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, Bermejo-Pareja F. Risk of incidentParkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in essential tremor: a pop-ulation based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:423–425.

36. Louis ED, Barnes L, Wendt KJ, et al. A teaching videotape forthe assessment of essential tremor. Mov Disord 2001;16:89–93.

37. Louis ED, Rios E, Henchcliffe C. Mirror movements in patientswith essential tremor. Mov Disord 2009;24:2211–2217.

38. Sitburana O, Jankovic J. Focal hand dystonia, mirror dystoniaand motor overflow. J Neurol Sci 2008;266:31–33.

FIG. 1. Symptoms and signs that require interpretation to orient thediagnosis toward primary dystonia or another condition. Diagnosticinconsistencies and features of dystonia derived from published liter-ature are listed in Table 1.

1625THE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE OF PRIMARY DYSTONIA

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 11, 2010

MDs4-3.indb 31 11.1.13 3:50:18 PM

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32

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1791–1800

Key Word パーキンソニズム,劣性,ATP13A2,PLA2G6,FBXO7,Spatacsin

若年性および若年発症型レボドパ(L—ドパ)反応性パー

キンソニズムに関連する常染色体劣性遺伝子は7つ同

定されている。PRKN,DJ-1,PINK1 遺伝子変異の表

現型はむしろ純粋なパーキンソン病と関連し,治療反応

性が持続し,認知症もなく,比較的良好な経過をとる。

一方,Kufor-Rakeb症候群では,核上性垂直性注視麻痺,

ミオクローヌス性筋収縮,錐体路徴候,認知障害など,

パーキンソン病とは明確に区別される徴候もみられる。

PANK2 遺伝子変異による脳内鉄蓄積を伴う神経変性症

Ⅰ型(Hallervorden-Spatz 症候群)は,Kufor-Rakeb症候群と似た特徴を示す場合がある。他の3つの遺伝

子,すなわちPLA2G6(PARK14),FBXO7(PARK15),

Spatacsin(SPG11)の変異も,臨床的に似た表現型を

呈する。これらの表現型では急速に進行するパーキン

ソニズムがみられ,当初はL—ドパ投与に反応するもの

の,その後,高次脳機能障害などの新たな症状が現れ,L—

ドパ反応性も消失する。本研究では,複雑なパーキンソ

ニズムのみられる複数の家系でホモ接合性マッピング

とシークエンス解析を行った。その結果,ATP13A2(1

家系),PLA2G6(1家系),FBXO7(2家系),SPG11

(1家系)の遺伝子異常が同定された。当初は共通の臨

床的特徴がみられたため,このような遺伝的異質性は意

外であった。慎重に精査したところ,FBXO7変異症例は,

パーキンソニズムを伴うPRKN 遺伝子変異の表現型に

より近いことが判明した。ATP13A2 およびPLA2G6

変異症例の身体能力障害はより深刻で,嚥下困難やジス

トニア徴候(一部は重度)を伴い,通常,錐体路系の脱

力などの錐体路障害がみられた。以上のデータから,従

来は淡蒼球 -錐体路症候群として臨床分類されていた

錐体路徴候を伴うL—ドパ反応性パーキンソニズム症例

の多くが,これらの4つの遺伝子を原因とすることが

示唆される。

ATP13A2,PLA2G6,FBXO7,Spatacsin 変異による錐体路徴候を伴う早期発症型 L—ドパ反応性パーキンソニズムEarly-Onset L-dopa-Responsive Parkinsonism with Pyramidal Signs Due to ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7 and Spatacsin Mutations

*Coro Paisán-Ruiz, PhD, Rocio Guevara, BSc, Monica Federoff, MS, Hasmet Hanagasi, MD, Fardaz Sina, MD, Elahe Elahi, PhD, Susanne A. Schneider, MD, Petra Schwingenschuh, MD, Nin Bajaj, MD, Murat Emre, MD, Andrew B. Singleton, PhD, John Hardy, PhD, Kailash P. Bhatia, MD, Sebastian Brandner, PhD, Andrew J. Lees, MD, and Henry Houlden, MD*Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, Queen Square, London, United King-dom

MDs4-3.indb 32 11.1.13 3:50:18 PM

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33

Abstract

kindred which presented with spastic weakness and

Babinski signs. Parkinsonism with bradykinesia and

rigidity was developed as a late feature in some fami-

lial members.15 Three novel FBXO7 mutations,

c.90711G>T and p.Thr22Met in the compound heter-

ozygous state and p.Arg498X in homozygous state,

were later identified in Dutch and Italian families

exhibiting spasticity and Babinski signs, tremor, brady-

kinesia, and postural instability. Dystonia was also

present in the homozygous p.Arg498X mutation car-

riers. These families expanded the phenotypic spectrum

associated with FBXO7 mutations making it another

cause of recessive EOPD (PARK15).20

SPATACSIN (SPG11)

Spatacsin (SPG11) is the major mutated gene in

autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia with thin corpus

callosum (ARHSP-TCC). To date, more than 50 differ-

ent SPG11 mutations, including nonsense, spice-site,

and frameshift variants, have been reported in familial

and idiopathic cases presenting with complicated

HSP.29–31 In addition, an unusual parkinsonism pre-

senting with resting tremor, akinesia and with either

weak or no L-dopa response has recently been

described in two SPG11 patients from a consanguine-

ous Turkish family. Both showed mental retardation,

characteristic of the complex HSP, and bilateral Babin-

ski signs. An 123I-ioflupane SPECT scan revealed

dopaminergic denervation in one of the probands.

They carried a homozygous frameshift SPG11 muta-

tion (p.His235ArgfsX12).16

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Subjects

Patients from five unrelated consanguineous families

with L-dopa-responsive EOPD gave informed consent

to this study approved by the local ethics committee.

Different cases were clinically examined by the clini-

cians involved in the patients’ care and video footage

of all cases was retrospectively reviewed by HH, KPB,

and AJL. Clinical details are partly given below and

summarized in Table 2. For full information see sup-

plements. We also compare the clinical features of

two previously published PLA2G6 mutation families

(Table 2) and the video of Iranian FBX07 mutation

family E. The family trees for families reported here,

with the exception of family E where only one proband

was available for study, are shown in Figure 1.

Family A (PLA2G6)

This patient was described by Paisan-Ruiz et al.14

without video documentation.

In summary, onset was at age 26 with progressive

cognitive decline, slow movements (video segment 1),

clumsiness, progressive imbalance, hand tremor, and

slurred speech, followed by the development of dysto-

nia. There was an excellent L-dopa response. However,

TABLE 1. Previously reported and novel autosomal recessive parkinsonism mutations

cDNA Protein References

ATP13A2: PARK9 c.546C>A p.Phe182Leu Ref. 17c.1103_1104insGA p.Thr367ArgfsX29 This paperc.130615G>A NA Ref. 13c.1510G>C p.Gly504Arg Ref. 18c.1632_1653dup22 p.Leu552fsX237 Ref. 13c.3057delC p.Gly1019fsX3 Ref. 13

PLA2G6: PARK14 c.109C>T p.Arg37X Unpublished datac.107823C>A NA Unpublished datac.1715C>T p.Thr572Ile Unpublished datac.1894C>T p.Arg632Trp Ref. 19c.2222G>A p.Arg741Gln Ref. 14c.2239C>T p.Arg747Trp Ref. 14

FBXO7: PARK15 c.65C>T p.Thr22Met Ref. 20c.90711G>T NA Ref. 20c.1132C>G p.Arg378Gly Ref. 15c.1492C>T p.Arg498X Ref. 20

SPATACSIN: SPG11 c.704_705delAT p.His235ArgfsX12 Ref. 16c.733_734delAT p.Met245fsX2 This paper

All ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7, and Spatacsin mutations identified to date in either recessive parkinson-ism or idiopathic Parkinson’s disease patients. Only homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations areincluded because on these have strong evidence for pathogenicity.

NA, Not Applicable.

1793COMPLEX RECESSIVE PARKINSONISMS

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

Table 1 パーキンソニズムに関連する既報告および新規の常染色体劣性遺伝子変異

これまでに劣性遺伝性パーキンソニズムまたは孤発性パーキンソン病患者で同定されたすべてのATP13A2,PLA2G6,FBXO7,Spatacsin変異。病因として強いエビデンスがあることから,ホモ接合または複合ヘテロ接合変異のみを掲載した。

NA=該当せず※ 日本語版注釈:Table 1の出典リストは下記をご参照下さい。

TABLE 2. Summary of the clinical details of the families reported here (families A–D)

TableFamily APLA2G6

Family BATP13A2

Family CFBX07

Family DFBX07

Family ESPG11

Family DPSina et al.27

PLA2G6

Family 2from

Paisan-Ruizet al.14

PLA2G6

Family/case 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 Cases 1–3 1Current age (yr) 35 41 41 44 22 44 22 Died 27 27 23, 25, 31 21Age of onset (yr)/first

symptom26

Cognitive29Falls

16Psychosis

18Gait

17Eyelid

dyspraxia

24Bradykinesia

22Bradykinesia

17 14 21, 22, 25Dragging feet

18 Draggingfoot

Cognitive decline 11 111 11 111 1 1 1 2 1 11 1Psychiatric features 1 1 11 11 1 11 11 1 (1) 1 1Extrapyramidal signs 111 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 111 11Pyramidal features 1 11 1 11 1 1 1 2 111 11 11L-dopa response 11 11 11PT 11PT 111 11 11 11 11PT* 11 11L-dopa-induced

dyskinesias11 11 11 11 1 11 11 11 NA 11 1

Dystonia 111 111 11 1 2 2 1 2 1 111 11Eye movement

abnormalities1 11 11 11 11 1 1 2 1 1 1

Imbalance/impairedpostural reflexes

11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1

Dysarthria/dysphonia 111 111 11 11 11 11 111 111 1 11 1Swallowing problems 111/PEG 111/PEG 11 11 1 11 11 1 2 11 1Other Seizures pale

blue scleraPale blue

scleraBleph OA Bleph

cateractsCateracts Cervical

dystoniaNicotineresponsive.

Dopa induceddystonia andaggression

Nil Nil Foot dystoniawith

hemipareticgait

MRI brain Frontalwhitematter

Generalatrophy

General/Caudateatrophy

General/Caudateatrophy

Normal Generalatrophy

Generalatrophy

NormalMRI. Beta-CIT

SPECT,no uptake

Generalatrophy,

thincorpus

callosum

Generalatrophy

Generalatrophy

We have previously reported two other families with PLA2G6 mutations and their clinical features are also shown for comparison. 111 5 severe, 11 5 moderate, 1 5 mild, (1)5 related to treatment, 2 5 absent. PEG 5 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, Bleph 5 blepharospasm/clonus, OA 5 optic atrophy. PT 5 poorly tolerated: *, treated withropinerole.

1794C.PAISAN-RUIZ

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Vol.

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12,2010

Table 2 検討した家系(家系 A~ D)の臨床的特徴の要約

我々が以前に報告した PLA2G6変異のある別の 2家系の臨床的特徴も比較のために提示した。+++=重度,++=中等度,+=軽度,(+)=治療関連,-=なし,PEG=経皮内視鏡的胃瘻造設術,Bleph=眼瞼痙攣 /クローヌス,OA=視神経萎縮,PT=忍容性不良,*=ロピニロール投与

in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene. Nat Genet 1994;8:236–242.

6. Valente EM, Abou-Sleiman PM, Caputo V, et al. Hereditaryearly-onset Parkinson’s disease caused by mutations in PINK1.Science 2004;304:1158–1160.

7. Lucking CB, Durr A, Bonifati V, et al. Association betweenearly-onset Parkinson’s disease and mutations in the parkin gene.New Eng J Med 2000;342:1560–1567.

8. Wickremaratchi MM, Majounie E, Morris HR, et al. Parkin-related disease clinically diagnosed as a pallido-pyramidal syn-drome. Mov Disord 2009;24:138–140.

9. Bonifati V, Rohe CF, Breedveld GJ, et al. Early-onset parkinson-ism associated with PINK1 mutations: frequency, genotypes, andphenotypes. Neurology 2005;65:87–95.

10. Furukawa Y, Graf WD, Wong H, et al. Dopa-responsive dystoniasimulating spastic paraplegia due to tyrosine hyroxilase (TH)gene mutations. Neurology 2001;56:260–263.

11. Clot F, Grabli D, Cazeneuve C, et al. Exhaustive analysis ofBH4 and dopamine biosynthesis genes in patients with Dopa-re-sponsive dystonia. Brain 2009;132:1753–1763

12. Tassin J, Durr A, Bonnet AM, et al. Levodopa-responsive dysto-nia. GTP cyclohydrolase I or parkin mutations? Brain 2000;123:1112–1121.

13. Ramirez A, Heimbach A, Grundemann J, et al. Hereditary par-kinsonism with dementia is caused by mutations in ATP13A2,encoding a lysosomal type 5 P-type ATPase. Nat Genet 2006;38:1184–1191

14. Paisan-Ruiz C, Bhatia KP, Li A, et al. Characterization ofPLA2G6 as a locus for dystonia-parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 2009;65:19–23.

15. Shojaee S, Sina F, Banihosseini SS, et al. Genome-wide linkageanalysis of a Parkinsonian-pyramidal syndrome pedigree by 500K SNP arrays. Am J Hum Genet 2008;82:1375–1384.

16. Anheim M, Lagier-Tourenne C, Stevanin G, et al. SPG11 spasticparaplegia. A new cause of juvenile parkinsonism. J Neurol2009;256:104–108.

17. Ning YP, Kanai K, Tomiyama H, et al. PARK9-linked parkin-sonism in eastern Asia: mutation detection in ATP13A2 and clin-ical phenotype. Neurology 2008;70:1491–1493.

18. Di Fonzo A, Chien HF, Socal M, et al. ATP13A2 missensemutations in juvenile parkinsonism and young onset Parkinsondisease. Neurology 2007;68:1557–1562.

19. Sina F, Shojaee S, E. Elahi E, Paisan-Ruiz C. R632W mutationin PLA2G6 segregates with dystonia-parkinsonism in a consan-guineous Iranian family. Eur J Neurol 2009;16:101–104.

20. Di Fonzo A, Dekker MC, Montagna P, et al. FBXO7 mutationscause autosomal recessive, early-onset parkinsonian-pyramidalsyndrome. Neurology 2008;72:240–245.

21. Najim al-Din AS, Wriekat A, Mubaidin A, et al. Pallido-pyrami-dal degeneration, supranuclear upgaze paresis and dementia:Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;89:347–352.

22. Hampshire DJ, Roberts E, Crow Y, et al. Kufor-Rakeb syndrome,pallido-pyramidal degeneration with supranuclear upgaze paresisand dementia, maps to 1p36. J Med Genet 2001;38:680–682.

23. Williams DR, Hadeed A, al-Din AS, et al. Kufor Rakeb disease:autosomal recessive, levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with py-ramidal degeneration, supranuclear gaze palsy, and dementia.Mov Disord 2005;20:1264–1271.

24. Lees AJ, Singleton AB. Clinical heterogeneity of ATP13A2linked disease (Kufor-Rakeb) justifies a PARK designation. Neu-rology 2007;68:1553–1554.

25. Khateeb S, Flusser H, Ofir R, et al. PLA2G6 mutation underliesinfantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2006;79:942–948.

26. Morgan NV, Westaway SK, Morton JE, et al. PLA2G6, encodinga phospholipase A2, is mutated in neurodegenerative disorderswith high brain iron. Nat Genet 2006;38:752–754.

27. Hartig MB, Hortnagel K, Garavaglia B, et al. Genotypic and phe-notypic spectrum of PANK2 mutations in patients with neurode-generation with brain iron accumulation. Ann Neurol 2006;59:248–256.

28. Gregory A, Polster BJ, Hayflick, SJ. Clinical and genetic delinea-tion of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. J MedGenet 2009;46:73–80.

29. Stevanin G, Santorelli FM, Azzedine H, et al. Mutations inSPG11, encoding spatacsin, are a major cause of spastic paraple-gia with thin corpus callosum. Nat Genet. 2007;39:366–372.

30. Hehr U, Bauer P, Winner B, et al. Long-term course and muta-tional spectrum of spatacsin-linked spastic paraplegia. Ann Neu-rol 2007;62:656–665.

31. Paisan-Ruiz C, Dogu O, Yilmaz A, et al. SPG11 mutations arecommon in familial cases of complicated hereditary spastic para-plegia. Neurology 2008;70:1384–1389

32. Quinn NP, Goadsby PJ, Lees AJ: Hereditary Juvenile parkinson-ism with pyramidal signs and mental retardation. Eur J Neurol1995;2:23–26.

33. Schneider SA, Paisan-Ruiz C, Quinn NP, Lees AJ, Houlden H,Hardy J, Bhatia KP. ATP13A2 mutations (PARK9) cause neuro-degeneration with brain iron accumulation. Mov Disord 2010;Mar 22.

34. Hanagasi HA, Lees A, Johnson JO, et al. Smoking-responsive ju-venile-onset Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2007;22:115–118.

35. Gibbs JR, Singleton A. Application of genome-wide single nu-cleotide polymorphism typing: simple association and beyond.PLoS Genet 2006;2:e150.

36. Camargos S, Scholz S, Simon-Sanchez J, et al. DYT16, a novelyoung-onset dystonia-parkinsonism disorder: identification of asegregating mutation in the stress-response protein PRKRA. Lan-cet Neurol 2008;7:207–215.

37. Hardy J, Lewis P, Revesz T, et al. The genetics of Parkinson’ssyndromes: a critical review. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009;19:254–265.

38. Dogu O, Johnson J, Hernandez D, et al. A consanguineous Turk-ish family with early-onset Parkinson’s disease and an exon 4parkin deletion. Mov Disord 2004;19:812–816.

39. Jin J, Cardozo T, Lovering RC, et al. Systematic analysis and no-menclature of mammalian F-box proteins. Genes Dev 2004;18:2573–2580.

1800 C. PAISAN-RUIZ ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene. Nat Genet 1994;8:236–242.

6. Valente EM, Abou-Sleiman PM, Caputo V, et al. Hereditaryearly-onset Parkinson’s disease caused by mutations in PINK1.Science 2004;304:1158–1160.

7. Lucking CB, Durr A, Bonifati V, et al. Association betweenearly-onset Parkinson’s disease and mutations in the parkin gene.New Eng J Med 2000;342:1560–1567.

8. Wickremaratchi MM, Majounie E, Morris HR, et al. Parkin-related disease clinically diagnosed as a pallido-pyramidal syn-drome. Mov Disord 2009;24:138–140.

9. Bonifati V, Rohe CF, Breedveld GJ, et al. Early-onset parkinson-ism associated with PINK1 mutations: frequency, genotypes, andphenotypes. Neurology 2005;65:87–95.

10. Furukawa Y, Graf WD, Wong H, et al. Dopa-responsive dystoniasimulating spastic paraplegia due to tyrosine hyroxilase (TH)gene mutations. Neurology 2001;56:260–263.

11. Clot F, Grabli D, Cazeneuve C, et al. Exhaustive analysis ofBH4 and dopamine biosynthesis genes in patients with Dopa-re-sponsive dystonia. Brain 2009;132:1753–1763

12. Tassin J, Durr A, Bonnet AM, et al. Levodopa-responsive dysto-nia. GTP cyclohydrolase I or parkin mutations? Brain 2000;123:1112–1121.

13. Ramirez A, Heimbach A, Grundemann J, et al. Hereditary par-kinsonism with dementia is caused by mutations in ATP13A2,encoding a lysosomal type 5 P-type ATPase. Nat Genet 2006;38:1184–1191

14. Paisan-Ruiz C, Bhatia KP, Li A, et al. Characterization ofPLA2G6 as a locus for dystonia-parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 2009;65:19–23.

15. Shojaee S, Sina F, Banihosseini SS, et al. Genome-wide linkageanalysis of a Parkinsonian-pyramidal syndrome pedigree by 500K SNP arrays. Am J Hum Genet 2008;82:1375–1384.

16. Anheim M, Lagier-Tourenne C, Stevanin G, et al. SPG11 spasticparaplegia. A new cause of juvenile parkinsonism. J Neurol2009;256:104–108.

17. Ning YP, Kanai K, Tomiyama H, et al. PARK9-linked parkin-sonism in eastern Asia: mutation detection in ATP13A2 and clin-ical phenotype. Neurology 2008;70:1491–1493.

18. Di Fonzo A, Chien HF, Socal M, et al. ATP13A2 missensemutations in juvenile parkinsonism and young onset Parkinsondisease. Neurology 2007;68:1557–1562.

19. Sina F, Shojaee S, E. Elahi E, Paisan-Ruiz C. R632W mutationin PLA2G6 segregates with dystonia-parkinsonism in a consan-guineous Iranian family. Eur J Neurol 2009;16:101–104.

20. Di Fonzo A, Dekker MC, Montagna P, et al. FBXO7 mutationscause autosomal recessive, early-onset parkinsonian-pyramidalsyndrome. Neurology 2008;72:240–245.

21. Najim al-Din AS, Wriekat A, Mubaidin A, et al. Pallido-pyrami-dal degeneration, supranuclear upgaze paresis and dementia:Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;89:347–352.

22. Hampshire DJ, Roberts E, Crow Y, et al. Kufor-Rakeb syndrome,pallido-pyramidal degeneration with supranuclear upgaze paresisand dementia, maps to 1p36. J Med Genet 2001;38:680–682.

23. Williams DR, Hadeed A, al-Din AS, et al. Kufor Rakeb disease:autosomal recessive, levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with py-ramidal degeneration, supranuclear gaze palsy, and dementia.Mov Disord 2005;20:1264–1271.

24. Lees AJ, Singleton AB. Clinical heterogeneity of ATP13A2linked disease (Kufor-Rakeb) justifies a PARK designation. Neu-rology 2007;68:1553–1554.

25. Khateeb S, Flusser H, Ofir R, et al. PLA2G6 mutation underliesinfantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2006;79:942–948.

26. Morgan NV, Westaway SK, Morton JE, et al. PLA2G6, encodinga phospholipase A2, is mutated in neurodegenerative disorderswith high brain iron. Nat Genet 2006;38:752–754.

27. Hartig MB, Hortnagel K, Garavaglia B, et al. Genotypic and phe-notypic spectrum of PANK2 mutations in patients with neurode-generation with brain iron accumulation. Ann Neurol 2006;59:248–256.

28. Gregory A, Polster BJ, Hayflick, SJ. Clinical and genetic delinea-tion of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. J MedGenet 2009;46:73–80.

29. Stevanin G, Santorelli FM, Azzedine H, et al. Mutations inSPG11, encoding spatacsin, are a major cause of spastic paraple-gia with thin corpus callosum. Nat Genet. 2007;39:366–372.

30. Hehr U, Bauer P, Winner B, et al. Long-term course and muta-tional spectrum of spatacsin-linked spastic paraplegia. Ann Neu-rol 2007;62:656–665.

31. Paisan-Ruiz C, Dogu O, Yilmaz A, et al. SPG11 mutations arecommon in familial cases of complicated hereditary spastic para-plegia. Neurology 2008;70:1384–1389

32. Quinn NP, Goadsby PJ, Lees AJ: Hereditary Juvenile parkinson-ism with pyramidal signs and mental retardation. Eur J Neurol1995;2:23–26.

33. Schneider SA, Paisan-Ruiz C, Quinn NP, Lees AJ, Houlden H,Hardy J, Bhatia KP. ATP13A2 mutations (PARK9) cause neuro-degeneration with brain iron accumulation. Mov Disord 2010;Mar 22.

34. Hanagasi HA, Lees A, Johnson JO, et al. Smoking-responsive ju-venile-onset Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2007;22:115–118.

35. Gibbs JR, Singleton A. Application of genome-wide single nu-cleotide polymorphism typing: simple association and beyond.PLoS Genet 2006;2:e150.

36. Camargos S, Scholz S, Simon-Sanchez J, et al. DYT16, a novelyoung-onset dystonia-parkinsonism disorder: identification of asegregating mutation in the stress-response protein PRKRA. Lan-cet Neurol 2008;7:207–215.

37. Hardy J, Lewis P, Revesz T, et al. The genetics of Parkinson’ssyndromes: a critical review. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009;19:254–265.

38. Dogu O, Johnson J, Hernandez D, et al. A consanguineous Turk-ish family with early-onset Parkinson’s disease and an exon 4parkin deletion. Mov Disord 2004;19:812–816.

39. Jin J, Cardozo T, Lovering RC, et al. Systematic analysis and no-menclature of mammalian F-box proteins. Genes Dev 2004;18:2573–2580.

1800 C. PAISAN-RUIZ ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

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34

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1809–1817

Key Word パーキンソン病,疫学,併存疾患,癌

パーキンソン病における併発癌Comorbid Cancer in Parkinson’s Disease

*,**Raymond Y. Lo, MD, MS, Caroline M. Tanner, MD, PhD, Stephen K. Van Den Eeden, PhD, Kathleen B. Albers, MPH, Amethyst D. Leimpe-ter, MS, and Lorene M. Nelson, PhD*Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA**The Parkinson’s Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA

本研究の目的は,パーキンソン病(Parkinson’s

disease;PD)診断前後の癌発生について評価すること

である。KaiserPermanenteMedicalCareProgramof

NorthernCaliforniaにおいて2期間(1994~1995年,

2000~ 2003年)に特定された新規診断PD患者

692例と,年齢・性別が一致する対照被験者761例を

対象とした。原発癌についてデータベースを検索し,診

断日を特定するとともに,すべての被験者を同プログラ

ムからの退会,死亡,または2008年12月31日まで

追跡調査した。PD診断日,すなわち基準日以前のPD-

癌相関の評価には,無条件ロジスティック回帰分析を使

用した。基準日以降のPD-癌相関の評価には,Cox 比

例ハザード回帰分析を使用した。PD患者の20%(692

例中140例)とPDでない対照被験者の25%(761

例中188例)が癌の診断を受けていた。基準日以前では,

癌の有病率はPD患者で有意に低いとはいえなかった

〔PD患者群8.1%対対照群9.2%,オッズ比(odds

ratio;OR)=0.83,95%CI=0.54~1.3〕。基準日

以降では,PD患者群と対照群で癌の発症リスクに差は

なかった〔相対リスク(relative risk;RR)=0.94,

95%CI=0.70~1.3〕。癌を個別にみると,PD患者

群ではメラノーマが多かったが(PD診断前:OR=1.5,

95%CI=0.40~5.2,PD診断後:RR=1.6,95%

CI=0.71~3.6),ドパミン補充療法とは無関係であっ

た。癌発生はPD患者で有意に低いとはいえなかった。

PDとその後のメラノーマとの正の相関については,ド

パミン補充療法,色素沈着,または喫煙との交絡による

ものとは考えられず,今後検討する必要がある。

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35

Abstract

imprecise finding, a similar excess was observed for

melanoma diagnoses both before and after the diagno-

sis of PD, suggesting that the higher incidence of mel-

anoma after PD diagnosis is due to a factor other than

dopaminergic therapy.

Prior reports of melanoma after L-dopa administration

have raised a concern about the safety of L-dopa use in

PD patients.33 Three studies did not find an association

between L-dopa treatment and melanoma,23,24,34 but

these studies had methodologic limitations: the use of

prevalent cases,34 restriction to a clinical trial popula-

tion,23 or reliance on ICD code-based PD diagnosis.24

Similar findings were reported by others.16,18–24 In our

study, melanoma was distinct from other cancer types

in having a positive association with PD both before

and after PD diagnosis (OR 5 1.5 and RR 5 1.6). The

greater risk of melanoma before PD diagnosis and thus

before L-dopa use argues that L-dopa does not cause

melanoma. This is also supported in our time-depend-

ent model, in which melanoma incidence was inde-

pendent of dopaminergic treatment. Melanoma is

known to be more common among whites than

blacks,35 and PD risk increases with decreasing dark-

ness of hair color.36 Because we collected pigmenta-

tion information systematically and controlled for this

potential confounder, this does not explain the associa-

tion between PD and melanoma that we observed.

Smoking has also been inversely related to melanoma

risk in two large occupational cohorts37,38; therefore,

the increased risk of melanoma among PD patients

might be attributable to a lower prevalence of smoking.

Cigarette smoking is a possible confounder, but we

have controlled for this variable. The positive association

between PD and melanoma cannot be fully explained by

pigmentation or by confounding by cigarette smoking.

Gao et al.36 proposed that the melanocortin 1 receptor

Arg151Cys polymorphism, found more often in light

haired people, might be responsible for both melanoma

and PD. We did not have information on this, but this

possibility merits further investigation.

We observed that cancer occurred somewhat less of-

ten among patients with PD compared with their

matched controls (20 vs. 25%), if the timing of cancer

onset relative to the date of PD diagnosis was ignored.

When the analysis was restricted to cancers preceding

PD, there was no difference between cases and con-

trols, a finding which is consistent with previous

studies using incident PD cohorts (Table 4).16,20,21

Similarly, after the index date, the risk of developing a

cancer was not different between PD and controls.

Because cigarette smoking is less common among

PD patients, a lower rate of smoking-related cancers

might be expected. When we restricted the analysis to

smoking-related cancers, the strength of the inverse

association was stronger; however, we cannot conclude

that smoking-related cancers are less common among

PD cases because the effect estimates were imprecise.

In this population, smoking-related cancers represented

only 22% of all cancer events (30 of 135) before index

date. Therefore, even if reduced smoking behavior

among PD patients may protect them from developing

smoking-related cancers, the effect on overall cancer

prevalence, if any, is small. Although there was a mod-

est inverse association with smoking-related cancers af-

ter index date (RR 5 0.70), the effect estimate was not

statistically significant, and there was no association

with nonsmoking-related cancers after index date (RR

5 1.00). These results are similar to the estimates

TABLE 3. Crude and adjusted relative risks for the association between PD and cancer of different types after index date

Cases (n 5 692) Controls (n 5 761) Crude RRs (95% CI) Adjusted RRs* (95% CI)

Overall cancer 90a 134a 0.87 (0.67–1.1) 0.94 (0.70–1.3)Smoking-related cancer 21 48 0.59 (0.35–0.98)** 0.70 (0.40–1.2)Nonsmoking-related cancer 70 93 0.97 (0.71–1.3) 1.00 (0.71–1.4)Lung cancer 4 17 0.31 (0.11–0.93)** 0.35 (0.10–1.2)Bladder cancer 5 13 0.49 (0.18–1.4) 0.73 (0.24–2.2)Breast cancerb 11 12 1.2 (0.51–2.7) 0.95 (0.38–2.4)Prostate cancerc 15 31 0.62 (0.34–1.2) 0.80 (0.41–1.6)Colorectal cancer 9 17 0.72 (0.32–1.6) 0.66 (0.27–1.6)Melanoma 14 13 1.4 (0.66–3.0) 1.6 (0.71–3.6)

*Adjusted hazard ratio estimated from models that control for age, sex, cigarette smoking (pack-years), alcohol consumption (number of drinksper month), and body mass index. Melanoma additionally adjusted for eye color.

**P value < 0.05.aThe unit of counts for cancer was persons, and subjects who had both smoking- and nonsmoking-related cancer after index date were counted

only once in the overall category.bBreast cancer analyses restricted to female participants.cProstate cancer analyses restricted to male participants.PD, Parkinson’s disease; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.

1813COMORBID CANCER IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

Table 3 基準日以降における PDと様々な癌との関連に関する相対リスク(補正前および補正後)

*年齢,性別,喫煙(箱 -年),飲酒〔1ヵ月あたりの飲酒回数(number of drinks)〕,BMIで補正したモデルで推定した補正後ハザード比。メラノーマについては目の色でも補正した。

**p< 0.05a癌の数の単位は「人」である。基準日以降に喫煙関連および非喫煙関連の癌がともにみられた被験者は,癌総数としては 1回だけ数えた。b乳癌の解析は女性被験者のみを対象とした。c前立腺癌の解析は男性被験者のみを対象とした。PD=パーキンソン病,RR=相対リスク,CI=信頼区間

from the Danish National Hospital Register (smoking-

related cancers, standardized incidence ratios [SIR] 50.58; nonsmoking-related cancers, SIR 5 1.02) and

the Physician’s Health Study (smoking-related can-

cers, RR 5 0.70; nonsmoking-related cancers, RR 50.91) (Table 5).19,22 In contrast, Elbaz et al.18 found

that PD patients had a higher risk of incident cancers in

Olmsted County. Potential control subjects in this study

were excluded if they had tremor of any type in the

year of PD onset of their matched cases, and this exclu-

sion might have led to a ‘‘healthier’’ control group with

respect to cancer. For example, in a case–control study,

Louis et al.39 found that patients with essential tremor,

the most common tremor type, had more cancers than

control subjects (24.7 vs. 16.6%). Whether the finding

that PD patients had more cancers resulted from selec-

tion bias in the Elbaz et al.’s study18 is uncertain.

The inverse association between cancer and PD was

not reproduced after taking both temporality and smok-

ing into account. We failed to observe significant

inverse associations between either smoking-related

cancers or nonsmoking-related cancers and risk of PD.

Therefore, our findings do not lend strength to the hy-

pothesis that overproliferation in cancer and apoptosis

in PD can be strictly viewed as two opposite directions

in cell cycle control. In contrast to our findings, Bajaj

et al.40 recently reported a systematic review and

meta-analysis for cancer risk in PD and concluded that

both smoking-related and nonsmoking-related cancers

are inversely associated with PD. We believe that this

finding should be interpreted with caution because they

were unable to adjust for the confounding influence of

smoking, an approach that biases the meta-analytic risk

estimates toward finding stronger inverse associations

between cancer and PD.

There were several limitations in our study. First,

the length of follow-up in our study varied, ranging

from 5 to 15 years. Some might have a shorter period

of observation than ideal for assessing subsequent risk

of cancer. Although the Physician’s Health Study21,22

TABLE 4. Prior studies on the association with cancer before the diagnosis of PD

Study Study population PD case definition Cancer event Cancer–PD association Comments

Jansson andJankovic8

406 cases followed byone neurologist,no controls

Medical records Medical records 5 cancer casesobserved vs.13.9 expected

Prior cancer lessfrequent thanexpected

Rajput et al.9 118 cases and 236 controlsfrom the RochesterEpidemiology Projectduring 1967 to 1979

Medical records,incident casesof idiopathic PD

Medical records 19 in cases (16.1%)vs. 31 in controls(13.1%); OR 51.3 (0.7–2.4)

Prior cancer morecommon in PDthan controls

Elbaz et al.16 196 cases and 196 controlsfrom the RochesterEpidemiology Projectduring 1976 to 1995

Medical records,incident casesof idiopathic PD

Medical records Previous cancer incases (19.4%) vs.controls (23.5%);OR 5 0.79 (0.49–1.3);smoking-related cancerOR 5 0.75 (0.26–2.2);melanoma OR 51.5 (0.25–8.9)

Prior cancer lesscommon in PDthan controls,except melanoma

D’Amelio et al.17 222 cases and 222 controlsfrom two clinics during2001 to 2002

Medical recordsreviewed bytwo neurologists

Medical records Previous cancer in 6.8%of cases vs. 12.6%of controls; OR 50.5 (0.1–1.9)

Prior cancer lesscommon in PDthan controls

Olsen et al.20 8,090 cases and 32,320controls from theNational HospitalRegister during1977 to 1998

ICD codes in theRegister

The Danish CancerRegistry, includingnonmelanoma skincancer

Previous cancer in 11.9%of cases vs. 11.6% ofcontrols; OR 51.04 (0.96–1.1);smoking-related cancerOR 5 0.68 (0.58–0.81);melanoma OR 51.4 (1.03–2.0)

No association ofoverall cancerwith PD; melanomaprevalence increasedin PD

Driver et al.21 487 cases and 487 controlsfrom the Physician’sHealth Study

Self-report PDdiagnosis,incident cases

Medical records pluspathology reports

Previous cancer in 13.1%of cases vs. 14.8% ofcontrols; OR 50.83 (0.57–1.2);smoking-related cancerOR 5 0.74 (0.35–1.7);nonsmoking-related cancerOR 5 0.88 (0.59–1.3)

Prior cancer lesscommon in PDthan controls

PD, Parkinson’s disease; OR, odds ratio; ICD, International Classification of Diseases.

1814 R.Y. LO ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

Table 4 PD診断前の癌発生に関する既発表研究

PD=パーキンソン病,OR=オッズ比,ICD=国際疾病分類※ 日本語版注釈:Table 4の出典リストは下記をご参照下さい。

ducted in Denmark over a 10- to 20-year period using

the countrywide resource of the National Hospital

Register.12,19,20 Third, risk factors information was lim-

ited to a period within 2 years after the index date. We

could not account for changes in smoking behavior

that occurred after interview. Finally, we could not

assess the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers, also

reported to be higher among patients with PD,18,41

because this information is not included in the

KPNCCR. Despite these weaknesses, our study had

several methodological strengths, including high-qual-

ity information about cancer diagnoses (established by

registry), a rigorous case definition of PD applied by a

movement disorders specialist. Furthermore, our study

is the largest single study to date that incorporated

detailed risk factor information on smoking and other

important covariates that could confound the cancer–

PD associations. There is often a trade-off between

quality of data and sample size, particularly when study-

ing uncommon diseases and their co-occurrence. For

example, a excellent meta-analysis by Bajaj et al.40 pro-

vided a large combined sample size but were not able to

provide smoking-adjusted estimates of the associations

between cancer and PD and did not differentiate between

cancer diagnosed before versus after PD diagnosis.

In conclusion, melanoma is positively associated

with PD, but this is not due to dopaminergic therapy.

This suggests that concern regarding use of this main-

stay of PD treatment is not warranted. The increased

risk may be explained by shared genetic determinants,

a possibility that warrants future study. Risk of other

cancers is reduced in PD, possibly reflecting the lower

prevalence of cigarette smoking among PD patients.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by NIH NSR01-31964, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital InstitutionalScholarship, Taiwan, and the Research Program in Genes,Environment and Health, Kaiser Permanente. We thank thePD patients and controls who participated in this study aswell as the physicians within KPMCP who have supportedour research programs.

Financial Disclosures: None.

Author Roles: Raymond Y. Lo was involved in concep-tion, organization, and execution of Research project; designof statistical analysis; and writing of the first draft. CarolineM. Tanner was involved in conception, organization, andexecution of Research project; design, review, and critique ofstatistical analysis; and review and critique of manuscript.Stephen K. Van Den Eeden was involved in conception,organization, and execution of Research project; design,review, and critique of statistical analysis; and review andcritique of manuscript. Kathleen B. Albers was involved inexecution of Research project; design of statistical analysis;and review and critique of manuscript. Amethyst D. Leim-

peter was involved in execution of Research project; andreview and critique of manuscript. Lorene M. Nelson wasinvolved in conception, organization, and execution ofResearch project; design, review, and critique of statisticalanalysis; and drafting, review, and critique of manuscript.

REFERENCES

1. West AB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. To die or grow: Parkin-son’s disease and cancer. Trends Neurosci 2005;28:348–352.

2. Doshay LJ. Problem situations in the treatment of paralysis agi-tans. J Am Med Assoc 1954;156:680–684.

3. Westlund K, Hougen A. Cancer as a cause of death among patientswith other chronic disease (letter). J Am Med Assoc 1956;162:1003.

4. Barbeau A, Joly JG. Parkinsonism and cancer. Union Med Can1963;92:169–174.

5. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression andmortality. Neurology 1967;17:427–442.

6. Pritchard PB, III, Netsky MG. Prevalence of neoplasms andcauses of death in paralysis agitans. A necropsy study. Neurology1973;23:215–222.

7. Harada H, Nishikawa S, Takahashi K. Epidemiology of Parkin-son’s disease in a Japanese city. Arch Neurol 1983;40:151–154.

8. Jansson B, Jankovic J. Low cancer rates among patients withParkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1985;17:505–509.

9. Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, Kurland LT. A case-controlstudy of smoking habits, dementia, and other illnesses in idio-pathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1987;37:226–232.

10. Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybicki BA. Parkinson’s disease and itscomorbid disorders: an analysis of Michigan mortality data, 1970to 1990. Neurology 1994;44:1865–1868.

11. Ben-Shlomo Y, Marmot MG. Survival and cause of death in acohort of patients with parkinsonism: possible clues to aetiology?J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:293–299.

12. Moller H, Mellemkjaer L, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Occurrenceof different cancers in patients with Parkinson’s disease. BMJ1995;310:1500–1501.

13. Raschetti R, Spila-Alegiani S, Vanacore N, Ancona C, Meco G.Mortality in a population-based cohort of patients treated withantiparkinsonian drugs. Acta Neurol Scand 1998;97:20–26.

14. Vanacore N, Spila-Alegiani S, Raschetti R, Meco G. Mortalitycancer risk in parkinsonian patients: a population-based study.Neurology 1999;52:395–398.

15. Minami Y, Yamamoto R, Nishikouri M, Fukao A, Hisamichi S.Mortality and cancer incidence in patients with Parkinson’s dis-ease. J Neurol 2000;247:429–434.

16. Elbaz A, Peterson BJ, Yang P, et al. Nonfatal cancer precedingParkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Epidemiology 2002;13:157–164.

17. D’Amelio M, Ragonese P, Morgante L, et al. Tumor diagnosispreceding Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Mov Disord2004;19:807–811.

18. Elbaz A, Peterson BJ, Bower JH, et al. Risk of cancer after thediagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: a historical cohort study. MovDisord 2005;20:719–725.

19. Olsen JH, Friis S, Frederiksen K, McLaughlin JK, MellemkjaerL, Moller H. Atypical cancer pattern in patients with Parkinson’sdisease. Br J Cancer 2005;92:201–205.

20. Olsen JH, Friis S, Frederiksen K. Malignant melanoma and othertypes of cancer preceding Parkinson’s disease. Epidemiology2006;17:582–587.

21. Driver JA, Kurth T, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Logroscino G. Pro-spective case-control study of nonfatal cancer preceding the diag-nosis of Parkinson’s disease. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:705–711.

22. Driver JA, Logroscino G, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Kurth T. Aprospective cohort study of cancer incidence following the diag-

1816 R.Y. LO ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

ducted in Denmark over a 10- to 20-year period using

the countrywide resource of the National Hospital

Register.12,19,20 Third, risk factors information was lim-

ited to a period within 2 years after the index date. We

could not account for changes in smoking behavior

that occurred after interview. Finally, we could not

assess the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers, also

reported to be higher among patients with PD,18,41

because this information is not included in the

KPNCCR. Despite these weaknesses, our study had

several methodological strengths, including high-qual-

ity information about cancer diagnoses (established by

registry), a rigorous case definition of PD applied by a

movement disorders specialist. Furthermore, our study

is the largest single study to date that incorporated

detailed risk factor information on smoking and other

important covariates that could confound the cancer–

PD associations. There is often a trade-off between

quality of data and sample size, particularly when study-

ing uncommon diseases and their co-occurrence. For

example, a excellent meta-analysis by Bajaj et al.40 pro-

vided a large combined sample size but were not able to

provide smoking-adjusted estimates of the associations

between cancer and PD and did not differentiate between

cancer diagnosed before versus after PD diagnosis.

In conclusion, melanoma is positively associated

with PD, but this is not due to dopaminergic therapy.

This suggests that concern regarding use of this main-

stay of PD treatment is not warranted. The increased

risk may be explained by shared genetic determinants,

a possibility that warrants future study. Risk of other

cancers is reduced in PD, possibly reflecting the lower

prevalence of cigarette smoking among PD patients.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by NIH NSR01-31964, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital InstitutionalScholarship, Taiwan, and the Research Program in Genes,Environment and Health, Kaiser Permanente. We thank thePD patients and controls who participated in this study aswell as the physicians within KPMCP who have supportedour research programs.

Financial Disclosures: None.

Author Roles: Raymond Y. Lo was involved in concep-tion, organization, and execution of Research project; designof statistical analysis; and writing of the first draft. CarolineM. Tanner was involved in conception, organization, andexecution of Research project; design, review, and critique ofstatistical analysis; and review and critique of manuscript.Stephen K. Van Den Eeden was involved in conception,organization, and execution of Research project; design,review, and critique of statistical analysis; and review andcritique of manuscript. Kathleen B. Albers was involved inexecution of Research project; design of statistical analysis;and review and critique of manuscript. Amethyst D. Leim-

peter was involved in execution of Research project; andreview and critique of manuscript. Lorene M. Nelson wasinvolved in conception, organization, and execution ofResearch project; design, review, and critique of statisticalanalysis; and drafting, review, and critique of manuscript.

REFERENCES

1. West AB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. To die or grow: Parkin-son’s disease and cancer. Trends Neurosci 2005;28:348–352.

2. Doshay LJ. Problem situations in the treatment of paralysis agi-tans. J Am Med Assoc 1954;156:680–684.

3. Westlund K, Hougen A. Cancer as a cause of death among patientswith other chronic disease (letter). J Am Med Assoc 1956;162:1003.

4. Barbeau A, Joly JG. Parkinsonism and cancer. Union Med Can1963;92:169–174.

5. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression andmortality. Neurology 1967;17:427–442.

6. Pritchard PB, III, Netsky MG. Prevalence of neoplasms andcauses of death in paralysis agitans. A necropsy study. Neurology1973;23:215–222.

7. Harada H, Nishikawa S, Takahashi K. Epidemiology of Parkin-son’s disease in a Japanese city. Arch Neurol 1983;40:151–154.

8. Jansson B, Jankovic J. Low cancer rates among patients withParkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1985;17:505–509.

9. Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, Kurland LT. A case-controlstudy of smoking habits, dementia, and other illnesses in idio-pathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1987;37:226–232.

10. Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybicki BA. Parkinson’s disease and itscomorbid disorders: an analysis of Michigan mortality data, 1970to 1990. Neurology 1994;44:1865–1868.

11. Ben-Shlomo Y, Marmot MG. Survival and cause of death in acohort of patients with parkinsonism: possible clues to aetiology?J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:293–299.

12. Moller H, Mellemkjaer L, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Occurrenceof different cancers in patients with Parkinson’s disease. BMJ1995;310:1500–1501.

13. Raschetti R, Spila-Alegiani S, Vanacore N, Ancona C, Meco G.Mortality in a population-based cohort of patients treated withantiparkinsonian drugs. Acta Neurol Scand 1998;97:20–26.

14. Vanacore N, Spila-Alegiani S, Raschetti R, Meco G. Mortalitycancer risk in parkinsonian patients: a population-based study.Neurology 1999;52:395–398.

15. Minami Y, Yamamoto R, Nishikouri M, Fukao A, Hisamichi S.Mortality and cancer incidence in patients with Parkinson’s dis-ease. J Neurol 2000;247:429–434.

16. Elbaz A, Peterson BJ, Yang P, et al. Nonfatal cancer precedingParkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Epidemiology 2002;13:157–164.

17. D’Amelio M, Ragonese P, Morgante L, et al. Tumor diagnosispreceding Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Mov Disord2004;19:807–811.

18. Elbaz A, Peterson BJ, Bower JH, et al. Risk of cancer after thediagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: a historical cohort study. MovDisord 2005;20:719–725.

19. Olsen JH, Friis S, Frederiksen K, McLaughlin JK, MellemkjaerL, Moller H. Atypical cancer pattern in patients with Parkinson’sdisease. Br J Cancer 2005;92:201–205.

20. Olsen JH, Friis S, Frederiksen K. Malignant melanoma and othertypes of cancer preceding Parkinson’s disease. Epidemiology2006;17:582–587.

21. Driver JA, Kurth T, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Logroscino G. Pro-spective case-control study of nonfatal cancer preceding the diag-nosis of Parkinson’s disease. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:705–711.

22. Driver JA, Logroscino G, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Kurth T. Aprospective cohort study of cancer incidence following the diag-

1816 R.Y. LO ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

ducted in Denmark over a 10- to 20-year period using

the countrywide resource of the National Hospital

Register.12,19,20 Third, risk factors information was lim-

ited to a period within 2 years after the index date. We

could not account for changes in smoking behavior

that occurred after interview. Finally, we could not

assess the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers, also

reported to be higher among patients with PD,18,41

because this information is not included in the

KPNCCR. Despite these weaknesses, our study had

several methodological strengths, including high-qual-

ity information about cancer diagnoses (established by

registry), a rigorous case definition of PD applied by a

movement disorders specialist. Furthermore, our study

is the largest single study to date that incorporated

detailed risk factor information on smoking and other

important covariates that could confound the cancer–

PD associations. There is often a trade-off between

quality of data and sample size, particularly when study-

ing uncommon diseases and their co-occurrence. For

example, a excellent meta-analysis by Bajaj et al.40 pro-

vided a large combined sample size but were not able to

provide smoking-adjusted estimates of the associations

between cancer and PD and did not differentiate between

cancer diagnosed before versus after PD diagnosis.

In conclusion, melanoma is positively associated

with PD, but this is not due to dopaminergic therapy.

This suggests that concern regarding use of this main-

stay of PD treatment is not warranted. The increased

risk may be explained by shared genetic determinants,

a possibility that warrants future study. Risk of other

cancers is reduced in PD, possibly reflecting the lower

prevalence of cigarette smoking among PD patients.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by NIH NSR01-31964, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital InstitutionalScholarship, Taiwan, and the Research Program in Genes,Environment and Health, Kaiser Permanente. We thank thePD patients and controls who participated in this study aswell as the physicians within KPMCP who have supportedour research programs.

Financial Disclosures: None.

Author Roles: Raymond Y. Lo was involved in concep-tion, organization, and execution of Research project; designof statistical analysis; and writing of the first draft. CarolineM. Tanner was involved in conception, organization, andexecution of Research project; design, review, and critique ofstatistical analysis; and review and critique of manuscript.Stephen K. Van Den Eeden was involved in conception,organization, and execution of Research project; design,review, and critique of statistical analysis; and review andcritique of manuscript. Kathleen B. Albers was involved inexecution of Research project; design of statistical analysis;and review and critique of manuscript. Amethyst D. Leim-

peter was involved in execution of Research project; andreview and critique of manuscript. Lorene M. Nelson wasinvolved in conception, organization, and execution ofResearch project; design, review, and critique of statisticalanalysis; and drafting, review, and critique of manuscript.

REFERENCES

1. West AB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. To die or grow: Parkin-son’s disease and cancer. Trends Neurosci 2005;28:348–352.

2. Doshay LJ. Problem situations in the treatment of paralysis agi-tans. J Am Med Assoc 1954;156:680–684.

3. Westlund K, Hougen A. Cancer as a cause of death among patientswith other chronic disease (letter). J Am Med Assoc 1956;162:1003.

4. Barbeau A, Joly JG. Parkinsonism and cancer. Union Med Can1963;92:169–174.

5. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression andmortality. Neurology 1967;17:427–442.

6. Pritchard PB, III, Netsky MG. Prevalence of neoplasms andcauses of death in paralysis agitans. A necropsy study. Neurology1973;23:215–222.

7. Harada H, Nishikawa S, Takahashi K. Epidemiology of Parkin-son’s disease in a Japanese city. Arch Neurol 1983;40:151–154.

8. Jansson B, Jankovic J. Low cancer rates among patients withParkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1985;17:505–509.

9. Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, Kurland LT. A case-controlstudy of smoking habits, dementia, and other illnesses in idio-pathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1987;37:226–232.

10. Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybicki BA. Parkinson’s disease and itscomorbid disorders: an analysis of Michigan mortality data, 1970to 1990. Neurology 1994;44:1865–1868.

11. Ben-Shlomo Y, Marmot MG. Survival and cause of death in acohort of patients with parkinsonism: possible clues to aetiology?J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:293–299.

12. Moller H, Mellemkjaer L, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Occurrenceof different cancers in patients with Parkinson’s disease. BMJ1995;310:1500–1501.

13. Raschetti R, Spila-Alegiani S, Vanacore N, Ancona C, Meco G.Mortality in a population-based cohort of patients treated withantiparkinsonian drugs. Acta Neurol Scand 1998;97:20–26.

14. Vanacore N, Spila-Alegiani S, Raschetti R, Meco G. Mortalitycancer risk in parkinsonian patients: a population-based study.Neurology 1999;52:395–398.

15. Minami Y, Yamamoto R, Nishikouri M, Fukao A, Hisamichi S.Mortality and cancer incidence in patients with Parkinson’s dis-ease. J Neurol 2000;247:429–434.

16. Elbaz A, Peterson BJ, Yang P, et al. Nonfatal cancer precedingParkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Epidemiology 2002;13:157–164.

17. D’Amelio M, Ragonese P, Morgante L, et al. Tumor diagnosispreceding Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Mov Disord2004;19:807–811.

18. Elbaz A, Peterson BJ, Bower JH, et al. Risk of cancer after thediagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: a historical cohort study. MovDisord 2005;20:719–725.

19. Olsen JH, Friis S, Frederiksen K, McLaughlin JK, MellemkjaerL, Moller H. Atypical cancer pattern in patients with Parkinson’sdisease. Br J Cancer 2005;92:201–205.

20. Olsen JH, Friis S, Frederiksen K. Malignant melanoma and othertypes of cancer preceding Parkinson’s disease. Epidemiology2006;17:582–587.

21. Driver JA, Kurth T, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Logroscino G. Pro-spective case-control study of nonfatal cancer preceding the diag-nosis of Parkinson’s disease. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:705–711.

22. Driver JA, Logroscino G, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Kurth T. Aprospective cohort study of cancer incidence following the diag-

1816 R.Y. LO ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

ducted in Denmark over a 10- to 20-year period using

the countrywide resource of the National Hospital

Register.12,19,20 Third, risk factors information was lim-

ited to a period within 2 years after the index date. We

could not account for changes in smoking behavior

that occurred after interview. Finally, we could not

assess the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers, also

reported to be higher among patients with PD,18,41

because this information is not included in the

KPNCCR. Despite these weaknesses, our study had

several methodological strengths, including high-qual-

ity information about cancer diagnoses (established by

registry), a rigorous case definition of PD applied by a

movement disorders specialist. Furthermore, our study

is the largest single study to date that incorporated

detailed risk factor information on smoking and other

important covariates that could confound the cancer–

PD associations. There is often a trade-off between

quality of data and sample size, particularly when study-

ing uncommon diseases and their co-occurrence. For

example, a excellent meta-analysis by Bajaj et al.40 pro-

vided a large combined sample size but were not able to

provide smoking-adjusted estimates of the associations

between cancer and PD and did not differentiate between

cancer diagnosed before versus after PD diagnosis.

In conclusion, melanoma is positively associated

with PD, but this is not due to dopaminergic therapy.

This suggests that concern regarding use of this main-

stay of PD treatment is not warranted. The increased

risk may be explained by shared genetic determinants,

a possibility that warrants future study. Risk of other

cancers is reduced in PD, possibly reflecting the lower

prevalence of cigarette smoking among PD patients.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by NIH NSR01-31964, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital InstitutionalScholarship, Taiwan, and the Research Program in Genes,Environment and Health, Kaiser Permanente. We thank thePD patients and controls who participated in this study aswell as the physicians within KPMCP who have supportedour research programs.

Financial Disclosures: None.

Author Roles: Raymond Y. Lo was involved in concep-tion, organization, and execution of Research project; designof statistical analysis; and writing of the first draft. CarolineM. Tanner was involved in conception, organization, andexecution of Research project; design, review, and critique ofstatistical analysis; and review and critique of manuscript.Stephen K. Van Den Eeden was involved in conception,organization, and execution of Research project; design,review, and critique of statistical analysis; and review andcritique of manuscript. Kathleen B. Albers was involved inexecution of Research project; design of statistical analysis;and review and critique of manuscript. Amethyst D. Leim-

peter was involved in execution of Research project; andreview and critique of manuscript. Lorene M. Nelson wasinvolved in conception, organization, and execution ofResearch project; design, review, and critique of statisticalanalysis; and drafting, review, and critique of manuscript.

REFERENCES

1. West AB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. To die or grow: Parkin-son’s disease and cancer. Trends Neurosci 2005;28:348–352.

2. Doshay LJ. Problem situations in the treatment of paralysis agi-tans. J Am Med Assoc 1954;156:680–684.

3. Westlund K, Hougen A. Cancer as a cause of death among patientswith other chronic disease (letter). J Am Med Assoc 1956;162:1003.

4. Barbeau A, Joly JG. Parkinsonism and cancer. Union Med Can1963;92:169–174.

5. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression andmortality. Neurology 1967;17:427–442.

6. Pritchard PB, III, Netsky MG. Prevalence of neoplasms andcauses of death in paralysis agitans. A necropsy study. Neurology1973;23:215–222.

7. Harada H, Nishikawa S, Takahashi K. Epidemiology of Parkin-son’s disease in a Japanese city. Arch Neurol 1983;40:151–154.

8. Jansson B, Jankovic J. Low cancer rates among patients withParkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1985;17:505–509.

9. Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, Kurland LT. A case-controlstudy of smoking habits, dementia, and other illnesses in idio-pathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1987;37:226–232.

10. Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybicki BA. Parkinson’s disease and itscomorbid disorders: an analysis of Michigan mortality data, 1970to 1990. Neurology 1994;44:1865–1868.

11. Ben-Shlomo Y, Marmot MG. Survival and cause of death in acohort of patients with parkinsonism: possible clues to aetiology?J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:293–299.

12. Moller H, Mellemkjaer L, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Occurrenceof different cancers in patients with Parkinson’s disease. BMJ1995;310:1500–1501.

13. Raschetti R, Spila-Alegiani S, Vanacore N, Ancona C, Meco G.Mortality in a population-based cohort of patients treated withantiparkinsonian drugs. Acta Neurol Scand 1998;97:20–26.

14. Vanacore N, Spila-Alegiani S, Raschetti R, Meco G. Mortalitycancer risk in parkinsonian patients: a population-based study.Neurology 1999;52:395–398.

15. Minami Y, Yamamoto R, Nishikouri M, Fukao A, Hisamichi S.Mortality and cancer incidence in patients with Parkinson’s dis-ease. J Neurol 2000;247:429–434.

16. Elbaz A, Peterson BJ, Yang P, et al. Nonfatal cancer precedingParkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Epidemiology 2002;13:157–164.

17. D’Amelio M, Ragonese P, Morgante L, et al. Tumor diagnosispreceding Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study. Mov Disord2004;19:807–811.

18. Elbaz A, Peterson BJ, Bower JH, et al. Risk of cancer after thediagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: a historical cohort study. MovDisord 2005;20:719–725.

19. Olsen JH, Friis S, Frederiksen K, McLaughlin JK, MellemkjaerL, Moller H. Atypical cancer pattern in patients with Parkinson’sdisease. Br J Cancer 2005;92:201–205.

20. Olsen JH, Friis S, Frederiksen K. Malignant melanoma and othertypes of cancer preceding Parkinson’s disease. Epidemiology2006;17:582–587.

21. Driver JA, Kurth T, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Logroscino G. Pro-spective case-control study of nonfatal cancer preceding the diag-nosis of Parkinson’s disease. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:705–711.

22. Driver JA, Logroscino G, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Kurth T. Aprospective cohort study of cancer incidence following the diag-

1816 R.Y. LO ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

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36

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1853–1859

Key Word Lewy 小体型認知症,セロトニントランスポーター,パーキンソニズム,SPECT,123I-FP-CIT

SPECTは,放射性トレーサ 123I-FP-CIT のドパミントラ

ンスポーター(dopaminetransporter;DAT)への高い

親和性を利用して,変性パーキンソニズムの鑑別診断に

広く使われている。パーキンソン病(Parkinson

disease;PD),Lewy小体型認知症(dementiawith

Lewybodies;DLB),進行性核上性麻痺(progressive

supranuclear palsy;PSP)の患者では,本態性振戦

(essentialtremor;ET)患者や健常対照被験者(healthy

control;HC)に比べてDATレベルが低下している。し

かし,神経変性の進展範囲は黒質線条体系を越えてい

る可能性がある。本研究では,放射性トレーサ 123I-FP-

CIT がセロトニントランスポーター(serotonin

transporter; SERT)にも親和性を示すことを利用し,

PD,DLB,PSP,ET患者の中脳SERTレベルをHCと

比較・検討した。中脳の 123I-FP-CIT 取り込みの定量に

おいてMRI画像を解剖学的位置基準とした場合,PD患

者ではET患者およびHCに比べてSERTレベルがやや

低下しており,個体間のばらつきが顕著であった。一方,

PSP患者のSERTレベルは著明に低下しており,DLB

患者では検出不能であった。これらの所見から,パーキ

ンソニズムでは神経変性過程がセロトニン作動性ニュー

ロンにも及ぶことが示された。また,DLB患者の線条

体DATの減少はPD患者と同程度であるにもかかわら

ず,セロトニン作動性ニューロンの障害はPD患者より

もはるかに高度であることが明らかになった。SERT依

存性 123I-FP-CIT 取り込みを測定することで,変性パー

キンソニズムにおける神経化学的障害をより包括的に評

価でき,鑑別診断にも役立つと考えられる。

変性パーキンソニズムにおける中脳のセロトニントランスポーター:123I-FP-CIT SPECT による研究Midbrain SERT in Degenerative Parkinsonisms: A 123I-FP-CIT SPECT Study

*,**Francesco Roselli, MD, PhD, Nicola M. Pisciotta, MD, Michele Pennelli, MSc(Psych), Maria S. Aniello, MD, Angelo Gigante, MD, Maria F. De Caro, PhD, Ermanno Ferrannini, MD, Bruno Tartaglione, MD, Artor Niccoli-Asabella, MD, Giovanni Defazio, MD, PhD, Paolo Livrea, MD, PhD, and Giuseppe Rubini, MD*Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy**Neuroadaptation Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany

MDs4-3.indb 36 11.1.13 3:50:23 PM

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37

Abstract

Figure 2 代表的な SPECT像。本態性振戦(ET),Lewy小体型認知症(DLB),進行性核上性麻痺(PSP),パーキンソン病(PD)患者と健常対照被験者(HC)との比較。提示した横断像は中脳構造に一致する。中脳 123I-FP-CIT取り込みの定量に用いた関心領域(region of interest; ROI)を示す。

HC ET DLB

PDPSP

Figure 3 中脳 123I-FP-CIT取り込み値の散布図。DLBおよびPSP患者では特異的な取り込みがほとんど検出されず(背景と同程度),PD患者では取り込みがやや低下している。

HC

Mid

bra

in 1

23l-

FP-C

IT u

pta

ke

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

ET DLB PDPSP

Table 2 線条体全体および単一大脳基底核における 123I-FP-CIT取り込みの半定量的解析(平均値±標準偏差)

a一元配置 ANOVA:F= 157.36,p< 0.001。Tukey事後検定:*HCおよび ETに対して有意差あり,p< 0.001。**HC,ET,PDに対して有意差あり,p= 0.005。

b Kruskall-Wallis一元配置 ANOVA:H= 48.54,p< 0.001。Dunn事後検定:*HC,PD,ETに対して有意差あり,p< 0.05。

Visual Assessment of SERT Uptake

We performed an exploratory investigation to see

whether 123I-FP-CIT uptake in the midbrain was also

visually detectable by human raters. Notably, blinded

raters evaluated the SPECT scans as ‘‘uptake detecta-

ble’’ vs ‘‘undetectable’’ without using MRI-SPECT

overlays. As assessed by k statistics, raters reached asubstantial level of agreement (0.79). Midbrain uptake

was rated ‘‘detectable’’ in 100% of PD and ET scans,

but only in 20% of DLB scans and 50% of PSP scans.

Raters achieved a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of

100% (compared with the clinical golden standard) in

the identification of DLB versus ET or PD; conversely,

identification of PSP scans displayed only a 48% (42–

56%) sensitivity versus ET or PD (however, with

100% specificity).

DISCUSSION

Our exploratory investigation has revealed two

major findings: (I) 123I-FP-CIT uptake in the midbrain

can be reliably measured; (II) PD, ET, DLB, and PSP

patients differ in midbrain SERT levels.123I-beta-CIT displays a comparable affinity for

DAT and SERT9 and has been used for the investiga-

tion of SERT in several psychiatric and neurological

conditions;15,16,25–28 critical to this application is the

high expression of SERT in anatomical regions devoid

of DAT such as thalamus and midbrain. FP-CIT is an

analog of beta-CIT, preferred in clinical practice for

the quantification of DAT levels in basal ganglia due

to its improved specificity.2,29 Similarly to what was

shown for beta-CIT,28 the binding of FP-CIT to SERT

has been confirmed by displacement studies employing

the SSRI paroxetine30 thus 123I-FP-CIT uptake reflects

SERT levels in the midbrain. Proper anatomical local-

ization of the ROI is central to the quantification28,30

and MRI/SPECT alignment is required to prevent the

inclusion of thalamic or other nearby areas. Neverthe-

less, 123I-FP-CIT has been exploited for the simultane-

ous quantification of monoamine transporters in human

TABLE 2. Semiquantitative analysis of 123I-FP-CIT uptake in overall striatum and single basal nuclei (valuesrepresent average 6 standard deviation)

HC PD LBD PSP ET

Striatum uptakea 4.72 6 0.43 2.70 6 0.50* 2.14 6 0.44** 2.35 6 0.49* 4.51 6 0.24Midbrain uptakeb 0.99 6 0.12 0.78 6 0.18 0.08 6 0.01* 0.16 6 0.04* 0.87 6 0.09

aOne way ANOVA F 5 157.36, P < 0.001; Tukey post-hoc test: *significantly different from HC and ET P < 0.001; **significantly differentfrom HC, ET, and PD, P 5 0.005bK-W One way ANOVA H 5 48.54, P < 0.001; Dunn post-hoc test: *significantly different from HC,PD, and DLB groups P < 0.05.

FIG. 2. Representative SPECT scan of healthy control subject (HC)compared to essential tremor (ET), dementia with Lewy bodies(DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and Parkinson disease(PD). The axial section shown corresponds to the midbrain structure,and the ROI used for the midbrain uptake quantification is shown.

FIG. 3. Scatterplot of midbrain uptake values. DLB and PSPpatients show an almost undetectable specific uptake (comparable tobackground) whereas a small decrease is seen in PD patients.

1856 F. ROSELLI ET AL.

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

DLB

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38

Movement Disorders Vol. 2, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1876–1880

Key Word ドパミンアゴニスト,副作用,医薬品安全性調査,ロピニロール,プラミペキソール,ブロモクリプチン,ペルゴリド,アポモルヒネ

ドパミンアゴニスト(dopamine agonist;DA)には各

製剤間で薬力学的な差異があることから,副作用

(adversedrug reaction;ADR)プロファイルにも違い

が あ る と 考 え ら れ る。 本 研 究 で は,French

PharmacovigilanceDatabaseにおけるDAまたはレボ

ドパ(L—ドパ)のADR報告頻度を検討した。1984年

1月1日~2008年12月31日に発生した報告を選択

して検討した(DA:2,189 件,L—ドパ:1,315 件)。

器官別大分類(systemorganclass)ごとのADR報告

件数を,ロピニロールを基準として比較した。日中の傾

眠はロピニロールに比べると,すべてのDAで報告頻度

が低かった(p <0.001)。衝動制御障害(impulse

controldisorder;ICD)はプラミペキソールで報告頻度

が高かった(p <0.001)。錯乱または失見当識(p <

0.001),悪心・嘔吐(p <0.05),浮腫(p <0.001)

の報告頻度には各DA間で有意差が認められた。幻覚

または動脈性低血圧のADR報告頻度についてはDA間

に差が認められなかった(p =0.3およびp =0.1)。

胸水はペルゴリドまたはブロモクリプチンで報告頻度が

高かった(p <0.001)。L—ドパでは傾眠または ICDの

報告頻度は低かったが,錯乱の報告頻度は高かった。

要約すると,今回のデータは,各DAで報告された

ADRの種類には有意差のあることを示している。

ドパミンアゴニストの副作用:French Pharmacovigilance Database での比較Adverse Drug Reactions to Dopamine Agonists: A Comparative Study in the French Pharmacovigi-lance Database

*Santiago Perez-Lloret, MD, PhD, Emmanuelle Bondon-Guitton, PharmD, PhD, Olivier Rascol, MD, PhD, Jean-Louis Montastruc, MD, PhD, and the French Association of Regional Pharmacovigilance Centers*Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, EA 3696, INSERM CIC9023, UMR 825, Centre Midi-Pyrénées de Pharmacovigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiolo-gie et d’Information sur le médicament, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

gro

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TABLE 1. Frequency of ADRs (according to the system organ class) reported with DAs to the French pharmacovigilance system between 1984 and 2008

Dopamine agonist

‘‘Serious’’ADRs, N 5 1,163

Neuropsychiatric,N 5 861

General,N 5 423

Cutaneous,N 5 357

Gastrointestinal,N 5 382

Vascular,N 5 350

Cardiac,N 5 219

Respiratory/Mediastinic,N 5 182

Metabolic,N 5 122

Ocular,N 5 65

n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)

Ropinirole (N 5 277) 112 (40) 73 (26) 43 (16) 20 (7) 33 (12) 18 (6) 13 (5) 4 (1) 3 (1) 6 (2)Apomorphine (N 5 60) 13 (22)* 8 (13) 11 (18) 12 (20)* 12 (20) 4 (7) 2 (3) 3 (5) 0 (0) 2 (3)Piribedil (N 5 616) 202 (33) 156 (25) 69 (11) 64 (10) 60 (10) 55 (9) 17 (3) 8 (1) 34 (6) 9 (1)Pramipexole (N 5 48) 16 (33) 27 (56)* 3 (6) 0 (0) 1 (2) 1 (2) 2 (4) 4 (8) 6 (13) 3 (6)Quinagolide (N 5 24) 10 (42) 4 (17) 7 (29) 0 (0) 3 (13) 3 (13) 1 (4) 1 (4) 1 (4) 2 (8)Bromocriptine (N 5 846) 200 (24)* 192 (23) 133 (16) 123 (15)* 89 (11) 98 (12) 35 (4) 74 (9)* 18 (2) 17 (2)Cabergoline (N 5 50) 21 (42) 4 (8) 3 (6) 4 (8) 5 (10) 9 (18) 1 (2) 3 (6) 0 (0) 6 (12)*Lisuride (N 5 94) 22 (23)* 26 (28) 17 (18) 8 (9) 17 (18) 10 (11) 4 (4) 5 (5) 6 (6) 1 (1)Pergolide (N 5 174) 83 (48) 26 (15)* 18 (10) 9 (5) 12 (7) 13 (7) 79 (45)* 26 (15)* 1 (1) 2 (1)Levodopa (N 5 1,315) 484 (36) 345 (26) 119 (9) 117 (9) 150 (11) 139 (11) 65 (5) 54 (4) 53 (4) 17 (1)Global Comparison P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.0016 P < 0.001 P 5 0.07 P < 0.05 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001

*P < 0.006 vs. ropinirole.

1878

S.PEREZ-LLORETETAL.

Movem

entDiso

rders,Vol.25,No.12,201

0

Table 1 DAに関して報告された ADR(器官別大分類ごと)の頻度: フランス医薬品安全性調査システムの 1984~ 2008年のデータ

* p< 0.006(ロピニロールとの比較)

MDs4-3.indb 38 11.1.13 3:50:25 PM

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39

Abstract

TABLE

2.Frequency

ofspecificADRs(according

tothesystem

organclass)mostcommonlyreported

withDAsto

theFrenchpharmacovigilance

system

between

1984

and2008

Neu

ropsy

chia

tric

Gen

eral

Gas

troin

test

inal

Vas

cula

rC

ardia

cR

espirat

ory

Diu

rnal

som

nole

nce

Impuls

eco

ntrol

disord

ers

Confu

sion/

Dis

orien

tation

Hal

luci

nat

ion

Edem

asN

ause

a/V

om

its

Hypote

nsi

on

Val

vulo

pat

hy

Ple

ura

lef

fusion

Dopam

ine

Agonis

tn

(%)

n(%

)n

(%)

n(%

)n

(%)

n(%

)n

(%)

n(%

)n

(%)

Ropin

irole

(N5

277)

63

(23)

10

(4)

14

(5)

27

(10)

15

(5)

20

(7)

9(3

)1

(0)

1(0

)A

pom

orp

hin

e(N

560)

0(0

)4

(7)

1(2

)1

(2)

1(2

)3

(5)

1(2

)1

(2)

0(0

)Pirib

edil

(N5

616)

62

(10)

4(1

)76

(12)

66

(11)

13

(2)

35

(6)

31

(5)

3(0

)1

(0)

Pra

mip

exole

(N5

48)

1(2

)9

(19)

3(6

)7

(15)

3(6

)1

(2)

0(0

)0

(0)

0(0

)Q

uin

agolide

(N5

24)

0(0

)0

(0)

1(4

)1

(4)

0(0

)2

(8)

0(0

)0

(0)

0(0

)B

rom

ocr

iptine

(N5

846)

29

(3)

4(0

)62

(7)

90

(11)

71

(8)

54

(6)

33

(4)

2(0

)20

(2)

Cab

ergoline

(N5

50)

2(4

)0

(0)

0(0

)3

(6)

1(2

)3

(6)

1(2

)0

(0)

1(2

)Lis

uride

(N5

94)

7(7

)0

(0)

12

(13)

16

(17)

8(9

)14

(15)

3(3

)0

(0)

2(2

)Per

golide

(N5

174)

12

(7)

2(1

)7

(4)

15

(9)

9(5

)4

(2)

3(2

)40

(23)

4(2

)Lev

odopa

(N5

1,3

15)

88

(7)

10

(1)

173

(13)

129

(10)

17

(1)

50

(4)

84

(6)

14

(1)

6(1

)G

lobal

Com

par

ison

P<

0.0

01

P<

0.0

01

P<

0.0

01

P5

0.1

P<

0.0

01

P<

0.0

5P5

0.3

P<

0.0

01

P<

0.0

06

OR

(CI)

OR

(CI)

OR

(CI)

OR

(CI)

OR

(CI)

OR

(CI)

OR

(CI)

OR

(CI)

OR

(CI)

Ropin

irole

11

11

11

11

1A

pom

orp

hin

e–

1.9

0(0

.4–10.1

4)

0.3

2(0

.02–5.6

5)

0.1

6(0

.01–2.7

0)

0.3

0(0

.02–5.2

7)

0.6

8(0

.12–3.9

1)

0.5

4(0

.03–9.1

7)

4.6

8(0

.09–232.0

0)

Pirib

edil

0.3

8(0

.20–0.6

5)*

0.2

0(0

.04–1.0

3)

2.6

4(0

.95–6.0

3)

1.1

1(0

.57–2.1

5)

0.3

8(0

.13–1.1

0)

0.7

7(0

.35–1.7

1)

1.4

0(0

.50–3.8

8)

1.3

5(0

.10–32.4

3)

0.4

5(0

.02–8.5

5)

Pra

mip

exole

0.0

7(0

.01–1.1

6)

6.2

(1.6

0–23.9

0)*

1.2

5(0

.21–7.5

9)

1.5

8(0

.45–5.5

4)

1.1

6(0

.19–6.9

7)

0.2

7(0

.02–4.6

6)

––

Quin

agolide

––

0.8

2(0

.04–15.0

0)

0.4

0(0

.02–7.0

0)

–1.1

7(0

.14–9.8

2)

––

Bro

mocr

iptine

0.1

2(0

.06–0.2

0)*

0.1

0(0

.02–0.5

0)*

1.4

9(0

.65–3.4

4)

1.1

0(0

.58–2.0

8)

1.6

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––

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9(0

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5)

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OR

(CI)5

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1879ADRs TO DOPAMINE AGONISTS IN THE FPD

Movement Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 12, 2010

Tabl

e 2  

DAに関して最も多く報告された個別

AD

R(器官別大分類ごと)の頻度:フランス医薬品安全性調査システムの

1984~

2008年のデータ

OR(

CI)=オッズ比および

99.3%信頼区間

*p<

0.00

6(ロピニロールとの比較)

MDs4-3.indb 39 11.1.13 3:50:26 PM

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40

Movement Disorders Vol. 25, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1177–1182

Key Word パーキンソン病,ジスキネジア,発症年齢

レボドパ(L—ドパ)投与関連ジスキネジアの発現リスク

は,パーキンソン病発症年齢に反比例することが知られ

ている。本研究の目的は,サンフランシスコ退役軍人局

医療センターのParkinson’sDiseaseResearch,

Education,andClinicalCenter で治療を受けた患者集

団を対象として,様々なパーキンソン病発症年齢におけ

るジスキネジアのリスクを定量化することである。医療

記録を精査し,パーキンソン病発症年齢,薬歴,ジスキ

ネジアの発現に関するデータを得た。ジスキネジアのリ

スクはKaplan-Meier 分析で検討した。各年齢群の比較

と多変量解析にはCox 比例ハザードモデルを用いた。

本研究の対象であるパーキンソン病患者109例のうち,

105例は1990年以降に発症していた。L—ドパ投与開

始後5年のジスキネジアリスクは,発症年齢40~49

歳の患者では70%であったが,発症年齢50~59歳

では42%,発症年齢60~69歳では33%,発症年齢

70~79歳では24%にまで低下していた。発症年齢

40~49歳群と他群との間で対比較を行ったところ,

time-to-event(イベント発生までの時間)モデルで統

計学的有意差が認められた。L—ドパ投与が5年を超え

ると,発症年齢とは無関係にジスキネジアリスクは一様

に高くなった。以上の結果から,臨床的な意思決定の際

には,各患者の発症年齢に応じて異なるジスキネジアリ

スクを用いるのが適切であると考えられる。ただし,最

も大きな差が生じるのは発症年齢40~49歳と50~

79歳の間であり,5年を超えるL-ドパ治療が予想され

る場合は50歳以上の発症ではパーキンソン病の治療法

判断に際してジスキネジアの発症リスクを考慮する意義

は小さくなる可能性がある。パーキンソン病治療薬の臨

床試験においても,ジスキネジア関連転帰の解析では患

者のパーキンソン病発症年齢を考慮すべきである。

ジスキネジア発現の予測因子としてのパーキンソン病発症年齢Age of Parkinson’s Disease Onset as a Predictor for the Development of Dyskinesia

*,**Stephen Ku, MS, and Graham A. Glass, MD*School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA**Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA

0

Pro

bab

ility

of R

emai

ning

Fre

e of

Dys

kine

sias 100

75

50

25

05 10

Years of Levodopa Therapy

15

40-4950-5960-6970-79

Figure 1 Kaplan-Meierプロット

MDs4-3.indb 40 11.1.13 3:50:26 PM

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e-mail: [email protected]

Corporate Sales Associate Director:Kimiyoshi Ishibashi

2011

2011

2010

書き出し用.indd 5 11.1.13 3:43:35 PM

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Full Articles国際運動障害学会(Movement Disorder Society)が作成したUnified Parkinson

,s Disease Rating Scale 改訂版

(MDS-UPDRS)に関する教育プログラム

パーキンソン病におけるアマンタジンの長期抗ジスキネジア効果

Abstractsパーキンソン病患者における異常な視覚系の活性化  

       他13本収載

日本語版 Vol.4 No.3 January 2011

ISSN 1881-901X

INCLUDED IN THIS ISSUE

書き出し用.indd 2 11.1.13 3:43:43 PM