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:

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(Macroeconomics)

()

-

economy)

(Microeconomics)

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-

-

economy)

: (Real Flow) - ()

(Money Flow) -

()

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(Complex Circular-flow diagram)

()

()

5

Everyones expenditures go somewhere.

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(Circular-flow diagram)

-

economy)

(S)

(I)

T

(G) M X

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(Circular-flow diagram)

-

economy)

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9/73

(Circular-flow diagram)

-

( = =

economy)

=

= () =

S+T+M = I+G+X

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? ?

-

/

//

economy)

/

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1. 2.

-

economy)(Economic Growth) (Full Employment)

3. 4. (Income Distribution)

(Economic Stability)

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-

economy)

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(

?

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500

= =

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3 1. (Product Approach)

.

Approach)

3. (Expenditure

Approach)

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. (Product Approach)

(Product

Approach)

(Gross Domestic Product: GDP)

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Domestic Product: GDP)

(Product

= + + +.+

Approach)

n n

n

i

iiQPGDP1

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GDP (Final Product)

()

(Product

Approach)

(Intermediate Product) Resale

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(Final Product)

(Product

Approach)

.

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Dou e Counting

(Product

Approach)

(Mark-up)

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10 10

18

5

2

= 62 () = 20

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..

2555

(Product

Approach)

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/

(Product

Approach)

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2009-2011 (: )

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(Gross National Product: GNP)

(Gross Domestic

(Product

Approach)

GNP)

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.. 2551

= 800

(Product = 200

Approach)

= 100 GDP = ? GNP = ?

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(

(Product

Approach)

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GDP (Real GDP)

GDP (Nominal GDP)

(Product

GDP (Nominal GDP)

Approach)

GDP (Real GDP)

Nominal GDP

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GDP (Real GDP) GDP (Nominal GDP)

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GDP (Real GDP)

GDP (Nominal GDP)

(Product

2550 120 120

Approach) 2551 160 100

2552 240 80

.. 2550 = * = 2550

= * = 2551 2550 60%

= * =

2552 2550 200%

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GDP (Real GDP) GDP (Nominal GDP)

1993-2009 1998

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(Economic Growth)

GDP GDP %

(ProductApproach)

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(Economic Growth)

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(Gross Provincial Products: GPP)

(GPP) (GPP)

() %1 2,190,226.4 28.0

() %

1 8,405.9 0.11 , . .

3 527,366.1 6.7

4 407,364.0 5.2

, . .

3 11,089.2 0.14

4 13,004.3 0.17

5 295,185.4 3.8

6 280,999.4 3.6

5 13,112.6 0.17

6 15,511.7 0.20

7 15,656.9 0.20 , . .

8 168,779.5 2.2

9 152,013.1 1.9

8 16,327.8 0.21

9 16,765.8 0.21

10 134,909.6 1.7

7,816,474.0 100

, . .

7,816,474.0 100

:

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GDP

4.75 5.32

7.146.34

4.605.23 4.93

6.00

8.00

10.00

-1.37

.

2.172.59

-2.00

0.00

2.00

.

%

-3.50

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-10.51

-12.00

-10.00

2552 7.1

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GDP

GDP (QoQ) (%)

QGDP Growth

65.3

3.94

6

0

2

-4.3-4

-21Q08 2Q08 3Q08 4Q08

-6

2551 1 .

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(-0.2%) (-1.0%) - .6%

(-1.6%) - . (-3.4%)

(-8.4%)

; 6.8, 4.9 5.6

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(GDP Per Capita) (GDP Per Capita)

(Product GDP

Approach)

Example: 2008 GDP = 1,000 = 4 GDP per capita = 1,000/4 = 250

Country GDP Population GDP per capita

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Country GDP

(millions of US dollars)

Population GDP per capita

(US dollars)

U.S.A. 11,667,515 293,507,000 39,752.08

Ja an 4 623 398 127 764 000 36 187.02

Germany 2,714,418 82,631,000 32,849.87

China 1,649,329 1,296,500,000 1,272.14

Thailand 163,491 62,387,000 2,620.59

Malaysia 117,776 25,209,000 4,671.98

Singapore 106,818 4,335,000 24,640.83

Vietnam 45,210 82,162,000 550.25

2550 124,831

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World GDP and GDP per capita

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42/73

88

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Th il d GDP d GDP it

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Thailand GDP and GDP per capita

160

180

200 4000

120

140

on

US$)

3000

it

a(US$)

60

80

100

GDP

(Billi 2000

DP

perCa

20

40

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

GDP (Billion US$) GDP per capita (US$)

: .

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2.

Income Approach

(Income

Approach)

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GDP = r + w + i + Profit + +

(Rents: r) =

ages: w = +

n eres s: =

(Profits) =

(Income = ,

Approach)

(Depreciation)= = ( )/

2009-2011

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(: )

2009-2011

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(: )

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3.

(Expenditure

Approach) = + + +

(Desired Aggregate Expenditure: DAE)

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1) (C)

.

(Expenditure

(non-durable goods)

Approach)

(service)

(durable goods) 12

1) (C)

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1) (C)

C

(),

(Demonstration effect),

(Expenditure

,

Approach)

), ,

, , ,

2) (I)

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2) (I)

(Expenditure

Approach)

2) (I)

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2) (I)

(Unintended Investment Expenditure) (Inventory Investment)

(Expenditure

Approach)

2) (I)

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I

(Expenditure

Approach)

3) (G)

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(Expenditure

Approach)

3) (G)

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3) (G)

.

2. (government policy)

(Expenditure

Approach)

4) (Net ex ort: X M)

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4) (Net ex ort: X-M) (Export: X)

: ,

(Expenditure

(Im ort: M)

Approach)

, ,

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e expor : -

(Net Export)

(Expenditure

Approach)

2009-2011 (: )

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GDP and Its Components (1998)

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Net Ex ortsInvestment Government Purchases

6.6 %

. . (Expenditure

Approach)

Consumption

57.5 %

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(DAE)

Y = DAE = C + I + G + (X M)

(GDP)

(Leakage/ t rawa n ect on

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= =

= + + + -

A

YYe

Y > DAEY < DAE

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Y < DAE:

Y > DAE:

C, I, G, X, M

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DAE shift

DAE

= -

1

DAE0

= C+I+G+X-M

A Y0e

e

45

YYe Ye

0

e1

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Y

f

Ye > Yf

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In ationary gapPotential output < Total demand (Actual output)

ncome gap

DAEDAE = C+I+G+X-MA

Inflationary gap

B

Yf

Total demand

Income gap

45Y

YeYf

Ye < Yf

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Potential output > Total demand (Actual output)

DAE DAE = C+I+G+X-M

C

A

Deflationary gap

B

Yf

Total demand

Income gap

45Y

Ye Yf

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GDP GNP 3

GDP

GDP

GDP

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70/73

(Well-

GDP

B A

9550100100GDP

550

GDP

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71/73

GDP (Shadow

(Underground Economy)

(Informal sector)

freelance

ro uc on o ouse o s or own nause)

GDP

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72/73

GDP

Green GDP

Gross National Happiness (GNH)

Bhutan Model 4 (Four Pillars of Happiness)

GDP

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73/73

GDP

(Genuine Progress Indicator: