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: (),
.
( )
(
.)
.
, .
S.I. 1 Pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
: F
A
:
A
Fp
: ApF
(Pa)
2 1016
4 1011
1,5 1010
1,1 108
1 106
1 2 105
1 105
1 1,6 104
1, 2 30
1, 2 3 10-5
10-12
1 2 1000Hz
1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa
1 Torr = 1 mm Hg (1 atm = 760 mm Hg)
1 Bar 1 =
= 106 dyn/cm2 (C.G.S.)
1 = 10-3 Torr :
A
V = A h m = A h
p
p0
F2
F1
W
A
A
h
h0
: F1= p1 A F2 = p2 A
p2 = p1 + p
W = m g = g V = g h p2 p1 = p = - g h
T ,
g
.
H
021 WFF
,
.
p0 h=0,
p -h :
p = - gh :
p
p
-h
00
dhgdp -= p-p0=gh
p = p0+gh
gh
h = 0
- h
h > 0
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
0 100 200 300 400 500
(m)
(Pa)
water
gas(d=10^-3w)
-
water_vs_air.xls
.
T,
,
:
pV nRTm
M RT
V n
R (= 8,3145 J/mol K)
: m
V
M
RTp
dp = - gdh
dpgM
RTpdh
dp
p
gM
RTdh
p , h = 0, :
dp
p
gM
RTdh
p
p
o
h
o
p p expgM
RTho { }
. h
h
30 km 9.5 torr 25 torr
60 km 0.21 torr .8 torr
90 km 0.0019 torr .03 torr
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Km
Atm
movies/aspirate.mov
20cm 6m.
p
;
: , L = 6m
. :
gLpp 0
PamsmmKggLppp 4230 109.5)0.6)(/8.9)(/1000(
, 0.6 atm,
.
. ,
p. 6m
, p
p0.
, p :
:
.
'O ,
, . H
, ,
. T .
:
. A
.
movies/HydrostaticParadox.mov
U :
x . l =
135 mm d = 12.3 mm.
;
(6 )
-
pint
pint
.
glpp 0int
)(0int dlgpp x
3/916 mKgdl
lx
:
p0 g.
TORRICELLI
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
76 cm 760 mm.
, 1644
(Hg) ; Hg =13,6 x 103 Kg/m3 = 10
3 Kg/m3
movies/VacuumFlash7.swfmovies/AirPressureonColumnofH2O.mov
PASCAL
,
g , , ,
,
dp .
p,
' ,
. T Pascal.
: 1.
movies/BPascal.mov
: 2.
1,5 x 105 .
. 25
30
.
.
movies/aspirate.movmovies/AirPressureonColumnofH2O.mov