1

............................................................................................................................. 5 1 ................................................................................................................... 7

.................................................................................................... 7 .................................................................................................... 8 ......................................................................................... 9 .............................................................. 11 .................................................................................................. 12

............................................................................................... 12 ............................................... 12 ................................................................................ 15

............................................................................ 17 MPPT ................................................................................................. 17 MPPT ........................................................................ 18 MPPT ....................................................................... 18 MPPT ............................................................ 19

................................................................................ 20 ......................................................................... 20

2 ....................................................................................... 22 ....................................................................................... 22

MATLAB/Simulink .................................................................................... 22 SCALE+ ...................................................................................................... 23 ................................................................................ 24 ............................................................................ 26

............................................................................................................. 27 ................................................................................ 27

......................................................................... 27 ...................................................................................................... 29 ........................................................................................... 30 ..................................................................... 31

............................................................................................... 32 ..................................................................... 32 ......................................................................... 33 V ................................................................. 35 .......................................................... 37

2

3 MPPT .................................. 39 .................................................................................................................... 39 DC-DC ................................................................................. 40

........................................................................................... 40 ............................................................................ 41 ................................................................. 43

INC ..................................................................................................... 44 INC .............................................................................................. 44 ............................................................................ 45

VINC ................................................................................................... 46 VINC ........................................................................................... 46 ............................................................................ 47

............................................................................................................. 48 INC ............................................................................... 48 VINC ............................................................................. 49

...................................................................................................... 50 .................................................................................................. 50 ...................................................................................................... 50 MPPT ............................................................................ 50 ....................................................................................... 51 .................................................................................... 51

............................................................................................................. 51 .............................................................. 51 INC ............................................................................ 52 VINC ......................................................................... 53 MPPT .......................................................................................... 55

4 MPPT .................................................................... 56 .................................................................................................................... 56 MPPT ..................................................... 57

........................................ 57 ........................................................................................... 57 .................................................................................................. 58

.................................................................................... 60 ............................................................................ 60 ............................................................................................... 61

...................................................................................................... 62

3

............................................................................................................. 63 MPPT .............................................. 63 MPPT .............................................. 63 .............................................................. 65 MPPT ................................................................................... 65

.................................................................................................. 67 ..................................................................... 67 ......................................................................... 69 ........................................................................................... 72 ............................................................................ 74

5 .............................................................. 78 .................................................................................................................... 78

............................................................................................... 79 ....................................................................................... 80

MPPT ......................................................................................... 80 MPPT ................................................................................................. 81

......................................................................... 82 MPPT ........................................................................... 82

............................................................................................... 84 ............................................................................................... 84

...................................................................................................... 85 ...................................................................................................... 85

............................................................................................... 86 ........................................................................................... 86

............................................................................................................. 87 MPPT ....................................................................... 87 MPPT ....................................................................... 88 ..................................................................... 89 ..................................................................... 89

1 MPPT ................................................................. 89 2 .............................................................. 91

.................................................................................... 93 ............................................................................................................. 93 .................................................................................... 93

........................................................................................... 93 ........................................................................................... 94

4

............................................... 95 ....................................................................................... 97 ................................................................. 97 ................................................................. 98 ................................................. 102

6 ............................................................................................................... 104 ................................................................................................................................. 106

......................................................................................................................... 107 ...................................................................................................................... 107

1 ......................................................................................................................... 107 2 ......................................................................................................................... 108 3 ......................................................................................................................... 109 4 ......................................................................................................................... 109 5 ......................................................................................................................... 110

......................................................................................................................... 112 3 .............................................................................. 112 4 .............................................................................. 113 5 .............................................................................. 117

5

[1] [2]

[3]

10%

JAXA

[4]

JAXA

MPPT

6

MPPT MPPT

MPPT

DC-DC

DC-DC

1

2 3 MPPT MPPT

MPPT 4 MPPT

MPPT

5 JAXAMPPT

6

7

1

1957 Sputnik1[ 1-1 ]

Sputnik13

1958

Vanguard1[ 1-1 ] Vanguard1 195434 10mW

Vanguard1 Vangurad1 Sputnic1

2200 6

1-1 Sputnik1 Vanguard1 ( [5])

30 [6]2003 5 2010 6

8

[7]

2010 5

1.04m 1.4m 1.45m 5.1m502kg 33kg280kg 189kg 1-2

7% H2A289t 0.01 [5]

1-2 ( [5])

9

[8] 90

60 30

[8][9]

1-3

10

(a) GEOTAIL

(b) 1-3

( :JAXA )

11

1-4 P1 = P2 + P3

1-4 P1 = P2

MPPT2

1-4

MPPTJAXA PWM

MPPT [8]

Solar Panel

Solar Panel

P1 P1 P2P2 P3

12

1-5

p n

p np n

1 0.5 1V[10][11]

1-5

25

50V ( 1-6)

200 300W

p n

13

1-7

GaAs ISS 1-8

143V 110kW[12]

1-6

14

1-7

1-8 JAXA

PV String

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PVModule

PV Array

15

1-9 3

Cell ACell A

1-103

[13]

1-9

Cell A

Cell B

16

1-10

Cell A, B

Cell A, B

17

MPPT V I

P 1-11 P-V V PPmax

MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking)MPPT

MPPT

MPPT DC-DC DC-DC 1-12

MPPT Controller V I MPPT DC-DCD

1-11 P-V

18

1-12 MPPT

MPPT MPPT

MPPT

I-V

DC-DC48V

24V DC-DC

200V400V 200V 300V

DC-DC [10][14]

MPPT MPPT

(Hillclimb Method INC : Incremental Conductance Method) MPPT

19

P-V MPPT

MPPT [15] [20]

MPPT MPPT

MPPT

MPPT DC-DC MPPT

DC-DC MPPT

MPPTMPPT

MPPT 3 MPPT

4

20

1-13

MPPT

PCUPDCU

DC-DC[8]

PCU PDCUPCU

1-13

DC-DC

(PCU)

Load

Load

Load

DC-DCConverter

DC-DCConverter

DC-DCConverter

(PDCU)

Battery

DC-DCConverterPV

Battery

21

MPPT

JAXA[21]

5

22

2

MATLAB/Simulink

2-1 Simulink MATLAB/Simulink

2-1 Simulink

MCU(Micro Control Unit)

MATLAB/SimulinkC

[22][23]

MATLAB/SimulinkSCALE+ dSPACE

23

SCALE+

2-2 SCALE K525SE

2-3 SCALE CONNECT

SCALE [24] Simulink SCALE CONNECTSCALE K.525SE

Simulink I/F SCALE Simulink

Co-Simulation

[25][24] Simulink

24

I-V

SCALE+ K525SE

(2-1)

(2-1) FF VOC Vmp ISC Imp

I-V

(2-2)

(2-3)

(2-4)

N N

Gs [26][27] 2-4

N Gs Imp Vmp SCALE+ K525SE

SCALE+ K525SE (2-1) (2-4) 2-5 DC-DC

5 10

25

2-4 I-V

2-5 SCALE+

26

ms ms

SCALE+ dSPACE

ASM Electric Components ModelsRC

[28] 2-6

2-7 [29]

2-6

2-7

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 20 40 60 80 100

Cell

Volta

ge[V

]

SOC[%]

27

2-1 3 4

Iomax I-VIomax 0 1 VOC Vmp ISC Imp Iomax

3-6 3-7

2-1

[V] Voc 40.0 [V] Vmp 32.4

[A] Isc 1.0 [A] Imp 0.9

[W] Pmax 29.0

28

2-8 I-V

2-9 P-V

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Io[A

]

Vo[V]

Vo-Io Iomax=1.0AIomax=0.75AIomax=0.5AIomax=0.25A

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Po[W

]

Vo[V]

Iomax=1.0AIomax=0.75AIomax=0.5AIomax=0.25A

29

2-2 PowerSEL 500BC

PowerSEL 500BC

DC-DCPower SEL Zero PowerSEL Zero

30

3 4

DC-DCCC

DC-DC

2-3 2-10

2-3

2-10

DCDC

31

C MCU

C MCUdSPACE

MATLAB/SimulinkCPU

PWM AD

IO Simulink

2-4 dSPACE

DS1103 PPC Controller Board

PPC 750GX CPU 1GHz ADC 16 ADC 16 4 PWM 10

32

MCU

A/DPWM [

2-11]kHz kHz

2-11

2-12

[ 2-12]

+- PWM

A/D

+-

33

2-11

MCU

MCU

(MBD : Model Based Development)

[30][31]

UML(Unified Modeling Language) UML(MDD : Model Driven Development)

34

ECU(Electronic Control Unit) 100 1000[32]

( )

V

35

V V V

2-13

2-13 V

VV

V

[33] V

MATLAB/Simulink

Validation Verification

36

2-14 dSPACE V

2-14

( )dSPACE V [24] Simulink

MILS(Model in the Loop Simulation)

RCP(Rapid Control Prototyping)

MCU (ACG : Auto Code Generation)

MILSMCU

HILS(Hardware in the Loop Simulation)

MILS

ACG

RCP HIL

MILS

SILS/PILS

37

SILS PILS SILS(Software in the Loop Simulation) ACGC C

PILS(Processor in the Loop Simulation)MCU MCU SILS

SCALE+ SCALE+

SCALE+

RLC

MILSMILS

2-15 V MILS

ACG

2-14 HILS

10 100 HILS20kHz

10 100 HILS200kHz 2MHz

FPGA

38

[34] HILS

2-15 V

ACG

MATLABSimulink

SCALE+

RCP

39

3 MPPT

MPPT DC-DC

MPPT CV (Constant Voltage Mode )MPPT DC-DC

MPPT

MPPT [36]

MPPT JAXA MPPT ms

MPPT 100

MPPT MPPTMPPT [37] DC-DC

MPPT

INC (Incremental Conductance algorithm ) VINC (Variable step size INC algorithm )

MPPT[35]

40

DC-DC 1 DC-DC

3-1

[38] 1 Q

(3-1)

(3-2)

(3-3)

(3-4)

I V iL r_1 r_2

(3-1) (3-3)D

(3-5)

41

(3-6)

(3-

5) (3-7)

(3-8)

(3-9)

(3-10)

DC-DC (3-5) [39]

(3-5)

(3-11)

2

(3-12)

(3-13)

42

(3-14)

(3-12)

(3-15)

(3-16)

DC-DC[40]

(3-17)

[A] [A] [V] [A]

[J/K] [C] (1.11) [K]

[ ] (3-17)

(3-18)

(3-19)

(3-15) (3-18)

(3-20)

(3-21)

43

(3-20)

(3-22)

2 2 (3-22) (3-23)

(3-24)

(3-25)

(3-26)

(3-23)

(3-27)

G(s)

(3-28)

(3-29)

44

INC

INC INC P-V P V

[41]

PV 3-2

[42]

(3-30)

3

3-2

3-3

45

(3-30) (3-31)

(3-31) Ts[s]

(3-32)

DC-DC

(3-33)

(3-33)

(3-34)

(3-35)

(3-36)

(3-30)

(3-37)

(3-38)

(3-39)

(3-17)

(3-40)

(3-35) (3-36) (3-39) (3-40)

46

(3-41)

(3-42)

(3-42)

(3-43)

h1

(3-44)

VINC

VINC VINC P-V P V P’ D

3-4

dm INC 0

[43]

3-4 VINC

VINC

(3-45)

K

(3-45) [s]

(3-46)

(3-33)

47

(3-47)

(3-47)

(3-48)

(3-49)

(3-39) (3-40)

(3-50)

(3-50) VINC

(3-51)

(3-52)

48

MPPT G H

PWM 3-5

(3-53)

(3-54)

DC-DC

3-5

INC (3-28) (3-43) (3-54)

(3-55)

(3-56)

(3-56)

(3-57)

(3-58)

(3-57)

(3-59)

49

VINC (3-28) (3-51) (3-54)

(3-60)

(3-61)

(3-61)

(3-62)

VINC

50

DC DC 2-2 1

2-4 dSPACE

3-1 DC-DC

3-1

L [H] 330μ 250m

C [F] 47μ 0.7

E [V] 14 0.43

[Hz]

100k (3-58)

MPPT MPPT DC-DC

CPU

3-2

2

INC VINC MPPT INCdm 0.01 VINC K 0.001 0.002 2

3-2 MPPT Point [Hz] I[A] Point [Hz] I[A]

A 5,000 0.5 D 10,000 0.9

B 5,000 0.9 E 20,000 0.5

C 10,000 0.5 F 20,000 0.9

51

2-1

2-3

(3-28)

3-6

600Hz

MPPT 5kHz

3-6

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Gai

nB

]

-180-160-140-120-100

-80-60-40-20

0

1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04

Phas

e[de

g]

Freq[Hz]

Analysis Result Experimental Result

52

INC INC (3-59)

3-7 3-7 3-2 F

3-3 INC (3-59)

Point F

(3-59) I EL C

LC I

(3-59)

3-7 INC

3-3 INC Point State Point State

A D

B E

C F

53

VINC (3-62) 3-8

VINC K

2 K 3-8

K

K=0.001 3-8 B 3-9(a)

K=0.002 F

3-9 (b)

5

INC VINC

MPPT INC VINC

VINC

(3-43) (3-51)

3-8 VINC

54

(a) K=0.001 Point B

(b)K=0.002 Point F

3-9 VINC

3-4 VINC Point K=0.001 K=0.002

A

B

C

D

E

F

55

MPPT INC VINC

INC VINC MPPT Imp = 0.9 14V

0.1s MPPT

1 INC 50Hz dm=0.02 VINC1kHz K=0.001

3-10 MPPT

INC MPPTMPPT

ms JAXA MPPT

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Ps(W

)

t(s)

VINC Method

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Ps(W

)

t(s)

INC Method

650ms

650ms

56

4 MPPT

MPPT JAXA MPPT

MPPT ms

10rpm[44]

MPPT

MPPT

MPPT

MPPT[45] [47]

57

MPPT

V I P = VI

V I (4-1)

V

[48] (4-2)

(4-3)

(4-4)

(4-5)

(4-6)

(4-7)

(4-7) (3-17)

(3-17)

′ (4-8)

′′ ′ (4-9)

58

(4-7)

′′ (4-10)

′

′

(4-11)

(4-10) V I I’ (4-8)

′ (4-12)

DC-DC [49]

(4-13)

Q1 Q2 ON OFF

(4-13)

(4-14)

59

4-1

(1) a,r,Vc

(2) V I E (3) (4-4) Vn (4) (4-14) Dn (5)Dn (2)

4-2

4-2 Dn Vn

(4-10) V (4-4) Vn+1

(4-14) Dn+1

P[W

]

V[V]

V

Vn Vn+1

Dn Dn+1

60

(3-40) (4-11)

′ (4-15)

(4-14)

(4-16)

(4-16)

(4-17)

2

(4-18)

(4-19)

(4-20)

(3-19) (4-21)

(4-22)

(4-23)

61

(4-24)

(4-25)

(4-18) (4-22) (4-24) (4-25)

(4-26)

(3-28) (4-26)

(4-27)

(4-28)

62

4-3 DC-DC

AD50kHz 20kHz

5kHz 10kHz 20kHz a, r, Vc

0.7V-1, 0.025 , 0.8V a

50 27 0.7

500Hz dDn 0.02

3

3-6 600Hz50Hz

INC [50] [52] 1

4-3

63

MPPT

14V

MPPT Iomax 1.0A 0.75A0.5A 0.25A 4

5kHz 10kHz 20kHz

Iomax 1.0A 2-1

12V 16V8V

Iomax=1.0A 14VFixed Duty 14V

MPPT P Ts[ms]

MPPT 4-1

Ps No.1

No.4

5kHz 10kHz 20kHz

MPPT

4-4 MPPT

I-V

MPPT

14V Fixed

Duty 14V MPPT

DC-DC

64

MPPT

4-1 MPPT

4-4

HillclimbMethod(50Hz)

NewtonMethod(5kHz)

NewtonMethod(10kHz)

NewtonMethod(20kHz)

V [V] 32.4 31.9 32.0 32.0I [A] 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9P [W] 30.0 29.9 30.0 30.0

Ts [ms] 650 20 20 20V [V] 32.1 30.5 30.6 31.1I [A] 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7P [W] 21.5 21.2 21.2 21.1

Ts [ms] 650 20 20 20V [V] 31.0 31.3 31.4 33.0I [A] 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4P [W] 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.3

Ts [ms] 650 20 20 20V [V] 27.8 24.7 24.7 25.2I [A] 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2P [W] 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.5

Ts [ms] 500 20 20 20

No.3

I o max0.5ANo.4

I o max0.25A

No.1

I o max1A

No.2

I o max0.75A

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

P[W

]

E[V]FixedDuty

HillclimbMethod

NewtonMethod

65

MPPT

MPPT MPPT

4-1 No.1 14V

MPPT

10kHz

MPPT Ts 4-5 650ms

20ms MPPT

4-5 MPPT [ ] 4-5 650ms 20ms

Ts

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Ps[W

]

t[s]

INC Method

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Ps[W

]

t[s]

Newton's Method

20ms

650ms

66

4-2 Iomax

Ts 20ms Ts

4-6 MPPT [ ]

Newton’s Method

20ms

INC Method

650ms

Ps[W]

Ps[W]

t[s]

t[s]

67

MPP

4-7

[53]4

MPPT 4-7

DC-DC 10rpm 0.167Hz 1

ISC

ISC ISC ISCMAX (4-29)

0.333Hz 1

ISC(t) (4-29)Iomax 2-8 I-V

(2-1) ISC

ISC(t) VOC(t) Vmp(t) Imp(t)14V

4-2 MPPT 1

Calculated Solar Power[J][J]

68

4-7

4-2

Voc[V] 40.1 38.8 37.4 35.7 31.0 Vmp[V] 32.4 32.1 31.2 27.5 25 Imp[A] 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.0001

Sun light

Sun light

Sun light

Battery

Shadow

69

4-3 MPP

4-8 Calculated Solar Power

4-3 [ ]

[J] [%] Calculated Solar Power 42.7 -

Hillclimb Method 26.4 61.9 Newton’s Method 42.5 99.6

4-8 [ ]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ps[W

]

t[s]

Newton's Method

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ps[W

]

t[s]

Hillclimb Method

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ps[W

]

t[s]

Calculated Solar Power

70

4-4 4-9 38

MPP

4-10ISC 3 4.5 ISC

[Pn > Pn-1]ISC 4.5

1 ISC

5 ISC [Pn < Pn-1] MPPT

MPPT ISC ISC

MPPT 4-4 [ ]

[J] Hillclimb Method 31.0 Newton’s Method 42.7

4-9 [ ]

Newton’s Method

Hillclimb Method

[ ]

t[s]

t[s]

Ps[W]

Ps[W]

71

4-10 [ ]

72

MPPT

Iomax

4-11 10rpm

30rpm29W 10rpm

300rpm 29W300rpm 1500rpm

MPPT

20ms 20ms1500rpm 1 20ms

73

4-11

30rpm

300rpm

600rpm

1500rpm

10rpmPs[W]

29W

29W

29W

24W

18W

74

4-12

MPPT

[54] MPPT

[55]

MPPT

75

4-12

DC-DC Converter

PV

DC-DC Converter

PV

DC-DC Converter

PV

DC-DC Converter

PV Battery

PV

PV

PV

DC-DC Converter PV Battery

Multi String Type

Single String Type

76

4-13

05

101520253035

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ps[W

]

t[s]

Multi String Newton

05

101520253035

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ps[W

]

t[s]

Single String Newton

05

101520253035

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ps[W

]

t[s]

Multi String Ideal

77

4-5 [J]

Multi Sting Type

(Ideal) 171 -

Multi Sting Type

(Newton’s Method) 170 0.99

Single String Type

(Newton’s Method) 160 0.93

4-5

78

5

1-13

PCU DC-DCDC-DC

JAXA

PCU DC-DCDC-DC [56]

MPPT

MPPT

[57] [61]

79

5-1 DC-DC

DC-DC 5-2 3

DC-DC DC-DC1 DC-DC

DC-DC

3 [63][64]

MPPT

MPPT

5-1 DC-DC

80

5-2

MPPT MPPT

MPPTMPPT

MPPT MPPT MPPT

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 1

Controller 1

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 2

Controller 2

PV

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 3

Controller 3

Load 1

Battery 1

Load 2

Battery 2

Load 3

Battery 3

System Manager

A

81

MPPT

5-3 MPPT MPPTVt

5-3

Vt dVt

Vt0 P0

MPPTact

P

P P0

dVt × -1dVt × 1

[P <= P0][P > P0]

Vt = Vt0 + dVt

82

DC-DC DC-DC[62] (4-14)

(5-1)

(5-2)

MPPT

MPPT 5-4

MPPTDC-DC

5-5

83

5-4 MPPT

5-5 MPPT

System Manager

MPPTFunction

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 1

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 2

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 3

Controller1

Controller2

Controller3

ConverterController 1

ConverterController 2

ConverterController 3

Communication Line

PWM, ADC, IO, etc.

MPPTsd

<<block>> : Converter Controller3

<<block>> : Converter Controller2

<<block>> : MPPT Func

<<block>> : Converter Controller1

()

MPPT ()

Vt ()

Vt ()

Vt ()

()

()

()

par

84

5-6

DC-DC

DC-DC MPPTMPPT 5-6

MPPTConverter

MPPTConverter

PV

Constant VoltageBuck

Converter

Load

Battery

Load

Battery

Load

Failed Battery

MPPTConverter

MPPTConverter

PV

Constant VoltageBuck

Converter

Load

Battery

Load

Battery

Load

Failed Battery

85

5-7

5-1

5-1

86

2

5-2 [V] Voc 80.0 [V] Vmp 70.0

[A] Isc 1.2 [A] Imp 1.0

[W] Pmax 70.0

2 5-3

[V] 36.0 [V] 28.0 [V] 40.0

[Ah] 1.0

87

MPPT

36V MPPT

5-4

MPPT

[Hz] 50

Vt [V] 79

dVt [V] 0.2

r [ ] 0.15

Vc [V] 0.8

MPPT

88

MPPT 5-8 Voc

MPPT 50Hz 10.33A Imp

MPPT Imp

MPPT MPPT

5-8 MPPT

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

01020304050607080

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

01020304050607080

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

89

MPPT

MPPT DC-DC 3

3 36V

DC-DC MPPT1 MPPT

2 1 1 2 MPPT3 DC-DC

2 MPPT 1

Imp 0.01[A]3 0.5

Imp = 1.0A 0.5 1.5 Imp = 0.01A Imp = 1.0A

1 MPPT

5-9 3 36V 0.13

0.15A MPPT 1 20W 70W0.43A

MPPT

90

5-9 MPPT

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

01020304050607080

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

01020304050607080

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

05

10152025303540

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

91

2

5-10 1 MPPT 0.50 3

1 2 MPPT 0.43A0.07A 3

1 2 0.43A

(5-1) MPPTVt

92

5-10

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

01020304050607080

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

01020304050607080

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

05

10152025303540

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

93

MPPT 1 3 MPPT

MPPT

2

DC-DC

SOC 5-3

5-5MPPT

MPPT

(5-3)

5-5

SOC difference

Under 10% Over 10%

SOC

(Top is bigger)

MPPT Boost

MPPT MPPT

MPPT Buck

94

5-6 7

1. SOC (5-3)

2. 10 5-6

10 5-6 1 MPPT 5-11

5-6 CNV1 CNV2 CNV3

1 MPPT MPPT MPPT 2 MPPT Boost Buck 3 MPPT Buck Boost

4 Boost MPPT Buck

5 Buck MPPT Boost 6 Boost Buck MPPT 7 Buck Boost MPPT

5-11

act

SOC

SOCdif

[SOCdif > 10%]

MPPT

[SOCdif <= 10%]

95

DC-DC

MPPT

MPPT

5-12 5-13

5-12

PID

IinVin

(Voltage Suppressor)

96

5-13

5-13

90V

45V

45V 45V

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 20 40 60 80 100

Iin[A]

Vin[V]

Boost

Buck

97

(5-1)

(5-1)

SOCrev

(5-4)

SOCAVE SOCn

(5-1) (5-4)

(5-5)

SOCAVE

MPPT

5-4 MPPT 5-7

5-7

[%] [ ]

Converter1 50 260

Converter2 30 130

Converter3 10 86.4

MPPT

(99%) 97%

98

5-14

(5-3)

(5-3) MPPT

5-8

MPPT

MPPT

Battery1 SOC1

99% SOC2 SOC3 5-9

5-9

SOC2[%] 64.4 98.2 97.3

SOC3[%] 30.7 92.2 96.2

SOC1 - SOC3[%] 68.3 6.8 2.8

99

SOC1 SOC3

5-6

12

5-15 60 30

SOC 5-8

MPPT

100

5-14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

101

5-15

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180

102

100Ah 100Ah200Ah

333.3Ah

50.0Ah 5-16

GS 5-10

5-10

MSE-100-6 MSE-50-12

6V 12V

100Ah 50Ah

22.5kg 23.0kg

5-11 5-11

MSE-100-6 MSE-50-12

12V(2) 12V(1)

2 3

2,400Wh 1,800Wh

90.0kg 69.0kg

50Ah 100Ah

23

103

5-16

LoadDCDC Converter

Battery100Ah

(PDCU)

AUXBattery100Ah

DCDC Converter Load

DCDC Converter Load

PV

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 1

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 2

PV

BidirectionalDC-DC

Converter 3

Load 1

Battery 50.0Ah

Load 2

Load 3

Battery50.0Ah

Battery50.0Ah

(PCU)

104

6

MPPT

MPPTJAXA

3 MPPT MPPT

INCVINC 2 MPPT

INC VINC VINC

MPPT

4 MPPT

MPPTMPPT

MPPT

A/D

105

5 MPPT

MPPT

106

JAXAEC&C

107

[1] J.E.Haines, C.McCarthy and A.Ponc, THE ERSI POWER SYSTEM, ESA SP-

230, 1985, pp. 39-51 [2] D.W.Harris, THE MODULAR POWER SUBSYSTEM FOR THE

MULTIMISSION MODULAR SPACECRAFT, IEICE 1979, 799289, pp. 1350-1355

[3] M.Kato and H.Kusawake, Electrical Power Subsystem of MicroLabSat, 24th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science, May 20-Jun 6, 2004, Miyazaki, Japan

[4] Minoru Iwasa, “Study of Power Control Unit on Satellites for Future Generations”, Proceedings of 55th Space Sciences and Technology Conference, JSASS-2011-4141, Nov. 2011.

1 [5] ” - -” 6

[6] ” -

-” Isotope News no.716 Dec.2013. [7] ”

” , denki kagaku 75(7), 518-522, 2007

[8] Minoru Iwasa, “Study of Power Control Unit on Satellites for Future Generations”, Proceedings of 55th Space Sciences and Technology Conference, JSASS-2011-4141, Nov. 2011.

[9] PPT EE vol.110 no.393 pp.61-66 Jan.

2011. [10] ” ” 2010 [11] ( )

2010 [12] JAXA ” (ISS) Q&A”

http://iss.jaxa.jp/iss_faq/iss/iss_017.html [13] ” ” 2010

108

[14] ( ) ” ” 2015 [15] ” MPPT

” 2015 _ (2), 161, 2015

[16] ” ” . C 135(12), 1463-1469, 2015

[17] ” I-V MPPT” . EE, 114(240),

17-22, 2014 [18] Jae Ho Lee, ”Advanced Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm with

Variable Step Size”, Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference 2006, pp.603-607, Aug, 2006.

[19] Zhi-rong Xu ”An Improved Variable Step Size MPPT Algorithm Based on INC”, Journal of Power Electronics, VOL. 15, NO.2, pp.487-496, March 2015.

[20] Fangrui Liu ”A Variable Step Size INC MPPT Method for PV System”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, VOL. 55, NO.7, July 2008.

[21] M. Iwasa, N. Naito and H. Kusawake, Study of High Performance Power Control System for Spacecraft, Proc. JSASS-2015-4213, Oct 2015.

2 [22] ” MATLAB ” 1998 [23] ” MBD Simulink ” TechShare

2012 [24] dSPACE Japan ” ” BP 2013 [25] , “SCAT ”, , 2004 [26] Britton, Lunscher, and Tanju, A 9 KW High-Performance Solar Array

Simulator , Proceedings of the European Space Power Conference, August 1993 (ESA WPP-054, August 1993)

[27] Agilent Technologies E4360A [28] dSPACE HelpDesk Release 7.0 [29] ” ”

2015 _ , "SS-52"-"SS-55", 2015 [30] ”

UML2.0” 2006 [31] S.Friedenthal ” SysML”

2012

109

[32] “IPA” 2012

[33] ”” 2007

[34] ” FPGA” 113(445), 37-42, 2014

3 [35] , “MPPT ”

B, Vol.J99-B, No.4, Apr. 2016. [36] Minoru Iwasa, “Study of Power Control Unit on Satellites for Future

Generations”, Proceedings of 55th Space Sciences and Technology Conference, JSASS-2011-4141, Nov. 2011.

[37] Jae Ho Lee, ”Advanced Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm with Variable Step Size”, Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference 2006, pp.603-607, Aug, 2006.

[38] , “ ”, , 1992 [39] ” ” BP 2015. [40] ”

IEE vol.122-B no.11 2002 [41] Zhi-rong Xu ”An Improved Variable Step Size MPPT Algorithm Based on INC”,

Journal of Power Electronics, VOL. 15, NO.2, pp.487-496, March 2015. [42] ” ”

. EA, 2008(255), 1-6, 2008. [43] Fangrui Liu ”A Variable Step Size INC MPPT Method for PV System”, IEEE

Transactions on Industrial Electronics, VOL. 55, NO.7, July 2008.

4 [44] ( / ) Q&A 1985 [45] Soichiro Nakamura Newton s method for fast speed MPPT of solar

panel 9th IECEC Chapter DOI 10.2514/6.2011-5654 San Diego, California, USA, Aug. 2011.

[46] M. Iwasa, M. Nakahara, H. Kusawake, and K.Kibe, Study of Power Converter with Peak-Power-Tracking Function by Newton-method for Satellites, IEICE Technical Report, EE2010-38, January 2011.

110

[47] , , “ MPPT” . EE,

113(444), 31-35, 2014 [48] 1985 [49] , , , 1992 [50] 2 MPPT

no.13 pp.10-15 Mar. 2008. [51] MPPT

no.17 pp.19-23 May. 2012. [52] Zhi-rong Xu ”An Improved Variable Step Size MPPT Algorithm Based on INC”,

Journal of Power Electronics, VOL. 15, NO.2, pp.487-496, March 2015. [53] ” MPPT

” 28, 67-73, 2002

[54] ( ) ” ” 2015 [55] ( ) ”

” 2010

5 [56] M. Iwasa, N. Naito and H. Kusawake, Study of High Performance Power Control

System for Spacecraft, Proc. JSASS-2015-4213, Oct 2015. [57] Soichiro Nakamura Minoru Iwasa Masatoshi Nakahara Cooperative

control of power system with battery and solar cell for a satellite. Proceedings of International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications 2012 pp.141-145 Nov.2012.

[58] M. Iwasa, S. Nakamura, M. Nakahara, and H. Kusawake, Study of Power Control Unit on Satellites for Future Generations, Proc. JSASS-2011-4141, Nov. 2011.

[59] M. Iwasa, N. Naito, and H. Kusawake, Study of Collaboration Power Control for Spacecraft, IEICE Technical Report, EE2012-6, July 2012.

[60] 2012 - (2) "S-10"-"S-11"

Aug.2012. [61] ” ”

: 2006(11), 137-140, 2006 [62] , , , 1992

111

[63] ” DC-DC ” . EE, 112(396), 81-86, 2013

[64] ” ” . PE, 94(221), 1-8,

1994

112

3 INC

VINC

113

4 SCALE K525SE

Simulink /*----------initialize------------*/ init { VocSim = 30; VmpSim = 24; IscSim = 1.25; ImpSim = 1; } /*----------sens setting------------*/ VBat = output("VBat", "V", "FIN"); Vs = output("Vs", "V", "FIN"); IBat = output("IBat", "I", "FIN"); Is = output("Is", "I", "FIN"); VsAVE = output("Vs", "V", "AVE"); IsAVE = output("Is", "I", "AVE"); /*-----------------------------*/ /*----------export setting------------*/ SLexport(1,VBat); SLexport(2,Vs); SLexport(3,IBat); SLexport(4,Is); SLexport(5,VsAVE); SLexport(6,IsAVE);

180u1m

180u

14

20k

100k

300u

470u47uF

Is

R1

IBat

VBttVsVBat

Q1

*FRD

FRD_SW

L

C2 C3

Solar

Simulink

SolarParam

114

/*-----------------------------*/ /*************************/ SLsync(); /*************************/ /*-------import setting--------*/ Duty = SLimport(1); Gate = SLimport(2); VocSim = SLimport(3); VmpSim = SLimport(4); IscSim = SLimport(5); ImpSim = SLimport(6); /*----------------------------------*/ /*Duty adjust*/ D0=Duty; /*Gate set*/ if(Gate == 0){ D1T0 = 0; } else{ D1T0 = D0; } /*--------------setparam setting-------------------*/ setparam("Q1", "T0", D1T0); /*----------------end-------------------*/

115

/*Param from Simulink*/ Voc = param("Simulink","VocSim"); Vmp = param("Simulink","VmpSim"); Isc =param("Simulink","IscSim"); Imp = param("Simulink","ImpSim"); /* PROGRAM */ if(Voc == 0)Voc = 0.1; if(Vmp == 0)Vmp = 0.075; if(Isc == 0)Isc = 0.1; if(Imp == 0)Imp = 0.075; Gs = (Isc - Imp) / Vmp; b = 1 + Gs * Voc / Isc; a = (Imp * b + Gs * (Vmp - Voc)) / Isc; N = log(2 - pow(2, a)) / log(Vmp / Voc); /*PROGRAM*/ Vs = output("Solar.Vs", "V", "FIN"); if (Vs > Voc) Vs = Voc; if (Vs < 0) Vs = 0; d = 2 - pow(Vs / Voc, N); Is = (Isc * log(d) / log(2) + Gs * (Voc - Vs)) / b; setparam("Solar.Is", "Value", Is);

116

117

5 SCALE K525SE

Simulink /*----------initialize------------*/ init{Gate = 0;} init{Gate2 = 0;} init{Gate3 = 0;} /*----------export setting ------------*/ VBttInside = output("VBttInside", "V", "AVE"); VDCinside = output("DCinside", "V", "AVE"); DCcurr = output("Isens", "I", "AVE"); SLexport(1,VBttInside); SLexport(2,VDCinside); SLexport(3,DCcurr); VBttInside2 = output("VBttInside2", "V", "AVE"); DCcurr2 = output("Isens2", "I", "AVE"); SLexport(4,VBttInside2); SLexport(5,DCcurr2); VBttInside3 = output("VBttInside3", "V", "AVE");

118

DCcurr3 = output("Isens3", "I", "AVE"); SLexport(6,VBttInside3); SLexport(7,DCcurr3); IPV = output("SolarCurr", "I", "FIN"); SLexport(8,IPV); IBat1 = output("IBat1", "I", "AVE"); SLexport(9,IBat1); IBat2 = output("IBat2", "I", "AVE"); SLexport(10,IBat2); IBat3 = output("IBat3", "I", "AVE"); SLexport(11,IBat3); /********************************/ SLsync(); /********************************/ /*-------import setting --------*/ Duty = SLimport(1); Gate = SLimport(2); Duty2 = SLimport(3); Gate2 = SLimport(4); Duty3 = SLimport(5); Gate3 = SLimport(6); VBat1 = SLimport(7); VBat2 = SLimport(8); VBat3 = SLimport(9); /*Duty adjust*/ D01=Duty; D02=Duty2; D03=Duty3; if(Gate == 0){ D1T0 = 0; D2T0 = 1; } else{

119

D1T0 = D01; D2T0 = D01; } if(Gate2 == 0){ D3T0 = 0; D4T0 = 1; } else{ D3T0 = D02; D4T0 = D02; } if(Gate3 == 0){ D5T0 = 0; D6T0 = 1; } else{ D5T0 = D03; D6T0 = D03; } /*--------------setparam------------------*/ setparam("Q1", "T0", D1T0); setparam("Q2", "T0", D2T0); setparam("Q3", "T0", D3T0); setparam("Q4", "T0", D4T0); setparam("Q5", "T0", D5T0); setparam("Q6", "T0", D6T0); /*--------------setparam Extra-------------------*/ setparam("VBtt", "Value",VBat1); setparam("VBtt1", "Value",VBat2); setparam("VBtt2", "Value",VBat3); /*------------------end-------------------*/

120

simulink