capu;-tpyq;fpay;...jun 12, 2019 · capu;-tpyq;fpay; ... ~ 12 ~ 12
TRANSCRIPT
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
1
-: flTspd; fUiz :-
capu;-tpyq;fpay;
1. capupfspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
2. kdpj ,dg;ngUf;fk;
3. ,dg;ngUf;f eyd;
4. kuGg; flj;jy; nfhs;iffs; & khWghLfs;
5. %yf;$W kugpay;
6. gupzhkk;
7. kdpj eyd; kw;Wk; Neha;fs;.
8. kdpj eydpy; Ez;Zapupfs;
9. capup njhopy; El;gtpaypd; gad;ghLfs;
10. capupdq;fs; kw;Wk; ,df;$l;lk;
11. capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik & mjd; ghJfhg;G
12. Rw;Wf;#oy; ,lu;ghLfs;
Prepared by :-
P.SENGUTTUVAN. M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.
(khepy nghJf; FO cWg;gpdu;- TNHSPGTA)
(P.G.T-Zoology –GHSS -Thoppur)
CELL : 9865449511
&
G.AROCKIAM. M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.
(khtl;lg; nghUshsu; - TNHSPGTA)
(P.G.T-Zoology.GHSS-PULIKARAI)
CELL : 9443334625
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
2
1.capupfspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
1) midj;J ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gilg;gz;Gfs; ahit ?
DNA ,ul;bghjy;> RNA cw;gj;jp> Gujk; cw;gj;jp> nry;gpupjy;> tsu;r;rp.
,dg;ngUf;f myFfs; cUthjy; kw;Wk; ,izjy;> fUTWjy; eilngw;W Gjpa Nra;fis cUthjy;.
2) ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfs; ahit ?
1. ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; -Asexual reproduction
2. ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; - sexual reproduction
3) ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ?
,dr;nry;fs; ,y;yhky;> jdpnahU ngw;Nwhuhy; eilngWtJ.
Nra; capupfs; kuG xj;jdthf> xw;iw ngw;Nwhu; kuGg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
v.fh : GNuhl;b];lh> ghf;Bupah> Mu;f;fpah
4) ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWk; Kiwfs; ahit ?
Neub nry; gFg;G (Amitosis)> kiwKfr; nry; gFg;G (Mitosis) Mfpa Kiwfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
,J clyhy; Njhd;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; (Somatogenic)> fUf;Nfhsj;jhy; Njhd;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
(Blastogenic) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
5) ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ?
,U ngw;Nwhu;fspd; Mz;> ngz; ,dr;nry;fs; ,ize;J eilngWk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; MFk;.
v.fh : ,Utho;tpfs;> Cu;td> gwitfs;> ghY}l;bfs;
6) gy;NtW capupdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; Kiwfs; ahit ?
1. gpsTWjy; - Fisssion. 4. n[k;A+y; Mf;fk; - Gemmule formation
2. ];Nghu;fs; cUthf;fk; - Sorulation. 5. Jz;lhjy; - Fragmentation
3. Kfpo;jy; - Budding. 6. ,og;G kPl;ly; - Regeneration.
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
3
7) gpsTWjy; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit ?
ngw;Nwhu; clyhdJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;Fk; mjpfkhd mikg;nghj;j Nra; capupfshf gpuptjhFk;.
1) ,U rkg;gpsT Kiw > 2) gy gpsT Kiw > 3) ];Nghu;fs; cUthf;fk;> 4) ];l;Nuhgpyh Mf;fk; >
vd 4 tifg;gLk;.
8) ,U rkgpsT vd;why; vd;d ? v.fh jUf ?
ngw;Nwhu; capup ,U rk gFjpfshfg; gpupe;J xt;nthU gFjpAk; xU Nra; capupahf khw;wkilfpwJ.
v.fh : mkPgh > ghukPrpak;> A+f;spdh.
9) ,U rkgpsT vt;thW eilngWfpwJ ?
1. Kjypy; cl;fUthdJ Neu;Kf / kiwKfg; gpuptpd; %yk; gpuptilfpwJ - NfupNahifndrp];.
2. ,jd; njhlu;r;rpahf irl;Nlhgpshrk; gpuptilAk; - irl;Nlhifndrp];.
3. ,t;tpjk; cUthFk; Nra; capupfs; kugpay; uPjahf ngw;Nwhiu xj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
10) ,Urkgpstpd; ehd;F tiffs; ahit ?
1. vspa xOq;fw;w ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw.
2. fpilkl;l ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw.
3. ePs;kl;l ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw.
4. rha;Tkl;l ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw.
11) vspa xOq;fw;w ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw vd;why; vd;d ? v.fh jUf ?
xOq;fw;w tbtKila mkPghtpy; eilngwfpd;wJ. ,jpy; gpsT kl;lj;ij fz;lwpjy; fbdkhFk;.
cl;fU kzp kiwe;J> cl;fUthdJ gpsTgl;L> gpd; nry;ypd; eLtpy; RUf;fk; Vw;gl;L>
irl;Nlhgpshrk; ,U Nra; nry;fshf gpupfpd;wJ.
12) fpilkl;l ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw vd;why; vd;d ? v.fh jUf ? ( glk; - Refer the book)
,k;Kiwapy; gpsT kl;lk; caphpapd; fpilkl;l mr;rpy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. v.fh: ghukPrpak;> gpsNdhpah.
ghukPrpaj;jpy; nghpa cl;fU NeHKfg; gphpT KiwapYk;> rpwpa cl;fU kiwKfg;gphpT KiwapYk;
gphptilfpd;wd.
13) ePs;kl;l ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw vd;why; vd;d ? v.fh jUf ? ( glk; - Refer the book)
ePs;kl;l Kiwapy; cl;fU kw;Wk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; caphpapd; ePs; mr;rpy; gphptilfpd;wJ.
ePspio caphpfspy; gpstpd; NghJ ePspioahdJ xU Nra; nry;ypd; jf;f itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mbg;gilj; Jfs; ,uz;lhfg; gphpfpwJ. Gjpa mbg;gilj;Jfs; kw;nwhU Nra; nry;ypd; ePspioiaj;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. v.fh : Nthu;bnry;yh> A+f;spdh.
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
4
14) rha;Tkl;l ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw vd;why; vd;d ? v.fh jUf ?
rha;Tkl;l ,UrkgpsT Kiwapy; gpsTkl;lk; rha;thf mikfpd;wJ.
ilNdhgpshn[y;Nyl;Lfspy; ,t;tifg; gpsTWjy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: nruh\pak;.
15) gy gpsT Kiw (Multiple fission) vd;why; vd;d ?
,jpy; ngw;Nwhhpd; cly; xj;j mikg;Gila gy Nra; caphpfshf gphptilfpd;wJ.
Kjypy; cl;fU njhlHe;J gphptile;J> gy cl;fUf;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
gpd;dH cl;fUfSf;F Vw;g irl;Nlhgpshrk; gy gFjpfshfg; gphptilfpd;wd.
xt;nthU irl;Nlhgpshr gFjpAk;> xU Nra; cl;fUitr; #o;e;J nfhz;L XH caphpahf khWfpd;wJ.
,jpy; gy rpwpa Nra; caphpfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
16) gd;kb gFg;G vd;why; vd;d ? v.fh jUf ?
gy gpsT Kiwapy; rkkhd nry; gphpjypdhy; xU caphpapypUe;J ehd;F my;yJ gy Nra; caphpfs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
NkYk; gpsTWjy; epfo;T KOikailAk; tiu Nra; caphpfs; gphptjpy;iy. ,j;jF gphptpw;F gd;kb
gFg;G vd;W ngaH. v.fh: NthHbnry;yh
17) gy gpsT Kiw gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpy; vt;thW eilngWfpwJ ?
gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpy; ir\hz;l; kw;Wk; Cirl; epiyapy; gygpsTKiw eilngWfpwJ.
ir\hd;l; epiyapy; gygpsT Kiw eilngWjYf;F irN\hfdp vd;W ngaH. ,e;j Nra; caphpfs;
kPNuhNrhapl;Lfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Cirl; epiyapy; eilngWk; gygpsTKiw ];NghNuhfdp vd;Wk;> Nra; caphpfs; ];NghNuhNrhapl;Lfs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
18) mkPghtpy; eilngWk; ciwahf;fk; kw;Wk; gygpsT Kiwia tpsf;Ff ?
rhjfkw;w #oypy; ,it Nghypf;fhy;fis cs;;spOj;Jf; nfhz;L jd;id Rw;wp rp];l; vDk;
ifl;bdhyhd ciwia cUthf;fp mjpy; ciwfpwJ. ,jw;F ciwahf;fk; vd;W ngau;.
rhjkhd #oy; tUk; NghJ ,e;j rp];l; - gy gpsT Kiwapy; gFg;gile;J gy vz;zw;w rpwpa
Nghypf;fh];Nghu;fs; / mkPGNy-it cUthf;FfpwJ. ,it ePiu cwpQ;rp> czTz;L >Jupjkhf
tsu;e;J jdpj;J nray;gLfpd;wd.
19) Mupypahtpy; eilngWk; ];l;Nuhgpyhf;fk; / fpilkl;lg;gpsT vt;thW eilngWfpwJ ?
,jpy; gy fpilkl;lg; gpsTfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; eilngw;W jdpj;Jg; gphpahj vz;zw;w caphpfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
gynry; caphpfspy; ];l;Nuhgpyh Mf;fk; / fpilkl;lg;gpsT eilngWfpd;wJ. v.fh: Mhpypah
20) gpsh];NkhNlhkp vd;why; vd;d ? v.fh jUf ?
gy cl;fUf;fisf; nfhz;l ngw;NwhH caphpapd; cl;fUf;fs; gphpe;J gy cl;fUf;fisf; nfhz;l
Nra; caphpfis cUthf;Fjy; gpsh];NkhNlhkp vdg;gLk;.
gpd;dH cl;fUf;fs; gpse;J ,ay;ghd vz;zpf;ifia epiyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
v.fh : xghypdh kw;Wk; gpNyhkpf;]h (,uhl;rj mkPghf;fs;).
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~ 5 ~
P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
5
21) Kfpo;j;jy; Kiw vd;why; vd;d ? v.fh jUf ?
Kfpo;j;jy; Kiwapy; ngw;NwhH caphpfspd; clypy; xd;W my;yJ gy nkhl;Lfs; Njhd;wp xt;nthd;Wk;
xU Nra; caphp Mfpd;wJ.
gpd;dH xt;nthU nkhl;Lk; ngw;Nwhiu tpl;Lg;gphpe;J ,ay;ghd tho;f;ifiaj; njhlHfpd;wJ.
v.fh : flw; gQ;Rfs;.
22) mf Kfpo;j;jy; vd;why; vd;d ?
ehf;bY}fh-tpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd nkhl;Lfs; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpDs; cUthfp ngw;NwhH
clypDs;NsNa ,Uf;Fk; epiy mf Kfpo;j;jy; vdg;gLk;.
23) Jz;lhjy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ve;j capupapy; vt;thW eilngWfpwJ ?
Jz;lhjy; / mbg;gFjp Jz;lhjy; Kiw fly; rhke;jpapd; gy Nghpdq;fspy; eilngWfpd;wJ.
ngw;NwhH clyhdJ gy Jz;Lfshfg; gphpe;J> xt;nthU Jz;Lk; Gjpa caphpahf tsUk;
jpwDilaJ.
ghjj;jl;Lfspd; mbg;gFjpapy; Vw;gLk; RUf;fq;fshy; gphpe;j fJg;Gfs; xt;nthd;wpYk; Fly;
jhq;fpfSk; czHnfhk;GfSk; tsHe;J Gjpa flw;rhke;jpfs; cUthfpd;wd.
24) ‘mNghiyrp];”(jw;rpijT) „ tiuaW ?
ehlhg;GOf;fspy; gOj;j fz;lq;fs; clypd; gpd;Kidapy; cs;sd.
,e;j gOj;j fz;lq;fs; jdpahfNth (m) njhFg;ghfNth clypy; ,Ue;J gphpAk; nraYf;F
“mNghiyrp];”(jw;rpijT) vd;W ngaH.
25) ,og;G kPl;ly; vd;why; vd;d ? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ?
fhakile;j cly; gFjpapypUe;J cly; ghfq;fs; (my;yJ) jpRf;fs; kWtsHr;rp miltJ
‘,og;G kPl;ly;” vdg;gLk;.
i`l;uhtpy; ,og;G kPl;ly; Fwpj;J Kjd; Kjypy; Mgpufhk; buk;g;sp (1740) Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lhH.
26) ,og;G kPl;ly; - ,Utiffs; ahit ?
1. KO cUt kPl;G - clypd; xU rpwpa Jz;Lg;gFjpapypUe;J KO clYk; kPz;Lk; tsHfpwJ.
v.fh: i`l;uh > gpsNdhpah
2. cWg;G kPl;G - ,oe;j cly; cWg;Gfis kl;Lk; kPz;Lk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd; MFk;.
v.fh : el;rj;jpu kPd; > RtHgy;yp
27) cWg;GkPl;G vd;gJ vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit ?
cWg;GkPl;G vd;gJ ,oe;j cly; cWg;Gfis kl;Lk; kPz;Lk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd;
MFk;. v.fh: el;rj;jpu kPd; > RtHgy;yp ,oe;j thy;.
,J ,U tifg;gLk;. mit>
1) rPuhf;fy; - clypy; NrjKw;w rpy tifahd jpRf;fs; kl;Lk; rhp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
2) kPz;Lk; cUthf;Fjy; - cly; ,oe;j (m) ntl;Lz;l gFjpia KOikahf cUthf;Fk; jpwdhFk;.
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
6
ghypdg;ngUf;fk;
28) ghypdg;ngUf;fk;; - tiuaW ?
Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ,dr;nry;fs; ,izTw;W ,Uka fUKl;ilia cUthf;fp mjpypUe;J xU Gjpa
caphpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; KiwNa MFk;.
,jd;%yk; kugpay; NtWghLfs; cUthfpd;wd.
,jpy;; 1) xUq;fpizT 2) ,izT Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;” vd ,U Kiwfs; cs;sd.
29) ghypdg;ngUf;f Kiwfs; ahit ? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf ?
,J ,U Kiwfspy; eilngWfpwJ. mit :
1. xUq;fpizT Kiw - ,jpy; ,U xw;iw ka ,dr;nry;fs; xd;wpize;J ,ul;ilka fUKl;il
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh : flw;gQ;Rfs;> kPd;fs; kw;Wk; ,Utho;tpfs;.
2. ,izT Kiw - xNu rpw;wpdj;ijr; rhHe;j ,U caphpfs; jw;fhypfkhf ,izjy; eilngWfpwJ.
v.fh: ghukPrpak;> NthHl;bnry;yh kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpah (GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs;).
30) xUq;fpizT Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; tiffs; ahit ?
fUTWjypd; epfo;tplj;ijg; nghWj;J ,J ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. ntspf;fUTWjy; - ngz; caphpapd; clYf;F ntspapy;> Mz;> ngz; ,dr;nry;fs; ,ize;jhy;
Fwpg;ghf mit thOk; ePH thoplj;jpy; fUTWjy; epfOk;. v.fh: flw;gQ;Rfs;>kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs;.
2. cl;fUTWjy; - Mz;> ngz; ,dr;nry;fspd; ,izjyhdJ ngz; caphpapd; clYf;Fs;NsNa
fUTWjy; epfOk;. v.fh: CHtd> gwitfs; kw;Wk; ghY}l;bfs;
31) ,izT Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ?
xNu rpw;wpdj;ijr; rhHe;j ,U caphpfs; jw;fhypfkhf ,izjy; eilngWfpwJ. ,t;tpizjypy; <LgLk;
caphpfs; ,iztpfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mit jq;fSf;fpilNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT cl;fU nghUl;fis ghpkhwpa gpd; jdpj;jdpahfg; gphpfpd;wd.
nghJthf FW ,io caphpfspy; ,izT Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
v.fh: ghukPrpak;> NthHl;bnry;yh kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpah (GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs;).
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
7
32) caphpfs; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapd; epiyfs; ahit ?
caphpfs; jq;fs; tho;f;if Row;rpapy; %d;W epiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mit>
1. ,sk; caphpepiy /tsuhf;f epiy - xU caphpapd; gpwg;gpw;Fk;> ,dg;ngUf;f KjpHr;rpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
tsHr;rpf;fhyk; MFk;.
2. ,dg;ngUf;f epiy / KjpHr;rp epiy - xU caphpahdJ ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;J topj; Njhd;wy;fis
cUthf;Fk; nray;fisr; nra;Ak; fhyk; MFk;.
3. KJik epiy - ,dg;ngUf;f epiy KbAk; fhyj;jpy; xU caphpapd; cly; mikg;gpYk; nray;ghLfspYk;
rpijT Vw;glj; njhlq;Fk; epiy MFk;.
33) ,dr;NrHf;ifAWk; fhyj;ijg; nghWj;Jtpyq;Ffis vj;jid tifahf gpupf;fyhk; ?
,Utifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLk;. mit>
1) gUtfhy ,dr;NrHf;ifahsHfs; - ,itfs; xU Mz;bd; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,dr;NrHf;ifapy;
<LgLk; caphpfs; . v.fh: jtisfs;> gy;ypfs;> ngUk;ghyhd gwitfs;> khd;fs;.
2) njhlHr;rpahd ,dr;NrHf;ifahsHfs; - ghy; KjpHr;rpf; fhyk; KOtJk; ,dr;NrHf;ifapy; <LgLk;
caphpfs; njhlHr;rpahd ,dr; NrHf;ifahsHf;s MFk;. v.fh: NjdPf;fs;> tsHg;Gg; gwitfs;> Kay;fs;.
34) fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ?
mz;l nry;yhdJ fUTwhkNyNa KO caphpahf tsHr;rp milAk; nraYf;F fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;
vd;W ngaH. rhHy]; ghdl; vd;gtuhy; Kjy; Kjypy; fz;lwpg;gl;lJ.
35) fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; tiffs; ahit ?
,J ,Utifg;gLk;. mit>
1. ,aw;ifahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; - rpy tpyq;Ffspd; tho;f;if Row;rpapy; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;
njhlHr;rpahf epiyahf kw;Wk;; ,aw;ifahf eilngWfpwJ.
2. nraw;ifahdf; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; - ,jpy; fUTwhj mz;lk; ,aw;gpa my;yJ Ntjpa J}z;ly;fs;
%yk; J}z;lg;gl;L KO caphpahf tsHr;rpailfpd;wd. v.fh: tisjir GOf;fs; kw;Wk; fly; mHr;rpd;.
36) ,aw;ifahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; ,U tiffs; ahit ?
1. KOikahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; - ,t;tif tpyq;Ffspd; Mz; caphpfNs fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ngz;
caphpfs; kl;LNk cs;sd.
2. KOikaw;w fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; - rpy tpyq;Ffspy; ghypdg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;
,uz;LNk eilngWfpd;wd. v.fh: NjdPf;fspy; fUTw;w Kl;il ,uhzpj; NjdPahfTk;> Ntiyf;fhuj;
NjdPf;fshfTk; tsHr;rpAWfpd;wd. mNj Ntisapy;> fUTwhj Kl;ilfs; Mz; NjdPf;fshf
tsHr;rpailfpd;wd.
37) ,sk; caphp fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ?
,jpy; ,sTaphpNa fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; Gjpa jiyKiw ,sTaphpfis cUthf;FfpwJ.
v.fh : fy;yPuy; GOtpd; ];NghNuhrp];l;Lfs; kw;Wk; hPbah yhHthf;fs; > nkhOf;F <.
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
8
1) mkPghf;fspy; eilngWk; “];NghHfs; cUthf;fk;” Kiwapid tpsf;Ff ?
rhjfkw;w #o;epiyfspy; “];NghHfs; cUthf;fk;” Kiwapy; NkYiwia cUthf;fhky;
vz;zpf;ifapy; ngUf;fkilfpd;wd.
cl;fU gy rpW Jz;LfshfNth my;yJ FNuhkl;bd; njhFg;GfshfNth cilfpwJ. gpd; xt;nthU
Jz;ilr; Rw;wpYk; cl;fUr; rt;T cUthfpwJ.
mit gpd;dH irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpdhy; #og;gl;l gpd; jk;ikr; Rw;wpYk; XH ];NghH ciwia
cUthf;FfpwJ.
#o;epiy rhjfkhFk;NghJ ngw;NwhH cly; rpije;J ];NghHfs; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
];NghHfs; xt;nthd;wpypUe;Jk; xU ,sk; mkPgh ntsptUfpd;wJ.
2) i`l;uhtpy; eilngWk; Gw Kfpo;j;jy; epfo;;tpid tpsf;Ff ?
ngw;NwhH clypd; ntspg;gFjpapy; nkhl;Lfs; cUthdhy; mjw;F Gw Kfpo;j;jy; vd;W ngaH.
i`l;uhtpy; czT mjpfk; fpilf;Fk;NghJ Gwg;gil nry;fs; ngUfp clypd; Nkw;gFjpapy; xU Gilg;ig
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
Gwg;gil kw;Wk; mfg;gil ntspNehf;fp js;sg;gl;L nkhl;L cUthfpd;wJ. ,e;j nkhl;by; ngw;NwhH
caphpapd; Flw;Fop ePz;Ls;sJ.
nkhl;bd; Edpapy; thAk; kw;Wk; mjidr; Rw;wp czHePl;rpfSk; tsHfpd;wd.
KOtJk; tsHe;j gpwF nkhl;bd; mbg;gFjp RUq;fp ngw;NwhH clypypUe;J gphpe;J jdpj;j tho;f;ifia
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
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~ 9 ~
P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
9
3) n[k;A+y;fs; / cs;sik nkhl;Lfs; - cUthf;fj;jpid tpsf;Ff ?
KOtsHr;rp ngw;w n[k;kpA+y; cWjpahd ge;JNghd;w
mikg;GilajhFk;.
,jd; cl;gFjpapy; czTg;nghUs; jhq;fpa
MHf;fpNahirl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rhjfkw;w #oypy; gQ;Rfs; rpije;jhYk; n[k;A+y;fs; kpf
ghjfkhd #oiyAk; jhq;fp epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
rhjfkhd #oy; tUk;NghJ n[k;A+y;fs; nghhpj;J gQ;Rfs;
ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
ed;dPH gQ;Rfs; kw;Wk; rpy flw; gQ;Rfspy; ,k;Kiwapy;
ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.
4) i`l;uhtpy; eilngWk; ,og;G kPl;ly; gw;wp tpsf;Ff ?
i`l;uhit gy Jz;Lfshf ntl;bdhy; xt;nthU Jz;Lk; jdJ ,oe;j gFjpfis tsur; nra;J xU
KOikahd Gjpa i`l;uhit cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
,e;j ,og;G kPl;lypy; cWg;Gfs; jq;fsJ JUtj;jd;ikiaj; jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
tha;Kid czH ePl;rpfisAk;> tha; vjpHKid mbj;jl;LfisAk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
5) caphpfspd; eilngWk; gy;NtW tifahd xUq;fpizT (fUTWjy;) epfo;Tfis tptup ?
1) jd; fUTWjy; (Autogamy)- xU nry;ypypUe;Njh / xNu caphpapypUe;Njh cUthfpd;w Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;
,d nry;fs; ,ize;J fUKl;ilia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. v.fh: Mf;bNdh];Nghpak; kw;Wk; ghukPrpak;.
2) may; fUTWjy; (Exogamy) - Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; vd;Dk; ,U jdpj;jdp ngw;NwhHfspypUe;J
cUthfpd;w Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ,dr;nry;fs; xd;wpize;J fUKl;il cUthfpwJ. v.fh: kdpjd;
3) KONrHf;if (Hologamy) - ,jpy; fPo;epiy caphpfspy;> rpy rkaq;fspy; KjpHe;j caphpfs; ,dr;nry;fis
cUthf;fhky;> mt;taphpfNs ,dr; nry;fs; Nghd;W nray;gl;L xd;wpize;J Gjpa caphpfisj;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. v.fh: biuf;Nfhepk;gh.
4) ,sk; nry; NrHf;if (Paedogamy) - KjpHe;j ngw;NwhH nry;ypypUe;J kiwKfg;gphpT %yk; cUthFk; ,U
,sk; Nra; nry;fs; ,dr;nry;fs; Nghd;W nray;gl;L xd;wpize;J Gjpa caphpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
5) khWgl;l nry; NrHf;if (Merogamy) - mikg;gpy; khWgl;l ,U rpwpa ,dr;nry;fs; xd;wpizAk; Kiw .
6) xj;j nry; Nru;f;if (Isogamy) - mikg;gpYk; nraypYk; xNu khjphpahd ,U ,dr;nry;fs; xd;wpizjy;
MFk;. v.fh: NkhNdhrp];b];.
7) NtWgl;l nry; NrHf;if (Anisogamy) - Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l ,U ,dr; nry;fs; xd;wpizAk; KiwahFk;.
v.fh : cau;epiy KJnfYk;gw;wit> midj;J KJnfYk;gpfs;
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
10
6) tpyq;Ffs; fU tsUk; ,lk;> Kl;ilapLfpwjh/Fl;b <Dfpwjh vd;gijg; nghWj;J mjd; tiffs; ahJ ?
mit %d;W FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. Kl;ilapLtd - v.fh: CHtd kw;Wk; gwitfs;> kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs;.
jhapd; clypypUe;J ntspNa ,lg;gl;l Kl;ilfs; nghhpe;J FQ;Rfs; ntsptUfpd;wd.
,jpy; gwitfspd; Kl;ilfs; Xl;bdhYk;> kPd;fs; kw;Wk; ,Utho;tpfspd; Kl;ilfs;
rt;tpdhYk; %lg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. Fl;b <Dgit - ghY}l;bfs; > kdpjd;.
,sk; Fl;bfis gpurtpf;Fk; tpyq;Ffs; Fl;b <Dgit vdg;gLk;.
jha; Nra; ,izg;Gj; jpR %yk; czT+l;lk; ngw;W fUg;igapDs;> tsHr;rpaile;J KO caphpahf
capUld; gpwf;Fk; epfo;r;rp Fl;b <Djy; vdg;gLk;.
3. jhAs; Kl;il nghhpj;Jf; Fl;b <Dgit - v.fh : RwhkPd;
,jpy; fUthdJ Kl;ilf;Fs;NsNa tsHr;rp mile;J nghhpe;J ntspNaWk; tiu jhapd; clYf;Fs;NsNa
cs;sJ.
,t;tifapy; fUTf;Fk; jha;f;Fk; ,ilapy; jha; Nra; ,izg;Gj; jpR fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
fUthdJ Kl;ilapd; fU czTg; igapypUe;Nj czT+l;lk; ngWfpwJ.
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1) ,U rkgpsT fhzg;gLk; capupdq;fs; - mkPgh > ghukPrpak;> A+f;spdh.
2) ,UrkgpsT Kiwapy; Kjypy; cl;fUthdJ Neu;Kf / kiwKfg; gpuptpd; %yk; gpuptilAk; epiy -
NfupNahifndrp];.
3) ,UrkgpsT Kiwapy; irl;Nlhgpshrk; gpuptiljy; epiy - irl;Nlhifndrp];.
4) fpilkl;l ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw eilngWk; capupdk; - v.fh: ghukPrpak;> gpsNdhpah.
5) kdpjdpy; Mz; ngz; vd;Dk; ,U jdpj;jdp caphpfs; fhzg;gLjy; - lNah\pa]; / xU ghy;-caphp.
6) fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; ahuhy; Kjy; Kjypy; fz;lwpg;gl;lJ ? - rhHy]; ghdl;.
7) ilNdhgpshn[y;Nyl;Lfspy; eilngWk; gpsTWjy; Kiw -rha;Tkl;l ,UrkgpsT Kiw .
8) ir\hd;l; epiyapy; eilngWk; gygpsT Kiw - irN\hfdp .
9) Cirl; epiyapy; eilngWk; gygpsTKiw - ];NghNuhfdp .
10) rhjfkw;w #oypy; mkPgh Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw - ciwahf;fk;.
11) rhjfkw;w #oypy; mkPgh Nghypf;fhy;fis cs;;spOj;J> jd;id Rw;wp cUthf;Fk; ifl;bd; ciw - rp];l; .
12) ];l;Nuhgpyh Mf;fk; / fpilkl;lg;gpsT eilngWk; capupdk; - Mhpypah.
13) gpsh];NkhNlhkp ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw eilngWk; capupdk; - xghypdh > gpNyhkpf;]h .
14) Kfpo;j;jy; Kiwapy; ngw;NwhH caphpfspd; clypy; xd;W / gy nkhl;Lfs; Njhd;wp> Nra; capupfis cUthf;Fk;
capupdk; - flw; gQ;Rfs;.
15) ehlg;GOtpy; gOj;j fz;lq;fs; jdpahfNth (m) njhFg;ghfNth clypy; ,Ue;J gphpAk; nray; -
mNghiyrp]; / jw;rpijT .
16) fhakile;j cly; gFjpapypUe;J cly; ghfq;fs; (my;yJ) jpRf;fs; kWtsHr;rp miltJ - ,og;G kPl;ly;.
17) i`l;uhtpy; ,og;G kPl;ly; Fwpj;J Kjd; Kjypy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;ltu; - Mgpufhk; buk;g;sp (1740) .
18) el;rj;jpu kPdpy; ,oe;j cly; cWg;Gfis kl;Lk; kPz;Lk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd; - cWg;GkPl;G.
19) ghypd ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;Fk; Nra; capupfspy; fhzg;gLtJ - kugpay; NtWghLfs;.
20) mz;l nry;yhdJ fUTwhkNyNa KO caphpahf tsHr;rp milAk; nray; - fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
21) fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwia Kjy; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu; - rhHy]; ghdl; .
22) nraw;ifahdf; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWk; capupdq;fs; - tisjir GOf;fs;> fly; mHr;rpd;.
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~ 11 ~
P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
11
23) KOikaw;w fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; fUTw;w Kl;ilapypUe;J Njhd;Wk; capup - ,uhzpj; NjdP .
24) KOikaw;w fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; fUTwhj Kl;ilapypUe;J Njhd;Wk; capup -Mz; NjdPf;fs;.
25) ,sTaphpNa fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; Gjpa jiyKiw cUthf;Fk; capupdq;fs; - fy;yPuy; GOtpd;
];NghNuhrp];l;Lfs;> hPbah yhHthf;fs; > nkhOf;F <.
26) NjdPf;fspd; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; Mz; capupfNs kl;Lk; cUthf;Fk; Kiw - mu;uPNdhNlhfp.
27) nrhyNdhgpah-tpd; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; ngz; capupfNs kl;Lk; cUthf;Fk; Kiw „ njypNlhfp.
28) V`gp];-fspd; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; mz;l nry; tsu;r;rpAw;W Mz;/ngz; capupahf cUthf;Fk; Kiw
„ Mk;̀ gpNlhfp .
29) ,sk; capupfis <Dk; tpyq;Ffs; - Fl;b <Dgit.
30) ghf;Bupahtpy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWk; Kiw - ,izjy;.
31) vt;tif ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; NtWghLfs; Njhd;Wk; ? - ghypdg;ngUf;fk;.
Gj;jf tpdhf;fs; / (BOOK BACK QUESTIONS)
1) vt;Tapupdj;jpy; nry;gpupjNy ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwahfr; nray;GupfpwJ ?
mkPgh > ghukPrpak;> A+f;spdh.
2) ngz; ,dr;nry; Neubahf tsu;r;rpaile;j Nrahf khWk; epfo;tpd; ngaiuAk;> mJ epfOk; xU gwitapd;
ngaiuAk; Fwpg;gpLf ?
ngz; ,dr;nry; Neubahf tsu;r;rpaile;j Nrahf khWk; epfo;T - fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
v.fh : thd;Nfhop gwit .
3) fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ? tpyq;FfspypUe;J ,U vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf ?
mz;l nry;yhdJ fUTwhkNyNa KO caphpahf tsHr;rp milAk; nraYf;F fd;dp
,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;W ngaH.
v.fh : tisjir GOf;fs;> fly; mHr;rpd;> NjdPf;fs;.
4) ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; my;yJ ghypdg; ngUf;fk; ,tw;Ws; vJ Nkk;gl;lJ? Vd; ?
ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; Nkk;gl;lJ > Vnddpy; ,dr;nry; cUthf;fk;> kw;Wk; mit ,izjy; Nghd;w
epfo;r;rpfs; ghypdg; ngUf;fj;jpy; kl;LNk eilngWfpwJ. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; ,t;tpjk;
eilngWtjpy;iy.
ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; %yk; Njhd;Wk; Nra; capupfspy; kugpay; NtWghLfs; cUthfpd;wd. Mdhy;
ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; cUthFk; Nra; capupfs; kuG xj;jdthf> xw;iw ngw;Nwhu; kuGg; gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
5) ,U gpsTWjy; Kiwg;gb ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; xU nry; capupfs; moptw;wit. epahag;gLj;Jf ?
jdp xU ngw;Nwhuhy; eilngWk; ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; MFk;.
ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;j Ngw;Nwhu; capupdk; Neub nry; gFg;G / kiwKfr; nry; gFg;G Mfpa Kiwfspy;
,U Nra; capupfshf khw;wg;gLtjhy;> mit ,wg;gjpy;iy.
6) ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfspy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Nra;fs; Vd; gpujp (clone) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ ?
,dr;nry;fs; ,y;yhky;> jdpnahU ngw;Nwhuhy; eilngWtJ.
Nra; capupfs; kuG xj;jdthf> xw;iw ngw;Nwhu; kuGg; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; Gw mikg;G gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ,it gpujp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ .
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P.Senguttuvan.M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil.& G.Arockiam. M.Sc., B.Ed.,M.Phil. TNHSPGTA –Dharmapuri.
12
7) Kl;ilapLk; tpyq;Ffspd; Nra;fs;> Fl;b <Dk; tpyq;Ffspd; Nra;fis tplg; ghJfhg;gw;w epiyapy; cs;sd.
fhuzk; $W ?
Kl;ilapLk; tpyq;Ffspy;> jhapd; clypypUe;J ntspNa ,lg;gl;l Kl;ilfs;> ntspr; #oypy;>
ghJfhg;gw;w epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy;> FQ;Rfs; nghupe;J ntsptUk; tiu nfhd;Wz;zpfspyplkpUe;J
ghJfhg;gJ mtrpak;.
Mdhy; Fl;b <Dk; tifapy; fUKl;ilahdJ> jhapd; clYf;Fs;NsNa KO capupahf tsu;r;rp ngw;W
ntspNa tUfpwJ. vdNt ,J ghJfhg;ghd KiwahFk;.
8) fhuzk; $Wf :-
1. NjdPf;fs; Nghd;w capupfs; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;f tpyq;Ffs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd ?
mz;l nry;yhdJ fUTwhkNy KO capupahf tsu;r;rpailAk; nraNy fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;
vdg;gLk;. ,J NjdPf;fspy; ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; KOikaw;w fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;
eilngWfpwJ. mjhtJ ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fKk;> fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fKk; ,uz;LNk eilngWfpwJ.
2. Mz; NjdPf;fspy; 16 FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk;> ngz; NjdPf;fspy; 32 FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
ngz;/ ,uhzp NjdPf;fs; - Mz;> ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f nry;fs; ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;J cUthf;Fk;
fUTw;w ( 2n ) Kl;ilapypUe;J ntsptUtjhy;; 32 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;
Mz; NjdPf;fs; - fUTwhj (n) Kl;ilapypUe;J tsu;r;rpailtjhy; ,jpy; 16 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
9) fPo;fz;;ltw;iw NtWgLj;Jf :-
m) mkPghtpy; ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw - gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpy; gy gpsT Kiw NtWgLj;Jf ?
mkPghtpy; ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpy; gy gpsT Kiw
,jpy; eilngWtJ xOq;fw;w ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw.
cl;fU kiwKfg;gpupT Kiwapy; ,uz;lhf
gpsTg;gl;L> ,ij njhlu;e;J irl;Nlhgpshrk; gpupe;J
,U Nra;fis kl;LNk cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.
,jpy; cl;fU njhlu;r;rpahf gy gpupT milfpwJ.
gpd; cl;fU vz;zpf;F Vw;g irl;Nlhgpshrk; gy
gFjpfshf gpuptile;J> xt;nthd;Wk; xU Nra;
cl;fUitr; #o;e;J> gy Nra; capupfshf khWfpwJ.
M) gy;yp „ gpsNdupahtpy; fhzg;gLk; ,og;G kPl;ly;
gy;yp gpsNdupah
,jpy; ,oe;j cly; cWg;Gfis kl;LNk kPz;Lk;
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd; ngw;wit. ,jw;F
cWg;G kPl;G vd;W ngau;.
,jpy; clypd; xU rpwpa Jz;Lg;gFjpapypUe;J KO
clYk; kPz;Lk; tsHfpwJ. ,jw;F KO cUt kPl;G
vd;W ngau;.
10) ,sTapup epiy vt;thW ,dg;ngUf;f epiyapypUe;J NtWgl;Ls;sJ ?
,sk; caphpepiy /tsuhf;f epiy ,dg;ngUf;f epiy / KjpHr;rp epiy
4. xU caphpapd; gpwg;gpw;Fk;> ,dg;ngUf;f
KjpHr;rpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l tsHr;rpf;fhyk; MFk;.
xU caphpahdJ ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;J topj;
Njhd;wy;fis cUthf;Fk; nray;fisr; nra;Ak;
fhyk; MFk;.
11) xUq;fpizT kw;Wk; fUTWjy; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNaahd NtWghLfs; ahit ?
xUq;fpizT fUTWjy;
,jpy; ,U xw;iw ka ,dr;nry;fs; xd;wpize;J
,ul;ilka fUKl;il cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
v.fh : flw;gQ;Rfs;> kPd;fs; kw;Wk; ,Utho;tpfs;.
xNu rpw;wpdj;ijr; rhHe;j ,U (Mz;> ngz; )
caphpfs; jw;fhypfkhf ,izjy; eilngWfpwJ.
,J cl;fUTWjy;> ntspf;fUTWjy; Kiwapy;
eilngWk; .v.fh : Cu;td> gwit> ghY}l;bfs;.
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