信息处理技术. chapter 1: computer, internet, web, and e-mail basics2 111chapter 4: file...

信息处理技术信息处理技术

Chapter 1: Computer, Internet, Web, and E-Mail Basics 2111Chapter 4: File Management, Virus Protection, and Backup

1Chapter 1: Computer, Internet, Web, and E-Mail Basics

Chapter 1: Computer, Internet, Web, and E-Mail Basics 3

After this chapter, you should be able to:– Define the term computer and identify the

components of a personal computer system– Compare the computing capabilities of the

computer categories – Describe operating systems– Evaluate the various ways you can connect a

computer to the Internet and select an ISP

Chapter 1 Preview


After this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe how Web servers, browsers, URLs,

HTML, and HTTP contribute to the Internet resource known as the Web

– Describe Internet communications and basic features

– Demonstrate that you can use a search engine to locate information on the Web

– Explain how an e-mail system works

Chapter 1 Preview


通过本章学习 , 你将掌握 :– 了解什么是计算机以及个人计算机的功能

部件– 学会比较计算机的性能及分类学会比较计算机的性能及分类– 知道什么是操作系统– 了解不同的计算机连入互联网的方式以及

选择 ISP 的方法 .

第一章导读第一章导读


学完本章学完本章 ,, 你应该具备你应该具备 ::– 描述 Web 服务 , 浏览器 , URLs, HTML, and

HTTP 等 WEB 资源的能力– 描述互联网基本特性的能力– 具备利用搜索引擎定位、搜寻 WEB 中有用信息的

能力– 解释 Email 系统如何工作的能力

第一章导读第一章导读


Chapter 1 Outline

• Section A– Computer Basics （计算机基础）

• Section B– Internet Basics （互联网基础）

• Section C– Web Basics （ WEB 基础）

• Section D– E-Mail Basics （ Email 基础）

Computer Concepts 8th Edition

Section A: Computer Basics 计算机基础知识

Chapter 1Computer, Internet, Web, and E-Mail Basics


• Collection of hardware (equipment) & software (programs) 硬件和软件的集合

• A computer system includes a computer, peripheral [] ( 外围的 )devices, and software

• Accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output– Input refers to whatever is sent to a computer

system

What is a computer?

Page 4

1


Computer Basics

• Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas

• Processing is the way that a computer manipulates data

• A computer processes data in a device called the central processing unit (CPU)

What is a computer?

Page 4

informati

on

Work on or with

Processor


• A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing

• Data is worked on in Memory, i.e. an area of a computer that holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output

• (Secondary) Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis

What is a computer?

Page 5

3 inch disks, zip disks, hard drives, CDs, DVDs


Computer Basics

• Computer output is the result (are results) produced by the computer (computer programs)

• An output device displays, prints or transmits the results of processing

What is a computer?

Page 5


What is a computer?

Page 5

Input Process Output


• Before:– Categorized into three main categories:

• Microcomputers (small)• Minicomputers (medium)• mainframe computers (large, fast)

• Today( 新的分类标准 )

– Categorized based on its technology, function, size, performance, and cost

Computer Categories

Page 6

2


• Today’s Computer Categories– Personal computers PCPC 机机– Handheld computers 掌上电脑掌上电脑– Workstations 工作站工作站– Videogame Consoles 视频游戏机视频游戏机– Mainframes 主机主机– Supercomputers 超级计算机超级计算机– Servers 服务器服务器

Computer Categories

Page 6


• Microcomputer designed to meet the computing needs of an individual– Desktop computers– Notebook computers– Cost starts at $500, but most cost

$1000 to $1200

What is a Personal Computer?

Page 6


What is a tablet computer?什么是平板电脑什么是平板电脑

• Portable [] 便携式的 computing device featuring a touch-sensitive screen

• Prices range from $1,200 to over $2,000

Page 7


• Designed to be used while you are holding it, typically in 1 hand

• Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

– Send and receive e-mail

– Use maps and global positioning

– Maintain expense account, contacts, to-do lists, memos, etc.

– Make voice calls using cellular service

What is a handheld?什么是手掌电脑什么是手掌电脑

Page 7


What is a handheld?

Page 7


• The term “workstation” has two meanings

1. Powerful desktop models

2. Ordinary personal computers connected on a network• A computer network is two or more

computers or other devices that are connected

What types of computers can be classified as workstations?

Page 8

3


• Yes, but typically it has not been considered a computer category

• And yes, because today’s videogame systems contain microprocessors

Is a PlayStation a computer?

Page 8


同步 , 同时

• Large, fast, and expensive computer

• Capable of processing data simultaneously for hundreds of thousands of users

• Used by governments and large corporations

What’s so special about a mainframe computer?

Page 8


• One of the fastest computers in the world– Breaking codes– Modeling weather systems– Simulating nuclear explosions

How powerful is a supercomputer?

Page 8


• A server serves the computers on a network by supplying them with data– Web page server– Domain Name Server (DNS)– FileServer

• A client requests data from a server

• Any computer can be a server or a client (requires special software)

What makes a computer a server?

Page 9

What is a Server? 4


Personal Computer Systems

Page 9


• A personal computer system consists of the following:– System unit– Display device– Keyboard– Mouse– Hard disk drive– CD and DVD drives

What’s a personal computer system?

Page 10

Main box?

Monitor?

CPU

Mem

Other Input ???

5


– Output Devices• Floppy disk drive• Sound card and speakers• Modem and network cards• Printer

What’s a personal computer system?

Page 10

Input & output


What is a personal computer system?

Page 10


• Equipment that might be added to a computer system to enhance its functionality– Printer– Digital camera 数码相机– Scanner 扫描仪– Joystick 操纵杆– Graphics tablet 绘画板

What is a peripheral device?

Page 11

6


Data, Information, and Files

• Data - symbols that represent people, events, things and ideas

• Information - data that is presented in a format people can understand and use– Interpreted data, making data useful

• Computers store data in digital format as a series of 1s and 0s.– Each 1 or 0 is called a bit

– Eight bits is called a byte

Page 11

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

7


• A named collection of data that exists on a storage medium

• A data file contains data such as the text for a document

• An executable file contains the programs or instructions that tell a computer how to perform a specific task

• A filename extension indicates a file’s contents– .exe or .EXE– .gif or .GIF

What is a file?

Page 11

examples

8


• A programs that helps a person carry out a specific task

• 为完成某一特殊目的而建立的软件叫应用软件。– Create, edit, and print documents– Manage money accounts– Create and edit home movies

What is application software?

Page 12

9


• Microsoft Windows– Windows XP– Windows Mobile

• Palm OS

• Mac OS

• Linux

• Unix

What are (the most) popular operating systems?

Page 12

10


• Two of the factors that influence compatibility / 兼容 /and define a computer’s platform are the microprocessor (hardware) and the operating system (software)– PCs are based on the design of the IBM

PC– Macs are based on a proprietary design

for a personal computer called the Macintosh

How does an operating system affect compatibility?

Page 13


Section B: Internet Basics 互联网基础



• The Internet is a collection of networks that are linked together to exchange data and distribute processing tasks

• The main routes are referred to as the Internet backbone 因特网主干因特网主干

• Communication between all of the different devices on the Internet is made possible by TCP/IP

How does the Internet work?

Page 15


• Web Sites – various locations in cyberspace that correspond to a corporation, a store, a magazine, and more

• Search engines – help catalog a huge portion of the data stored on Web sites

• Downloads and uploads• P2P – peer-to-peer

– Popular music and file exchange Web sites

What kind of resources are available on the Internet?

Page 16


• E-mail – electronic messages

– Mailing list server

• Bulletin boards – discussion groups– Usenet– Newsgroups

• Blogs – refers to a personal journal 杂

志 posted on the Web


Page 17


• Chat groups and instant messaging – interaction between users in real time

• Internet telephony – telephone-style conversations to travel over the Internet

• E-commerce – online activities such as banking and shopping


Page 17


• Broadcasting – multicasting technology

• Remote access and control –link two computers together and allow one to control the other– Telnet

– SSH 加密网络数据


Page 17


• Existing telephone line

• Cable television line

• Personal satellite link

• Wireless or cell phone service

• High-speed telephone services– ISDN, DSL

What are my options for Internet connections?

Page 18


What are my options for Internet connections?

Page 18


• Dial-up connection – relatively simple and inexpensive

• Voiceband modem – converts digital signals into wave format to go over telephone lines and then at destination waves are converted back into digital

• Dial-up top speed is 56 Kbps

What’s the easiest, cheapest way to access the Internet?

Page 18


• Requires 2 pieces of equipment– Network card – connects a personal

computer to a local area network– Cable modem / 电缆调制解调器 /–

changes computer’s signals into a form that can travel over cable TV links

Does a cable modem provide a faster Internet connection?

Page 19


• Referred to as an always-on connection // 永不离线永不离线 //

• Top speed is around 1.5 Mbps (25 times faster than dial-up)

• Suitable for most Internet activities, including real-time video and teleconferencing // 电信会议电信会议 //

Does a cable modem provide a faster Internet connection?

Page 19


• Typically schools and business connect to a Local Area Network that is connected to the Internet

• These connections are frequently always-on connections

What about access provided by a school or business network?

Page 20


• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network (Integrated Services Digital Network 综综合服务数字网合服务数字网 )) – 64Kbps or 128 Kbps

• DSL (Digital Subscriber(Digital Subscriber [] Line Line 数字用数字用户线户线 )) –125 times faster than 56 Kbps– Comes from phone company, requires

proximity // 接近接近 // to a switching station

• DSS (Digital Satellite Service) – 500 Kbps

What other high-speed Internet access options are available?

Page 20


• A company that provides Internet access to businesses, organizations, and individuals– An ISP ( 网络服务提供商 )that offers dial-up

connections, for example, maintains a bank of modems

– AOL ( 美国在线服务公司 , )Earthlink

Internet Service ProvidersWhat’s an ISP?

Page 20


• Geographical coverage 地域覆盖地域覆盖• Type of service 服务类型服务类型• Quality of service QoS QoS 服务质量服务质量• Cost of monthly service 月服务费月服务费• Cost of equipment and installation• 设备及安装费设备及安装费• Extra services 附加服务附加服务• Customer service 客户服务客户服务

How do I choose an ISP?选择运营商的原则

Page 21


• A user ID becomes a person’s unique identifier

• A password is a different series of characters that verifies your identity

• Some computers are case-sensitive; (大小写敏感大小写敏感 )they differentiate between upper and lower case letters

User ID’s and Passwords

Page 22


How do I choose a secure password?

Page 23


Section C: Web Basics Web 基础



• The Web is a collection of files that can be linked and accessed using HTTP

• WEB 就是利用超文本传输协议 , 彼此互联的 ,可被访问的文件的集合 .

• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议 ) - the protocol that allows Web browsers to communicate with Web servers

• HTTP: 是允许 WEB 浏览器和 WEB 服务器彼此进行通信联系的协议 .

The World Wide Web 万维网万维网

Page 26


Many of these files produce documents called Web pages

具有如上特征的文件被称为”网页”• Web site - location on a computer

somewhere on the Internet that stores a collection of Web pages– http://www.ynnu.edu.cn

存储网页集合的 , 位于 Internet 上的计算机称为 WEB 站点 .

The World Wide Web 万维网万维网

Page 26

http://www.ynnu.edu.cn/


What is the Web?

Page 26


• Web server (Web 服务器 ) - computer with special software for transmitting Web pages over the Internet

• Home page ( 主页 - 烘培鸡 ^_^)- identifies the site and contains links to other pages at the site

• Web sites are composed of a series of Web pages

What is the Web?

Page 27


• URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - an Internet address of a document on a computer– Begins with http://

What is the Web?

Page 27

http://www.kmust.edu.cn/xuexiaogaikuang/xyfg.htm

协议协议标准标准

WEBWEB服务器名称服务器名称文件夹名文件夹名文件名文件名

及及扩展名扩展名


• Web browsers are software programs that run on your computer and help you access Web pages

• 浏览器是计算机中帮助我们访问网页的软件 , 主要有 :– Internet Explorer– Netscape

What is a browser?

Page 28


• Fetches// 获取获取 // and displays Web pages

• The server sends your computer data that’s stored

• The data consists of information that you want to see and HTML tags, codes that tell your browser how to display it

Exactly what does a browser do? 浏览器是干什么的浏览器是干什么的

Page 30


Exactly what does a browser do?

Page 30


Can I copy and save information from a Web page?

Pages 30-31


• Web site that provides a variety of tools to help you find information– Helps you locate web pages on certain

topics– Enter keywords or descriptions– AltaVista( 阿塔维斯塔 ), Google, Yahoo, etc.

What is a search engine?什么是搜索引擎什么是搜索引擎

Page 31


Search Engines

Page 31


• Describes information you want to find• You can enter more than one keyword• 可以键入一个或多个关键词• A search operator describes a relationship

between keywords– AND, OR, and NOT– Quotation marks 引号– NEAR– Wildcards [ 计 ] 通配符– Field / 领域 / Searches

Exactly what is a query? 查询确切的定义是什么 ?

Page 32


• A topic directory is a list of topics and subtopics // 副主题副主题 //

How do I use a topic directory? 如何使用主题目录主题目录进行查询 ?

Page 33


Section D: E-Mail Basics

电子邮件基础电子邮件基础



• Any person with an e-mail account// 帐帐号号 //

• An e-mail account provides the rights to a storage area // 存储区存储区 //or “mailbox”/”/ 邮邮箱箱 //

• Each mailbox has a unique // 唯一的唯一的 // address– [email protected]

Who can use e-mail?

Page 36


• A document that is composed on a computer and remains in digital form so that it can be transmitted to another computer

• Every message includes:– A message header 信息头部信息头部– The body of the message 信息体信息体

Exactly what is an e-mail message? 邮件信息的确切定义是什么邮件信息的确切定义是什么 ??

Page 36


What can I do with basic e-mail?

Page 36


• After you receive a message, you can pass it on to other people

• The original message is copied and then you can enter the address of the person to receive the message, and even add a note about why you are passing it along

How does forwarding work?

Page 37


• File that travels with a message to the recipient // 接收者接收者 //

• MIME provides a way of disguising the file as plain ASCII text that can travel over the Internet

• MIME: 多用途的网际邮件扩充协议

What’s an e-mail attachment?什么是邮件的附件什么是邮件的附件 ??

Page 37


• Netiquette is online jargon []( 行话 ) for “Internet etiquette 网络礼节

• Series of customs or guidelines for maintaining civilized and effective communications on-line

Notify 通告 recipients of virusesStay alert for viruses

Explain all attachmentsDon’t send huge attachments

Don’t send replies to “all recipients”Use the Bcc function for group mailings

Use smileys cautiously : - )Be cautious with sarcasm 讽刺 and humor

Be concise 简明Be polite

Be careful what you sendCheck spelling

Use uppercase and lowercase lettersPut a meaningful title on the subject line

Is e-mail different than other types of communication?

Pages 38-39


What is all this junk 垃圾垃圾 in my mailbox?

• Spam ( 垃圾邮件垃圾邮件 ) ) is unwanted electronic junk mail that arrives in your online mailbox

• Globally, spam accounts for about 75% of all e-mail messages

Page 40


• The equipment and software that carries and manipulates e-mail messages

• E-mail servers sort, store, and route email• Store-and-forward technology – a

communications method in which data that cannot be sent directly to its destination will be temporarily stored until transmission is possible– POP Post Office Protocol 邮局协议– IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol,

Internet 消息访问协议– Web-based e-mail 基于 WEB 的电子邮件

E-mail Technology: What is an e-mail system?

Page 40


How do I use Web-based e-mail?

Page 41


• Your ISP will offer // 提供提供 //POP or IMAP

• POP server – a computer that stores your incoming messages until they can be transferred to your hard disk

• Using POP requires e-mail client software 电子邮件客户端软件

• Outgoing mail is routed by an SMTP server

How do POP and IMAP work?

Page 41


How do POP and SMTP work?

Page 41


• Requires e-mail client software

• Transfers e-mail to your computer

• Consider the following when deciding:– Control 控制– Security 保密– Travel 传输

Is POP mail better than Web-based e-mail?

Page 42


Conclusion

• You should now be able to:– Define the term computer and identify the

components of a personal computer system

– Compare the computing capabilities of the computer categories

– Describe operating systems– Describe Internet communications and

basic features– Explain how an e-mail system works


全章总结

•你现在应该具备如下能力 :– 定义计算机的概念 , 认识个人计算机系统的

构成– 比较不同类别计算机的计算性能– 描述操作系统的概念– 描述互联网通信技术及其基本特征– 解释电子邮件系统是如何工作的 .

信息处理技术. chapter 1: computer, internet, web, and e-mail basics2 111chapter 4: file...

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