第六章 染色体和连锁群 chapter 6 chromosome and linkage group
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第六章 染色体和连锁群 Chapter 6 Chromosome and Linkage Group. 教学时数: 8 学时 一 教学目的与要求:要求学生了解人类染色体作图的方法 ,掌握连锁与交换的原理,高等动植物和真菌类染色体图的方法,达到熟练掌握连锁与交换定律,用三点测交方法进行染色体作图,能熟练地将该定律及相关知识运用到今后的学习和研究工作的目的。 二 教学重点:连锁与交换定律,高等动植物和真菌类染色体作图的方法 。. 三 教学难点:重组值与交换值,双交换的特点,两对基因的着丝粒作图。 四 本章主要阅读文献资料: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6 Chromosome and Linkage Group
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8
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1P.C. Winner, G.I. Hickey & H.L. Fletcher,Instant Notes in Genetics, BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited,1998.12.2 199963 20023
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4 3200215 200016 200047 200188 20019
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The structure of this chapter
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(Law of linkage and crossing-over)2335000
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MorganBridgesF29:3:3:1W.Bateson R.C.Punnet,1906
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Bateson-Punnet P: F1: (O) (E)F2: 4831 9 3910.5390 3 1303.5393 3 1303.51338 1 434.5 6952 2 = (Oi-Ei)2/Ei=3371.58 df=4-1=3, 2 >2 0.05=7.822 >>2 0.01=11.35 F2
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P: F1: (O) (E)F2: 226 9 235.8 95 3 78.5 97 3 78.5 1 1 26.2 419 2 = (Oi-Ei)2/Ei=32.4 df=4-1=3, 2 >2 0.05=7.822 >2 0.01=11.35 OE.
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F2Batson(coupling phase)(repulsion phase)19121910
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LinkageP: (BBVV) (bbvv) F1:(BbVv) (BbVv) (bbvv) (BbVv) : (bbvv) =1 : 1 (BbVv) :(bbVv) :(Bbvv):(bbvv)=1:1:1:1 F2
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(BbVv) (bbvv) (BbVv) : 0.42 (bbVv) : 0.08 (Bbvv) : 0.08 (bbvv) : 0.42 F2
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BVbvBV,bv 1.(linkage): 2. (Complete linkage):P: (BBVV) (bbvv)
F1: (BbVv) (bbvv)
(BbVv) : (bbvv) =1 : 1
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3. (Incomplete linkage) (BbVv) (bbvv)
: : : (BbVv) (bbVv) (Bbvv) (bbvv)
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4.(coupling phase and repusion phase) Bateson()(coupling phase), )(repusion phase):abAB(AB/ab);(Ab/aB)
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5.(Recombination) (Recombination) (recombinants)6. (recombination frequencyRF) F11:1:1:1(recombination frequencyRF)
:RF=16%
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(C)(c);(Sh)(sh)ShCCSh/CSh X csh/csh:
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97%3%RF50%1:1:1:1RF1:1:1:1
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(linkage group)(linkage group)(n)4I1IIIIIV 234233.52323
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(crossing over) Janssens, 1909chiasmatype hypothesis) 1. (chiasma)(crossing over).
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2.
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(Law of linkage and crossing-over) .
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(interchromosomal recombination)(intrachromosomal recombiation)
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22CDCMorgan()
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The law of HaldaneJBSHaldane::(SC)SC
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double crossingover double crossingover:AB() () ABC() 3
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()(1911)() 3 3abcabbcacAHSturtevant
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(gene mapping) (chromosome map)(linkage map)(genetic map)()(map distance) (map distance)1%()(map unitmu)THMorgan (centimorgan, cM)l cM=l%%
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(two-point testcross)1. bi-w: 5.3cM w-y: 1.1 cM (1) w-y-bi (2) y-w-bi y-bi: 5.5 cM2.
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(three-point testcross)Sturtevant33abc/+++3abc/abc3wybi3
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ec-ct18.4%eccvcvct10.2%+8.4%=18.6%=/=18.4%?eccteccvcvct?? (ecct)ecctcv
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8(+++ec ct cv)eccvcvctecctecct218.4%+2x0.1%-18.6%(eccvcvct)ecct18.6cM eccvcvct836
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(interferenceI) ecct10.2%X8.4%=0.86% (5+3)/5318=0.15%(interferenceI)(chromommeintedepence) (positive interference) (negative interference)
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(Chromatid interference) 121
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1. (chromatid interference)4 1:2:12. 3. 2324131450%
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(coefficient of cincidence) , (coefficient of coincidenceC)
I=l-CC=lI=0, I=16 C=0.15%/ 0.86% =0.17I=1-C=1-0.17=0.8383%83%
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41/2100%1/2x100%=0.50 ?
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RFmax=8/16=50%
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1/4;2/4;1/41:2:11:2:150%100%AB50%41150%
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1. 2. : 3. 4.
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7
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:(A)(a)(:)(ascus)(2n)48
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(tetrad): (tetrad analysis):(ordered tetrad):
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4(tetrad)8;(orded tetrad)
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:1.(locus)2.3.(gene conversion)4.434
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(centromere mapping) :(first-division segregation)MI;(second-division segregation)MIIAa
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()( first-division segregation , MI) Aa2nnnMI
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()( Second-division segregation , MII) Aa
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()(Centromere mapping) :(Iysine)(lys+)(lys )
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64(spore pairs)
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2.
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3.n
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4.a
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5.an6.
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(cM)3300cMl cM1000kb
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()(mapping function)?(mapping function) (Poisson distribution) (p 0) Poisson
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Poisson:
x=012m=: 0(RF)
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(poisson distribution), x:
x=1,2,3, ; m:
f(x>0)=1 - f(0) =1 - e-m, , :
x(cM)mx=m/2(RF)mmm
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RFm RFmm 1.mmRFRF: m=0.05 e-m=0.95, RF=(1-0.95)/2=2.m3.mRF(1-0)/2=50%, 50%RF()m RF
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:27.5%?0.275=(1-e-m)/2 1 - e-m=0.55 e-m=1 - 055=045 m=0.80.84m1/20.440cM
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410
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:1.0,02. 0%-50%5050% Xyr57.6cMy-r50%
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30
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genetic map gene linkage map,1cM1000kbphysical map DNAsequence tagged site,STSSTSMbkbSTSphysical mapYACDNAMbkb
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mRNAmRNADNA1%-5%DNA10%mRNAcDNAESTEST100-300bpcDNAmRNAmRNAcDNAEST
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Wilson19111968Donahueuffy1,.1973
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(pedigree method)
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grandfather method)
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1. a b PEG 2.banding pattern3.
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DNADNADNA
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1. cDNADNA2.in situ hybridization DNARNADNAfluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH,DNA
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3.PCRin situ PCR PCRPCRDNADNAPCR PCRPCRDNA;PCR;
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YXX30bp 3.4-3.570%30%: 22A+XYhuman genome project, HGP)19912003
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X
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20%-25%
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1OoSs4 OS23 oS83 Os85 os19 O-s2O-S 4 3co CO CCooccoo ccoo68204o-c
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4 AABBaabb AaBbaabb AaBb aabb aaBb aabb (1-p) p p (1-p)1p= 2p= 3p=5pxal 7416pxal10%412
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6 pxpxalPx.Alpx al7 abcABCF1 abc 211 ABC 209 ABC 212 AbC 2081 2
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8O(oblate=flattened fruit),P(peach=hairy ruit)S(compound inflorescence)F1 +++ 73 ++s 348 + P+ 2 +Ps 96 o++ 110 o+s 2 oP+ 306 oPs 631 2 3 4
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9 60%/+++/1000 10. 6-2111. 2-3