한국어문규정집 (codes of the korean language)

299
한국 어문 규정집 한글 맞춤법 표준어 규정 외래어 표기법 국어의 로마자 표기법

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국립국어원에서 2007년 발간한 한국어 어문 규정집으로 '한글 맞춤법', '표준어 규정', '외래어 표기법', '국어의 로마자 표기법'에 대한 내용을 포함하고 있습니다. This was published in 2007. It contains the rules of Korean Orthography, the rules of Korean standard Language, the rules of foreign language Orthography, and the rules for the representation of the Roman Alphabet in the Korean Language.

TRANSCRIPT

, 70 . 1930 (1933 ) (1936 ) . 1970 1980 , (1984 ), (1986 ) . 1984 , 2000 . . , . . . , , . , , , . , , . , ( .) 1994 ,

. , , . , . , . , 1987 , . , (1988 , 88-1 ), (1988 , 88-2 ),

(1986 , 85-11 / 1992 , 1992-31 /1995 , 1995-8 / 2004, 2004-11 / 2005, 2005-32 ), (2000 , 2000-8 )

, . 1995 , 2000 2004 2005 . , .

2007 12 27

1. ( .) , . 2. . . . . 88-1 (1988 1 19 ) 88-2 (1988 1 19 ) 85-11 (1986 1 7 )

( ) 1992-31 (1992 11 27 ) ( ) 1995-8 (1995 3 16 ) 3 2004-11 (2004 12 20 ) ( , , ) 2005-32 (2005 12 28 )

. 2000-8 (2000 7 7 ) 3. .

. . , , ()() ()()() .: 1, 2, 5, 3, 6. (: 1 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 6 .)

. .: (-)

. . : make[meik] make[meik]

4. . .: : 6, 7 : 7 : 21, 28, 29, 40 : 11

5. .

.: () .( 6)

6. . . . . . / .

7. .(2004) (2005) 3 ( , , ) (1993) (1995) (2000) (1986) (1987) (1988) (1988) (1988) ( ). ( ). . (). ( ). ( ). . .

(1987)

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(1988)

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(1988)

: .

(1990)

( 36 ).

( , 1936) . (1989) (19331980, ).

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. 11 . 71 . 119 . 215

2 223

. 228 . 276

1

. 11 . 71 . 119 . 215

88-1 (1988. 1. 19.)

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20 20 21 27 34 37

43 43 , 43 44 45

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34 , -/-, --/-- .() () () ()

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49

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60

, .

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, (, , , ) . .

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( ) 61

1, 2, 3, 4

(14) .5, 6 6, 7

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2. () . (1) ., . , 2 . , , .1)

(2) .31 815

(3) .

1) .

62

. .

3. ( : )(1) . : , , , . : , , , .

(2) .: 1984 10 15 10 . : .

(3) .: , . : , , 1910.

(4) () (), () () , . 10:20 ( 10 20 ) 3:16 ( 3 16 ) 65:60 (65 60)2) ()()()() ,( 3 .) .2)

( ) 63

4. ( / )(1) , , ./ / /125 /

(2) .3/4 3/20

. []1. ( ), ( )

, . , , . (1) . ? .

(2) . . . . .

64

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)

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. []1. ( ( ) )(1) , , , .(coffee) . 31 (1919) . () (625 ) . ( ) .

( ) 65

(2) , , .(1) () ()

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).

2. ({ }) .

3

3. ([ ])(1) .[] [] []

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66

. []1. () . (1) . .

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3. ()(1) .9 15 9 25

(2) .: -():

. []1. ( , )4)

, . . 5) . .

[] (

, ~~~~~ ) . ~~~~~

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68

. []1. (, ) . (1) , . ? .

(2) , . . , 5.

2. () . (1) . ( )

(2) .

( ) 69

() .

3. ()(1) . . .

(2) . ! .

88-2 (1988. 1. 19.)

72 72 72 76 82 85 88

89 89 89 92 93 97

104 104 105 107 111 114 116

72

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. 2 .

2 1 3

.(

, .)

- - - -

~, ~, ~, ~.

1. ~, ~, ~. 2. , .

-

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(1 ) 73

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74 - - - - - - - - - -, -.

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1. , . 2. .

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.)

(1 ) 75 - - - - - - -/- - - - - - . .

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(1 ) 77 () () () ~, -. ~, ~. ~, ~, ~.

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(1 ) 79 1. ~, ~, ~. 2. , . - - - - -, -. . ~, ~. . -. [] . ~.

12 - - - .( , .)

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.

80 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . ~ .

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~ [].

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(1 ) 81 - - - - - - - - - - - - ~.

13 () , .( , .)

() () () () () () () () () () () () () () ()

~().

~().

82 () ()

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1. . 2. .

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84 - - - - - - - - -

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(1 ) 85 - - - - - -/- -/- - . , : , .

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86 - [] [] - - - - / - -/ - , -. -() -(). - - - - - -() -() - - - - - - - -()/-() -()/-() - / - . (). . - [] [] / -/- . . . . -(), -() ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ . ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ .

(1 ) 87 - - [] [] () -2)

- - / - , , , , . -. ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ . ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ .

- - - - - - - - - - -

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() - -2)

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() .

2) , , .

88

5 18 , .

-, -, -, -, -. ~, ~. ~, ~. ~. ~. ~.

19

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~, ~.

.

(1 ) 89

3 1 20

() ,

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2 21

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90 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -() - - - - - - - -(-) -/- -/- - . . . . .

(1 ) 91

22 , .( , .)

- - - - -

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-/- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -/- - - - - - - - -/- - -

92

3

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- -

-

24

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- - - - - - -

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(1 ) 93

4 25 , 3)

, .( , .) - - - - - - - -/- - - -/- - - -/- - - - - - - - - - . - - . . . [] .4)4)

~.

.

.

3) 1) . 4) .

94 - -/- /- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -/- - , . - - - - - - - - . . ~.

(1 ) 95 - - , . - - - - , . - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -/- - - - - -/-/ -/- - - . . . . .

96 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -/- - - -. 11 . . . .

(1 ) 97 - - - -

5 26

, .

-/- -/- / / -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- / -/- -/- -, -, - . /- -/- -/ - ~, ~, ~. , . . /, /.

98 -/ -/- -/- -/- -/- -/-/- // -/- -/- /- -/- -/- / / -/-/- -/-/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/ -/ // -. . ~, ~. . ~, ~. .

(1 ) 99 -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- . . -/- -/-() / -/- -/- -/- -/- // /-/- -/- -/- / -/- -/- -/- -/- -, -. - . -, -, -. , .

100 -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- /[] -/- -/- / -/- -/- -/-/- -/-/- -/-/- -/-/- -/ /() / -/ -/ -/- -/- // -/-/- -/- . 1. . 2. . -, - . -. - . . - . , . ~, ~, ~. .

(1 ) 101 / -/- / -()/-() /- -/- -/ -/- -/- /() / -/() -/- -/- -/- -/- //// -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- / -/- -/- / -/- -, - . -, -. .

102 -/- -/- / / -/-/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- / -/- -/-/- -/- -/- / /- -/- -/- / -/- -/- / -/- -/- -/- -/- - . . -, -. -, - . - . ~, ~, ~, ~. . - . - .

(1 ) 103 -/- -/- -/- -/- / -/- / / -/- / -/- -/-/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/-/- - . . . - . - . ~, ~. ~, ~. -, -, - .

104

2 1

1 , .

2 2 19 .

3 21 .

4 () . [] , . 5 . 1. , , [, , ] .

(2 )

105

[]

[]

[]

2. , [] .[/] [/]() [/]() [/]() [/] [/]() [/]() [/]()

3. [] . 5)

4. .[/]

[], []

[/]

[/] [/]

3 6 , 6)

.

5) . . 6) 5) .

106

(1) [] [] (2) [] []

[] [] [] []

[] [] [] []

, .[ / ] [ ]

[]

-/-

. [] [] [] [] []

, , , , . 7 , . 1. [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

, .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

(2 )

107

[] []

2. , [] [] [] [] [] []

, .[] []7)

[]

[] .- - --8)

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4 8 , , , , , , 7 . 9 , , , , , , , [, , ] .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

7) . 8) - , .

108

10

, , , , ,

[, , , ] .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

, - [] , - [] .(1) [] [] (2) -[] [] [] [] []

-[]

11 , , [, , ] .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

, [] .[] [] []

12 . 1. (, ) , , , [, , ] .

(2 )

109

[] []

[] []

[]

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[ 1]

(), , (), ()

, [, , , ] .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

[ 2]

, , ,

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2. (, ) , [] .[] [] []

3. , [] .[] []

[] , , .[] [] [] []

* [], [] 20 .

110

4. (, ) , .[] [] [] [] [] [] []

13 , , .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

14 , , .( , .) [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

15

, , , ,

, . [] [] [] [] [] [] []

(2 )

111

, , [], [] . [] , . [] [] [] []9)

16 , , , , , , , .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

5 17 , ()

, [, ] .[] [] [] [] [] []

9) 1) .

112

[]

[]

.[] [] []

18 (, , , ), (, , , , , ), (, ,, ) , [, , ] . [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

[] [] [] []

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[] [] [] [] [] 10)[

]

[] . [] [] [] [] []

19 , [] .[] [] [] [] []

[] , [] .[] []10) . 11) .12)

[]

11)

[]

(2 )

113

20 [] .(1) [] [] (2) [] [] [] [] [] [] []

[] , .[] [] []

, [] .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

21 .[]([]) []([]) []([]) []([]) []([]) []([]) []([])

22 [] , [] .

12) .

114

[/]

[/]

[] .

, [, ]

6 23 (, , , ), (, , , , ), (, , ,) , , , , . [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

[] [] [] []

[]

[]

24

(), () ,

, , .[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

, , -- .

(2 )

115

25 , , , , .[] [] [] []

26 , , , .[] []() [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

, .[]() -[](-)

27 -() , , , , . [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []

, . [] -() .[] [] [] [] []

[] []

116

28

,

( ) , , , , , .-[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[]

7 29 , , , , , , [, , , , ] .-[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[]13)

13) 5) .

(2 )

117

-[]

-[]

, , .-[/] [/] [/] -[/] -[/]

[ 1] [] .-[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[] -[]14)

[ 2] . [] 3 [] [] 1 [] [] [] [] [] [] []

, () .625[] -[]15)

31[]

-[]

14) [], [] , . 15) -[] .

118

30 . 1. , , , , , [] .[/] [/] [/] [/] [/] [/] [/] [/] [/]

[/]

2. , [] .[] [] [] []

3. [] .[] [] [ ] [] []

85-11 (1986. 1. 7.) 1992-31 (1992. 11. 27.) 1995-8 (1995. 3. 16.) 2004-11 (2004. 12. 20.) 2005-32 (2005. 12. 28.)

121 121 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 121 123 124 125 () 127 129 131 133 135 136 138 141 144 148 150 152 153 156 158

120

161 1 161 2 166 3 168 4 171 5 173 6 175 7 176 8 176 9 179 10 181 11 182 12 183 13 184 14 187 15 191 16 194 17 197 18 199 19 200 20 204 21 207

, 211 1 211 2 , 211 3 , , , 212

121

1 1 24 . 2 1 1 . 3 , , , , , , . 4 . 5 , .

2 1~13 . 1 p b t d k g 16)

, , , w j i y e

* , *

16) 1986 , 1992 , 1995 , .

122 f v s z ts dz t m n * l r h x , , o u ** a

* [j], [w] , , [ ] 3 . ** , .

123

2

b c , ,

biz , blandon , braceo . colcren , Cecilia , coccion , bistec , dictado .

ch d f g

,

chicharra . felicidad . fuga , fran . ganga , geologia , yungla .

h j k l ll m n n p q r s t v

hipo , quehacer . jueves , reloj . kapok . lacrar , Lulio , ocal . llama , lluvia . membrete . noche , flan . nonez , manana . pepsina , plantn . quisquilla . rascador . sastreria . tetraetro . viudedad .

, * * ,

124 x z w y a e i o u , xenn , laxante , yuxta . zagal , liquidez . walkirias . yungla . braceo . reloj . Lulio . ocal . viudedad .

* *

* ll, y, n, w , , , 1 .

3

b , ,

Bologna , bravo . Como , Sicilia , credo . Pinocchio , cherubino . Dante , drizza . Firenze , freddo . Galileo , Genova , gloria .

c ch d f g

h l m

hanno , oh . Milano , largo , palco . Macchiavelli , mamma , Campanella .

,

125

n p q r s t v z a e i o u

Nero , Anna , divertimento .

Pisa , prima . quando , queto . Roma , Marconi . Sorrento , asma , sasso . Torino , tranne . Vivace , manovra . nozze , mancanza . abituro , capra . erta , padrone . infamia , manica . oblio , poetica . uva , spuma .

4

126

() ()

() ()

() ()

127

5

()

[ ] . ( ) . * (), ().

b p m * f d t n l g k h p p m f t t n l k k h

() j q x zh [zhi] ch [chi] sh [shi] r [ri] z [zi] c [ci] s [si] ch ch hs ch [chih] ch [ch ih] sh [shih] j [jih] ts [tz] ts [tz ] s [ss]

[] [] [] [] [] [] []

128 a o e yi (i) wu (u) yu (u) ai ei ao ou * an en ang eng er (r) ya (ia) yo ye (ie) a o e i wu (u) y () ai ei ao ou an n ang ng rh ya (ia) yo yeh (ieh) () yai yao (iao) you (ou, iu) yan (ian) yin (in) yang (iang) ying (ing) wa (ua) wo (uo) wai (uai) wei (ui) wan (uan) wen (un) wang (uang) weng (ong) yue (ue) yuan (uan) yun (un) yong (iong) yai yao (iao) yu (iu) yen (ien) yin (in) yang (iang) ying (ing) wa (ua) wo (uo) wai (uai) wei (uei, ui) wan (uan) wn (un) wang (uang) wng (ung) yeh (eh) yan (an) yn (n) yung (iung) () () ()

129

6

b , ,

burak , szybko , dobrze , chleb .

c d

,

cel , Balicki , noc . da . dach , zdrowy , sodki , pod .

f g h

, ,

fasola , befsztyk . gra , grad , targ . herbata , Hrubieszw .

k

,

kino , daktyl , krl , bank .

l m n

, ,

lis , kolano , motyl . most , zimno , sam . nerka , dokument , dywan .

p r s t

,

Gdask , Pozna . para , Supsk , chop . rower , garnek , sznur .

serce , srebro , pas . lepy , dzi . tam , matka , but .

130 w , Warszawa , piwnica , krew . z , zamek , zbrodnia , wywz . , * , , , gwodzik , wi . yto , rny , yka , stra . ch dz , chory , kuchnia , dach . dziura , dzwon , mosidz . d d, drz cz sz * , niedwied . drzewo , od . czysty , beczka , klucz . szary , musztarda , kapelusz . rzeka , Przemyl , rz , * , , konierz .

j

*

jasny , kraj . ono , gowa , buka , kana .

a e i

,

trawa . trba , mka , kt , t zero . kpa , wgorz , Czstochowa , prosz .

zima .

131 o u y udo . prba . kula . daktyl .

* , sz, rz j 1 .

7

b , ,

barva , obchod , dobr , jeab .

c

cigareta , nemocnice , nemoc .

apek , kulenik , m .

d d f g h ch

*

, , , ,

dech , divadlo , led . dbel , lodka , hrud . fk , knoflk . gramofon . hadr , hmyz , bh . choditi , chlapec , prach .

k

,

kachna , nikdy , padk .

l m

,

,

lev , plhati , postel . most , mrak , podzim .

132 n p * , noha , podmnka . nm , sky , Plze . Praha , koroptev , strop . qu r quasi . ruka , harmonika , mr . , , s * , eka , nmonk , hok , kou . sedlo , mslo , nos . aty , ternberk , ko . t t v * , tam , matka , bolest . tlo , tst , obt . vysok , knihovna , kov . w x** z , , , , , xerox , saxofn . zmek , pozdn , bez . ika , vina , Bro .

j a, e,

*

jaro , pokoj . balk , komr . dech , lto . est , vk . kino , mra .

i,

133 o, u, , y, obec , nervzni . buben , rok , dm . jazk , ln .

* d, , , t, j , , , , 1 . ** x .

8

b

bog , drobnjak , pogreb .

c , tj d

cigara , novac . elik , toka , kola . nai , sestri . desno , drvo , medved .

d ,dj f g h k

,

dep , narudba . ura . fasada , kifla , araf . gost , dugme , krug . hitan , ah . korist , krug , jastuk .

l lj m

, *, * ,

levo , balkon , al . ljeto , pasulj . malo , mnogo , osam .

134 n nj p r s * * , , nos , banka , loman . Njego , svibanj . peta , optina , lep . riba , torba , mir . sedam , posle , glas . al , vlasnitvo , bro . t v telo , ostrvo , put . vatra , olovka , proliv . z zavoj , pozno , obraz . ena , izloba , mu .

j

*

pojas , zavoj , odjelo .

a e i o u

bakar . cev . dim . molim . zubar .

* lj, nj, , j , , , 1 .

135

9

b c , , , , , ,

bibliotec , alb . Cntec , Cine , factur . Moldova , Brad . Focani , Cartof . Galai , Gigel , hering . haeg , duh . Jiu , Cluj . kilogram . bibliotec , hotel . Maramure , Avram . Nucet , Bran , pumn . pianist , septembrie , cap .

d f g h j k l m n p

r s t v x** z ch gh a

*

radio , dor . Sibiu , pas . ag , Mure . telefonist , bilet . igar , bra . Victoria , Braov .

, , taxi , examen . ziar , autobuz . Cheia . Gheorghe . Arad .

136 e i , o u Bacu . Elena . pianist . Cmpina , Romnia . Oradea . Nucet .

* 1 . ** x .

10

b c , * ,

bab , ablak . citrom , nyolcvan , arc . csavar , kulcs . daru , medve , gond . dzsem . elfog . gumi , nyugta , csomag . gyr , hagyma , nagy . hal , juh . bka , keksz , szk . len , meleg , dl . mlna , bomba , lom . nma , bunda , pihen . nyak , hnyszor , irny .

cs d dzs f g gy h k l m

n ny

137 p r s sz t ty v z zs j ly a e i o u * * * , , rpa , csipke , hnap . rka , barna , r . sl , puska , arats . alszik , asztal , hsz . ajto , borotva , csont . atya . vesz , vszzad , enyv . zab , kezd , blz . zsk , tzsde , rozs . ajak , fej , janur . lyuk , mlysg , kirly . lakat . mj . mert . msz . isten . s . torna . rka . sr . n . bunda . hs . fst . f .

* ny, s, j, ly , , , 1 .

138

11

b c , ,

bal , snabbt , Jacob . Carlsson , Celsius , Ericson .

ch d

*

charm , och . dag , dricka , Halmstad .

dj ds f g

* *

Djurgrden , adj . Sundsvall . Falun , luft . Gustav , helgon . Gteborg , Geijer , Gislaved .

(lg, rg)

lg , Strindberg , Borg .

(n )

Magnus , Ragnar , Agnes .

gj h *

( ) hgst . . Grnberg , Ludvig . Gjerstad , Gjrwell . Hlsingborg , hyra , Dahl . hj * Hjlmaren , Hjalmar , Hjort .

139 j * Jansson , Jnkping , Johansson , brja , fjril , mjuk , mjl . k , *

,

Karl , Kock , Kungsholm , Kerstin , Norrkping , Lysekil , oktober , Fredrik

, kniv . ck , vacker , Stockholm , bock . kj l lj * Kjell , Kjula . Linkping , tala , tal . Ljusnan , Sdertlje , detalj . m n Malm , samtal , hummer . Norrkping , Vnern , land . . (m ) ng nk , , Karlshamn . Borlnge , kung , lng . anka , Sankt , bank . Pite , knappt , Uppsala , kamp . qv Malmqvist , Lindqvist . r rd , Wilander , Bjrk . rl Erlander , Karlgren , Jarl . , *,

p

140 s sommar , Storvik , dans . sch sj sk , * * * Schack , Schein , revansch . Nssj , sjukhem , Sjberg . Skoglund , Skellefte , Skvde , Skeppsholmen . skj * Hammarskjld , Skjldebrand . stj * Stjrneborg , Oxenstjerna . t , Gta , Botkyrka , Trelleborg , bt . th ti tj v, w * * Luther , Thunberg . lektion , station . tjeck , Tjkk , tjna , tjugo . Sverige , Wasa , Swedenborg , Eslv . x z Axel , Alexander , sex . Zachris , zon , Lorenzo .

a e

Kalix , Falun , Alvesta . Enkping , Svealand .

141 Mlaren , Vnern , Trollhttan . i Idre , Kiruna . ml , Vsters , Smland . o Boden , Stockholm , rebro . u y , stersund , Bjrn , Linkping . Ume , Lule , Lund . Ystad , Nynshamn , Visby .* dj, g, gj, hj, j, lj ch, k, kj, sch, sj, sk, skj, stj, ti, tj . , j 4, 11 .

12

b c ch d , . ( )

,

Bod , Ibsen , dobb . Jacob , Vincent . Joachim , Christian .

Bod , Norden . spade . . Arnold , Harald , Roald , (ld, nd d) Aasmund , Vigeland , Svendsen .

142 . fjord , Sigurd , grd , (+rd) nord , Halvard , Edvard . ferd , Rikard . (+rd) . ( ) f g * glad , Sjaastad . dreng , bad . Hammerfest , biff . g , gave . gigla , gyllen . . haug , deig , Solveig , farlig ( . ig, lig) (n ) Agnes , Magnus .

( ) sagtang . gj h * . grov , berg , helg . Gjeld , gjenta . Johan , Holm . Hjalmar , Hvalter , Krohg . j * Jonas , Bjrn , fjord , Skodje , Evje , Tjeldst . k , * , Rikard , Kirsten , Kyndig , Kyra , lukt , Erik . kj * Kjerschow , Kjerulf , Mikkjel . l , Larvik , lesund , sol .

143 m n ng nk p qu r , , Moss , Trivandrum . Namsos , konto . Lange Elling , tvang . ankel , punkt , bank . pels , september , sopp . Quisling . Ringvassy , Lillehammer . rl s sch sj sk skj t * , * * , * verland . Namsos , Svalbard . Schferhund , Frisch . Sjaastad , Sjoa . skatt , Skienselv , skram , Ekofisk . Skjeggedalsfoss , Skjk . metal , husets , slet , lukt . . huset , mtet , taket . ( et) th Dorthe , Matthias , Hjorth . tj * tjern , tjue . varm , Kjerschow . Hamar , Alta . Aall , Aasmund , Kre , Vesterlen , Vestvgy au , lesund . haug , lauk , grauk .

v, w a aa,

144 e eg , vre , Svolvr . esel , fare . regn , tegn , negl , deg , egg . i ie o , Lken , Gjvik , Bjrn . Larvik , Narvik . Grieg , Nielsen , Lie . Lonin , bok , bord , fjorten . g y u y dgn , lgn . hy , ryk , nytral . lesund , Porsgrunn . Stjerny , Vestvgy .* g, gj, j, lj k, kj, sch, sj, sk, skj, tj . j 5, 12 .

13

b c ,

,

Bornholm , Jacobsen , Holstebro .

cafeteria , centrum , crosset .

ch

*

Charlotte , Brochmand , Grnbech .

145 d Odense , dansk , vendisk . plads , Grundtvig , . (ds, dt, ld, kridt , Lolland , resund , hrd . nd, rd) f g (ndr) andre , vandre . dreng . Falster , flod , ruf . give , general , gevr , hugge . . herlig , Grundtvig . ( ig) (u l ) fugl , kugle , (borg, berg) Nyborg , Frederiksberg . h hj j * * . magt , dug . Helsingr , Dahl . hjem , hjort , Hjring . Jensen , Esbjerg , Skjern . k , Kbenhavn , kre , Skre , Frederikshavn ,

Holbk . l m n ng nk p , , Lolland , Falster . Mn , Bornholm . Rnne , Fyn . Helsingr , Hjring . ankel , Munk . hoppe , september , spring , hop .

146 qu r Taanquist . Rnne , Helsingr . Sor , Roskilde , rhus , scene . sch sj t * * , Schfer . Sjlland , sjal , sjus . Tnder , st , vittig , nattkappe , trde , streng , hat , krudt . th v Thorshavn , Thisted . Vejle , dvale , pulver , rive , lyve , lve . ( ) doven , hoven , oven , sove . . (lv) halv , gulv . (av, v, gravsten , Kbenhavn , v, ov, ev) Thorshavn , jvn , Stvle , lov , rov , Hjelmslev . x z a arv . Blixen , sex . zebra . Falster , Randers . Nstved , tr , f , mt . aa, Kierkegaard , rhus , ls . e eg Horsens , Brande . negl , segl , regn .

s, sc

147 ej g Vejle , Sejer . Rnne , Ringkbing , Sor . ngle , gle , lgn , dgn . j i ie o u y Hjer , je . Ribe , Viborg . Niels , Nielsen , Nielson . Odense , Svendborg . rhus , Toflund . Fyn , Thy .

* hj, j sch, sj . , j 5 .

148

14 b

,

Bali , Abdul , Najib , Bromo

c d

,

Ceto , Aceh , Mac Denpasar , Ahmad , Idris

f g

,

Fuji , Arifin , Jusuf gamelan , gudeg , Nugroho

h j

Halmahera , Johor , Ipoh Jambi , Majapahit , mikraj

k

,

Kalimantan , batik , Krakatau

kh l m n

,

,

khas , akhbar , Fakhrudin Lombok , Palembang , Bangsal Maluku , bemo , Iram Nias , Sukarno , Prambanan

ng p q r s

,

Ngarai , bonang , Bandung Padang , Yap , Suprana furqan , Taufiq ringgit , Rendra , asar Sabah , Brastagi , Gemas

149 t , Timor , Jakarta , Rahmat , Trisno v x z w y a e , , Valina , Eva , Lovina xenon zakat , Azlan , Haz Wamena , Badawi Yudhoyono , Surabaya Ambon , sate , Pancasila Ende , Ampenan , Pane empat , besar , gendang I Ibrahim , Biak , trimurti o u ai au oi Odalan , Barong , komodo Ubud , kulit , Dampu ain , Rais , Jelai aula , Maumere , Riau Amboina , boikot

150

15

b c ch

baht , Chonburi , Kulab Caolaw Chiang Mai , buach Dindaeng , Rad Burana , Samed Maefaluang He , Lahu , Mae Hong Son Kaew , malako , Rak Mueang , phrik

d f h k kh

Khaosan , lakhon , Caroenrachphakh

l m n ng p

,

lamyai , Thalang , Sichol Maikhao , mamuang , khanom , Silom Nan , Ranong , Arun , Huahin nga , Mongkut , Chang Pimai , Paknam , Nakhaprathip Phuket , Phicit , Saithiph ranat , thurian

ph r

151

s t

Siam , Lisu , Saket

Tak , Satun , natsin , Phuket Tham Boya , Thon Buri , thurian , song thaew , Pathumthani , Chaiyawath

th

y

,

lamyai , Ayutthaya Wan Songkran , Malaiwong , song thaew Akha , kapi , lang sad , Phanga Erawan , Akhane , Panare Sire , linci , Krabi , Lumphini khon , Loi , namdokmai , Huaito thurian , Chonburi , Satun kaeng daeng , Maew , Bangsaen , Kaibae Mai Mueangdoem kaeng cued , Maeraphueng , Buengkum

w a e i o

u ae oe ue

152

16

Bao , bo cao , khac , kit , lk , quan cha , bach duc , Dng , gia , giy an , inh gai , go , ghe , ghi hai , hoa Khai , khi lu , long , My Lay minh , mm , tm Nam , non , bun ngo , ang , ng , nghi , ngh nht , nhon , minh , anh put , chap Pham , pho rang , ri sang , so tam , tt , hat thao , thu Trn , tre vai , vu xanh , xeo an , nam n , ng , mc n , cn , lu em , cheo m , ch , Hu in , dai yn , quy ong , bo m , ng n , sn , mi um , cung n , t

b c, k, q ch d, gi g, gh h kh , l m n ng, ngh nh p ph r s t th tr v x a e I y o u

153 ia i ua u a kia , ria ching , dim lua , mua bun , quc ca , ma , sa ru , phng

17 ,

bossa nova , Abreu Cabral , Francisco aspecto saraa , Ea Chaves , Espichel escudo , Bernardim , Dias () fado , Figo Saramago , Jorge , Portalegre , Guerra Henrique , hostia Aljezur , panja ,

b c ch d

* ,

f g h j

,

-

154

l

,

,

Lisboa , Manuel , Melo , Salvador () Coelho , Batalha Moniz , Humberto , Camocim Natal , Antnio , Angola , Rondon Marinha , Matosinhos Pedroso , Lopes , Prado Aquilino , Junqueiro Freire , Rodrigues , Cardoso Salazar , Barroso , Egas , mesmo Tavira , Garrett , Aracati () Vicente , Oliveira Xira , exame , exportar fazenda , Diaz Almeida , Egas Elvas , escudo , Mangualde , Belmonte () Amalia , Vitorino Odemira , Melo , Passos Manuel , Guterres

lh m

*

,

n nh p q r s t v x z a e i o u

* , , , *, , ,

, ,

,

155

ai au e o ei eu iu oi ou e ui

Sampaio , Cascais Bauru , So Paulo Guimares , Magalhes Duro , Fundo Ribeiro , Oliveira Abreu , Eusebio Aeminium , Ituiutaba Coimbra , Gois Lous , Mogadouro Cames , Piles Luis , Cuiab

* ch , lh , nh , x . * k, w, y . * () .

156

18

, , , Borst , Bram , Jacob Campen , Nicolaas , topic , scrupel cyaan , Ceelen , , , , Volcher , Utrecht Delft , Edgar , Hendrik , Helmond Flevoland , Graaf Goes , Limburg Heineken , Hendrik Jongkind , Jan , Jeroen Kok , Alkmaar , Zierikzee kwaliteit , kwellen , kwitantie , Lasso , Friesland , sabel Meerssen , Zalm Nijmegen , Jansen Inge , Groningen Peper , Kapteyn , Koopmans Rotterdam , Asser Spinoza , Hals Schiphol , Escher , typisch

b c

ch d f g h j k kw (qu) l m n ng p r s sch

*

sj

*

sjaal , huisje , ramsj fetisj

157 t ts v w y z a e i ie o oe u eu uw , , , Tinbergen , Gerrit , Petrus Aartsen , Beets Veltman , Einthoven , Weltevree Wim cyaan , Lyonnet , typisch , Verwey Zeeman , Huizinga Asser , Frans Egmont , Frederik , Heineken , Lubbers , Campen Nicolaas , Tobias Pieter , Vries Onnes , Vondel Boer , Boerhaave Utrecht , Petrus Europort , Deurne ruw , duwen , Euwen Bouts , Bouwman , Paul , Lauwersmeer Heike , Bolkestein , Ijssel Huizinga , Zuid-Holland , Buys draaien , fraai , zaait , Maaikes Booisman Hooites Boeijinga , moeite Leeuwenhoek , Meeuwes Lieuwma , Rieuwers

ou(w), au(w) ei, ij

ui(uy) aai ooi oei eeuw ieuw

j , sj .

158

19

Bolotov() , Bobrov b , () , Kurbskii() , Gleb() Goncharov() , ch Manechka() , Yakubovich() Dmitrii() , d , Benediktov() , Nakhodka() , Voskhod() f , Fyodor() , Yefremov( ) , Iosif() Gogol() , Musorgskii( g , ) , Bogdan() , Andarbag() Khabarovsk() , kh Akhmatova() , Oistrakh() Kalmyk() ,

k

,

Aksakov() , Kvas() , Vladivostok() Lenin() , Nikolai()

l

,

, Krylov() , Pavel()

159 Mikhaiil() , Maksim( ) , Mtsensk() Nadya() , Stefan() Pyotr() , Rostopchinya( ) , Pskov() , Maikop() Rybinsk() , Lermontov() , Artyom() Vasilii() , Stefan() , Boris() Shelgunov() , Shishkov() Shcherbakov() , Shchirets () , borshch() Tatyana() , Khvatkov() , Tver() , Buryat() Gatchina() , Tyutchev() Kapitsa() , Tsvetaeva( ) , Bryatsk() , Yakutsk() Verevkin() , Dostoevskii() , Vladivostok() , Markov() Zaichev() , Kuznetsov () , Agryz()

m n

,

p

,

r

s sh

*

shch

*

t

,

tch

-

ts

,

v

,

z

,

160 Zhadovskaya() , Zhdanov() , Luzhkov( ) , Kebezh() Yurii(), Andrei() , Belyi() Aksakov() , Abakan() Petrov() , Evgenii() , Alekseev() , Ertel() Ivanov() , Iosif() Khomyakov() , Oka() Ushakov() , Sarapul() Saltykov() , Kyra() , Belyi() Yasinskii() , Adygeya() Solovyov() , Artyom() Yurii() , Yurga()

zh

,

j/i

a

e

,

i

o

u

y

ya

yo yu

* sh(), shch() .

161

3 1 1 , . 1 ([p], [t], [k]) 1. ([p], [t], [k]) .gap[ p] book[buk] cat[kt]

2. ([l], [r], [m], [n]) ([p], [t], [k]) .apt[pt] act[kt] setback[setbk]

3. [p], [t], [k] .stamp[stmp] nest[nest] desk[desk] apple[pl] chipmunk[t ipm k] cape[keip] part[p t] make[meik] mattress[mtris]

162

sickness[siknis]

2 ([b], [d], [ ]) .bulb[b lb] zigzag[zi z ] kidnap[kidnp] land[lnd] lobster[l bst ] signal[si n l]

3 ([s], [z], [f], [v], [], [], [ ], [ ]) 1. [s], [z], [f], [v], [], [] .mask[m sk] graph[grf] thrill[ril] jazz[d z] olive[ liv] bathe[bei]

2. [ ] , [ ] , [ ] , , , , , , .flash[fl ] shark[ k] fashion[f n] shopping[ pi] shim[ im] shrub[ r b] shank[ k] sheriff[ erif] shoe[ u ]

163

3. [ ] , [ ] .mirage[mir ] vision[vi n]

4 ([ts], [dz], [t ], [d ]) 1. [ts], [dz] , , [t ], [d ] , .Keats[ki ts] switch[swit ] Pittsburgh[pitsb ] hitchhike[hit haik] odds[ dz] bridge[brid ]

2. [t ], [d ] , .chart[t t] virgin[v in] d

5 ([m], [n], []) 1. .steam[sti m] ring[ri] hint[hint] corn[k n] lamp[lmp] ink[ik]

2. [] .hanging[hi] longing[l i]

164

6 ([l]) 1. [l] .hotel[houtel] pulp[p lp]

2. [l] , ([m], [n]) . , ([m], [n]) [l] .slide[slaid] helm[helm] Hamlet[hmlit] film[film] swoln[swouln] Henley[henli]

7 .team[ti m]17)

route[ru t]

8 ([ai], [au], [ei], [ i], [ou], [au ]) , [ou] , [au ] .time[taim] skate[skeit] boat[bout] house[haus] oil[ il] tower[tau ]

17) () (), () .

165

9 ([w], [j]) 1. [w] [w ], [w ], [wou] , [w ] , [w] , [we] , [wi] , [wu] .word[w d] woe[wou] wag[w ] witch[wit ] want[w nt] wander[w nd ] west[west] wool[wul]

2. [w] , [ w], [hw], [kw] .swing[swi] penguin[pegwin] quarter[kw ] t twist[twist] whistle[hwisl]

3. [j] , , , , , , . , [d], [l], [n] [j ] , , .yard[j d] yearn[j n] yawn[j n] year[ji ] Indian[indj n] union[ju nj n] battalion[b tlj n] yank[jk] yellow[jelou] you[ju ]

166

10

18)

1. .cuplike[k plaik] bookend[bukend] headlight[hedlait] touchwood[t t wud] sit -in[sitin] bookmaker[bukmeik ] flashgun[fl n]

topknot[t pn t]

2. , .Los Alamos[l s l mous] / top class[t pkls] /

2 1 , 1( ) . , .

18) . .

167

1 [r] 1. [r] .Hormon[h rmo n] Hermes[h rm s]

2. [r] -er[ r] .Herr[h r] Tr[ty r] Vater[fa t r] Razur[razu r] Ohr[o r] Schiller[ il r]

3. [r] 2 .verarbeiten[f rarbait n] zerknirschen[ts rknir Frsorge[fy rzor n]

]

Vorbild[fo rbilt] auerhalb[aus rhalp] Urkunde[u rkund ] Vaterland[fa t rlant]

2 .Rostock[r st k] Stadt[ tat]

3 berg, burg , .Heidelberg[haid lb rk, -b r] Hamburg[hamburk, -bur]

168

4 [ ] 1. .Mensch[men ] Mischling[mi li]

2. [y], [ ] .Schler[ y l r] schn[ n]

3. , , .Schatz[ ats] Schule[ u l ] schon[ o n] Schelle[ l ]

5 [ y] u, eu .luten[l yt n] Frulein[fr ylain] Europa[ yro pa] Freundin[fr yndin]

3 1 , 1( ) . , .

169

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274 () () () (502) 10 8 4 2 6 4 6 3-6 11 19 5 30 8 5 43 25 11 11 3 1 3 2-2 9 () (Hong Bit-na) () () 7 26 6 8 1 11 5 6 11 26 26 6 27 23 23 3-4 3-4 2 26 27 22 26 29 21 21 26 3-6 28 48 48 7 4 () () () () 4 52 1 3 30 30 26 30 20 5 6 10 1 10 7 15 15 25 15 15 30 30 5 29 9 5 8 5 26

( ) 275 () () 17 17 3 3 4 40 40 34 34 34 34 18 11 27 14 14 18 14 14 14 26 26 26 22 15 22 9 5 52 9 5 16 16 5 (-, -)() (-, -)() (-, -)() () () () () () () () () () () () () () () -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() 16 8 21 21 3 9 8 9 8 16 16 16 4 5 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 53 53 57 57 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53

276 -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() -() - - - - - 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 57 57 57 57 17 17 17 17 53 53 57 57 57 57 26 26 26 26 17 26 25 25 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 12 3456 7898 3 31 625 11 11 10 10 9 9 57 57 26 26 17 17 17 17 17 17 8 8 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 26 29 44 29 29 29 Aasmund Aasmund Aasmund Abakan() Abdul abituro ablak ablak Abreu Abreu accion Aceh Aceh acheter act action ad adj Adunyadet Adygeya() ae aefaluang Aeminium Afonso agneau Agnes Agnes Agnes Agryz() Agryz() Ahmad ahu ai aeul aeux ain ajak ajto ak Akbaur() Akha Akhane akhbar 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 6 9 3 4 1 4 4 1

AAall Aartsen

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Anna() 7 Anna antiguo 1 Antnio 13 Antnio Anwar 11 aolaw Apgujeong 3-1 apple 1 apt 1 apte 1 Aquilino 2 Aquilino Aracati Arad Araquari 2 arats arc Arcadelt 1 Arifin Arnold Artyom() Artyom() Arun arv arv 7 asar asma aspecto Asser Asser asztal Atjeh 3 atya aula autobuz auerhalb 1 avec 1 Avram Avvakum() 7 Axel ayant 4 Ayutthaya 3

Ayutthaya Azlan Azul lesund lesund lesund lg lg lom ml r rhus rhus rhus rpa

5 3

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278 Banda 3 Banda 3 Bandeira 8 Bandoeng 15 Bandung Bandung 15 Bangsaen Bangsal Bangthrai 5 Ban-gudae 3-2 bank 8 bank bank bank bank 9 banka baobab 1 barna Barong Barroso 12 Barroso 9 Barroso barva bt Batalha bathe 3 batik battalion 9 Bauru beczka Beets befsztyk bka Belmonte Belyi() Belyi() bemo Benediktov() Benk 8 beotkkot 2-2 berg 4 berg Berlage 7 Bernardim besar bez Bhinneka Biak bibliotec bibliotec biff bilet billet Binneka bisnonno bistec biz bjedro Bjrk Bjrling Bjrn Bjrn Bjrn Bjrn Bjrn Bjrn Bjrn Black Sea blanco blandon blandon Blixen blomme blz boat Bobrov() bock Boden Bod Bod Bod Bod Boeijinga Boer Boerhaave bog 5 4 5 4 5 11 12 11 4 5 4 6 5 8 8 12 3 Bogdan() boikot bok bolest Bolkestein Bologna Bolotov() bomba bonang Booisman book bookend bookmaker bord bord Borg Borg Boris() brja Borlnge Bornholm Bornholm borotva borshch() Borst bossa nova Botkyrka Botkyrka Bouts Bouwman Boya braceo braceo Brad Bram Bram Bran Branco Brande Braov Brastagi bra bravo