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Seymour Benzer ( , , Drosophila melanogaster). , , ( ), 25 ,, . fruitless, , Lawrence. dunce rutabaga (camp) . ( ). ( ). , per(period). , (.. 24 ). , . , Tim, clock, .. () . , , , ( ) . , . . , . ., , ( ) . () per . . ( ), , D4, . , , . , . , --D- ( NR2B NMDA) 88 89. , (Y.Tang, E.Shimizu, G.R.Dube, C.Rampon, G.A.Kerchner. M. Zhuo, G. Liu & J.Z.Tsien 1999). a-CAMK II ( Ca- 2) . () , . Balkan ( ). . , , ( ) . fos , , . . ( , 19) , Altzheimer. D2( 11) . Huntington, , , , CAG (--). ( 12, Garrod ) .. (6p22-24) 6, ( q28). () Turner ( [ ] ) ( , ) . Duchess ( ), Lesch-Nyham ( , HPRT, X q26-27) , , (NFM-1) . , . , , . . (I.Q.) Alfred Binet (1857-1911) . , , ... , Howard Gardner : 89 90. -, -, , , -, , ( ) . ( ) (g). . , . , , , ( ) , . ( ), ( ) ( , ). ( ) ( ), , . , () ... , , , 20%! 60-70% . ( ..) (E.B.Furlow, T.Armijo-Prewitt, S.W.Gangestad &R.Thornhill 1997, S.Blinkorn 1997). , . , . . ( , , , ) . . , , , , ... . 1 - B.Devlin,M.Daniels & K.Roeder (1997). 90 91. 100%. . 0.34 (0.27-0.40) 0.15 (0.09-0.20) ( ) 0.20 (0.15-0.24) ( ) 0.05 (0.01-0.08) 0.17 (0.13-0.21) , . , , . ( ) . Myrna Gopnik 1990 , , , , . . , , . , . . D.R.Griffin , . , , - ( E.Thorndike ) , , . ( ) , , . , . . , . . 91 92. . . , , , , . . (, , , ) ( ). (Theory ofMind, ToM) . Gordon Gallup, Jr. ( , , folk psychology ), Daniel J.Povinelli . ( ) (.. ) . bonbons ( , , Pan troglodytes, , bonbon, Pan paniscus). , , , , . E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh . ( 30) , , , . . , , ( , ) , , , . . . . Huntington .. ( ) . : , . ( , ) 92 93. . "" . . Francois Jacob Jacques Monod ( ). DNA, ( !). 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(, ) .3. .4. , .. .. .. , .5. .6. .7. .8. .9. .10. . , . , : 1. , . , . , . 2. , , . , , . 3. . . , . 4. , 131 132. , : , , . : ) ( ). . ) , , , , , . ) , ( ) . 5. . 6., , . , . ., , , , . , , . 7. , , . , , , . 8. , . , , . , . , . .9. . . , . , . , (Von Cranach, Foppa, Lepinies, and Ploog, 1979). . . 10. . . , . -, . , - . , , . , 132 133. , , . . - . , . , . , , . . , . , . . , . -, (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977, Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977). . , . , , , (Newell andRosenbloom, 1981). (Rosenbloom and Newell, 1986). , . , , . .. .. ( VanLehn, 1989 ). . . . . , , , . . . , . , , . , , . 133 134. , . , () () , , . , . , , (, ) . , - , , , . , , . . , , , - . . 1. . . . (grain size). . . 2. . . . . . 3. . . . . 4. . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . , , . , . , , 134 135. . (Minsky 1967, Bell and Newell, 1971, Hopcroft and Ullman,1979, Siewiorek, Bell and Newell, 1981, Agrawal, 1986, Fernandez and Lang, 1986, Gajski,Milytinovic, Siegel, and Furht, 1987). . . , . ., . , , . Turing, Markov, (), , Pitts-McCulloch, , , - . . , ( ), , , , five-tuple format Turing. , ( ), . (Newell 1980), . , . 4 : , , . , ( ) . , , , . (. 2 , , , ). , . , ( ) ( ), ( ), () ( ). 135 136. ( , ) , - . . , . . , ,, ( ), ( ). . . , - , , ( ) . . , , , . , , . , , , 4. , , , 5. ( , 1). 6 . , () . , , . , , ( ). , ( ), ( ) , .7.136 137. , . , . , (. 1). , , (Fx1, x2,, xn) F x1, x2,, xn . O ( ) . , , , , . . - ( 1), , . . ( ) , , (, ) -. , , . - . . ( 1 ). 2 , . . . , , . , . : , , , , , , . 137 138. - ( ), . , 8. . , . , ( ). , ., . , . ( 2) - . ( 4.), , . , ( 5 6) . ( 7) . , , . . - -, . , , , , . , : . , () . . , . . , . 138 139. . , ., , . ( 3 ). . , , . . , - , . , , . ( ), , . , . . , ( 7) ( 3). . . , ., . , ( ) (, ). , , . , , . , , 1 7. , . , ( 8). 139 140. , (Klahr, 1989). , . (... ), . . ( 9 ) . , , , . , . , . , (.. 0 ). 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