ˇ ˝ : ˇ · community radio has contributed to community development. members of the(...

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أوق ا ا ت ارا آم ا : The Experience of Jordanian Community Radios in the Development of Local Society A Case Study of Radio Al- Balad’s Listeners’ Club اد ا إ : روی رآذ ااف ا إﺵن ا م م ا ا در لت ا ا ا ه 2010

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Page 1: ˇ ˝ : ˇ · community radio has contributed to community development. Members of the( Listeners’ club of Radio al Balad) are the subjects of this study. A random sample was used

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ا���ق ا�و�� ����� ���را��ت ا�

ا���مآ��

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���� ����� :����� ����� ����� ���

The Experience of Jordanian Community Radios in

the Development of Local Society

A Case Study of Radio Al- Balad’s Listeners’ Club

:إ��اد ا�����

��� �"!� روی�

إش�اف ا��$�ذ ا��آ$#ر

�*�م ���!�ن ا�!#�)

�5�4 ه12 ا����� ا�$0!�/ �!$����ت ا�"*#ل ��) در ا�!� -$�� ,+ ا���م

2010

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Page 5: ˇ ˝ : ˇ · community radio has contributed to community development. Members of the( Listeners’ club of Radio al Balad) are the subjects of this study. A random sample was used

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Abstract

The Experience of Jordanian Community Radios in the

Development of Local Society

A Case study of Radio al Balad’s Listeners’ club

Prepared by:

Abla Mohammed Rwais

Supervised by:

Professor Dr. Issam Suleiman Al-Mousa

This study is aimed at understanding in a deep way the creation of the

(Listeners Club of Radio al Balad) as a unique experiment. The aim of

this study is to understand how Radio al Balad’s own experience as a

community radio has contributed to community development.

Members of the( Listeners’ club of Radio al Balad) are the subjects of

this study. A random sample was used for this study. The researcher

obtained the list of the entire club consisting of(250) members and a

random sample representing (50%) of the members of the club were

chosen. The survey covered 125 members of the club, but (122) of them

responded to the survey.

The survey revealed that a little less than half the members (43.3%) listen

to the station between 3-6 hours a day. About one fifth of them (18.9%)

listen to the station for more than seven hours a day. This reflects that the

members of the club depend in a large degree on the station as a daily

media source to them. A little less than half the members (46.7%) prefer

listening to news, political and social programs presented on Radio al

Balad. This reflects a contradiction to the results of other audience

research like the study done by (Irex and Ipsos) which showed that the

Jordanian public prefers entertainment Radio stations rather than political

and serious radio programs.

The members of the Radio al Balad’s listeners’ Club consider that the

media message of the station is different than those of the other local

stations. More than two fifth of the listeners (41.8%) are dedicated

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listeners because they believe that Radio al Balad is always different that

the other stations in terms of the contents of its media messages while

nearly half of the members (49.2%) believe that it is sometimes different

in its media message than other stations.

Three fifth of the listeners 59% say they listen to Radio al Balad because

its contents reflect an “independent” message and that it has “no specific

agenda. Two thirds of both males (59.7%) and females (61.4%) are

convinced of the station’s independence. A little less than three quarters

(70,9%) believe that the station is committed to its slogan- “Voice of the

Community- voice of the people and the town.” Less than two thirds

60.5% believe that the station reflects more than one point of view

without bias to any one side.

The majority of the members of the club (81%) feel that Radio al Balad

allows members of the listeners club an opportunity to participate in the

creation of the community contents. The majority (86%) state that this

community radio station participates in addressing the needs and

concerns of Jordanian citizens.

The study showed that three fourths of the members of the listener’s club

(76%) believe that Radio al Balad has had a democratic influence on the

local community. The majority (89.3%) say that the station conveys their

problems and concerns to those in positions of responsibility. A similar

majority (85.2%) feels that the station helped raise their awareness of the

local community.

The study revealed that the majority of radio al balad listeners (82.8%)

feels that radio provides them with an Appropriate psychological

atmosphere.

Due to the adoption of (radio al balad), the popular and simple method

that fits everyone as Radio Community addresses the member's

community near them.

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5 _ �0�8B� /�15FM:

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40

C� < ���� . 5-�$ ���� �26� �-G� ����� ��&� 7@ /��� �26� C. =-��0

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�FM 8� $� ��0�� ���-.� 8� $ +��. 7@ ���B��$ M���� ������ ��2�$�*�

=D� �D��'� �&' C2 /��� M5��@ +���-* =%��� ��$� �B�� C�6 C�%�6��

$ =� =%��� ��$� ��'B�� =%��D� ��$�D E�D +���-* ���2� M ��26� 8�

5����� =� ��26Z +���-* ��� �� =� �:H�.

5�)�D-�$ #6� M=���� X-� ��'-J$ =�1� 8��� 7'2 �- � �6� ����2

); ���-* ( 7'2 �'���� M�� � ;��%�� ��,��2 ���%414 =�%��D� C� �$�0� �$�0

� �$� ���� <.

����. 8,��� C� �2���� 7 �- � �6� �1'):

1. C@73,6 % �. ��26� C�B %�� C�6 ��$� C�FM 9��D$ ���@ C�%��-��

F�$-� ��� M+����-*� ��� �� ��'-�45,8 % ��� ��B�� 9��$ ���@ C�%��-�

9���$ A. a � i'��"��-��0" � %�� ����$ M27,7 % =%��D� ��$�D C�

�. ��26� C�%��-� C�6FM� M�� �� >��<� �$)< �%$��� 9��$ 23,3 %

�-�� 9��$ 9���$ A. ����'%�� �� %� ���%��.

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52

2. 9��.83,8 % �. ��26� C�B %�� C�6 =%��� ��$� C� FM 5D��. 7'2

� ��2�0��� =��U< 7@ +���-* C�'B�� 9��� 9� �-���� �� ��� M����-�

�. ��D26� C�%��-D� C�6D =%��� ��$� C� $�< �$-�FM 9���D$

��-��0.

����� :��'�%=� �$�����

(2.9.9 ) Center for International Media Assistance and National

Endowment for Democracy Study ( 2007) " Community Radio: Its

Impact and Challenges to its Development".

='��� =�� ��%���� ��26��$ !'%�� ���� ;�2 7'2 �- � �6� � � :

1 _����� =� ��%���� ��26� ��� 9���� 7'2 ���-� 5"2� F:��� A6 �:J�.

2 _ =� ;�� F �1�� ��%���� ��26� �� 7'2 �� �9����.

3 _ M�D�%���� ��D26� �6D� C� ��� C�6 ��B2<�� ��%���� �26� � �� � 5�.

9����' ��'�:�� E��� ��26� �6� ���'� 7@ ���B��$ ���� C�2�0���.

4 _ �D26��$ �D0��� ��-��- �,�$� M��%���� ��26� ������ =� ��'�� �����

7@ ���B��$����3�� ������ ������ ��%� ��.

5 _ 5�D�� ���$ �U ��26@ ���. �1�) ���� ��26� �6� �� ��- �J-� 7'2 �� �

9����' ���).

6 _ ���) =� �� ��-* 7'2 ����2�-� C���� C� ��26� �6� 5��� �����" 52�

9����.

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53

7 _ %���� ��26� ���$� 7D'2 C��%�� M���0� �$)<� 8� $ ���$�� M5�% =� ��

=��� / � !�:�� ����@� �� �� E��-�.

8 _�� ��*� =�� �0� �") C� ��26� ������ =� �����.

7D@ �D�%���� ��D26��$ ��'%�� ���� �6� � %�- �%$ �- � �'1��

��. ���1�� C� �2������:

1 _ #6D�� ��%� �D� �,�$�$ !'%�� �"��� F��� ��%���� ��26� C. �- � ���.

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��%���� ����� =� 5�-� =� ��26�.

2 _ � 52� 7@ ����$ ��%���� ��26� C. �- � ���$ �D���� C��D�� C� �1��

C��D�� �$�0 ��� M��%���� ���) =� ���� ��- C��B #6� M���$ �U ��26@

��26� �6� ����� 52� ��-� =� �'2�� ������ �- !') ; � B$.

3 _ >D�� CD� 52� C� �� � 7@ ����$ 5�% =� ��%���� ��26� C. �- � ���.

�� �� ����'0� E��-��$ =2��� =�� =%���� =�"2@ ����@ 7@ ��1�' M���J.

4 _ C� ��D0� �� C� ='�� 9���� =� �� �:J� ����� 7@ ����$ ��%���� ��26�

9���� =� $� ;�� �� C���.

5 _ 7@ ��%���� ��26��$ ��1� ; � B 7'2 �- � ���. " =�� 5�% " �� C� F

9���� =� A���� �� �� 5�2��� ����� =� ��.

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54

(2.9.10) Kapanen Study (2007) "Community Radio Practices"

��D�� =D� ��%���� �26Z A��1��*� =-��- �:J� =� �- � �6� �:�$

8��� $ ��'�� ��'-. �- � �6� =� >��$ 5�)�-� M���� �.)Morning Cruise ( �D��

�26 7'2 >$� =� 8� $ 5�. ��)Bush Radio ( =�)Cape town.(

=�� =-�, �G- 7'2 �- � �$��. : 8��D� $ =D� ;��D��� ; �� =� ��

)Morning Cruise ( =� >$� A6)Bush Radio ( 9���� F����)Cape Town(_

� C� �2���� 7'2 F'�'�� >��$ 5��.� 8��D� $ 5��D��$ �D�'%�� ��-�-< 0��

M=D'�� 9���� ���) 7@ /��� 8��� $ C. �- � ���$� M8��� $ 6� ����@ ��� 0�

�D��� 5�D��$ F�$�- 5�� 8��� $ 5��� �&� M���%� ; �� =� 8��� $ ���'� ��'�� ���:.�

C. �- � ���$ >�� M8��� $ 7'2 : #6 C��� =��D%� 8��� $ 6� >$� =� �26�

C�D�� 7D@ C� ��&� �$�'0� ; $) 7'2 C�'1�� ����2� M� �< �� ��$ 5��� ���. C�

�26� ������ �'��� �6�� M )V.

�D� ����� � ���� (�� ���� �"��� C� ��2 F��� �26� C. �- � ���$

$' =26� ����� 7'2 ��%�� ����� ��6��� =0%� �26� �6� C. ���$ �- � C� M8���

��%���� ��26� 7'2 E ). >��$ E �� C. �- � �� ��� M��%���� �26� ��2

E )< +��<� ��26� C� +�� 6� C�$ �� ��� >��$. �1�)�.

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55

(2.9.11) Hood Study (2007) " Radio Reverb: The Impact of Local

News Reimported to Its Own Community".

M9���� 7@ ��'�� ��%� ��'�� �$)< �:J� =� �- � �6� �:�$ �- � ���$�

C.40 % �D���� C2 *G�-� �- � Y 0� ���� M���2 ;��%$ ��%���� =0&� ��26� C�

'�� �$)< ���) =� A � �� � 6�)�_!��- C2 ��'�� ��26� � )� ����2 ��

M9���� �,�$ �����- =� ��%B�� �$)< ���)�$ ��'%�� �,�-� =� �- � �:�$�

5�D�� ���. C� 5U �$ #6� M��'�� $�%� * ��'�� ��26� C� �:� C. �- � �����

��'�� �$). . ���. ���" �� ��� �*�1�* �,�� X'01� C. 7'2 ���� �<"localism "

��'�� ��26� =� >$ F�'2 5��� A6 ��-< �� �%�.

(2.9.12) Simmons Study (2009) " Dear Radio Broadcaster: Fan Mail

as a Form of Perceived Interactivity".

��� 7'2 �� �:J�� ��26� =� ��'2��� 7'2 �- � �6� � � �D��$ ��� M �

�6D� �D%� =� ��� ��� �") C� 5�-� A6 ���� �6� =� ��'2��� ����. �- �

9���� =� $� �:J� �6 ��26�.

M��D26� �"D) CD� ��'2��� =� �������� �� 7@ �- � �6� �� 0� ���

- ' �%� ��6&� C� ��'2��� �6� � ��� �� 7@ ���B��$ M �D���' ����� ���"2� ��

��D26� C�D$ �D�'2��� �D,�$ ����@ =� 5�� �� F ��26� F:$� A6 C��B� C. ���

C���B� 7'2 �*��-* =� ���� >��$ ����. 7'2 �- � ���.� M9��-� �����

� =� ����<� 8� $ ��2�� #6� M ��26� ������ C. ��� =�8� $ #'� ���� >$.

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56

)13.9.2 (�$������ ������� �$����� /�' ,���� ��'�$��

�- �' � % 6� 5���� �%$� =%���� 5"2�� ��26��$ ��"2 �� =� ��$�-

�- � C. ��� C��� M�1�1) ��%���� ��26�� ����2 �� �U C2 ���� ���� C. M

- ��- � C� ��. �- � 7@ ! 0�� 5 ��B %�- 5� =� ��$� (�D) ���� � �D$ ��

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0��-� MC�%��-� C� ���%� �,� 5���� � =� �,�- �� ��2 /'�)� ���$ ��26� ���$.

�. C� ������. �- � �6� ���-�� =� ����� ���. C� ;�J� ��%���� �26� ���

M9�����1�) ���%� ��- � 7@ ������ C� < =� 9-��' X� � +�0� 6� C. . F�'2�

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C. �-D$ #D6� MFD �� 0� =� ���'% ��- � =� �1�� =��%� A6 +�0� 6� =�

5 ;���� ; ��3 C� < =� ��%���� ��26���'% ��- � ���@ ���'��.

�- ��- � C� ;����-* ���� M=D�'% >D�$ �D����� 7D'2 / %� =� ��$

#6� M��$���� �- � 8,���$ ��- � �%$ ��� �'1�� =� 8,��� 0$ 7 ���B*�$

�D��� � 7D'2 ���%� =�'% >�$ C* M��$�- ��- ��$ �- � �6� 0$ ����� =�

�:��� ��- �� ��$�- ��- � C�$ 0$ ��.

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#����� ����� :�$����� ��%��

�1� 6� =� �:��$ � %� ��D� �D- � �D��'2 ���� =� ������ �D$ ��

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)1.3 (�$����� (��

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=�1� 8��� ���-. ��J�M ��� �- � ��'-. 5���� M ��%�� =1�)�� ��$

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�D� 3� 7D'2 �D��%� >�� M������* ����% +��. E��@ =� �0�-$ ��,��% ���%�

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Page 92: ˇ ˝ : ˇ · community radio has contributed to community development. Members of the( Listeners’ club of Radio al Balad) are the subjects of this study. A random sample was used

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A��� ��B2. C� �$� ��)17 (% C�%��-�) �'$ ��� ( �� ��* $2 .� �6 �D�"2 ����

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5� ���� C�$�)13 ( C�%��-� A��� ��B2. C� >��� ��$�U C.)82.4 (%

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5�-�)�)11.8 (% ��< =�� ��* �� $ �") C� C�� ��� . �D'�� +�D$ . �D:": ��.

��� ���$)76.5 (% )H 5�%$ � M/��� $2 C�� ���� A��� ��B2. C�)23.5 (%

� $ $2 =�� ��* � . /1� C� ���)40 (% C�� ��� ��'% ��- � ;���� �'�� C�

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5� ���� �3�)22( ��6D C�%��-D� A��D� ��BD2. 9$ C. )22.6 (%

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)�����. .(� A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@ �*� �6 ��"2 ����)χ2) (6.235( E��-D�� M

��,�1�� �*�) 0.044.(

.+� ���%)23(

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25#$%� � � 26?35� � 36?45

� � 46� � (

�'�%� �����

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��:�� 15.0 10.0 17.8 30.0

� ��� 50.0 56.7 53.6 30.0

���� 35.0 33.3 28.6 40.0

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =5.393 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.494

C�$� 5� ����)23 ( C�%��-� A��� ��B2. >': C.)30 (% 5� ��2. �1� C�6

7@)46 :�J� ��- ( C�1 ��)��,� ( 5�:D':� MC�%��-D� A��D� ��2���� �B� 7'2

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��- ( 5��1� ( ���)56.7 (% A��� ��2���� �B� 7'2)�����.( ��B2. /1� ��. M

A���)53.6 (% C�$ 5� ��2. Y� �� C��)36Q 45 ��- ( �D2���� C� B��� A��D�

)�����. .(� A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@ �*� �6 ��"2 ���� *)χ2) (5.393( E��-�� M

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( ��' ���!�� ������ P��'B ?10 ������ P��0� Q�� �%��)�1'�� �����(

������ P��'B �������� ��R �� �'$���

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������ 44 36.1

����� 53 43.4

�'�%B = 3 2.5

�� % �� 122 100

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���� �3� 5�)24 ( 7'2 ������� ��� �$ C�1 �� C�%��-� A��� ��B2. C.

8� $ ��0� ���< ��$@) �'$ ��� ( �D�'�$ ��BD2< �D�) CD� �� ( �� >�� M

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C�1 ��)�����. ( ��0� ���< ��$@ 7'2 C�� =� M��� 8� $ ) ��� ( C� �� 5��� ��

C�%��-� A��� ��B2. /1�)43.3 (%��� 8� $ ��0� ���..

.+� ���%)25(

( ��' ���!�� ������ P��'B ?10 ������ P��0� Q�� /�' �+-7��)�1'�� �����(� �17��� I��$ ���

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������ 2���9 &�� K���� ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��%

��:�� 26.9 16.3 0 20.0

� ��� 30.8 37.8 55.0 30.0

���� 42.3 45.9 45.0 50.0 )����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =8.395 ������ ���� D =6��*��� /��� D = 0.211

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)26.9 (% C�1 ��)��,� ( ( D�� C�D� =� M��� 8� $ ��0� ���< ��$@ 7'2

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)8.395(��,�1�� �*� E��-�� M) 0.211.(

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.+� ���%)26(

!�� ������ P��'B ?10 ������ P��0� Q�� /�' �+-7�� ( ��' ���)�1'�� �����(� ��K� ��%�� ��� &' � ��

������ 2���9 &�� K���� ������ ��� ��% ������ ��� ��%

��:�� 14 22.2 8 14.3

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���� 24 38.1 29 51.8

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χ2 =2.523 ������ ���� D =2 ��*��� /��� D =0.283

� 5� ���� �3)26 ( C. 9$ ��6 C�%��-D� A��D� ��BD2. C� )22.2(%

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= 8 6.5

�'�%B = 3 2.5

�� % �� 122 100

5� ���� �3�)27 ( C�%��-� A��� ��B2. >': C� :�. C.)41.8 (% C����

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� 7���

25#$%� � � 26?35� � 36?45

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)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =6.20 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.401

5� ���� �3�)28 ( C�%��-� A��� ��B2. /1� C� �� C.)43.6 (% CD��

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A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@)χ2) (6.20(��,�1�� �*� E��-�� M) 0.401.(

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)����� 100 100 10 100

χ2 =10.145 ������ ���� D =6��*��� /��� D = 0.119

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5� ���� �3�)29 ( C�%��-� A��� ��B2. =:': C.)63.6 (% ;���� �'�� C�

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A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@ �*� �6)χ2) (10.145( ��,�1D�� �D*� E��-D�� M

)0.119.(

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���� P��0� ����0� /� ��)�1'�� ����� (� �� =� ���$ C��� ���%�

���� ���-��$��1'�� � �������� ��R �� �'$���

.7� 72 59.0

= 16 13.1

�� ��� = 31 25.4

�'�%� = 3 2.5

�� % �� 122 100

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C. C����%�)�'$ ��� ( �2 C� :�. E � C�� =� M;���� ����. ���� *� ���-�

��'�$ A��� ��B2.)13.1 (% 9$ �$� 5� M;���� ����. ����� ���-� �U��� C.

A��� ��B2.)25.4 (% ��-� �6� =� 5��. .

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����0� /�' �+-7�� P��0� /� /�7 �$ �� ����)�1'�� �����(� �17��� I��$ ��� ���%� � �� =� ���$

#$%� �<�� 0���� ���� ���� ������ ������� /�����

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0� 59.6 56.8 68.4 63.6

* 13.5 16.2 5.3 18.2

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)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =1.939 ������ ���� D =6D ��*��� /��� =0.925

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5� ���� �3�)31 ( C�%��-� A��� ��B2. =:': C.)68.4 (% ;���� �'�� C�

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��,�1�� �*�) 0.925.(

.+� ���%)32(

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����� ����� ���H7�� ������ ��� ��% ������ ��� ��%

0� 37 59.7 35 61.4

* 8 12.9 8 14.0

�� � � * 17 27.4 14 24.6

)����� 62 100.0 57 100.0

χ2 =0.136 D ������ ���� =2 ��*��� /��� D =0.934

5� ���� �3�)32 ( A��� ��B2 >��� =:': C.)61.4 (% C� ����2 :�.

C�$ C�%��-� A��� =� ��6) �'$ ��� ( CD� D:�.� M;���� ����. ���� *� ���-�

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��,�1�� �*� E��-��) 0.934.(

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���%)33(

' ������ P��0� ����0� �'��� )�1'�� �����(��1� �� ��'*�� �*U

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= 0 0

�� ��� = 15 12.3

�'�%B = 3 2.5

�� % �� 122 100

5� ���� �3�)33 ( C�%��-� A��� ��B2. ��$�U C.)85.2 (% C. C��D��%�

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0� 53 85.5 51 89.5

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)����� 100 100 100 100

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= 1 0.8

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�'�%B = 4 3.3

�� % �� 122 100

���� �3� 5� )36 ( A��� ��B2. ��$�U C.�%��-�C ) 86.1 (%C����%� C.

)�'$ ��� ( �$%� �� �$ 9����A��� ��B2. �2 �$� 5 C�� =� M) 9.8 (% =� 5��.

�J-� �6�.

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.+� ���%)37(

� /�' �+-7�� ����0 ������ P��0� /�)�1'�� �����(� 7��� ��'7��� ����' &� ��

25� � #$%� 26?35� � 36?45

� � 46� � (

�'�%� �����

������ ����� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��%

0� 94.7 87.1 89.7 80.0 * 0 0 0 5.0

�� � � * 5.3 12.9 10.3 15.0

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =6.824�� D ������ �� =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.337

5� ���� �3�)37( C. C� 7�3% ��$�& A��� ��B2. �%��-D�C) 94.7 (%

C2 5� ��2. ��� C��) 25 ��-( ��B2< ��$�U�)89.7 (% C�D$ 5� ��2. Y� �� C��

)36Q45 ��- (C����%� C. ) '$ ��� � ( �$%� �� �$ 9����. ��� *� �D*� �6 �D�"2 �

A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@)χ2) (6.824(�� M ��,�1�� �*� E��-)0.337.(

.+� ���%)38 (

/� ������ P��0� ����0� /�' �+-7��)�1'�� �����(� �17��� I��$ ��� ��'7��� ����' &� ��

#$%� �<�� 0���� ���� ���� ������ ������� /�����

� ����� ����������� ����� �� ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��%

0� 92.2 86.5 89.5 81.8

* 0 2.7 0 0

�� � � * 7.8 10.8 10.5 18.2

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =3.32 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.768

���� �3� 5�)38 ( C. A��� ��B2. C� 7�3% ��$�& ;���� 7'2 C�'1��

C�� ��� =�����)92.2%( M ��$�U� ��� ���$ ;���� 7'2 C�'1��)89.5(%M ��$�U�

;���� 7'2 C�'1�� ��- � ��'%)81.8(%M C����%� C. ) $ ��� �' ( �D� �$ 9D����

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�$%�. �*� �6 ��"2 ���� *� A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@ )χ2) (3.32( E��-D�� M

��,�1�� �*�)0.768( M

���% )39(

/� ������ P��0� ����0�)1'�� ������(/�7 �$ �� �%����� �'1�

/�7 �$ �� �%�� ��'1� �������� ��R �� �'$���

.7� 80 65.6

= 5 4.1

�� ��� = 33 27

�'�%B = 4 3.3

% ���� 122 100

5� ���� �3� )39 (=:': C. A��� ��B2. �%��-�C) 65.6(% C. C����%�

) ��� �'$ (5�������� =$'�M ��B2. 9$ �$� 5 C�� =� A��� )27(% �6� =� 5��.

�J-� . =%��-� A��� ��B2. !�1� C ��� C����)�'$ ��� ( C. �� �)�'$ ��� (

� =$'� �� ��� 0�� C��'��-�� ���� 9� 5"2� �,�-� ���%� �3 =� �1�) M5�������

>��$ � � )X�1 ( =�" * 5"2�� M;����� �U ��$1. 5"2� =� 9���� ���) C.

C,�$ � 5�%� ���%�� �$ C��0�� 5��. 7'2 ���� 9� ���%�� ")( X�1141.(

.+� ���%)40( /�' �+-7�����0� ' ������ P��0� � ��'1�)�1'�� �����(� 7��� /��!�� �� �%���

25#$%� � � 26?35� � 36?45

� � 46� � (

�'�%� �����

!� 6����� ���� ���� ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��%

0� 68.4 56.3 71.4 80.0

* 10.5 3.1 0 0

� � � *� 21.1 40.6 28.6 20.0

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =9.74 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.136

5� ���� �3�)40 ( C. C�%��-� A��� ��B2. ��$�U)80.0(% 5� ��2. C��

)46 ��- :�J� (C����%� C. ) �'$ ��� ( C0�� ����� =$'� 5D3%� #6D$ �D��%� ��� M

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92

)71.4(% � A��� ��B2. C�$ 5� ��2. Y� �� C�)36Q45 .(� �D*� �6 ��"2 ���� *

A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@)χ2) (9.74(� M ��,�1�� �*� E��-�)0.136.(

.+� ���%)41(

/�' �+-7��' ������ P��0� ����0� ��'1�)�1'�� �����(� /��!�� �� �%��� ��K� ��%��

��� &' � �� !� 6����� ���� ���� ������ ��� ��% ������ ��� ��%

0� 41 66.2 38 67.8

* 4 6.4 2 3.6

�� � � * 17 27.4 16 28.6

)����� 62 100.0 56 100.0

χ2 =0.131 ������ ���� D =2 ��*��� /��� D =0.937

5� ���� �3�)41 (C. =:': A��� ��B2. �%��-D�C ��6D CD� )66.2 (%

C. C����%�) �'$ ��� ( MC0�� ����� =$'� C. ��� =:': >�D�� CD� A��D� ��B2.

)67.8(%M C. C���%� C0�� ����� =$'� ��� ..� M��,�1D�@ �*� �6 ��"2 ���� *

A�� 9$ � ���� C<)χ2) (0.131(��,�1�� �*� E��-�� M) 0.937.(

5D�� =D� 9�DB�� ������ �'$ ��� C �-� �6� C� ���-� C C��� C��

>��<� ��6�$ ���� ��'%�� ��- ��'�)� 9���� X, � �������.

)2.2 ( #����� #�'�� ��R$ : &������ � ) ��7����� ��$��!�� ( 7� P��� 4>�� �>��� .�>��

� �$ ��)�1'�� ������(S

���%)42(

� �� �$ ������ P��0�)�1'�� ������(4������ �%� /

4������ �%� / �� �$=� �������� ��R �� �'$���

.7� 97 79.5

= 9 7.4

�� ��� = 14 11.5

�'�%B = 2 1.6

�� % �� 122 100

Page 111: ˇ ˝ : ˇ · community radio has contributed to community development. Members of the( Listeners’ club of Radio al Balad) are the subjects of this study. A random sample was used

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5� ���� �3�)42 ( A��� ��B2. 53%� C. D��%��- C )79.5 (% C�%��-D�

)��� �'$ ( /��:� ��. C� . �2 �$� 5 C�� =� A��� ��B2.) 11.5(% �6D� =� 5��.

�J-�.

.+� ���%)43(

������ P��0� �� �$� /�' �+-7��)�1'�� ������(� 7��� 4������ �%� /

25#$%� � � 26?35� � 36?45

� � 46� � (

�'�%� �����

����� &�9 )���*�F�7'�� F�<� ����� ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��%

0� 72.5 87.5 82.1 85.0 * 10.0 6.3 7.2 5.0

�� � � * 17.5 6.2 10.7 10.0

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =3.181 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.786

5� ���� �3�)43 ( ��$�U C. A��� ��B2. �%��-D�C) 87.5(% �D,� CD�

C�$ �� �% )26Q 35 ��-( C�%��-� ) �'$ ��� ( �� C� /��:� M ��BD2< �D�$�U�

)85.0(% C� �� �% �,�)46 :�J� ��- ( �BD�. /��:� �� C� ��� ' C�%��-� .� *

*� �6 ��"2 ���� A�D� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@ �)χ2) (3.181( �D*� E��-D�� M

��,�1��) 0.786.(

.+� ���%)44 (

������ P��0� �� �$� /�' �+-7��)�1'�� ������(� �17��� I��$ ��� 4������ �%� /

#$%� �<�� 0���� ���� ���� ������ ������� /�����

�7'�� F�<� ����� ����� &�9 )���*�F ��� ��% ��� ��% 5 ��� ��%

��� ��%

()$ 86.8 73.0 79 81.8 � 3.8 10.8 10.5 9.1

*� '� � 9.4 16.2 10.5 9.1

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =3.283 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.773

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94

5� ���� �3�)44 (. C ��$�U A��� ��B2.�%��-�C )86.8 (% 7'2 C�'1��

;���� ��J� =����� C�%��-�) �'$ ��� ( �D�$�U 9��-� /�� �6� M/��:� ��. C�

��B2<)81.8(% C�'1�� ;���� 7'2 ��- ���'% ��� ' . �6 �D�"2 �D��� *�

A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@ �*�)χ2) (3.283(��,�1�� �*� E��-�� M) 0.773.(

���%)45(

=� �� �$)�1'�� ������ (17��� �%� / .

.17��� �%� / �� �$=� �������� ��R �� �'$���

.7� 93 76.3

= 17 13.9

�� ��� = 11 9

�'�%B = 1 8.

�� % �� 122 100

5� ���� �3�)45 ( C. +�$ . �:": �� ��B2. A� C�%��-� )76.2 (% C�%��-�

) ��� �'$ ( �D�'�$ C�%��-D� A��D� ��BD2. �2 CD� :�. E. C�� M5'%� ��. C�

)13.9 (% 7@ C�%��-� * 5��.)�'$ ��� (5'%� ��. C�.

.+� ���%)46(

� /�' �+-7��$ ������ P��0� �� �)�1'�� ������ (17��� 4��'� 7��� .

25�'�%� � � 26?35� � 36?45

� � 46� � (

�'�%� �����

�*����� F�<� ����� ����� &�9 )��0 ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��%

0� 70.7 83.9 79.3 75.0

* 19.5 12.9 6.9 15.0

�� � � * 9.8 3.2 13.8 10.0

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =4.316 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.634

5� ���� �3�)46 ( C. A��� ��B2. ��$�U)83.9(% 5� ��2. Y� �� C� C�$

)26Q35 ��- ( C�%��-�)�'$ ��� ( A��� ��B2. ��$�U� M5'%� �� C�)79.3 (% C��

Page 113: ˇ ˝ : ˇ · community radio has contributed to community development. Members of the( Listeners’ club of Radio al Balad) are the subjects of this study. A random sample was used

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5� ��2.)36Q45 ��- ( %� �� C� ��� ' C�%��-� 5' . �D*� �6 �D�"2 �D��� *�

A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@)χ2) (4.316( ��,�1�� �*� E��-�� M)0.634( M

.+� ���%)47(

������ P��0� �� �$� /�' �+-7��)��1'�� ����� (17��� 4��'� .��K� ��%�� ��� &' � ��

�*���� &�9 )������ F�<� ����� ��0 ������ ��� ��% ������ ��� ��%

0� 48 76.2 44 77.2

* 8 12.7 10 15.8

�� � � * 7 11.1 4 7.0

)����� 63 100.0 58 100.0

χ2 =0.753 ������ ���� D =2 ��*��� /��� D =0.686

5� ���� �3�)47 ( . 53%� C. A��� ��B2 C�%��-� ��6)76.2 (% 7D@ C�%��-�

) �'$ ��� ( '%� �� C� � M 5 M>��� C� ��B2< 53%� )77.2 (% CD� ��� ' C%��-�

5'%� �� .� A�D� 9D$ � �D��� C< M��,�1�@ �*� �6 ��"2 ���� *)χ2) (0.753( M

��,�1�� �*� E��-��) 0.686.(

���% )48(

�� �$=�)�����1'�� ��(O������� ��1$��� �%� /

��1$��� �%� / �� �$=�

O�������

�������� ��R �� �'$���

.7� 74 60.7

= 37 30.3

�� ��� = 9 7.4

�'�%B = 2 1.6

�� % �� 122 100

5� ���� �3� )48 (C. =:': A��D� ��B2. C�%��-D� )60.7 (% C�%��-D�

)�� �'$ � ( �� C� MF�� �� ��'-� C�%��-D� A��D� ��BD2. >': C�)30.3 (% *

7@ C�%��-�)�'$ ��� (� ��'-� ��. C� F�� �.

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.+� ���%)49(

� /�' �+-7��� �� �$ ������ P��0)��1'�� �����(� 7��� O������� ��1$��� 4��'

25#$%� � � 26?35� � 36?45

� � 46� � (

�'�%� �����

��� &�9 )���*������� F�<� ����� �� ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��%

0� 70.0 59.4 60.7 50.0

* 22.5 31.3 32.1 45.0

�� � � * 7.5 9.3 7.2 5.0

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =3.465 ������ ���� D =6��*��� /��� D = 0.749

5� ���� �3�)49 ( A��� ��B2. 53%� C. �%��-D�C) 70.0 (% CD�� �D��

C2 5� ��2. )25 ��- ( C�%��-�) ��� �'$ ( F�� �� ��'-� /��$ M �D:': =�� 9��-��

��B2<)60.7 (%C�� C�$ 5� ��2. Y� �� )36Q45 ��-( ��'-D� �D� CD� ��� '

9��-� ��� MF�� �� ��B2< =:': C� ��)59.4(% � C�D$ 5� ��2. Y� �� C�)26Q35

��- ( F�� �� ��'-� �� C� ��� ' .� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@ �*� �6 ��"2 ���� *

A��)χ2) (3.465(��,�1�� �*� E��-�� M) 0.749.(

.+� ���%)50(

������ P��0� �� �$� /�' �+-7��)�1'�� ������(� O������� ��1$��� 4��' ��K� ��%�� ��� &' � ��

������ F�<� ����� ����� &�� )���*� ������ ��� ��% ������ ��� ��%

0� 40 62.5 33 57.9

* 19 29.7 18 31.6

�� � � * 5 7.8 6 10.5

)����� 64 100.0 57 100.0

χ2 =1.491 ������ ���� D =2 ��*��� /��� D =0.475

5� ���� �3�)50 ( =:':. C. A��� ��B2.�%��-�C �6D CD� �)62.5 (%

7@ C�%��-�) �'$ ��� ( /��$ F�� �� ��'-� M C� >���� ��BD2. A��D�)57.9 (%

C%��-� ) �'$ ��� ( /��$ �� �� ��'-�F .� ���� C< M��,�1�@ �*� �6 ��"2 ���� *

A�� 9$ �)χ2) (1.491(��,�1�� �*� E��-�� M) 0.475.(

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���%)51(

������ P��0� �� �$� )�1'�� ������(P�*��$=� �%� /

P�*��$-� �� �$=� �������� ��R �� �'$���

.7� 58 47.5

= 47 38.5

�� ��� = 12 9.8

=�'�%B 5 4.2

�� % �� 122 100

5� ���� �3�)51 ( C� �� C. ��B2. /1� ��'�$ C�%��-� A���)47.5 (%

C�%��-�) �'$ ��� ( CD� :�.� M��) �-* �� C� ��BD2. >D': A��D�)38.5(%

A��� ��B2. �2� M��) �-* �� C� ��� ' C�%��-�)9.8 (% �6D� =D� 5� A. *

-��J .

0$� #��)52( � !�� �$H���)������ �� 2�8� )������ �����(������ 2�>��*� # !�

25#$%� � � 26?35� � 36?45

� � 46� � (

�'�%� �����

2�>��H� ����� ����� &�9 )���*� ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��%

0� 53.8 48.4 51.9 40.0

* 28.3 45.1 40.7 55.0

�� � � * 17.9 6.5 7.4 5.0

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =6.670 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.352

5� ���� �3�)52( /1� C. ��B2. C�%��-� A��� )53.8 (% 5� ��2. C��

)25 ��- ��J� ( C�%��-�) ��� �'$( �) �-* ��. C� ��BD2< /1�� M�)51.9 (%

� C�$ 5� ��2. Y� �� C� )36Q45 ��- ( ��) �-* �� C� ��� ' C�%��-� . �D��� *�

A�� 9$ � ���� C< M��,�1�@ �*� �6 ��"2)χ2) (6.670( ��,�1�� �*� E��-�� M

)0.352.(

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.+� ���%)53(

� P��0� �� �$� /�' �+-7�� �����)�1'�� ������(�������' ����� �*���� P�*��$=� �%� /

300#$%� 301?500 501?750 !� �'� 750

�����

� )���*�2�>��H� ����� ����� ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ��� ��% ()$ 50.0 51.7 63.6 22.2

� 41.7 44.8 36.4 44.4

*� '� � 8.3 3.5 0 33.4

)����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =10.564 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.103

5� ���� �3�)53( C. =:': A��� ��B2.�%��-�C )63.6(% Y� D�� CD��

A �� 5�')� ) 501Q750 ���� ( C�%��-�) �'$ ��� ( ��) �D-* ��. C� � M �D�=

��B2< /1�)50.0 % (C�6 ��� A �� 5�')� C2)500 ���� ( C�%��-D�) �D��

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)750 ���� ( ��) �-* �� C� ��� '. �D��� C< M��,�1D�@ �*� �6 ��"2 ���� *�

A�� 9$ �)χ2) (10.564(� M ��,�1�� �*� E��-�)0.103.(

���% )54(

� �� �$ ������ P��0�)�1'�� ������(/ �%� �� ���� -� �� / F�����

-� �� / F����� �%� / �� �$=� �������� ��R �� �'$���

.7� 52 42.6

= 51 41.8

�� ��� = 18 14.8

�'�%B = 1 8.

�� % �� 122 100

� 5� ���� �3)54 ( C. /1� C� �� A��D� ��BD2. �%��-D�C )42.6 (%

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C�%��-�) �'$ ��� ( �D2 CD� D:�. �$� 5� M����� �"��� C� �� � �� C�

A��� ��B2.)14.8 (%6� =� 5��. ��-� �.

.+� ���%)55 (

������ P��0� �� �$� /�' �+-7��)�1'�� ������(-� �� / F����� �%� / �� ���� � 7���

25�'�%� � � 26?35� � 36?45

� � 46� � (

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�� � � * 25.0 12.5 6.9 10.0 )����� 100 100 100 100

χ2 =5.243 ������ ���� D =6 ��*��� /��� D =0.513

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�� �����

300#$%� 301?500 501?750 !� �'� 750

�����

!� ,��<�� ����� ����� &�� )���*�������� �H�=���

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5� ���� �3� )56 (C. /1� A��� ��B2.�%��-�C) 50.0(% �D�� CD��

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= 4 3.3

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"��= ��� ��I ��������:

1_*�������"�$ � )2009( ." # ��L���� �L ���� ����L�� ,��=L�� �����>��FM

� �77���� �����=*���< " �) 5�8�$� ��K ���#!�� ���#�( 2�#&� ,�8��� ��)��! �

.��&� �.�� ����)�� ��#�����.

2_ 7�#��� (� L� (� �� M��$��/ .��&� *- )@ ���( )2007.( " �)�>$� ����� �-!�$�

/���� �� .-0"�."

3_ C� < =� ���-� 5"2� 5�2�� 8��� $)�� �() 2008(" �>��� �-!�$� �)�>$� �

/���� �� .-0"�".

&%�� ����'�%�� :

1_ Fogg. Ally and Horbel, Phil and Brooks, Kathy (2005) "Community

radio toolkit".

2_ lanara, Zoe (2002) ' Public Service Broadcasting", Greece,

Theophile Printworks.

3_ Fraser, Colin, and Estrada, Restrepo (2001) "Community Radio

Handbook", UNESCO.

4_ Tor, Patrick (2006) "Community Radio for Development- the

World and Africa" Nairobi, Paulines Publications Africa.

��'�%�� �$�����:

1_ Center for International Media Assistance and National Endowment

for Democracy ( 2007). "Community Radio: Its Impact and Challenges to

its Development",Washington,D.C.

2_ Hood, L (2007). " Radio Reverb: The Impact of Local News

Reimported to Its Own Community Journal of Broadcasting and

Electronic Media,(51),(1),(1-19).

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3_ Kapanen, Mikko (2007). "Community Radio Practices",South Africa.

4_ Simmons, ch (2009) " Dear Radio Broadcaster: Fan Mail as a Form of

Perceived Interactivity". Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic

Media,(53),(3),( 444-459).

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Page 167: ˇ ˝ : ˇ · community radio has contributed to community development. Members of the( Listeners’ club of Radio al Balad) are the subjects of this study. A random sample was used

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