-congenital abnormalities -cysts -endocrine changes
TRANSCRIPT
-Congenital abnormalities-Cysts-Endocrine changes
Cause/etiology The failure of cartilage to stiffen with
development
Population with high risk Neonate
Location Epiglottis
Be too pliabe and collapes into the airway
Typical symptoms Stridor (喘鸣)
Evident at birth or within the first few hours or days of life
No hoaseness Dyspnea(呼吸困难)
In severe condition
Examinations Transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy
Direct laryngoscope Big and pliable or curly epiglottis No stridor after moving epiglottis
Treatments Mild to moderate
outgrow laryngomalacia by 18 months
Severe Supraglottoplasty(声门上成形术) tracheostomy(气管切开术)
Definition A lumen 4.0 mm in diameter or less at the
level of the cricoid cartilage
Cause/etiology Congenital – embryological development
Cricoid cartilage The conus elasticus (弹性圆锥)
Acquired endotracheal intubation
Scarring Hypertrophy
Population with high risk Neonate
Typical symptoms - In severe condition
Dyspnea (呼吸困难) Stridor Exercise intolerance
Treatments (stenosis grading) Grade 1 to 2
careful observation
Grade 3 to 4 Endoscopic or surgical intervention Voice therapy to followed
Definition TEF are opennnings that occur between
the esophagus and trachea
Cause/etiology Vascular compromise to developing
esophagus
Typical symptoms Gastric distention Direct tracheal aspiration Reduced diaphragmatic excusion
Treatments (stenosis grading) surgical intervention Voice and therapy to followed
Cause/etiology Abnormal blockage of the ductal system of
laryngeal mucous glands Congenital Acquired
Location Vocal folds – inner margin, superior or
inferior surface Ventricular folds - anywhere Unilateral
Typical symptoms Low vocal quality - hoarseness
Breathness Lower pitch Increased aperiodicity
Examinations Fiberoptic laryngoscopy Stroboscopy Biopsy
Treatments
Typical symptoms – before 4-5 days before menstruation in 33% of women
Vocal fatigue Reduced pitch range Hypophonia Loss of certain harmonics
Videostroboscopic examination Congestion 充血 Microvaries VF thickening Reduced vibratory amplitude
Treatment Oral contraceptive pills
Typical symptoms