1111111111 Parapsicologia e Scienza. Un connubio possibile?

di B. Severi

Una delle principali recriminazioni che più spesso vengono fat-te dai parapsicologi è che il corpo accademi-co, la cosiddetta citta-della del-la scienza, fino ad ora, salvo casi del tutto sporadici, ha tenuto ben chiuse le sue porte d'accesso a qualsia-si tentativo di riconoscimento della parapsicologia (1). Ciononostante, una picco-la apertura verso questa disciplina, anche se non cono-sciuta ai più, c'è stata e vede la parapsicologia nasco-sta nell' ombra di qualche angolo di quella citta-della, invisibile o quasi ai suoi troppo indaffarati abitanti.La prima indicazione in questo senso l'ho raccolta nel corso di una ricerca bibliografica legata al mio lavoro all'interno dell'Università degli Studi di Bologna mentre stavo consultando il famoso e diffusissimo Index Medicus ( quella rivista che, redatta dalla National Library of Medicine di Bethesda, raccoglie, elencati per argomento, tutti gli articoli scientifi-ci di carattere medico che ogni mese vengono pubblicati sulle principali riviste di tutto il mondo.). Per essere accettate e comparire sul-l'Index Medicus, le suddette ri-viste deb-bono pas-sare al vaglio di una apposita commissione che ne deve ricono-sce-re il valore e la serietà scientifica. E' anche possibile ef-fet-tuare una ricerca bibliografica sull'Index Medicus mediante l'ac-cesso, via modem, alla banca dati denominata MEDLINE. Diverse biblioteche universitarie italiane sono ad essa collegate. Mentre sfogliavo questi ponderosi volumi, uno per mese, mi sono reso conto, con una certa sorpresa, di due fatti di un certo rilievo. Il primo è che esiste, quale voce relativa agli argomenti ricorrenti nell' Index, anche la voce Parapsicologia. Il secon-do fatto è che questa voce non è di solito vuota come ci si po-trebbe aspet-tare, ma contiene spesso la citazione di artico-li che riguardano sia la parapsicologia in senso stretto, sia altre materie più o meno direttamente correlate alla fenomenologia paranormale. Per fare un esempio, nelle intere annate 1989 e 1992 gli arti-co-li che ho in-dividuato sotto la voce Parapsicologia sono stati ri-spettivamente 10 e 5 che, anche se non tantissimi, rap-pre-sentano qualco-sa di signifi-cativo e di confortante. Non tutti questi ar-ticoli, si intende, sono favore-voli all'interpretazione parapsi-cologica dei partico-lari fenomeni studiati, ma

spesso tale inter-pretazione è accetta-ta o, perlome-no, è tenuta in buona con-sidera-zione. In prevalenza le riviste hanno un indirizzo psi-chia-trico e psico-logico. Gli argomenti trattati ri-guardano, oltre l'ESP e la PK, le esperienze perimortali (NDE), l'OBE, il pol-tergeist, la reincarnazione, etc. Oltre a questa prima ricerca preliminare sull'Index Medicus, ho recentemente registra-to, da fonti diverse, la comparsa di numerosi arti-coli di carat-te-re para-psico-logico, o di confine, su importanti rivi-ste scientifiche a diffusione spesso internazionale ( in buona parte scritti da noti parapsicologi). Nel complesso la mia ricerca, che ha sondato principalmente gli ultimi 25 anni, spa-ziando, quando possibile, nei decenni precedenti, mi ha per-messo di sco-prire 500 lavori il cui elenco completo appare alla fine di questo articolo.Un altro dato interessante desumibile dall'elenco, riguarda il numero delle riviste citate, che è 173. L'importanza di questo dato risiede nel fatto che il paranormale non ha trovato occasionali canali preferenziali per far parlare di sè (sia nel bene, che nel male), ma si è ramificato in tanti rivoli diversi, ciascuno con un suo specifico campo di interesse.Dall'analisi complessiva dei dati raccolti si possono trarre alcune considerazioni e deduzioni. Vediamone alcune. La stragran-de maggioranza del-le riviste che hanno pubblicato articoli di parapsicologia sono di estrazione psicologica e medica. Seguono, a grande di-stanza, quelle appar-tenenti all'area delle scienze fisiche e della filosofia. Non è possibile fare un bilancio tra gli artico-li a favore e quelli a sfavore della realtà dei fenomeni paranor-mali perchè spesso questo orientamento non tra-spare dai titoli che ho trovato. Nè del resto mi è stato possibi-le raccogliere tutti gli articoli e leggerli per evidenti ed og-gettive difficol-tà prati-che. L'impressione è che quelli favorevo-li raggiungano un numero significativamente superiore a quello dei contrari (2). Come origine geografica del-le riviste, gli Sta-ti Uniti sono decisamen-te i più prolifici, seguiti dalla Gran Bretagna. Questo dato de-riva in buona parte dal maggior numero di riviste specializzate di carat-tere interna-zionale che questi paesi producono, oltre che dal fatto che la lingua inglese è quella preferita dai ricer-catori per essere letti e compresi in tutto il mondo. Senza dubbio gli Stati Uniti comprendono anche la maggior parte degli studiosi e dei centri di ricerca sul paranormale. Gli autori italiani sono stati leggermente privilegiati nella ricerca per il più facile reperimento delle riviste italiane sulle quali

hanno di preferenza scritto.E' anche dove-roso ribadire che non tut-ti gli articoli e-lenca-ti riguar-dano in modo specifico la fenomenologia paranorma-le. Diversi ap-partengono a quella vasta area non ancora ben defi-nita, detta di frontiera, mentre altri presentano ancor più vaghi le-gami con la fenomenologia parapsico-logica. Del resto, le stesse riviste uffi-ciali delle maggiori associazioni parapsicologiche non si limita-no a trattare unica-mente gli argomenti di pura pa-rapsicologia, ma spaziano in terri-tori molto vasti ed eterogenei: reincarnazione, guaritori, OBE, NDE, etc sono ospiti di frequente riscontro. Per maggiori raggua-gli su quali siano i fenomeni paranormali e non, consiglio di leg-gere la classificazione propo-sta dal Dr. Piero Cassoli nel-l'articolo: Limiti ed oggetto della parapsicologia (Quaderni di Parapsicolo-gia", N.2, pag. 7, 1990).Ne deriva, per quanto detto sopra, che la composizione di questo elenco non è molto omoge-nea e del tutto coerente. Infatti, non è assolutamente facile muoversi all'interno di un settore così ampio e proteiforme. Il più delle volte è difficile tracciare una linea di separazione netta tra ciò che è paranormale e ciò che non lo è. Ad esempio, la reincarnazione, in linea di principio, dovrebbe essere una materia di pertinenza della etnologia e/o della religione. Tuttavia, frequentemente il cosiddetto reincarnato sembra dimo-strare delle conoscenze che hanno tutte le caratteristiche dei fenomeni psi-cognitivi. In passato, il noto parapsicologo G. Zorab ha presentato nella sua opera: "Bibliography of Parapsychology", New York, 1957, una ricca ed esauriente raccolta di voci bibliografiche. Questo mio contributo po-trebbe esse-re considerato una integrazione ed una ideale continuazione di quel lavoro. Certamente qualcuno potrà trovare in questa ricerca er-rori dovuti a mie svi-ste o ad imperfette valuta-zioni. Una parte ridotta del-le voci bibliografiche l'ho trovata incom-pleta o con alcuni dati errati. Me ne sono reso conto più volte e non sempre sono stato in grado di rimediare. Alcune rivi-ste non le conoscevo e non ho tro-vato alcun riscontro presso le fonti a cui potevo accedere. E' pos-sibile che io abbia citato delle riviste che non hanno suf-ficien-te dignità scientifica ma, in que-sto campo, non si può es-sere mai sicuri di niente, ed alcu-ne pos-sono essermi sfuggi-te. Il settore è vastissimo, solo l'In-dex Me-dicus raccoglie oltre 3200 rivi-ste (3). Al-tri errori, che al momento non riesco a

focaliz-zare, po-treb-bero aggiun-gersi. Confesso che ho iniziato questa ricerca credendo di esaurirla entro breve tempo e senza eccessiva fatica. La realtà dei fatti si è dimostrata, entro breve tempo, completamente diversa. Al primo filone, quello dell'Index Medicus, se ne sono aggiunti presto diversi altri e quello che sembrava un lavoretto da poco si è trasmutato in una ricerca lunga e laboriosa che ha messo a dura prova le mie ca-pacità ed il poco tempo libero. A metà delle mie fatiche mi sono chiesto se ne valeva la pena. E' stato per l'incoraggiamento del Dr. P. Cassoli che ho, nonostante tutto, continuato. Certamente questa indagine non esauri-sce il problema della diffusione delle problematiche parapsicolo-giche all'interno delle strutture della scienza ufficiale. Senza dubbio diverse altre fonti dovranno essere ana-lizzate per scopri-re altro materiale. Ul-teriori sor-prese, speriamo confortanti, potranno essere presto trovate. Mi preme, infine, sottolineare come questa cospicua attività editoriale rappresenti una sorta di dialogo a distanza tra i pa-rapsicologi e la controparte critica, di solito condotto su un piano di reciproco rispetto e di scientificità. Anche se spesso le distanze tra le due parti sembrano essere ancora no-tevolmente grandi, questa sorta di dialogo appare significativo e, speriamo, alla fine, costruttivo. Molti critici chiedono ai parapsicologi delle prove, delle risposte e dei fatti. Sta a que-sti ultimi rispondere in modo adeguato. Ed in parte, come tra-spare da questo mio lavoro, già da tempo si cerca di soddisfare queste richieste. La pubblicazione di ar-ticoli scritti da parapsi-co-logi su riviste scientifiche presti-giose di altre bran-che del sapere è un risul-tato molto incoraggiante. Forse mol-ti non ne conoscevano la portata. Essa rappresenta, inoltre, il frutto di una politica (o, se preferite, di una stra-tegia) che deve es-sere mantenuta e svi-luppata. Anche in questo modo potremo riu-scire a far conoscere le nostre ragio-ni, i no-stri metodi ed i nostri pro-blemi (confrontandoci anche con chi non è d'accordo) ad un pub-blico sem-pre più quali-ficato. Insomma, è una via importante per far sape-re che esi-stia-mo anche noi.

Nota 1: E' il caso di ricordare l'unico grande ed ufficiale rico no-scimento della parapsicologia da parte del mondo scien ti-fico. Ciò avvenne nell'ormai lontano 30 dicembre 1969 quando l'A.A.A.S. (American Association for Advancement of Scien-ce), che è la mas-sima associazione scien-tifica del mondo, accettò l'ingresso, tra le proprie file, della Parap-sychological Association. Da allora nessun altro importante pro-gresso è stato fatto.

Nota 2: Unica, ma importante eccezione, è la seguente: da diversi anni il paranormale è stato saltuario ospite di Nature e Science. Queste due riviste rappresentano un punto di riferi-mento davvero unico e fondamentale per il mondo scienti-fico che vede in esse la meta tanto agognata su cui pub-blicare il frutto migliore delle proprie fatiche. La mag-gioranza degli articoli che vi ho trovato è criti-ca verso la real-tà della Psi; quel poco che resta è neutrale o favorevo-le. Misterioso è il fat-to che negli anni '80 il paranor-male ha fatto gradatamente meno mostra di sè sulle loro presti-giose pagine, fino a scomparire del tutto ne gli ultimi 5 o 6 an-ni.

Nota 3: Per inserire o meno una rivista nell'elenco qui accluso (al fine di avere una sufficiente anche se non assoluta garanzia sul suo valore scientifico e culturale) ho se guito que-sti criteri: 1- ho verificato se compariva tra le riviste recensite dall'Index Medicus; 2- ho controllato la sua presenza o meno nel "Catalogo colletti-vo dei periodici delle biblioteche di Bologna", nel quale sono nominati tutti i periodici che, fino al 1984, sono stati rac-colti e conservati nelle bibliote-che dell'Università, comunali e di al tri enti ed isti-tuzioni di ricerca di Bologna (circa 30.000); 3- per eventuali riviste nate dopo il 1984, o il cui ab bonamento è stato acceso dopo tale data, in parte ho rimediato consultando cataloghi più specifici, ma più attuali.

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Anonymous

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