Debian GNU/Linux

31 2004 .

0.3cvs

Copyright 20022004 , , , , , , , , , ,

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free DocumentationLicense, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, noFront-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU FreeDocumentation License.

I 1

1 31.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Debian GNU/Linux 5

3 73.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.1.1 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

II 9

4 11

5 13

III 15

6 , 176.1 Knoppix LiveCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.1.1 Knoppix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.1.2 . . . Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.2 Knoppix Debian CD DVD images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.2.1 Knoppix images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.2.2 Debian images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.2.3 Knoppix Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.2.4 ISO files jigdo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ISO image

.jigdo .template file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ISO image

.jigdo .template files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.3 Tilix : Knoppix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.4 Knoppix-live LiveCDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.5 Gibraltar LiveCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.6 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1

7 Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC 257.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.2 Choose The Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.3 Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.3.1 1.Configure Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.3.2 2.Partition a Hard Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.3.3 3.Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.3.4 4.Initialize a Linux Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.3.5 5.Install Kernel and Driver Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.3.6 6.Configure Device Driver Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.3.7 7.Configure the host name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.3.8 8.Install the Base System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.3.9 9.Make System Bootable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.3.10 10.Make a Boot Floppy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.3.11 11.Reboot the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.4 Debian System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.4.1 Time Zone Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.4.2 Password setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.4.3 Apt Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

8 debian-installer installer(s) 318.1 debian-installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318.2 pgi : The Progeny Graphical Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318.3 fai : Fully Automatic Installation for Debian GNU/Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318.4 SystemInstaller, SystemImager, SystemConfigurator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328.5 Replicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

9 Debian 339.1 Debian GNU/Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

9.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349.2.2 shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349.2.3 su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

9.3 ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

9.4.1 man, whatis, apropos, info. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.4.2 info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

9.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.5.1 cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

10 -user-friendly 4310.1 Debian Desktop Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4310.2 Debian Menu System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4310.3 Debian Usability Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

11 , , 4511.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4511.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4611.3 locales: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4611.4 console-cyrillic: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

11.4.1 cyr : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4711.5 XFree86: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

11.5.1 XKB: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48xserver-xfree86: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2

XF86Config: X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48setxkbmap: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

11.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50TrueType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

TrueType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Xft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

11.5.3 xfs: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5111.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

11.6.1 GNOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52GTK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52AbiWord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52GDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

11.6.2 KDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5311.6.3 Mozilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5311.6.4 Midnight Commander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5311.6.5 teTex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

11.7 tasksel : Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5411.7.1 language-env : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

11.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5511.8.1 http://www.debian.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5511.8.2 http://www.debian.org/doc . . . . . . . . . . 5511.8.3 debian-installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5511.8.4 apt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

12 Internet 5712.1 PPP Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

12.1.1 pppconfig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5712.1.2 wvdial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5812.1.3 kppp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

12.2 Ethernet Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.3 iptables: GNU/Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

12.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

13 6313.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6313.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

13.2.1 Acer S2W 3300U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

14 Woody Sarge 6514.1 /etc/apt/sources.list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6514.2 dist-upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6514.3 grub: LILO GRUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6514.4 kernel-image-2.6-686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6514.5 udev : devfs udev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6614.6 screen, less, vim: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6614.7 /etc/inetd.conf : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6614.8 postfix : Exim Postfix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6614.9 ssh, dnsutils: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3

15 - backup 6715.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6715.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

15.2.1 dd - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6715.2.2 raw - linux raw device block device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6715.2.3 dump - dump restore ext2/3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6715.2.4 pcopy - large disk(partition) to disk(partition) copying tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

15.3 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.1 revision control systems - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

/etc CVS . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.2 rsync - . . . . . . . 6815.3.3 dirvish - filesystem- rsync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.4 backuppc - disk- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.5 bacula - network- , . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.6 partimage - partitions- image files . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.7 mondo - CD- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.8 amanda - /- advanced network disk archiver . . 6815.3.9 cdrw-taper - amanda CD-RW DVD+RW . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.10multicd - CD- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.11 faubackup - filesystem- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.12dar - , , , ssh . . . . . . . 6815.3.13rdiff-backup - deltas- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.14pdumpfs - filesystem- , ruby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.15storebackup - . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.16ibackup - /etc, . . . . . . . . 6815.3.17afbackup - /- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6815.3.18kbackup - , , multi-volume archives, . . . . 6815.3.19cdbackup - CD-R(W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

IV 69

16 7116.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

16.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7316.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

17 dpkg, dselect apt 7517.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

17.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7517.1.2 dpkg: A medium-level package manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7617.1.3 dselect : Debian package management frontend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

dselect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77[A]ccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77[U]pdate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78[S]elect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78[I]nstall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79[C]onfigure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79[R]emove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

17.1.4 apt : Advanced Package Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

17.1.5 aptitude: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8117.1.6 synaptic: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

17.2 apt-dpkg-ref : apt dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8217.2.1 apt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8217.2.2 dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8317.2.3 Debian binary packages source packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8417.2.4 dependencies - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

17.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8517.3.1 release, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8817.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8817.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8917.3.4 Downgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8917.3.5 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8917.3.6 dpkg apt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

17.4 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9217.4.1 maintainers scripts . . . . . . 92

18 - 9518.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9518.2 debconf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

18.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9618.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

19 9919.1 Packaging - Debian official maintainers way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

19.1.1 hello hello-debhelper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9919.1.2 dh-make devscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10019.1.3 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10019.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

dh-make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 debhelper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 debconf, debconf-utils, po-debconf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 devscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 debmake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 dpatch, patchutils, dh-kpatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 cdbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 cvs-buildpackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 svn-buildpackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 arch-buildpackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 tla-buildpackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

19.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 linda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 lintian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 debian-test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 debbugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 reportbug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

19.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10319.2 Packaging - at home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

5

20 - 11120.1 Local APT Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

20.1.1 apt- deb- . . . 111debuild : debian binary source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111sbuild : debian binary source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111cvs-buildpackage: debian binary CVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

20.1.2 apt-build : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 apt-build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 .deb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 apt-build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

20.1.3 apt-src . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11320.1.4 pbuilder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11320.1.5 apt-fu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11320.1.6 kernel-package: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 ALSA NVidia kernel-package . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

20.2 stow : upstream sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

21 11721.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11721.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11721.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11721.4 - Debian keyring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

21.4.1 Debian source packages - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11821.4.2 Debian binary packages (debs) - per-deb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11821.4.3 Debian Release.gpg files - per-Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

21.5 security updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11921.6 acl . . . . . . . . 120

22 Some Nice Hints and Tricks - Special experience 12122.1 LiveCD images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

22.1.1 dfsbuild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12122.1.2 debix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

22.2 Debian GNU/Linux chrooted install with debootstrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12122.3 Debian GNU/Linux LVM (. root filesystem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12122.4 Debian GNU/Linux TakeOver Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12222.5 Debian GNU/Linux x86 PXE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12222.6 Debian GNU/Linux Apple iBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12222.7 Debian GNU/Linux Sun Sparc Station or X terminal (netboot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12222.8 Debian GNU/Linux Sony Vaio SRX87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12222.9 Debian GNU/Linux Acer Tablet PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12222.10Debian GNU/Linux MS X-Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12222.11Debian/GNU Linux HP PA-RISC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

22.11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12322.11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12322.11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12322.11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12422.11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

22.12Debian GNU/Linux SGI MIPS (netboot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12622.12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

6

22.12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12622.12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12622.12.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12822.12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

22.13Debian/GNU Linux AMD64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13022.14Debian GNU/Linux Mosix, OpenMosix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

23 , , 133

24 More 135

25 137

26 139

V Debian 141

VI 147

27 14927.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14927.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

28 151

29 LATEX 15329.1 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15329.2 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

29.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15429.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15429.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15529.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15529.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15529.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15529.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

29.3 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

30 CVS 15730.1 CVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15730.2 CVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

30.2.1 CVS session with project-x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15830.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15830.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15830.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15930.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15930.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15930.2.7 CVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16030.2.8 (firewall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16030.2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

30.3 CVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

31 PDF, DVI, Postscript, HTML 163

7

VII 165

VIII 169

32 GNU Free Documentation License 17132.1 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17132.2 VERBATIM COPYING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17232.3 COPYING IN QUANTITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17232.4 MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17232.5 COMBINING DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17332.6 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17332.7 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17432.8 TRANSLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17432.9 TERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17432.10FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

8

I

1

1

1.1.

http://debian-book.photo-forum.net/1 , .

- , CVS-, HTML, , HTML, , PDF .. , . , , , CVS , web . , , . HTTP FTP:

Nightly CVS Mirror & Build Locations:N 1 http://www.debianbookbg.org2 cvsupdate,build,rsync,cvs 01:00 bg 2 http://debian-book.logos-bg.net3 cvsupdate,build,rsync 04:00 bg 3 http://minus273.mnet.bg/debian-book/4 cvsupdate,build 22:40 bg 4 ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/debian-book/5 cvsupdate,build 22:40 bg

utils/ debuild.sh. , .

, , , , , .

1.2.

LATEX CVS. , , , , Debian, / . , , Debian . , Debian, - . , Debian. - , , , . FIXME, . Release Debian, , -. , , , , .

, Linux6 GNU/Linux7, Linux kernel mailing list FAQ8, , , . , :

1http://debian-book.photo-forum.net/6http://www.kernel.org7http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html8http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/

3

http://debian-book.photo-forum.net/http:///www.debianbookbg.orghttp://debian-book.logos-bg.nethttp://minus273.mnet.bg/debian-book/ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/debian-book/http://www.kernel.orghttp://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.htmlhttp://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/

1

http://linux-book.hit.bg9

http://linux-book.logos-bg.net10

GNU/Linux. Debian , ,

Debian , x86 (PC) Knoppix11 CDROM ( , -), - , - . Debian12 ( debian-history) Debian13 ( doc-debian).

1.3. Debian

:

Debian Reference14

The Debian Universe15

Guide to Debian GNU/Linux Desktop Survival16

9http://linux-book.hit.bg10http://linux-book.logos-bg.net11http://www.knoppix.org12http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/13http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/14http://qref.sourceforge.net/15http://www.debianuniverse.com/16http://www.togaware.com/linux/survivor/

4

http://linux-book.hit.bghttp://linux-book.logos-bg.nethttp://www.knoppix.orghttp://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/http://qref.sourceforge.net/http://www.debianuniverse.com/http://www.togaware.com/linux/survivor/

2

Debian GNU/Linux

Debian GNU/Linux1 - , . , -, Debian GNU/Linux.

, :

Debian Social Contract2, Debian Free SoftwareGuidelines3, Free Software4 , , , . . , , . , , , . , , , - , , .

, , , .. installable upgradeable, , , , .

1http://www.debian.org2http://www.debian.org/social_contract3http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines4http://www.debian.org/intro/free

5

http://www.debian.orghttp://www.debian.org/social_contracthttp://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelineshttp://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelineshttp://www.debian.org/intro/free

2 Debian GNU/Linux

6

3

3.1.

3.1.1. ,

-. , - . - , . , . , . , , .

, , . .

3.1.2.

, . , .

. , , (, ). , .

, . , .

3.2. Linux

3.2.1.

, , Linux, BSD, . . - .

3.2.2.

. . , . , , .

Red Hat1 RPM2, Mandrake3. , , .

1http://www.redhat.com/2http://www.rpm.org/3http://www.mandrakelinux.com/

7

http://www.redhat.com/http://www.rpm.org/http://www.mandrakelinux.com/

3

3.2.3.

, Debian, :

upstream sources - . debian source package - upstream sources, debian/, ,

( ) debian binary packages(.debs) .

upstream developer - , . upstream sources. upstream maintainer - upstream sources .

, .. upstream developer. debian maintainer, debian developer - DD -

debian source package - debian/ upstream sources , upstream sources, upstream developer upstream maintainer. , .. upstream developer upstream maintainer.

Sponsor - debian maintainer . , debian maintainers ( http://nm.debian.org4). debian developers5, . , debian maintainers, Sponsor6 - debian maintainer, upload- Debian . : http://mentors.debian.net7. Developer Sponsorship8 Partners9 Donations10

Debian , , upstream developer debian maintainer. , Debian, , .

4http://nm.debian.org5http://nm.debian.org/whoisam.php6http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint#Sponsor7http://mentors.debian.net8http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint#Sponsor9http://www.debian.org/parthners

10http://www.debian.org/donations

8

http://nm.debian.orghttp://nm.debian.org/whoisam.phphttp://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint#Sponsorhttp://mentors.debian.nethttp://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint#Sponsorhttp://www.debian.org/parthnershttp://www.debian.org/donations

II

9

4

, . , - . , , . , . Debian.

11

4

12

5

. , :

, , , Debian GNU/Linux.

Unix Unix-like :

How to fix the Unix configuration nightmare1

friendly Mac OS X, Unix.

Debian: An Unbiased Review of Debian 3.02

, :

why kde and gnomes menu situation sucks3

Make Debian better4

1http://www.cat.org.au/maffew/cat/unix-config.html2http://debianplanet.net/node.php?id=8313http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2002/debian-devel-200210/thrd3.html#013914http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2002/debian-devel-200210/msg01400.html

13

http://www.cat.org.au/maffew/cat/unix-config.htmlhttp://debianplanet.net/node.php?id=831http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2002/debian-devel-200210/thrd3.html#01391http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2002/debian-devel-200210/msg01400.html

5

14

III

15

6

,

6.1. Knoppix LiveCD

6.1.1. Knoppix . . .

Knoppix1 , Debian, GNU/Linux, Debian GNU/Linux, CDROM.

, Debian LiveCD2, Knoppix. - , . , LiveCD, . dfsbuild, Knoppix, LiveCD x86. Knoppix x86 PC, CDROM-, boot- CDROM, , boot- Knoppix, , CDROM-. ( ), . CDROM Debian3, , , read-only , CDROM-, rootfilesystem, RamDisk, .. , .

CDROM 4. , , KnoppixLiveCD. :

FAQ5 ( 6), , boot- , CDROM bootable network card.

remote booting7 , CDROM-, bootable network card, Linux , .

Knoppix , , http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/sources/8, Debian (.debs) i386 http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/i386/9. Debian . 10 debian-knoppix11 .

Knoppix CDROM-, , , , ( cheatcodes12, F2, boot: ). (root knoppix), , , . , , . knoppix :

1http://www.knoppix.net2http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#live-cd3http://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/packages.txt4http://www.knoppix.net/docs/5http://www.knoppix.net/docs/KnoppixFaq6http://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/KNOPPIX-FAQ-EN.txt7http://www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/FaqPXE8http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/sources/9http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/i386/

10http://www.knoppix.net/forum11http://mailman.linuxtag.org/mailman/listinfo/debian-knoppix12http://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/knoppix-cheatcodes.txt

17

http://www.knoppix.nethttp://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#live-cdhttp://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/packages.txthttp://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/packages.txthttp://www.knoppix.net/docs/http://www.knoppix.net/docs/KnoppixFaqhttp://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/KNOPPIX-FAQ-EN.txthttp://www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/FaqPXEhttp://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/sources/http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/i386/http://www.knoppix.net/forumhttp://mailman.linuxtag.org/mailman/listinfo/debian-knoppixhttp://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/knoppix-cheatcodes.txt

6 ,

$ sudo su

root (sudo(8), su(1), sudoers(5) /etc/sudoers), :

# passwd root

, .. , , . CDROM- KNOPPIX/README_Security.txt.

, , , , (.. rescue ). , , Debian:

: dpkg(8), apt(8), dselect(8), aptitude(1) : sources.list(5), apt.conf(5), apt_preferences(5), deb(5), /etc/apt/ /etc/dpkg/

, /usr/share/doc//

Knoppix ( ), , .

, (.. web server), , .

, Knoppix 3.3 knx-hdinstall - knoppix-installer. knoppix-mode - LiveCD- debian-mode, Debian, . - knoppix-mode Debian , Knoppix dpkg, , dpkg overwrite force . , http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=529713 http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=501714, - ChangeLog Knoppix 3.3 cheatcodes knoppix-mode debian-mode.

6.1.2. . . . Debian , Debian

( ), Knoppix CDROM- knx-hdinstall http://www.freenet.org.nz/misc/knoppix-install.html15 knoppix-installer Knoppix 3.3 Install Manual16 . , , Knoppix- Debian. The Very Verbose Debian 3.0 Installation Walkthrough17.

Debian Knoppix LiveCD. bootstraping Debian Knoppix : http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.html18 boot-floppies, Knoppix debootstrap Debian Base .

Debian , , , CDs. http://www.debian.org/CD/19. CD images HTTP FTP - jigdo, Debian Jigdomini-HOWTO20, vendors, CDs ( , !). Net Install bootable CD image, . CD images DVD images, jigdo21 jigdo-file.

bootcd (bootcd(1)). running Debian CDROM bootcdwrite(1) . Official Debian CDimages debian-cd.

Debian discover kudzu, . Knoppix LiveCD, , cloop,

13http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=529714http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=501715http://www.freenet.org.nz/misc/knoppix-install.html16http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual17http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=201618http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.html19http://www.debian.org/CD/20http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Debian-Jigdo/index.html21http://www.debian.org/CD/jigdo-cd/

18

http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5297http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5017http://www.freenet.org.nz/misc/knoppix-install.htmlhttp://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanualhttp://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=2016http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.htmlhttp://www.debian.org/CD/http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Debian-Jigdo/index.htmlhttp://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Debian-Jigdo/index.htmlhttp://www.debian.org/CD/jigdo-cd/

6.1 Knoppix LiveCD

Debian Knoppix Klaus Knopper cloop-src cloop-utils. , , , .

19

6 ,

6.2. Knoppix Debian CD DVD images

6.2.1. Knoppix images

http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/22 - . http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/index-en.html23 - download. http://www.knopper.net/download/knoppix/24 - Knoppix binary source packages.

6.2.2. Debian images

http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/25 - CD . http://www.debian.org/distrib/cd26 - CD iso images. ftp://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/27 - CD images Stable Releases ftp, rsync, jigdo

( x86 CD images, intl bandwidth local storage).

rsync -avz cdimage.debian.org::debian-cd/ ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian/28

ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian-unofficial/29 - CD DVD images Stable, Testing Unstable ftp, rsync, jigdo x86 ( , intl bandwidth local storage).

6.2.3. Knoppix Debian

- Debian Knoppix :Images:

ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-cd/30 - Debian mirror ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/cd-images/31 - - Knoppix Debian images . rsync -auv debian.ludost.net::cd-images/linux/ - - Knoppix Debian images . jigdo-lite ftp://debian.ludost.net/debian-jigdo/..jigdo - jigdo32 files images .

Binary Source Packages - /etc/apt/sources.list. utils/home/ :

ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org33

ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg34

http://debian.ludost.net35

Debian images:

Debian , - , netinst36 Debian Base Knoppix LiveCD knx-hdinstall knoppix-installer37 debootstrap38. 39 Debian40 Knoppix41 .

22http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/23http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/index-en.html24http://www.knopper.net/download/knoppix/25http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/26http://www.debian.org/distrib/cd27ftp://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/28ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian/29ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian-unofficial/30ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-cd/31ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/cd-images/32http://atterer.net/jigdo/33ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org34ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg35http://debian.ludost.net36http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst37http://www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/KnoppixInstaller38http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.html39http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=678540http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/41http://www.knoppix.net/docs/

20

http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/index-en.htmlhttp://www.knopper.net/download/knoppix/http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/http://www.debian.org/distrib/cdftp://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian/ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian-unofficial/ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-cd/ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/cd-images/http://atterer.net/jigdo/ftp://ftp.bg.debian.orgftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bghttp://debian.ludost.nethttp://www.debian.org/distrib/netinsthttp://www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/KnoppixInstallerhttp://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.htmlhttp://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6785http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/http://www.knoppix.net/docs/

6.2 Knoppix Debian CD DVD images

CD-, , Debian mirrors.

CD images, , , , , , CDROM , . , Debian Knoppix , CD- , , . - CD-, , CDs.

6.2.4. ISO files jigdo

ISO ( - ) .debs ISO files , .. .jigdo .template files. :

rsync -avz cdimage.debian.org::debian-cd/rsync -avz us.cdimage.debian.org::jigdo-area/rsync -avz non-us.cdimage.debian.org::debian-jigdo/

ISO jigdo files, rsync mirrors.kernel.org. debian-cd/ :

jigdo-area/ .jigdo .template files. jigdo/ -> jigdo/ ISO files.

# rsync -avz mirrors.kernel.org::debian-cd/drwxrwxr-x 4096 2003/12/02 16:49:56 jigdo-areadrwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/01/15 09:47:59 jigdo-area/3.0_r0...drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/12/02 16:49:56 jigdo-area/3.0_r2drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/12/04 12:20:13 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdodrwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/12/02 16:51:22 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa-rw-r--r-- 454 2003/11/27 02:23:38 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/MD5SUMS-rw-r--r-- 32791 2003/11/27 02:14:19 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1.jigdo-rw-r--r-- 14515668 2003/11/27 02:15:17 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1.template-rw-r--r-- 39198 2003/11/27 02:15:38 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1_NONUS.jigdo-rw-r--r-- 14640001 2003/11/27 02:15:41 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1_NONUS.template......drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/03/24 07:43:53 jigdodrwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/03/24 05:21:57 jigdo/ia64-rw-r--r-- 607846400 2003/03/24 05:08:06 jigdo/ia64/debian-30r1-ia64-binary-1.iso...lrwxrwxrwx 11 2003/03/24 05:20:29 alpha -> jigdo/alphalrwxrwxrwx 9 2003/03/24 05:20:32 arm -> jigdo/armlrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 05:20:37 hppa -> jigdo/hppalrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/21 07:14:47 i386 -> jigdo/i386lrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 05:20:45 ia64 -> jigdo/ia64lrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 05:54:13 m68k -> jigdo/m68klrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 05:54:16 mips -> jigdo/mipslrwxrwxrwx 12 2003/03/24 08:29:08 mipsel -> jigdo/mipsellrwxrwxrwx 13 2003/03/24 08:29:13 powerpc -> jigdo/powerpclrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 08:29:19 s390 -> jigdo/s390lrwxrwxrwx 12 2003/03/24 08:29:23 source -> jigdo/sourcelrwxrwxrwx 11 2003/03/24 08:29:27 sparc -> jigdo/sparc

, ISO .jigdo file , .template file .

ISO image .jigdo .template file

.jigdo :# jigdo-lite ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian-unofficial/sid/jigdo/sid-i386-1.jigdo

.jigdo jigdo-lite:

# jigdo-lite sid-i386-1.jigdo

:

21

6 ,

If you already have a previous version of the CD you aredownloading, jigdo can re-use files on the old CD that are alsopresent in the new image, and you do not need to download themagain. Mount the old CD ROM and enter the path it is mounted under(e.g. /mnt/cdrom).Alternatively, just press enter if you want to start downloadingthe remaining files.Files to scan:

, CDROM-, ISO-:# mount -o loop /path/to/file.iso /mnt/loop1

.template ( ) .jigdo -.

, .template .

:

If you already have a previous version of the CD you aredownloading, jigdo can re-use files on the old CD that are alsopresent in the new image, and you do not need to download themagain. Mount the old CD ROM and enter the path it is mounted under(e.g. /mnt/cdrom).Alternatively, just press enter if you want to start downloadingthe remaining files.You can also enter a single digit from the list below toselect the respective entry for scanning:

1: /mnt/loop12: /mnt/loop2

Files to scan:

, Enter.

FTP/HTTP Debian, .. debian/ debian-non-US/ binary .debs source packages, checksum:

Debian mirror: ftp.bg.debian.org/debian/Debian non-US mirror: ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US/

ISO image. - jigdo-lite(1) . rsync(1), online ISO- . .tmp (.. rsync .tmp):

# rsync rsync://server.org/path/binary-i386-1.iso binary-i386-1.iso

ISO image .jigdo .template files

.jigdo .template utils/desync.sh, 1GB. ( CD 1 Sarge Alpha):

cd debian-cd-unofficial/sarge/jigdo/jigdo-lite sarge-alpha-1.jigdo

jigdo-lite , .template ( .jigdo, [Image], Template= , ):

Not downloading .template file - sarge-alpha-1.template already present

debian/ debian-non-US/ , alpha, - jigdo-lite , :

jigdo-lite . :-----------------------------------------------------------------4 files not found in previous pass, tryingalternative download locations:--14:39:42-- ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/debian-superseded/aOK458Q62Cmdpj2HW1ObrQ

=> debian-20031230-i386-binary-2.iso.tmpdir/ftp.fsn.hu/pub/debian-superseded/aOK458Q62Cmdpj2HW1ObrQ

fallback servers42. .

42http://lists.debian.org/debian-cd/2003/debian-cd-200312/msg00157.html

22

http://lists.debian.org/debian-cd/2003/debian-cd-200312/msg00157.html

6.3 Tilix: Knoppix

debian debian-non-US - jigdo-lite .

rsync ISO image .

: http://www.debian.org/CD/jigdo-cd/#faq43 http://atterer.net/jigdo/44

6.3. Tilix : Knoppix

Tilix45 ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/cd-images/linux/tilix/46

6.4. Knoppix-live LiveCDs

Knoppix LiveCD-, .. knoppix ;-)

Gnoppix47 - KDE GNOME.

Knoppix MiB Privacy Edition48

ClusterKnoppix49 Custom Debian Knoppix50 - Knoppix image. knoppix-customize51 - Knoppix image.

6.5. Gibraltar LiveCD LiveCDs, -.

http://www.gibraltar.at52. Debian router/firewall CDROM, .. LiveCD. -, RAM . ISO http://mirrors.ludost.net/cd-images/linux/gibraltar53).

Debian LiveCD. gibraltar-bootsupport. /etc /var , . master copy livefilesystem CDROM. - (.. bootable CDROMs).

6.6. Debian

Debian , . http://www.debian.org/News/2003/2003010254. Test Drive, Hewlett-Packard (HP) Debian GNU/Linux. , Debian GNU/Linux HP - - Alpha, PA-RISC, IA-32 IA-64 ( Debian GNU/Linux x86 PC). , , .

43http://www.debian.org/CD/jigdo-cd/#faq44http://atterer.net/jigdo/45http://tilix.slaveinostudios.com46ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/cd-images/linux/tilix/47http://www.gnoppix.org48http://www.bouissou.net/knoppix-mib/doc-html/Knoppix-Mib.html49http://bofh.be/clusterknoppix/50http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue87/sunil.html51http://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/knoppix-customize/ANNOUNCE.txt52http://www.gibraltar.at53http://mirrors.ludost.net/cd-images/linux/gibraltar54http://www.debian.org/News/2003/20030102

23

http://www.debian.org/CD/jigdo-cd/#faqhttp://atterer.net/jigdo/http://tilix.slaveinostudios.comftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/cd-images/linux/tilix/http://www.gnoppix.orghttp://www.bouissou.net/knoppix-mib/doc-html/Knoppix-Mib.htmlhttp://bofh.be/clusterknoppix/http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue87/sunil.htmlhttp://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/knoppix-customize/ANNOUNCE.txthttp://www.gibraltar.athttp://mirrors.ludost.net/cd-images/linux/gibraltarhttp://www.debian.org/News/2003/20030102

6 ,

24

7

Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC

, . , Debian x86 CD-ROM Knoppix (/usr/local/bin/knx-hdinstall).

CD-ROM Debian GNU/Linux Woody x86 PC. - , Debian.

7.1.

CD-ROM- : BIOS- (Basic Input/Output System)

Press DEL to enter Setup. Delete , BIOS. (IBM,Dell,HP .) - . F1 F2, . Enter ( ). BIOS- BIOS FEATURES SETUP ( ). Boot Sequence , , . CD-ROM- ( First Booting Device CD-ROM). CD-ROM Debian Woody CD-ROM Esc, SAVE AND EXITSETUP. Y(es) Enter. CD-ROM.

CD-ROM boot: . Enter Debian kernel () 2.2.20 ( ). - 2.4 boot: bf24 ( F3 F1 F10).

2.4, , boot: bf24. Enter , .

7.2. Choose The Language

. [en] (English). :

Choose language Variant English(United States) Release Notes. Enter :-) Debian GNU/Linux. . .

7.3. Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu "" Enter. , ;-).

( Enter):

25

7 Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC

7.3.1. 1.Configure Keyboard

qwerty/us

7.3.2. 2.Partition a Hard DriveSelect Disk Drive IDE - /dev/hda. /dev/sda -

, SCSI . , - Enter. Debian.

LILO LimitationsEnterNote on additional space for the ReiserFS JournalEnter. . . cfdisk. CFDISK fdisk DOS -

? fdisk, - cfdisk - fdisk. , (partitiontable) . Enter /. , , 20GB ( Windows C: D:)

cfdisk 2.11uDisk Drive: /dev/hda

Size:20560412672 bytesHeads:255 Sectors per Track:63 Cylinders:2499

Name Flags Part. Type FS(File System) Type [Lablel] Size(MB)hda1 Boot Primary Win95 FAT32 6259.45hda2 Primary Win95 FAT32 14295.56

[Bootable] [Delete] [Help] [Maximize] [Print][Quit] [Type] [Units] [Write]

, , . - [Help] cfdisk. , , PC- GNU/Linux - Primary () ( cfdisk -). ( GNU/Linux ,Debian , . Partition a Hard Drive .)

- 20GB Windows. . . Debian ( Windows, .. ;-) ) (Free Space cfdisk) - Windows, GNU/Linux swap ( RAM , -, ). (Name cfdisk) hda2. hda2 cfdisk [Delete] ( , FreeSpace; , ; [Delete] , [Write] cfdisk. [Quit], .) , . , - 14295.56MB. : Windows - Free Space- cfdisk [New]. MB , 9000MB. 9000 Enter. [Type] . (FS), cfdisk (). Press any key to continue . : Enter filesystem type:82. , . - 82, Linux - ext2. Windows, - 0B ( B). . Debian - Free Space, [New], - 5000MB, [Type] - 82. swap - [New], ( 100-200MB ), [Type] - 83. cfdisk. , [Write] , , . [Write] Do you want (to) write the partition table to disk? Yes, . [Quit] :

7.3.3. 3.Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition

Scan for Bad Blocks No,

.

26

7.3 Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu

Are you sure?Yes

7.3.4. 4.Initialize a Linux Partition

Choose Filesystem Type , ext2 ;-)Select Partition , cfdisk. - /dev/hda3:Linux nativeScan for Bad Blocks? swap-a.Are you sure?Yes ;-) :Mount as the Root Filesystem?Yes

7.3.5. 5.Install Kernel and Driver Modules

Found a Debian CD-ROMYes .

7.3.6. 6.Configure Device Driver Modules

Note about loaded driversEnterSelect Category Exit(Finished. Return to previous menu)

7.3.7. 7.Configure the host name

Choose the Hostname hostname. debian.

7.3.8. 8.Install the Base System

Select Installation Mediacdrom:CD-ROM drive . . . CD-ROM :Select CD-ROM drive , Enter.

:Please insert the CD-ROM Enter : Mount failed CD-ROM (! Debian Woody

CD-ROM !). Enter . Install the Base System , CD-ROM .

Select Archive pathEnter . . . - , Base System-a.

, Installation Main Menu.

7.3.9. 9.Make System Bootable

Select Archive path /dev/hda:Install LILO in MBR.Other bootable partitions Include all into the menu. ,

.Securing LILOEnter

27

7 Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC

7.3.10. 10.Make a Boot Floppy?

, Debian- .

Change Disk , (!

, !) Enter. Enter Problem Enter. . Installation

Main Menu.

7.3.11. 11.Reboot the System

.Reboot the system? CD-ROM-, Yes. Reboot. . . LILO Boot Menu-. (OS)

. Linux Enter. . . .

7.4. Debian System Configuration

Enter

7.4.1. Time Zone Configuration

Is the hardware clock set to GMT? OS - No,

. . .What area do you live in?None of the above FIXME: -Select a city or time zone: UTC. FIXME. 2h GMT,

/, GMT+2. , ,daylight saving time ( ) . , , ;-)

7.4.2. Password setup

Shall I enable md5 passwords?YesShall I enable shadow passwords?YesEnter a password for root: root ( - a;

- // / )Re-enter password to verify: .Shall I create a normal user account now? , root

( root irc , )

Enter a username for your account: .Enter a username for your account:" ". . . ,

- Enter.Enter a password for the new user:. . . . . .. . . Debian System Configuration.Shall I remove the pcmcia packagesYes ( , pcmcia ,

- )Do you want to use a PPP connection to install the system?No

28

7.4 Debian System Configuration

7.4.3. Apt Configuration

Choose the method apt should use to access the Debian archives cdrom. CD-ROM- .Enter CD-ROM device file: Enter. :Scan another CD. . . . ,

No. Debian , Yes , .

Add another apt source? No. -, apt-setup, copy&paste ;-)Use security updates from security.debain.org? No. - . Debian System Configuration.Run tasksel?NoRun dselect?NoDo you want to continue?YesDo you want to erase any previously downloaded deb files?YesPress enter to continueEnter. exim:I can do some. . . bla bla. . .Enter. exim, 5 Enter.

- . . .

Thank you for choosing Debian

Debian Woody :). root "", . : , root:# shutdown -r now Ctrl+Alt+Del.

:# shutdown -h now

shutdown(8). :$ man

29

7 Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC

30

8

debian-installer installer(s)

8.1. debian-installer

Woody 3.0 boot-floppies, Sarge ( - ) debian-installer. CVS cvs.debian.org1. http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/2.

hardware autodetecting, , . , - , .. , , , (text, dialog, debconf, slang, gtk .), hardwareautodetecting , kudzu, discover .. Sarge.

8.2. pgi : The Progeny Graphical Installer

3, pgi. alioth.debian.org/projects/pgi4.Progeny5 Debian 3.0 Woody i386 installer images, PGI6 1.0.1 (

). ISO image ( bg mirror7) , hardware autodetection . , apt Debian CD, HTTP FTP mirror ..

8 , PGI 0.9.6. ,

:

Creating Debian Installers with PGI9

The Discover Hardware Detection System10, Debian discover; autoinstall: Progeny Debian auto-installation system autoinstall-i386: Progeny Debian auto-installation system i386-specific files

8.3. fai : Fully Automatic Installation for Debian GNU/Linux

11

1cvs.debian.org2http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/3http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/4alioth.debian.org/projects/pgi5http://www.progeny.com6http://archive.progeny.com/progeny/pgi/7http://mirrors.ludost.net/cd-images/linux/debian/pgi/8http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/screenshots/9http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/guide.html

10http://hackers.progeny.com/discover/doc/guide.html11http://www.informatik.uni-koeln.de/fai/

31

file:cvs.debian.orghttp://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/http://www.progeny.comhttp://archive.progeny.com/progeny/pgi/http://mirrors.ludost.net/cd-images/linux/debian/pgi/http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/screenshots/http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/guide.htmlhttp://hackers.progeny.com/discover/doc/guide.htmlhttp://www.informatik.uni-koeln.de/fai/

8 debian-installer installer(s)

fai

FAI , Debian . Beowulf cluster, rendering farm, web server farm linux classroom. large-scale linux FAI. Debian GNU/Linux, , - ( ) kickstart Red Hat, yast alice SuSE, lui IBM Jumpstart Solaris.

8.4. SystemInstaller, SystemImager, SystemConfigurator

systeminstallerCreates Linux distribution images from a set of packages SystemInstaller creates Linux distribution images from

a set of packages and specification files. Working in conjunction with SystemImager and SystemConfigurator, theseimages can then be installed to machines throughout your cluster/network. As a side-effect, it can be used as a tool forbuilding chroot environments for many package based distributions. Further details can be found athttp://systeminstaller.sourceforge.net12 and http://sisuite.org13.

systemimager-commonSystemImager ramdisk for client nodes SystemImager is a set of utilities for installing GNU/Linux images to

clients machines over the network. Images are stored in flat files on the server, making updates easy. rsync is used fortransfers, making updates efficient. http://www.systemimager.org/download/14

systemconfiguratorUnified Configuration API for Linux Installation Provides an API for various installation and configuration

processes that are otherwise inconsistent between the many Linux distributions, and the many architectures they runon. For example, you can configure the bootloader on a system in a general way - you dont need to know anythingabout the particular boot loader on the system. You can update the network settings of a system, without knowing thedistribution or the format of its network configuration files.

8.5. Replicator

replicator: . nfs-root rsync,replicator , , . , , - .

, Debian Base(.. Debian).

12http://systeminstaller.sourceforge.net13http://sisuite.org14http://www.systemimager.org/download/

32

http://systeminstaller.sourceforge.nethttp://sisuite.orghttp://www.systemimager.org/download/

9

Debian

9.1. Debian GNU/Linux

, , , . , "bootstrap loader boot-sector ( ).Boot- , . 512 . Boot CD. bootstrap- boot-, , . , GNU/Linux, LILO (LInux LOader). Debian LILO. LILO - grub ( ).

boot- GNU/Linux , LILO, "first stage boot loader ( )". "second stage boot loader( )". .

Linux, ( /vmlinuz).FIXME! . . , , , /sbin/init. init(8)man-. :

$ man 8 init

$ man init

/sbin/init, ( , 2.4.x) /etc/init,/bin/init. , /bin/sh. /bin/sh , , : "No init found. Try passinginit= option to kernel.".

, , LILO:

LILO: Linux init=/bin/bash

/sbin/init, /bin/bash, (shell) . , ( ). - , ( /proc . :

mount /proc

/sbin/init , , :-).

init /etc/inittab , rc . () ( , , , ) . , (runlevels), : , , . /etc/inittab:

# Runlevel 0 is halt. ( )# Runlevel 1 is single-user. ( )# Runlevels 2-5 are multi-user. ( )# Runlevel 6 is reboot. ( )

, /etc/inittab, :

id::initdefault:

33

9 Debian

"" 1, 2, 3, 4 5. . -. ,

root- , . . , , , .

Debian- , runlevel 2 ( ). /etc/rc2.d/, ( man ln(1)) /etc/init.d/. /etc/init.d/ rc . /etc/rc.d/. , , /etc/rc2.d/.

, , /usr/src/linux/init/main.c ( ).

9.2.

9.2.1.

Debain-, , , . Debian , loginprompt, :

Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1shodan login:

- (-, ), , , XWindow (kdm, gdm xdm).

, :

Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1shodan login:manchevPassword:

, Debian prompt, :

manchev@shodan:~$

, , , Debian , , .

- , , . , , . , . , , , . :

manchev@shodan:~$logout

, :

Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1shodan login:

, shutdown. , , Linux , 30. , , .

9.2.2. shutdown shutdown(8) .

shutdown ( ) , . . , shutdown(8) SIGTERM . , ( , , ). - shutdown(8) init(8), runlevel(8), runlevel 1. (FIXME: ) , , :

34

9.2

-r , , shutdown .

-h . , .

, shutdown time . "now shutdown .

- shutdown, :

:

manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -h

:

manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -r

, :manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -rbash: shutdown: command not found

Bash (FIXME: Bourne C shell) , . , /sbin , . ( ), :

shutdown: you must be root to do that!

. . : root, , ?

su(1). superuser, .

9.2.3. su , su

. , , su , root. " , . , , (FIXME: DOLLAR)PATH /bin:/usr/bin super user, /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin.

c" , .

: super user shutdown(8), su(1) shutdown(8) asuperuser.

:

manchev@shodan:~$su -Password:

root, . :

shodan:~#

$ #. $ root #.

shutdown(8):shodan:~#shutdown now -hBroadcast message from root (tty1)The system is going down for system halt NOW!INIT: Switching to runlevel: 0INIT: Sending processes the TERM signalINIT: Sending processes the KILL signalStopping periodic command scheduler: cron.Stopping initernet superserver: inetd.Stopping OpenBSD Secure Shell server: sshd.Saving the System Clock time to the Hardware Clock...Hardware Clock updated to Tue Aug 19 13:23:37 EEST 2003.Stopping deferred execution scheduler: atd.Stopping kernel log daemon: klogd.Stopping system log daemon: syslogd.

35

9 Debian

Sending all processes the TERM signal... done.Sending all processes the KILL signal... done.Saving random seed... done.Unmounting remote filesystems... done.Deconfiguring network interfaces.... done.Deactivating swap... done.Unmounting local filesystems... mount: proc already mounteddone.flushing ide devices: hda hdcPower down.

, , . :

manchev@shodan:~$su -c "shutdown now -h"Password:

, (FIXME: sudo).

, halt(8), reboot(8) poweroff(8). . halt(8). halt(8) runlevel(8) 0 6 ( ) Debian shutdown -h ( shutdown -r, reboot(8)). halt(8) shutdown -h. - sysvinit halt(8) . shutdown(8) - / - .

, , Debian GNU/Linux.

9.3. ls

, , . ls(1). Linux. , (list ls, ) . ls(1) . :

manchev@shodan:~$lsmanchev@shodan:~$

, . . , ls(1) , "/".

manchev@shodan:~$ls /bin cdrom etc home lib mnt proc root-n tmp varboot dev floppy initrd lost+found opt root sbin usr

-. ls(1) . . , Debian.

, ls(1) . . , . /home. :

manchev@shodan:~$ls /homemanchevmanchev@shodan:~$

. , Debian.

, root, , , root home, . root ls /-.

, home. , . mail, .

, ls(1) . , Debian.

F". :

manchev@shodan:~$ls -F /bin/ cdrom/ etc/ home/ lib/ mnt/ proc/ root-n* tmp/ var/boot/ dev/ floppy/ initrd/ lost+found opt/ root/ sbin/ usr/

36

9.3 ls

. F"ls(1) , . "/" , "*" , "@" (FIXME: symlinks/hard links ) , -" " FIFO (FIXME: FIFO ).

, . ls() l - . :

manchev@shodan:~$ls -l /total 100drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 17 18:19 bindrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 19 08:53 bootdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 17 17:37 cdromdrwxr-xr-x 9 root root 24576 Aug 19 18:25 devdrwxr-xr-x 49 root root 4096 Aug 19 19:38 etcdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 17 17:37 floppydrwxrwsr-x 3 root staff 4096 Aug 19 19:38 homedrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 17 17:37 initrddrwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Aug 17 22:14 libdrwx------ 2 root root 16384 Aug 17 16:32 lost+founddrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 2002 mntdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 17 17:37 optdr-xr-xr-x 34 root root 0 Aug 19 18:25 procdrwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 Aug 19 20:12 root-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Aug 18 19:18 root-ndrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 17 18:19 sbindrwxrwxrwt 5 root root 4096 Aug 19 20:11 tmpdrwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4096 Aug 18 00:07 usrdrwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Aug 17 17:37 var

"total ". , . 1024 , ls(1).

- : , , , , . -, , ..

, ls(1) e h". , . , , - , KB, MB GB ( ), - .

ls(1), l" h". :

manchev@shodan:~$ls -l -htotal 100Kdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Aug 17 18:19 bindrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Aug 19 08:53 bootdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Aug 17 17:37 cdromdrwxr-xr-x 9 root root 24K Aug 19 18:25 devdrwxr-xr-x 49 root root 4.0K Aug 19 19:38 etcdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Aug 17 17:37 floppydrwxrwsr-x 3 root staff 4.0K Aug 19 19:38 homedrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Aug 17 17:37 initrddrwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4.0K Aug 17 22:14 libdrwx------ 2 root root 16K Aug 17 16:32 lost+founddrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Feb 8 2002 mntdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Aug 17 17:37 optdr-xr-xr-x 34 root root 0 Aug 19 18:25 procdrwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4.0K Aug 19 20:12 root-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Aug 18 19:18 root-ndrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Aug 17 18:19 sbindrwxrwxrwt 5 root root 4.0K Aug 19 20:11 tmpdrwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4.0K Aug 18 00:07 usrdrwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K Aug 17 17:37 var

. ls(1), Debian , . , "ls -l-h" "ls -lh".

ls() . . , , , . . Debian , .

, , . , . , .

, , ls(1). dir(1). Debian ( ). , ls(1) dir(1) , .

37

9 Debian

- Debian, ls(1). . :

1. ls, Linux dir2. dir DOS "dir -la"

.

9.4.

9.4.1. man, whatis, apropos, info. . .

man(1) - Debian. man , , . - man(1) (, ..) . , man(1) .

Debian cat(1).

manchev@shodan:~$man cat

man(1) cat (FIXME: , man cat(1) less(2): 1. cat ""; 2. less PageUp, PageDown) , :

Reformatting cat(1), please wait...CAT(1) User Commands CAT(1)NAME

cat - concatenate files and print on the standard outputSYNOPSIS

cat [OPTION] [FILE]...DESCRIPTION

Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.-A, --show-all

equivalent to -vET-b, --number-nonblank

number nonblank output lines-e equivalent to -vE-E, --show-ends

display $ at end of each line-n, --number

--More--

man ( - ), man(1) , "--More--". , man , . , :

space, Enter, q, man

(FIXME: more, ref- ) : man(1) ,

. man(1) , , (, - cat(1)). , . :

1. shell-a2. ( kernel-a)3. , 4. ( /dev)5. 6. 7. 8. ( , root)9. kernel-a

, man(1) , . , man(1) . man(1) , . :

38

9.4

man [__] _

man(1) , . ,:

manchev@shodan:~$ man 1 cat

, cat(1) shell . , (2) :

manchev@shodan:~$ man 2 catNo manual entry for cat in section 2See "man 7 undocumented" for help when manual pages are not available.

, man(1), . , , clear, curses ( , ). , man clear ( ) clear. clear(1) , .

whatis(1). man cat -. , NAME , (cat) .

, whatis(1) , . whatis(1) , , . clear whatis, :

manchev@shodan:~$whatis clearclear (1) - clear the terminal windowclear (3ncurses) - clear all or part of a curses window

, - clear(1) - clear , man(1) . , , , :

manchev@shodan:~$man 3 clear

, . , :

, , , man(1)?

, . apropos(1). , MP3 , home MP3 player.

whatis(1). apropos(1):

manchev@shodan:~$apropos mp3cdda2mp3 (1) - extract audio CD audio tracks and encode them

, . , whatis(1). :

manchev@shodan:~$man cdda2mp3

cdda2mp3(1). player- :manchev@shodan:~$apropos playerxmms (1) - an audio player for X.xlsfonts (1x) - server font list displayer for Xxprop (1x) - property displayer for Xxwud (1x) - image displayer for X

, . , , . , apropos(1) "player" "displayer". , , "(exact ). :manchev@shodan:~$apropos -e playerxmms (1) - an audio player for X.

-. , , ", apropos .

, info. GNU "info , "info reader (FIXME:)". info :

$ info info

39

9 Debian

FIXME: info, , "" info .. man : man(1), whatis(1) apropos(1)

, . xmms, apropos -e player :

player: nothing appropriate

, apt-cache search player, player- Debian. , - .

9.4.2. info , info(1).

Info . GNU Info , , - Info.

info(1) . man(1) , :

manchev@shodan:~$ info info

, "info info"

File: info, Node: Top, Next: Getting Started, Up: (dir)Info: An Introduction*********************

Info is a program, which you are using now, for readingdocumentation of computer programs. The GNU Project distributes mostof its on-line manuals in the Info format, so you need a program called"Info reader" to read the manuals. One of such programs you are usingnow.

If you are new to Info and want to learn how to use it, type thecommand h now. It brings you to a programmed instruction sequence.

To learn advanced Info commands, type n twice. This brings you toInfo for Experts, skipping over the Getting Started chapter.* Menu:* Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader.* Advanced Info:: Advanced commands within Info.* Creating an Info File:: How to make your own Info file.--zz-Info: (info.gz)Top, 24 lines --Top----*** Tags out of Date ***-------------Welcome to Info version 4.6. Type ? for help, m for menu item.

Info (nodes), . ( ) node. node-, , . , , info . node "Top"( ), "Getting started".

, info "n"(next - ) "p"(previous - ). "n" "Getting started". , "Next" "Advanced Info Prev "Top , "Getting started".

"p "Top". , , - . , "--All----" "--Top----". "PageUp" "PageDown". space backspace, , ( ) .

( "n" "p"), info , . "* Menu:". "* Menu:" . ( "Top") , :

* Menu:* Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader.* Advanced Info:: Advanced commands within Info.* Creating an Info File:: How to make your own Info file.

. ( Tab - ) Enter. , - .

"m . :

Menu item:

, Enter , . :

40

9.5

, Tab . , "get" Tab, info "Getting Started". , info , ;

Ctrl-g.

, , node- "u .

info(1). , , info , . info(1) (info info). , -, man(1), info(1). - -.

9.5.

ls(1) Debian. . (), -pwd(1). , . :

manchev@shodan:~$ pwd/home/manchevmanchev@shodan:~$

, , .

man(1) pwd(1) , "--version""--help". :

manchev@shodan:~$ pwd --help-bash: pwd: --: invalid optionpwd: usage: pwd [-PL]manchev@shodan:~$

"--help" pwd(1). , "--version". , shell- bash(1) pwd(1), man.

bash, man . , info (info bash) pwd. , pwd bash : P" L .

, . cd.

9.5.1. cdcd ,

( ). cd , home .

.

manchev@shodan:~$ cd /manchev@shodan:/$ pwd/manchev@shodan:/$ cdmanchev@shodan:~$ pwd/home/manchevmanchev@shodan:~$

cd pwd. . :

manchev@shodan:/$ cd

manchev@shodan:/$ cd /home/manchev

, . cd . , , P" L pwd(1). , cd man bash info bash, cd shell-.

"" , bash prompt- , . cd /home, a:

41

9 Debian

manchev@shodan:/home$

, pwd(1) . , . , , script ( shell-) -. , Debian , prompt- , .

, , , (/home/manchev) prompt- , . -" . .

cd, : . ? , /home, /home/manchev :

manchev@shodan:/home$ cd /home/manchev

manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchev

, "/"( ) , . , , /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers/linux . cd , , ( ) ( ). manchev backup, :

manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchevmanchev@shodan:~$ cd backup

:

manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchev/backup

-" , Debian.

, /etc ( backup). , :

manchev@shodan:/etc$ cdmanchev@shodan:~$ cd backup

:

manchev@shodan:/etc$ cd /home/manchev/backup

-" cd:

manchev@shodan:/etc$ cd ~/backup

, cd backup .

42

10

-user-friendly

friendly, .

10.1. Debian Desktop Project

Debian Desktop Project1 Debian, Debian, - desktop.# apt-get install desktop-base# dpkg -L desktop-base

10.2. Debian Menu System

, maintainers : upstream, debian specific , . menu shell C++. .

Menu packages2

Debian Menu Manual3

Debian Menu Sub-policy4

Debian Menu System5

- Debian Menu System. Enrico Zini 6, . Desktop Menu Specification7 for desktop entries, Debian menu information .

- provides update-menus(1L) functions for some applications The intent of this package is tostreamline the menus (like the fvwm2 ones) in debian. For this purpose, menu provides an update-menus(1L)command, that will read all installed menu files (as provided by other packages in /usr/lib/menu), and run thefrontents for various window-managers in /etc/menu-methods to create startup files for the window managers (orpdmenu(1)). The user and system admin can easily override the menu files on a by-user or by-system bases.

FIXME: -. . . , , /usr/share/doc/menu/

pdmenu8, Debian pdmenu. pdmenu(1) apteryx9, apt-get(8) apt-cache(8) pdmenu(1).

apteryx apt-get(8) apt-cache(8) apt-iselect10. http://www.engelschall.com/sw/iselect/11 ( iselect) apt-iselect .

1http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-desktop/2http://packages.debian.org/menu3http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu.html/4http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu-policy/5http://phys251.phy.olemiss.edu/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/6http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-0304/msg00800.html7http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/menu/draft/menu-spec/menu-spec.html8http://www.kitenet.net/programs/pdmenu/9http://www.internetlab.org/apteryx/

10http://www.rot13.org/~dpavlin/apt-iselect.html11http://www.engelschall.com/sw/iselect/

43

http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-desktop/http://packages.debian.org/menuhttp://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu.html/http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu-policy/http://phys251.phy.olemiss.edu/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-0304/msg00800.htmlhttp://www.freedesktop.org/standards/menu/draft/menu-spec/menu-spec.htmlhttp://www.kitenet.net/programs/pdmenu/http://www.internetlab.org/apteryx/http://www.rot13.org/~dpavlin/apt-iselect.htmlhttp://www.engelschall.com/sw/iselect/

10 -user-friendly

10.3. Debian Usability Research

Debian Usability Research12 - Debian13 Debian. :

package metadata: , package searching browsing,

debian package subsets

- -

usability bug reports

Debian Package Manager brainstorming session14. . - Debian.

, , , http://packages.debian.org15. Erich Schubert, 16 Package Browser17, Debian . .Package Browser data sets aptitude. Debian Package Tags18.

debtags synaptic-debtags

12http://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/13http://www.debian.org14http://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/pkgman-brainstorm.html15http://packages.debian.org16http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-0303/msg01371.html17http://debian.vitavonni.de/packagebrowser/18http://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/debtags/

44

http://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/http://www.debian.orghttp://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/pkgman-brainstorm.htmlhttp://packages.debian.orghttp://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-0303/msg01371.htmlhttp://debian.vitavonni.de/packagebrowser/http://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/debtags/

11

, ,

11.1.

1 2. debian-i18n@lists.debian.org3. , ,

# apt-cache search bulgarian

, . console-cyrillic language-env. :

# apt-get source console-cyrillic language-env

e , . , (, , ) , , , . , , , , . , , , , , Debian, - . , , , , , . , , , /Unicode4 , , , . http://lists.zadnik.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/debian5, Debian , . . debian-{l10n|user}-bulgarian , .. , . , , , , , , .

Debian GNU/Linux Woody, . , .

, , 6 Linux-BG.org7. /, , bglinux8 9. bglinux , .

1http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/2http://www.debian.org/doc/3http://lists.debian.org/debian-i18n/4http://www.unicode.org5http://lists.zadnik.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/debian6http://www.linux-bg.org/cgi-bin/y/index.pl?page=article&id=advices&cmd=cat&cid=cyr7http://www.Linux-BG.org/8http://lml.bas.bg/~anton/linux/bglinux.html9http://lml.bas.bg/~anton/

45

http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/http://www.debian.org/doc/http://lists.debian.org/debian-i18n/http://www.unicode.orghttp://lists.zadnik.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/debianhttp://www.linux-bg.org/cgi-bin/y/index.pl?page=article&id=advices&cmd=cat&cid=cyrhttp://www.Linux-BG.org/http://lml.bas.bg/~anton/linux/bglinux.htmlhttp://lml.bas.bg/~anton/

11 , ,

11.2.

. , (qwerty/us). - . 3.0 tasksel, . .

11.3. locales:

locales (CD1) debconf bg_BG, . locales

# dpkg-reconfigure locales

. ( , /etc/locale.gen, .) , , bg_BG. /etc/environment, PAM-10 pam_env11. , PAM /etc/pam.d/ , . /etc/locale.alias :

bulgarian bg_BG.CP1251

10http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/11http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/pam-6.html#ss6.5

46

http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/pam-6.html#ss6.5

11.4 console-cyrillic:

11.4. console-cyrillic:

console-cyrillic (CD2). , :

Choose the keyboard layout Bulgarian phonetic Bulgarian BDSHow to toggle between Cyrillic and Latin letters Alt+Shift What is your encoding? CP1251 ( UTF-8)Do you want to setup Cyrillic on the console at boot-time? Yes

11.4.1. cyr :

, cyr(1),

cyr --help

--save, ~/.cyr_defaults. cyr . , ,

cyr 2> /dev/null

~/.bash_profile (login) . (2>/dev/null X, xterm gnome-terminal.)

47

11 , ,

11.5. XFree86:

11.5.1. XKB:

XKB X:

The XKB Configuration Guide12 ( XFree86 4.3)

How to further enhance XKB configuration13 ( XFree86 4.3)

An Unreliable Guide to XKB configuration14 ( Doug Palmer15)

X Keyboard Extension16 ( 17)

xserver-xfree86:

xserver-xfree86 : Please select your keyboard layout XkbLayout

bgPlease select your keyboard variant XkbVariant

phonetic bds

Please select your keyboard options XkbOptions grp:shift_toggle grp:ctrl_shift_toggle grp:caps_toggle grp:ctrl_alt_toggle grp:alt_shift_toggle grp:menu_toggle

, Option, /etc/X11/xkb/rules/xfree86.lst.

XF86Config: X

/etc/X11/XF86Config-4, InputDevice

### BEGIN DEBCONF SECTION

. :

Section "InputDevice"....Option "XkbLayout" "bg"Option "XkbVariant" "phonetic"Option "XkbOptions" "grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll"

EndSection

. XFree86 4.3 -, - ,

(layouts). - XkbLayout XkbVariant, .

# Option "XkbLayout" "us,bg,bg"Option "XkbVariant" ",phonetic,bds"

# Option "XkbLayout" "us,bg"Option "XkbVariant" ",phonetic"

12http://www.xfree86.org/current/XKB-Config.html13http://www.xfree86.org/current/XKB-Enhancing.html14http://www.charvolant.org/~doug/xkb/html/index.html15http://www.charvolant.org/~doug/16http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/other/xkb/17http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/

48

http://www.xfree86.org/current/XKB-Config.htmlhttp://www.xfree86.org/current/XKB-Enhancing.htmlhttp://www.charvolant.org/~doug/xkb/html/index.htmlhttp://www.charvolant.org/~doug/http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/other/xkb/http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/

11.5 XFree86:

setxkbmap:

setxkbmap(1) .:

/ Alt:# setxkbmap bg phonetic_enhanced grp:toggle,grp_led:scroll

/ Alt:# setxkbmap bg bds_enhanced grp:toggle,grp_led:scroll

( , XFree86 4.3 - , -.) X ,

. ~/.xsession ( ~/.xinitrc ~/.xsession) . , display manager-, xdm, kdm gdm . , ( , ):

# setxkbmap [ -layout XkbLayout ][ -variant XkbVariant ][ -option XkbOptions ][ -compat XkbCompat ]

kxkb, xxkbd .

, :

# touch /usr/lib/X11/locale/microsoft-cp1251/Compose

, .

11.5.2.

X, :

Fonts in XFree8618, XFree8619

XFree86 Font De-uglification HOWTO20

, X microsoft-cp1251, , windows-1251 , . .

X , fixed 10x20 . windows-1251 w-, w-fixed w-10x20. c- , X iso10646-1. (alias-, ) xlsfonts21:

$ xlsfonts | grep ^w-

*.alias /etc/X11/fonts. , xfd22 :

$ xfd -fn w-10x20

xfontsel23. , 24 ( X iso10646-1),

$ xfd -fn "xfontsel -print"

,

(FIXME: .)

18http://www.xfree86.org/current/fonts.html19http://www.xfree86.org/20http://feenix.burgiss.net/ldp/fdu/21http://www.xfree86.org/current/xlsfonts.1.html22http://www.xfree86.org/current/xfd.1.html23http://www.xfree86.org/current/xfontsel.1.html24http://www.unicode.org/

49

http://www.xfree86.org/current/fonts.htmlhttp://www.xfree86.org/http://feenix.burgiss.net/ldp/fdu/http://www.xfree86.org/current/xlsfonts.1.htmlhttp://www.xfree86.org/current/xfd.1.htmlhttp://www.xfree86.org/current/xfontsel.1.htmlhttp://www.unicode.org/

11 , ,

- :

xfonts-base xfonts-cronyx-{cp125125,koi8r26}-{{7527,10028}dpi,misc29}

xfonts-bolkhov30-{cp1251,koi8r}-{75dpi,misc} scalable-cyrfonts-x11 scalable-terminus msttcorefonts

, , Brace Expansion31 Basic Shell Features32 Bash33. , Bash, .

TrueType

, . : X . X (X core fonts). , , X RENDER34 XFree8635. FreeType36. . X Xft, 2 - FontConfig37 . Xft . ( - FontConfig , 3.0 , Xft1.) : (anti-aliasing, X ), - ( Lucida Sans 14 -b&h-lucida-medium-r-normal-sans-14-100-100-100-p-80-iso10646-1) Xft. - - ( KDE2 GNOME2) .

TrueType . X FreeType, XTT, - .

TrueType TrueType , windows-1251. , iso8859-1. .

1. TrueType 2. ttmkfdir3. *.ttf .4.

$ ttmkfdir - .scale .

5. *.ttf /usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType. , .

6. .scale /etc/X11/fonts/TrueType. , .

7. :# update-fonts-scale TrueType# update-fonts-dir TrueType

25http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-cp1251-75dpi26http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-koi8r-75dpi27http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-75dpi28http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-100dpi29http://packages.deb