www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ........... -.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ........... -.-...-.. [Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth] - .....-- Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. [1] . ...... .northern black wattle, Darwin black wattle, ear-pod wattle,tanwattle[1],auri,blackwattle,earleafacacia,earleaf acacia,Papuanwattle,wattle[8],coastwattle,Japanese acacia [9] .... Acacia auriculaeformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.,Racosperma auriculiforme (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley [1] .....northern black wattle (Trade name) [1] - akashmoni,Australianbabul,kasia,sonajhuri(India)[1]-ngarai,unar (Papua New Guinea) [1] - Japanese acacia, auri (Philippines) [1,9]-akasai,akasia,kasia,kihia(Indonesia)[9]-akasia kuning,kasia(Malaysia)[9]-mkesia(EastAfrica)[9]- krathin-narong (Thailand) [9] - smacht:hes (Vietnam) [9] ....... . . ..... : [6] ......(--) smachtehs [4], acacia sleuk touch [6] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Fabales . : Fabaceae - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . (. .: Mimosoideae) ... : Acacia ... : Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. exBenth......: [1] . .-....: [......]:. . ... ... . :....... .....leguminous :..... ....25-35m[1](25-30m[3],30-40m[2],15-30m[9])...... . . ..12-15m[3](12 m[9])......DBH ..60-80cm[3](80-100cm[2],50 cm [9])..... ........... 8-20 m [1, 2] ... .... . 3-5 m [1] (2-8m[4]):.. ......:: .. ..[8]( [9]) ... . ...:... :. . ... .. ...:.. [ ]:................ . 2-3mm[3] .............. .............. . ....... . 7-9 mm [3][ ]: ..:.phyllodes(=.. . .. ...)...... ... .:. ... . . . 10-16 x 1.52.5 cm [8] (7-17 x 1.5-2.7 cm [3], 8-20 cm x 1.0-4.5cm[1])..:. ...:... ...:.3. :..... .....[1](6-8:[3],3-8:[9]).... ....:. .:. ...... ..:.. .. ... ... .... ....... .. ... . . ...:.1 . [1] .... Java[.]:.. ........:..:.8.5cm[1]........ . :. 0.3cm[8]........ ..... . ...5.... .. :. 0.1 cm[1] .. .. ..... .. ... .. :..:. 0.2cm[1]......... .:.0.3cm[1].... .. ... . .... ............ .:.. ......... . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . :.....[3]..... .. ........ .:. . .... [3] ... ..... ... . ........... . .... . ..:....... ... . .4-5:..: ....Sedgleyetal.(1992)... ...:...... .. .... ....: . .... .Atherton . Queensland (. .) ... ..... ... .. .Tawau .Sabah:..:.. ..:.. ...Java(.. .). .. ..... .: .. [1] [:. ]: :. . .....: .. . ...: [1]:.(= :. ...) . 7-8 x 1.2-1.4cm[3](6.5x1.5cm[1],6-8x1-1.5cm[8])... :.... : : . ...............:.:.:. ...... : ........ ...:. :.1.2 cm [3]:. . .... 5-7 [3] ...... 0.4-0.6x0.3-0.4cm[1](:.5mm[8]) .. . ...:... :. ... ..... . ... ... [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9] .-. .: [.....]:.... ............ ... ...... .:.. .. ... . ... ..0.5-0.65g/cm[1,3,9]. . .. 4,700-4,900kcal/kg[1](4,500-4,900kcal/kg[9])... ........ . . :.. :.:. 0.85 mm [1] .... 0.2 m [1].......59% .. 24%... .19% ....0.4%.. Flavonoid. ...:.[1] .. . ... .. : ............ ........ ...... ....... ... .. ....: ...... . .. ... [1, 3, 9] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . - .. ..... . : :.:5S..17S[1]......... ... . : .... ...: .... :........ ..:...... ... . ... ........:.......... .... .... . ... . . ........... .... ... :........ ........:.... .:...:........ .............:...:........:........ [1].... ....... . .. ......:.(pH9.5[9]) ........ .(pH3.0[9]):............:... :......... ..... 20 .[1].... ..... ... ....(.. .. ) .:... . :..... ... savanna... :.. . ..:.......Melaleuca:...: .. ..... :....... .. :.....:..... ..... ... Acacia mangium, A. aulacocarpa .Melaleucacajuputi..... ........ :....: . ...... :......... ... [1, 2, 3, 4, 9] . -.- .. . . : . . ......... . ...... 400m[2,9] : .... .. ....80m[2](0-500(-1,000)m[9])............... . ..... . .. .. . ..... ...:. ..(. - . ) .. .32-34C .......... .... ..(.. -. ) . 17-22C.... ...... ......... :......... ... .. .:.. .. .. : ... .... .. ...... .. . 760mm........ . . 3,400mm.... .(6,000mm[9])... ... ......: .:.. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . 2,500mm(1,000-2,000mm[3],700-2,000mm[2],650-2,000mm[9]).... . .. ...... :... [1]. . . .. ...0-7 : [2] (0-6:[3]) : . ...:. .. ... ......:.. . ............. .. . . .....:.. ....:.... . . .... .......... ..... .. ... ... [1, 2, 3, 8, 9] -..--... .. ..-...-. . : .. . .-.. .- . : .. .. . ...... ....... . ... :.... ...... (.. ...:.[8])........ : ..... ....:.. ... .. pH.. 4.5-6.5 : ....... ....:.... :.. .pH.8-9(....pH ..:3.0-9.5[8],4.3-9[9]) ....... ( West Timor) ..... .... . . . .. ......: ..:. . . .. .. . ... ... . .. ......... .:... . . .pH3. ..... :.... ..... ........ . ...(pH3) :.... ...:........ ....:..:.. .... ...:..........::.. .0.15to7.25dS/m..... . .. . ...... . . .. ...... :...... .... ... :............ ... .. .... :...... ......... :.... . .. . . .. . . .. . .. :..... .[1]...........ofproblem:...(pH9.5[9]) ...... .(pH3.0[9]) . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . :...: ............. . ....20..[1].... ............... . .. .... ... .. . .. ... . lateritic . limestone ... ... . podzols ...: ... . savanna ... ..vertisols.. ... [1, 2, 3, 8, 9] . -.... ...... :[..]:....... .. ..... ............... .. ..:.... 4,700-4,900kcal/kg[1](4,500-4,900kcal/kg[9])........ ..... ... ........ :.... ........... . . ..........:... ...... .. .:..... :.. .4-6 t/ha :.. . ... . ... [1].......... ........ .. .. .... ... ...... sulphite. ..... ... . .. . (..) ... ..... [9]... sulphate .. 13% alkali ..... 55%..... ... ... . ..........[1]... . ... .. .... .. .. ........ ..... .... . .... . :.. . ... . . . ... .... .... . .. . . . ....... .. ... .. .. ... . .. .. ........... .. ... [1, 2, 3, 9] [. ..]:.. ....: .... :... . .......[9]........ .... . . .. .....[1] .. . (:. 13% [1], 13-25% [9]) ..... ..... .. . .......... . 6-14%[9]:.. .. :.... .....:batik... . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .. ..... . .......:.......(Tylopylusfellus) ... .. . . . ...: ...... ... [1, 4, 9] [....]:..... .. .... ...... .. ... . . . . ... . . .. ...... ... ....Rhizobium .Bradyrhizobium. .. .......ecto- .endo-mycorrhizal [9]... .. . .......::.. ...:.. ............. .. ... ... ...:. ... ...:. :.mung .kenaf(Hibiscuscannabinus) ............ :.. . .. ........ .. ....... :.. .. :...:...... .. .... ......:..... ..................... ....... .:.. ... .. ..........:.... . . ....:.. . .. ......... ..:... ......... ... . ........ . .... .. .. ....... ... . . . (pH 9.5 [9]) .. .... . . (pH3.0[9]):........:...:... ......20.[1].. :......... ....... . .... ..... .. .:....... . ...... .. . .. ........ .(Santalum album) .. .. . ............. . . .... . .. ...... .. ... [1, 2, 3, 8, 9] -.-...-...-.. : ... .. ... [5] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . - .-..-. .-. : [......]:............ ....(.. ..).:... . :.... . ... savanna... :.. .. . :.......Melaleuca:...: .. .....:....... ..:.....:. ............ Acaciamangium,A.aulacocarpa .Melaleucacajuputi .............. . .... . .... ....:.... ...... . .:.... . ... ........ ... ... ...... :............. ..... : ........... .. .. ....... .... [........... ]:....................... .... . ... . [1][...]:.... .. ..... .. . .. .. ... .. ............... . .... ....... ....:....... ....... ... ........... .. (. .) ... .... ............. .. :....................... ... ..... ....[1]( ..: ... .. ... .'.. . ...' . . 'Miscellaneous' category) [...]:.......... ...... ... . .... .. ....: .:... .:.. .... .. .......3-4:[9]. ..... .. .. 25cm[9].. . ... ........... : ..........:.. .. . ... . .. . ..1-2.. .[2]..... .NPK .. . .... ........... .:. ......... . ....... .... . . ... 1 x 1 m .. 4 x 4 m [1] ( 2 x 2 2 x 4 m[2],2-4x2-4m[9])...1x2m.1.5x1.5m.. .. .... ...... ......... .............. . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . 30cm:............ . ..... . .... .....[1].............:........ .... ..... .. . . ......... . . ..:...... ...... 2-3:....... .. :... .. ......... ...25-30 cm ..... 3-4 : [1], 6 m . .2.[1] .6-12m.3. [1].. ..... . ........ 2.[1] .... ... ..... . 50%[9] ...... ..... ..70%[9] .....:.. .......: . :.... [. ..]:[1].:. ... . . .... .... .. ...(...).. ......... 10-15. . .............. .[1]. ..:... 4-5. .....[2] .12-15. .. [2]...... ..... ........:.. .. .......... .... ................:..... .. ........:. .. ... :.. . .. .. . ... .. . .... .....60-100 cm. :. ...... ... ..:... ........:...... ....:..... .. . . .. . .......... ................. :...... ........:......:. ........ ... . . .. ............... Imperata... : .... .... ..... . ..... .. . .. .Rhizobium. Bradyrhizobium. .. .... .52-66%....... . . .... . .............. .. .. . . ............ecto-.endo-mycorrhizal...ecto-mycorrhizal(Thelephoraspp.) ....:.... .. : ...Glomusetunicatum.Gigaspora margarita....... :.... .......... . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .. .. .... .. .... ... ........... : .. . .. 30g:. .25g. .8g . ... .:........ .. ...... . : .....: ....... .. [1][...]:....... ....... .... . .. . .. . 2-4 m..... . .... ..... .. . .... ......... ... 15-18m ..... .15-20cm...10-12.. .... . .. .. .. ... 2,000 mm ... 15-20 m3/ha: . .......8-12m/ha............... . .... .... .... lateritic.. . ......2-6m/ha ......Imperata.. . .. ........ .... ....Albizia, Eucalyptus, Leucaena . Pinus .... . . ...... . . .: :.. .. ..... 1,500mm....Balamuk(PapuaNewGuinea) . . .. ...:..135 t/ha ..... 3 . . :...Springvale (. .) .:. 60 t/ha [1][]:..... . .......::.. . . .:.. .............. . ... . .. ...:. ... ...:. :.mung .kenaf(Hibiscuscannabinus) ............ :.. . .. ........ .. ....... :.. .. :...:.. . . .... .. ... ............. ... .. . .... .. ... [1, 2, 4, 9] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . -... .-.-. :[..]:. . ........ ..... ....... .. ..Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera . Lepidoptera [9][ . .... . .]:.............. ..... . . ...... .......... ... ...... ..... . .. ... ... . ..... . .. (1 . .. [1],1-2. [9])...:. ...... . . . 24.. .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . . 6-30 .[1].... ....... (6-15:[9])... . .:.. ......... 70%[1](40-80%[9]) . ..71,600 . /kg[1] (53,00062,000 . /kg [8], 55,000-75,000 . /kg [9])[..]:..:... .. ..:..... .... ... ... . 50%[1]..... ......70%[1] .... . .... .... ... [9]........:.......... .. .. Micropropagation ........ . . ..:........ ..:. . ... ......:... .. ....... 3-4:[2] ....... . ... .. 25 cm [2] .. . rhizobia ........ .......... ....:.. ........ :... . . .... ... . : 30,000 . /kg .. .. .. : 2 x 2 m ... .. :2,500...:3,000(20%.: .. ),3,334(10%....... ),4,168 (20% . ..).... : 60%. ... : 90% . . : 0.27 kg" [10].. ... [1, 2, 8, 9, 10] . -. .- .-.-.. : [.. .]:.. ...... :.... . ... . . . : ..... ........ .. ... ...: .... ..:............. ... . (Sinoxylon sp.) . . . ... - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .:.. ... ............. ......... ....... ..... :..... . .......... ... ... . .. . . ............. .... .. ..Xystrocera festiva :.. . .......[1].. ... [1, 9] [..]:. . . ........................... ..... ... ... .................. ........ ....:... .. ..Botryodiplodia theobromae,Botryosphaeriaspp. .Hendersonulasp.) .... ........ .pink disease(Corticiumsalmonicolor).: .:...... .. .phylloderust(Atelocauda digitata[1],Uromycesdigitatus[9]):.... ...... .... . ... ...... .. ..(heartrot):... .......... ...... (Ganodermasp.)...... .... ............... Cuscuta(Convolvulaceae).. .. .:. ..........[1] ... ..... .. powderymildew(Oidium)....:.:.. . .... . .... . .. ... [1, 9] [....]:.... .. ......... ....:.. .... . ..... :...... .:.. . ... ....(....:.20 :[1]) : ..... ... 10-15.... ..... ...:.[2]...... Ganodermalucidum... ... . .. .. ...:..:..:... ........ ....... .... .... ...........:...... ....... ........:... .: .:.... .. ..........cambium........ .. :. :.....:. ...:.............. ...... .... . .. .. :....:.... .......... .. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ... . ... ............... .....:... ... ... .:. :....:. :.. ............. ...Casuarinaequisitifolia :....... .... ...Popowiaaberrans... .....Ganodermal................. ..:............ .. : Tectonagrandis.......:........Ganodermal... ..... . .(.... ...: .. ...... .) ... ..............:.. ............ [J. Richter, Forestry Faculty, RUA] .. ... [1, 2, 9] -.. .-.: . :..... :.. ... .( ... ................ ........:... ..... . .... ... 2000).........10,000..... :. .. . . . .. .. 1,000 ... :..... .... .. ... [11] . -........-...-.. (.-.- .-.. .) : -........- ...- (.-.- .-.. .) : [.......]: [.... .]:. . (....... . .Queensland)... ... . (IrianJaya, Moluccas) . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .. ... [1, 2, 3, 8][ . .]: . : (... . . . :. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. : ...) ...:(. .. .. ... . . . ... .... ... . . .. . ) . : (. :. . .. ... .... ... ) .... : ( ) ......: (... . Hawaii) ..... : (. . . .. ) . : (. . .... . ... . ..).. ... [1, 2, 3] . ... : [.]:..... ..akis:.. .. .... .auricula- ...... . forma- .. . :..... .:. .[9] [ . ]:A.auriculiformis.... .A.polystachyaA.Cunn.ex Benth.,A.cincinnataF. Muell. . A. spirorbis subsp. solandri (Benth.) Pedley...A. aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. . A. crassicarpaA.Cunn.exBenth.(Pedley,1975)....A.leptocarpaA.Cunn.ex Benth. .A.mangiumWilld.. .... .... . .A.mangium ... .... .... ....... .... .... ...::.. .. . ....... .. .............. ... ...... :..........:... . ...... . .. ..Carron . Aken (1992) [1] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [... ... ]: . ...... :. ......... . Isoenzyme..... :.......... .. .... .. ... ... .. .... ... .......... ...73%:isoenzyme.. .. . ... .. .. .. intra-andinter-populationgeneticvariability. .. ... ... ... .... .......12 : . . ..28 : .... ......... ..92% : . ... . ... .... .. 5 ..Sabah: .. .. . . . . :... . . .. . . ..... ... ..... . ......... ..... .... .......Zaire..... . .... ...... . :.... 3,9,15 .21:... ......... ...... .. ... . .. 1989 . .... ... .. .... ... ... . . .:.....:.. . ......... . . ........Imperata ...... . ... .... . 69 :........ . ..... :... ... . ( . ... .35.6 m/ha) ..( . .... 30.3m/ha) .........( . .... 30.2m/ha) ... .........:..... .. :... . ................ ... ..... 8:....... .......... . ..... ..... .... ............. ..WenlockRiver.. .. ....... ..... .. .. Nguyen Hoang Nghia . Le Dinh Kha(1996). ...: ... : .. ... .. ..... ..:.. ....:.... ........ .. .... . .. . ......... ...... . ... Melville .. ........ . .... .. .... :....... . . .. . .....:.....A.mangium .. ..:. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . ... ... ..... :..............:. ..... Sedgleyetal.(1992).....: ..A.auriculiformisxA.mangium ........ .... ..:... ... ....... ... ...........(3.) . ........... ....A.mangiumxA.auriculiformis... ...... ..... . . :... . :....... .. ..... ........ . .. . ::... CSIRO .........Canberra .. .... . .:........ ..... ......... [1] ........- :Kamis Awang, Venkateswarlu P, Nor Aini AS, djers G, Bhumibhamon S, Kietvuttinon B, Pan FJ, Pitpreecha K, Simsiri A, 1994. Three year performance of international provenance trials of Acacia auriculiformis. Forest Ecology and Management, 70(1/3):147-158; 31 ref. [1] Banerjee AK, 1973. Plantations of Acacia auriculaeformis (Benth.) A. Cunn. in West Bengal. Indian Forester, 99(9):533-540 + 1 pl. [1] Boland DJ, 1989. Trees for the tropics. Growing Australian multipurpose trees and shrubs in Developing Countries. ACIAR Monograph, No. 10:ii + 247 pp.; 11 pp. of ref. [1] Boland DJ, Pinyopusarerk K, McDonald MW, Jovanovic T, Booth TH, 1990. The habitat of Acacia auriculiformis and probable factors associated with its distribution. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 3(2):159-180; 32 ref. [1] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . Booth TH, Turnbull JW, 1994. Domestication of lesser-known tropical tree species: The Australian experience. In: Leakey RRB, Newton AC, eds. Tropical trees: The Potential for Domestication and Rebuilding of Forest Resources. ITE Symposium No. 29, ECTF Symposium No. 1. London, UK: HMSO, 189-194. [1] dela Cruz RE, Umali-Garcia M, 1992. Nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae in acacias on degraded grasslands. In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Tropical Acacias in East Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of a First meeting of COGREDA held in Phuket, Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Research, 59-71. [1] Doran JC, Guan BV, 1987. Treatments to promote seed germination in Australian acacias. ACIAR Proceedings, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, No. 16:57-63; [In Australian acacias in developing countries. Proceedings of an international workshop, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-7 August 1986 [edited by Turnbull, J.W.]]; 5 ref. [1] Huang S, Zheng H, 1993. Coppicing of Acacia auriculiformis. ACIAR Forestry Newsletter No. 16, 3. [1] Ibrahim Z, 1991. Reproductive biology of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. [1] Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Studies on natural hybrids of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis in Vietnam. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie, Australia: Queensland Forestry Research Institute, 328-332. [1] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . Marcar NE, Hussain RW, Arunin S, Beetson T, 1991. Trials with Australian and other Acacia species on salt-affected land in Pakistan, Thailand and Australia. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 35:229-232; 3 ref. [1] Marcar NE, Ganesan SK, Field J, 1991. Genetic variation for salt and waterlogging tolerance of Acacia auriculiformis.. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 35:82-86; 6 ref. [1] Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1996. Climatic requirements of some main plantation tree species in Vietnam. In: Booth TH, ed, Matching Trees and Sites. ACIAR Proceedings No. 63, 43-49. [1] Nguyen Hoang Nghia, Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Acacia species and provenance selection for large-scale planting in Vietnam. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie: Queensland Forestry Research Institute, 443-448. [1] Nor Aini AS, 1993. Recovery of Acacia auriculiformis from fire damage. Forest Ecology and Management, 62(1-4):99-105; 9 ref. [1] Nor Aini AS, Kamis Awang, Venkateswarlu P, Abd Latib Senin, 1994. Three-year performance of Acacia auriculiformis provenances at Serdang, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 17(2):95-102; 27 ref. [1] Nor Aini AS, Kamis Awang, Mansor Mohd Rashid, Abd Latib Senin, 1994. Provenance trial of Acacia auriculiformis in Peninsular Malaysia: 12-month performance. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 6(3):249-256; 25 ref. [1] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . Pinyopusarerk K, 1990. Acacia auriculiformis: an annotated bibliography. Winrock International and Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. [1] Turnbull JW, Awang K, 1997. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. In: Faridah Hanum I, van der Maesen LJG, eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 11. Auxiliary plants. Leiden, the Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 52-56. [1] Vuthy, C. C. 2004. Study of the effects of potting media on growth performance of Acacia auriculiformis seedlings in the nursery of Svay Reang Forestry Triage. MSc thesis, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh. 78 pp.[10] Yantasath K, Anusontpornperm S, Utistham T, Soontornrangson W, Watanatham S, 1993. Acacias for fuelwood and charcoal In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Acacias for Rural, Industrial and Environmental Development. Proceedings of the Second meeting of Consultative Group for Research and Development of Acacias (COGREDA). Udorn Thani, Thailand: Winrock International and FAO, 144-152. [1] . :-.. .. : [1] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition). (CD-ROM). [2] NFTA / FACT, 1989-1999: Agroforestry Species and Technologies - a compilation of the highlights and factsheets. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA), Waimanalo Hawaii. [3] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute. Hanoi [4] Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. [5] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June 1988. Phnom Penh. -. . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [6] CTSP/DANIDA, 2004: List of Tree Species. 7pp. [7] Petri, M. (DED), 2006: Own observations. [8] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep (Internet source) [9] http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=10 (Internet source) [10] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia. 90pp. Phnom Penh [11] FAO: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.htm (Internet source) Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ...........-.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corra] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ...........-.-...-.. [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corra] - . ....--Aegle marmelos (L.) Corra [4] . ....... Golden Apple, Bengal quince, bael fruit, bael tree;[4,6,9,19] .... Feronia pellucida,Crateva marmelos [9] .....Oranger de Malabar (French) [4] bnau, (Cambodia); maja,majabatu,(Indonesia);toum(Laos);bilak,bila,bel (Malaysia);opesheet,ohshit(Burma);matum,tum,mapin (Thailand); tri mam (Vietnam) [6]. ........ ..... : [-] . .....(--) phnu [4] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Sapindales . : Rutaceae ... : Aegle ... : Aegle marmelos (L.) Corra - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .....: [11 ; 4 ] . .-. ...: [......]:..... ........13m... .:.. ......[5].........:.......15m...... 50cm..:..:.1-2cm...::... ... .. ...:.... .:(9)[]:...................... . :..:.1.2-2.5 cm ....... ... . [5,9] []: .. ....... :..:.2-4 cm . 5-14 x 2-6cm............... .... ..:... .......:....... ::.4-12.....:........:...... :..:.0.5-3.0cm.. ......:..:.5C [12]................................. ....limestone:....... .................. ........ ................Indies..:..:.. Bahamas ..Mexico .. Brazil [26] -..--... .. ..-...-.. : ... . .-...-. : ... ... :.:... ......... (6) .. :..... [9,12] . -.... . ..... :[.. ]: ......... [17] [...]:.....:.:.................... .. ..... ......... Annona :...... ::..... ..B .C.......:...:... . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .....(coconutmilk).....:.................................. ................. ........ .. (syrup)..:.....:.(dodolsisrak) ............ .:. .... ... :. ..:..... ..::..... ...:... .... .... .67.5%:.......20%.8.5% ...4% ...... 68% :...:....:. B (0.07 mg/100g) . C (20 mg/100g).........:....:. ..[26]........::...... .... .... . ... .. .: .. .................. .... ................. .......:... ..........:.. ..............:.... .:.....:...... .....:.. ....[26] ......:.... ...(avocado) .................:.... :..:..... 12 - 24 . .. ... . :.... 35 . . Hawaii .. .:...... ...... . 33, 34, . 70 :. /.. .. .4,5,. 6 . [12] .....[6]..........[9].:. ... .. . . .... [9]:. ...... .. .......... ... [9] Annonaceae..:............:.:.........:... Rollinia . :....... :...Annona, A. muricata L., soursop, . A. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . reticulataL.,. ...............Indies...: :....2:..... .. A.cherimolaMill.,cherimoya,.A. squamosaL.,thecustardapple, .............atemoyasCherimoya.......................Cherimoya .... :....... ..... ..:..[19] -.-...-...-.. : ... [18] - .-..-. .-. : ....................20-30:85-90% :. ....... ....... . ..... 6-8 :... ... . 3x4m..4x6m[26]............ ..........:..... ....... ................... .....:.... ....:... :............ ......:.......[12]....................:.......[12]:.:........:.... ......... Annonamuricata......: ....... ..........:..:..... ..........:........... ........ .......:....... :....:... ........ .:....... .. ..:.. [26] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . -... .-.- . :.....protandrous....................... ............... .......... ..................... ...... ..............:............. ...... ......:.............:...........:...:. :........ ..... 5.....:.. 10-50 ........:.............:.......... ...[26]....... orthodox .. ........ 5%................[26].......... .. .. .... :.......:..:..... :.. ...................5m..... ................. .....:... :....:.... ............ ..:......2-4 .. .... .... ... .. [26] . -.. - .-.-.. : .................:...........:. ........ ... ... .... ..[9]..(Diacotrichia, Pingasa .Pseudoterpna)........[26]...Bephata maculicollis,Ceconataannonella,Talponiabackeri,Theclaortygnus,... .:.Mediterranean.......Cratasomusspp.......:. ...............Coleoptera,Diptera .LepidopteraMousebirds .......... Caribbean.......... Colletotrichum gloeosporioides .Manaus .... . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . -.. .-.: ............. .. . -. .......-...-.. (.- .- .-.. .) : .......... ..... -........-...- (.-.- .-...) : ................:..............:. [26] . ... : ...... ... ......:. [9].. :... .. ...... ..... .. :.... .. .. .:..:...... .... .. .... :.. .. ....:. [26] ........- :VerheijE.W.M.&Coronel,R.E.(Eds.)1991:PlantResourcesofSoutheastAsia.No.2, Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, 446 pp.Trinh Thuong Mai, 1995: Fruit trees in Vietnam. Chronica Horticultura 35(3): 8-9; 3 pl. Granadino CA, Cave RD 1994: Inventory of arthropods and pathogenic fungi Annona in 4 localities of Honduras. Turrialba 44(3): 129-139; 5 ref. Chan,YK1992:BreedingandvarietalimprovementoftropicalfruitsatMARDI.Acta Horticulturae No. 321:138-151; 12 ref. Williams, L.O. 1981: The Useful Plants of Central America. Ceiba 24(1-4):1-381. . . . . . ...... - .

- ...-. .

| ..-. . . Fouque,A.1976:EspcesFruitiresdAmriqueTropicale.InstitutFranaisde Recherches Fruitires Outre-Mer, Paris. Carbajal D, Casaco A, Arruzazabala L, Gonzlez R, Fuentes V, 1991. Pharmacological screening of plant decoctions commonly used in Cuban folk medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 33(1-2):21-24; 7 ref. . :-.... : 4)Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom Penh, 915 pp. 6)Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp. 9)Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp. 13)Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Colour Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp. 19)Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp. 26)World Agroforestry Centre http.www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Speciesinfo.asp?(Internet source) Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ...........-.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Annona squamosa L] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ...........-.-...-.. [Annona squamosa L] - . ....--Annona squamosa L.[4] . ....... sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple [4,6,9] .... Annona biflora Mo & Sess,Annona cinerea Dunhal.,Annona forskahlii DC. [26]. .....pomme cannelle, achiman cannelle, attier (French);chirimoya, anona (Spanish); tiep baay, tiep srok (Cambodia); sirkaja, sarikaja, atis (Indonesia); khieb (Laos); non sari kaya, buahnona,srikaya(Malaysia);awza(Burma);atis (Philippines);noina,makkhiap,lanang(Thailand);namang cu ta, na (Vietnam) [4,6,9,26]. ....... . ..... : [-] . .....(--) tip ba:y, tip srk [4] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Magnoliales . : Annonaceae ... : Annona - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ... : Annona squamosa L. .....: [4 ; 11] . .-. ...: [......]: .. ..... . 3-6 m [6] ...... ... : .........[12]...........:...3-7m .. . .: ..... [26][]: ...... . :......... ...... ..... .. ..............:..... ......... ....: [26] []:..:.......:..:.7-17cm....3.5-5.0cm... ....:...[6]...:............ ..:....:. ...:.8-15cm....2-5cm........ .: ..........:.1.0-1.5 cm[12] ... . 6-17x3-6cm,..:...:......:........ ........................:.. ..:..... :....:. ... ..:... .:... .. :. . .. . . :.... :. 0.6-1.3 cm ..:.. ....[26] [:. ): :..... :.. 2-4 :. .....:....:. :.......: :.....3..:.:.2.5cm..:......... :..... ... [6]... ... ....... :. :... :......:.. 1.5-2.5 cm . .... .... ... ..:.0.2-0.3cm...6....biseriate. 3 ....:. . ....... .....:.. ... ....... . :..:.2.0-2.5 cm .... 0.5-1.0 cm..... .:.:...........:.0.5-1.0cm...... . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ......................:..:.0.12-0.15cm ...........gynoecium....... . .........Stigmas................. .......... ....[12]...... :.. . ..:. .........:.2.5cm..2-4:....... ...:..:.:.1.6cm...3..:. ......:.1.6-2.5cm. .0.6cm.....:.. ...........:........ .... :... .....3.......... :... 16 mm . ..:... ..... ....... [26] [:. ]:....:.syncarp:.................. :..... ... 5-20cm:.......:.. .... . ..... .. ... ..... .. .... :.1.0-1.5 cm . ... 0.5-0.8 cm ..... :....... [12]:........5-10cm.....:....:.....[6]:... ........:...:............... :...........:.[13]:.:.:........ .......:...............(pistil).......:.1.3-1.9 cm .... 0.6-1.3 cm [26]:.. ....... .... .....5-10 cm...........:....... ............... ........:........... ..:. .... ... .... :. 1.3-1,6 cm .... [26] ..:......A.cherimola..atemoya custardapple[6]( ...custardapple.............:.... ...... A. squamosa) . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .-. .: ....... ........ ..... . .. [12,26] - .. ...... : .........:..........Indian... ..... ......:................. .... ........16N-18S............ ...... Indies:.... ...............[26] . -.- .... : ... .........:.....1,000ma.s.l. ........1,000 mm/m [6]... ... : .. 0-1200 m a.s.l. .....750-4500mm/m ...2-5 : ....... 29-32C. ......>18C[12]...............:... :.......... .................. ........... ... ........... ........ ..:....:....... .................... :...... ........ .........:...... ..... .......:. ...... [26] -..--... .. ..-...-.. : ... . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . .-...-. : .....:........ ..........:.... :.... ..:.:...... [6]:.......[9].... ..... ...... ......... ......................:..pH5.5-6.5[19,26] ....:..............:..... . :.... ..... [12] . -.... . ..... :[.. ]:.. ..:...::...........[17,20] .......... .............: ...... :.... .... [26] [...]:............:...:....... :.......:.:... ...:........[6]..... :......................Annona....... ... .........: ... ..:......:. :........... :........:.[19]...... ..:.......:.:.. 50-80% :...... .......C(35-42mg/100g):........... .... :..... thiamine, potassium ...:[26] ... .... ..... :..... ... .........(20.... .10 .. )[4].... .. :.:.... ...................:.[12,20]:.. ... ..... .... [20] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ........... .... .:........:. .... ..... ...... .. ..[26] -.-...-...-.. : ... - .-..-. .-. : ... ......... ... .....A. glabra ...... ......A.glabra...... ............. Queensland[9]........5-6m 10-12m.. ...............:..........:... . .... .:......:......2.... .................. .:............. ....3%...10%..10%...... 5m ....:.....(12).............:..malathion .dimethoateacephate............bordeaux, fermate, phygon, . zerlate ......anthracnose [26] . -... .-.- . :.......orthodox................ ........... 6 :.. ....-20C ... 1.5% m.c. :................. [26]...........:............... ..........:....1cm....2-3cm.. ................ ..... 90-95% .....20:....:... 4-6.... ... .. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ... . . . ... .... .. .: .. ..... ..... . ......... [12] . -.. - .-.-.. : ..........:............ ............ Anonaepestisbengalella............ ........Ferrisiavirgata,. Planococcuslilacinus...........:.......... ....... :....... . : ......... ..::..... [12] ...A.squamosa..(Planococcusspp.):.(Dacusspp.),.. ... .. (Amblypeltaspp.).......(Parasaissetiaspp.) .............. .. ....IPM ( Integrated Pest Management)......:. (Annonaepestisbengalella).....:...... ..... ..... eurytomid :.... .....:.... Bephata maculicollis, Ceconataannonella,Talponiabackeri,Theclaortygnus,........:.Mediterranean.......Cratasomusspp .......:. ...............Coleoptera,Diptera .LepidopteraMousebirds .......... Caribbean.......... Colletotrichum gloeosporioides .Manaus ...............Colletotrichumgloeosporioides.... Aleurocanthuswoglumi....... .. (Pseudomonassolanacearum) ............... ........... .. . .................:. :..........(Phomopsisspp.),...diplodia(Botryodiplodia spp.).... (Phyphthoraspp.)......... ... ...................mancozeb copper oxychloride [26] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . -.. .-.: ............. .. . -. .......-...-.. (.- .- .-.. .) : .......... ...... -........-...- (.-.- .-...) : ....WestIndies.:................. .. ... .. .:[26] . ... : .. :. . . .. . ....... .... ..:... ....:....... ....... ........- :Hensleigh, T.E. and Holaway, B.K. (Eds.) 1988: Agroforestry Species for the Philippines. US Peace Corps, Manila, Philippines. Purseglove, J.W. 1974: Tropical Crops-Dicotyledons. Longman, Essex, England VerheijE.W.M.&Coronel,R.E.(Eds.)1991:PlantResourcesofSoutheastAsia.No.2, Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, 446 pp.Joughin, J.1986: The Market for Processed Tropical Fruit. G 196. Trop. Devel. Res. Inst. LondonJoy,C.1987:SelectedEuropeanMarketsforSpecialtyandTropicalFruitand Vegetables.G 201, Trop.Devel. Res. Inst., London . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . Broughton, W.J. and Tan, G. 1979: Storage conditions and ripening of the custard apple Annona squamosa L.. Sciencia Hortic. 10:73-82. Hocking,D.1993:TreesforDrylands.Treesfordrylands.xiii+370pp.OxfordandIHB Publishing, New Delhi Filipino Farm 1954: How to plant santol, atis, soursop and tamarind. Filip. Farm 1(7):17 Verkataratanam L, Satyanaranaswamy G, 1956. Studies on genetic variability in Annona squamosa. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 15:228-238. LittleEL,WadsworthFH.1964.CommontreesofPuertoRicoandtheVirginIslands. Agricultural Handbook. No. 249. US Department of Agriculture. Washington DC. Mbuya LP et al. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA). PopenoeW.1974.Manualofthetropicalandsubtropicalfruits.TheMacmillann Company. Smith JHN et. al. 1992. Tropical forests and their crops. Cornell University Press. ViasRC,1972.Atis(AnnonasquamosaL.Annonaceae).In:Culturaldirectionsfor PhilippineAgriculturalCrops.Vol.1(Fruits).Manila,Philippines:PublicAffairsOffice Press, Bur. Plant Indus, 31-36. . :-.... : 4)Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom Penh, 915 pp. 6)Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp. 9)Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp. 11)Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, New York; 336 pp. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . 12)CABI Forestry Compendium Edition 2003 (on CD ROM) 13)Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Colour Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp. 19)Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp. 20)Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ). 26)World Agroforestry Centre http.www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Speciesinfo.asp?(Internet source) Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ........... -.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte ] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ........... -.-...-.. [Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte ] - .....-- Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte [1]. ...... .agarwood, aloeswood, eaglewood, Indian aloewood [2],argar wood, aloe wood [3] .... Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. [1],Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.,Agallochum malaccense (Lam.) Kuntze,Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.,Aquilaria ovata Cav.,Aquilariella malaccensis (Lam.) Tiegh. [2],Aquilaria crassna Pierre [3],Aloexylum agallochum Lour.,Aquilaria secundaria DC. [7] .....bois d' aigle, bois d'alos (France) [11] - ketsana (Laos)[1] - tram, tram huong, do do bau [1], kanankoh [2] (Vietnam) -agor(Bangladesh)[2]-alambac,tengkaras,alim,halim, karek(Indonesia)[2]-agaru,sasi(India)[2]-akyaw (Myanmar)[2]-gaharu,karas,calambac,tengkaras, calambac, tengkaras (Malaysia) [2] ....... ..... : [12] ......(--) chancrassna,changkrassna,chankrosna[3],daemchan kroessna [6] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Thymelaeales . : Thymelaeaceae ... : Aquilaria ... : Aquilaria crassna .....: [1, 4] . .-....: [......]:... ..........:....:.. .15-20m[3] : .... ..30 m [1] (-40 m [2]).... ...... . DBH . 40-50 cm [3] ( -60 cm [7], -100 cm [1]).. . . .. :...... [ ]: ............ . ........ ... . . ... . ... . :..........[ ]: .... .. ....... 5-11x3-6cm.. .. .... . . . :. ...... ...:... :.. .:. .... . ...:.15-20......... .. : : ... :. 3-7 mm . [.]:. .......... .... . .....:..[1](..... .[7] ......[9])... :.5-6mm........... ..... ...:.5-6mm. ...:.. .... 5... . ...10..... ........ .... ..... 10.....filaments:.1mm .anthers..:..... ...... .. . .stigma............. ..... 6-8 ..: . [1] (-. [3]):. .:. ... [1] ( - . [3]) . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [:. ] :.(=capsule) ..:.. .... . . 3 x 4 cm [9] (2-4 x 2-3 cm [1], 3.5-5 cm[7])..... .... ...... ............ :. . . 1 2 :...5 x 10 mm ... . ...... ..... [1, 2, 3, 7, 9] .-. .: [.....]:.... . :.. . ... ..... ...... :.. .. ...(oleoresins). ...... ..... .. ... [1, 2, 11] - .. ..... . : :.: 27N .. 5S [2]. ..... ... .. ... .... .:. .... .:.. .:.. ... . . ... . .... ...... ... [1, 2, 3, 6, 9] . -.- .. . . : ...... .. . .29-1,000 m a.s.l [2] (0-1,000 m [1], 300-800 m[3], 0-850 m [7]) ...... .... ....... . 750m[7] ...... .. 2,000 m [3]. ......... . :.. . 1,500 - 6,500 mm/. [2] ... :...... 0-4 : [2] ........ 22-28C [2] (20-22C [7]) .....:. 22-40C [2] . .........:..14-22C[2]..........5C[2]......:.....: . . ....... ............. . 0.4-0.6[1,3]... .. ....... .. . ... .... (neutral tree) . ..... .. [9] .. ... [1, 2, 3, 7, 9] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . -..--... .. ..-...-. . : .... . (A), ....... . (B), ... (d), ....... (g).. ... [3] [... . . (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:....(X:290299Y:1326205),...(X:295591Y:1318268),.... (X:335014 Y:1341815),...(X:368336Y:1255832),... (X:718332Y:1353508),... (X:286900Y:1314675),.... (X:349462Y:1337891), ... (X:352571 Y:1166659), .. (X:379751 Y:1292040) .. ... [3] . .-.. .- . : . ..... . . ... :.... ..... (...... ) . ferralitic :.... .. .... .. .. . .. .. . . . ... . . ... .. .... .. ... [1, 2, 3, 7, 9] . -.... ...... :[..]:......:.... .. . .... ... .. . . ..... ....[3].. ...... .. .................. ....... . .... . ...... ...... ...:.. (...) .. .. .... .. ... [1, 2, 3, 9][. ..]: . :.. ..:.. ..... :.... ......... :.. . ...'aloeswood','agarwood'.'oud' 'chankrosna'..:... . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .... :..... . .. ... .... ..... . ... . .. .... ... . ..:........:.. .... .. .. .. . ........ .... . . .... ...... . . . . ..... :........ .. ..:...........'Kyara''Kyara'4...:':..'':.''' .'.'.... :. . .......:... . ..... ........:.. . ... ..:.. . Ayurvedic.. ..... . . .. :............... ... ... ....... ................. . ... ...................... .... ..... . . .... .. . .: ............ .. . . .... ..........:... . A. sinensis .. .. .. baimuxol . dehydrobaimuxol .. [6].... ..... .... .. ... ...... . ....:..... :.. ..... .. . . ... ... [1, 2, 6, 7, 11][....]:... ....... .. .... . ...... . . :....:........... .. . . ... .(. . ............... ...... ..:... . ......... . (CTSP) .. 2000) .. ... [8] -.-...-...-.. : ..... .. 3 .. ... [4] . . . . . . ...... - .

- ...-. .

| ..-. . . - .-..-..-. : [......]:....... .:.. .:... ...:.. ..... ...... . .. [. ..]:.. .... .... ........... .. ........ ... ... .......... .. .......... . ... .... ........ .... ..... . .. ... ... .... 1928.....67 . .......... .56cm[2]......... . ......... ......... ..:... ..... .. .. . .. .... ...... . .... ... .. ....... ... . ... . . .... .. ......... .. ... [2, 3, 6] . -... .-.-. :...... . .. ..... .. ... . . . ........ . . ..:. .... . . ... .. ...... .. .... ......... ... .... .. ... :.. .. . ......:..:. ... :....... ... .... ......[3]... ...... . ..... . .. .:. . (.... . ) .. . .. :.. ..... ... ...... ...:............ .... .. . . ... ... .... . . .... recalcitrant..... .. ... . ....... ............ :... . ... . ..... .:4,000./kg......:2.5x2.5m ... :... ...:1,600 .. :1,920(20%.: .. ..),2,134(10% . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ....... ),2,668(20%. ..).....:60%.. .:95%.. :... : 1.18 kg [5] .. ... [2, 3, 5] . -. .- .-.-.. : [.. .]: .. [..]:......Phialophoraparasitica.. .....:.... ..... 'chankrosna' ..... . . . ............. ..... ... [2] -.. .-.: ..:.. :. ..:.. 'chankrosna'. ..... .... ........ ...... . ... . ....... ....... .... . ... . ..... .. ......:................. . .. .... .. . .... ... ..... :..... ... ..... :.. ... .. 2002.. .... .... . ... .(CTSP).... . ... ....:......... .:... ........ [3]......... ... .....CITES(Conventionofthe International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) . .... . CITES (...:..... :. ... .... . ....)[2,7] .... .CR A1cd (=.....) ... IUCN (International Union for the ConservationofNature). .....:..... :..... .... .........:..... ... . ( ... ... ........ ........:... ...... ... . . 2000): >10,000 [8] .... . . . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .. ... [2, 3, 7, 8] . -........-...-.. (.-.- .-.. .) : .... .......... . .:.. ... ... [6] ...... . ... ... .... .. .. ... [3, 10] -........- ...- (.-.- .-.. .) : [.... .]: ........ . . .... . .... .. ... [7] [ . .]: ... . .. .. .. . . .. . .:.. ... [2, 7] . ... : [... .... ]:..2000.... :.. US$800-1,500 .1kg ... .. ... . ..... . .. . .... :.... .:...... ..:....... ...... .....:.US$ 10,000/kg.. ... [3] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ........- :Barden A. Awang Anak N. Mulliken T. Song M. (2000) Heart of the Matter: Agarwood Use and Trade and CITES Implementation for Aquilaria malaccensis.[7] Chaudhari DC, 1993. Agarwood from Aquilaria malaccensis, (A. agallocha, Roxb.). MFP News, 3(4):12-13.2] Gibson IAS, 1977. The role of fungi in the origin of oleoresin deposits (agaru) in the wood of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 6(1):16-26; [2 pl.]; 13 ref.[2] LaFrankie JV, 1994. Population dynamics of some tropical trees that yield non-timber forest products. Economic Botany, 48(3):301-309; 28 ref.[2] Lok EngHai, Ahmed Zahaidi Yahya, 1996. The growth performance of plantation grown Aquilaria malaccensis in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 8(4):573-575; 6 ref.[2] Rahman MA, Basak AC, 1980. Agar production in agar tree by artificial inoculation and wounding. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 9(1/2):87-93; 8 ref.[2] Rahman MA, Khisa SK, 1984. Agar production in agar tree by artificial inoculation and wounding. II. Further evidences in favour of agar formation. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 13(1/2):57-63; 14 ref.[2] Rao KR, Dayal R, 1992. The secondary xylem of Aquilaria agallocha (Thymelaeaceae) and the formation of 'agar'. IAWA Bulletin, 13(2):163-172; 15 ref.[2] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . Singadan, M., Yelu, W., Beko, J., Bosimbi, D. and Boland, D., 2001(draft), Some Aspects of the Eaglewood Trade in Papua New Guinea.[3] Sumadiwangsa S, 1997. Agarwood as a high-value commodity in East Kalimantan [Kayu gaharu komoditi elit di Kalimantan Timur]. Duta Rimba, 20 (205/206): 33-40.[2] Zich, F.A. and Compton J., 2001, The Final Frontier: Towards Sustainable Management of Papua New Guinea's Agarwood Resource. TRAFFIC Oceania, WWF South Pacific Programme.[3]

. :-.. .. : [1] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng;Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA. [2] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition). (CD-ROM). [3] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM). [4] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names of Commercial Woods, unpublished. [5] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM). [6] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and Ethnobotanical Uses. [7] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=3302&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full (Internet website) . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [8] FAO: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.htm(Internet source) [9] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute. [10] Petri, M. (DED) 2006: Own observations. [11] Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. [12] CTSP/DANIDA, 2004: List of Tree Species. Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ...........-.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ...........-.-...-.. [Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg] - . ....--Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg ] . ....... breadfruit tree [4] .... Artocarpus communis J.R. Forst.& G. Forst., Artocarpusincisus L.f. [4] ..... breadfruit, arbre a pain, [4] Brotfruchtbaum[13], sak,khnarsamlo(Cambodia);sukun(seedless),kelur,timbul (seeded),(Indonesia,Malaysia);paung-thi,(Burma);rimas (seedless), kamansii (seeded) sake (seedless), (Philippines); khanun-sampalor (Thailand); sak (Vietnam) [6,16]. ....... ..... : [4] . .....(--) sak, khna(r), sml [4] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Urticales . : Moraceae ... : Artocarpus J.R. Forster & J.G. Forster [16] - . . . . . ...... - .

- ...-. .

| ..-. . . ... :Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)Fosberg. [4] .....: [ 4; 16] . .-. ...: [......]:.....:.... . 15..20m ........... . 60cm(1)..... 6-15m... ......... .......:.[4].:....:...... ... :............:...[1,13]........ .. :....::.. ...[1] ......:......... :... :.... :. ...... 30 m .... .. 180 cm[6] []: .. ..... ... ..[1][]: ..:.. .........:.. 7-11 ............30-90cm:....::.. .. ..:..:.....[1]..... ......:. .....:.:.:...... :...[13]....... :........... 20-60cmx20-40cm:.... :..... :.. 5-11 ..: ..:... ..:....:... .:.....:.. ... ..:. 3-5 cm [6] [.]:...................:..... .................:.12-35cm.......... :.6-7cm[1].......:.....:......:. .......:.4-8cm..........:........ ..15-25cm....3-4cm:........... ..... ...:.... .. 8-10x5-7cm:....... .... ...:.....[6].....::................ .[13] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [:. ]::............:....:...... ..:....:..syncarp(:..:..........:..) ......0.5 .3.0kg................: .....:......:.....:....[1]:...... ..... ....:.:.......10-30cm..:...... .. ..:.... ..... .....:.. [6] :....:. .....10-20cm..:.......:...::....... .............:....:...:..... .. 2-3 cm[13] .-. .: ........ . 270kg/m..... .......: ....:......................... ...... ....................... :.:..:........... .....(.. ..505-645kg/m. ..15%).....:..... .......[20]..:...................330-400kg/m(KayPanzer)A.heterophylla(:.).A.altilis(.) ...... :. : .....[13,16] - .. ...... : . ........ New Guinea .. .. . Pacific Islands .:. :.:............ . Papua New Guinea .. .. ...[27]......... .....:.. ....:..... :............ . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ..... .......Caribbean...............Madagascar, Seychelles, .... .. .... . ............[20] ..:..... ..... Oceania:...... :........ Tahitian........:.:... ..........1600 .......Pacific .Polynesia........:..... .. ..............:... ..........:..... ..:.......700m[1,4,13]Artocarpus:.50... :..................MalesianArchipelago... Solomon . 16 .... Peninsular ....[16] . -.- .... : .................:.....0-2500melevation..................1,500.2,500mm, 1000-5000mm/ m :....... .... ... 21C .. 32 C, 23-27C [1,12]........... ..20-40C,2000-3000mm/m :..............[6]......:.....20... ..20....... .......[12].:........ :....... ......... .[1] -..--... .. ..-...-.. : . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . .-...-. : . ...... :... ... ......... ......:. ...:......... . ..... ..:.: New Guinea ...... .. ...... ..[1,16] . ... ..:... ........ ..... 600 m[6] . -.... . ..... :........:.......... ..:. ...... ........................ ....:.. ......SolomonIslands .Vanuatu... ..:.......... ....:.......:...... .......:Polynesia..SocietyMarquesas,Pohnpei.Chuuk.Micronesia .......:.........:.......:. ....... (Ragone1997).......... . .. . ....:... ...:.:... ....... ..... ...:.........:...:..:...... ...............:..:........... ..... :.. ..::. .... .........:[1]:.....:.....Artocarpus....A.integer:...... MalayArchipelago:.:.. ....:....:..:.... ......:. .....:Kalimantan(Borneo)..... ......A.odoratissima:...:.... .:... .....[13] [...]:..........:... ........ (270kg/m) :... :.......... . . ....... Haiti..........[1]....:...... .......:.................Haiti . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ................[20]........ ....... ....... .[20] ......... ...Artocarpus:.. .......:.4....A.altilis,A.heterophyllus,A.integer .A.odoratissima..........Artocarpus:...... ............... ...:... ...... .......:........ . ...................A.elasticus,A, scortechinii...:Parartocarpusspp .Antiaristoxicaria:........ ..:....keledang:... ..... ......A.anisophyllus,A.dadah,A.lanceifolius .:..:.... .:.......... 640kg/m...15% ..... .... 1992.....:.10,000m. Sabah, Sarawak.PapuaNewGuinea:............:....... :......:..:...:.............. ........:....... ..........:.. ....... .. ..... :.......... [16] [...]:......[13]......... ......:.:.......:...: . ..... ...........................................:...... ..........:....:..:......... ..........:.....[1].:. :....:.... ...[16]..............:...... :........ ........ :....:..[13] :......:...:...................:. ........... ...:...:.......2-6cm .....:..... ... :..:...:...:. ... . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ....................... .....:...:.:........ :....... .......:.......... ......... ..................:......:.:.. :...ma,masi,mahr,furoorbwiru........... .......... :[20]...........:..................... ...............:...:. ........:.. ......:.. ..riboflavin......... ..:..:..........:::........... ..... . ..... ... .. ................[20] .. ...... ..:.... ..... .. .... .:..............:........... :. 8% ... .. ... .. ....... ........ :.......:.......:..50-70%...... niacin.......:.macadamia:.brazil.(pecans) ........ (black walnuts)chestnuts [20] . ....... :......... ... 79.5 ... 1.5 ....0.2 .. . ... 17.9 ... 0.9 :..- .0.04 . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . 0.03 ..:.0,5 carotene 15/100g(I.U.) ...::..75-80cal/100 g. [1]. .......... ....:..............:.... :.............:.......... :..:...... .........:.. ......... . ..................:...(Broussonetiapapyrifera) ....... ........:. .......(tapa) ::......:... ... ......... ..... ..........:......:......... .........[20,26] .:..:........:... ...[6]............ ..................:............. ...................:...... ........................... .... ... Pacific ......:..... .....................:..... ......:... Pacific................. ... ..:. ..... ........ :.........:..Taiwan.......... ........ ............... ... ..:.................. Gram-positive ......[20,26] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ......................:..:............ [9] [....]: .... ......:. ......... ...... .........[20] .:.:............:.........Caribbean .:....................... Pacific......... .................... ... .... .... ...... . .Hawaii........................ :........... ...............:..... .........:............ ........ Vanuatu . Hawaii ...... .......... [20,26]...............:...:.... :....... .. . ........:. :..........[20] ....:......:............:....... ...:... ..... ............... ...........:......................... ............:..:.. .. ...................[26] -.-...-...-.. : ...... . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . - .-..-. .-. : ..:........ ...... ...... . . ....... ... .Artocarpus. ...:.............. .:......... .........:..... .. 8x8m........10x10m[1]...Artocarpus .. ............:............ ...............[16] . -... .-.- . :.........:.. ............ ..:................ ... ..:.85%:...... :.... .......[16].........:.......2cm .:.10-15cm.................... .......:..1cm........[1]........ .......:............ .....2 .......0%.................2..4 ......... 9 .[16] A.altilis,A.hirsutusLamk,A.integer,A.rigidus .A.sercicarpus....Artocarpus :..... ::. ...:.. .:........:............... .......................5cm...1cm ..........:.2.:....... ......:..85%....:............ .................... .......... ....:.. ....... .. . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ..............:.....:.... ........... ... ..:........ ...................:... .. ...... .:..............:............ 2-3:.:.......... .....:.......:. marcotting [20] . -.. - .-.-.. : Rastrococcusinvadens...... ...:.:......:. ..... Artocarpus..........Corticiumsalmonicolor .Phellinus lamaoensis...:....Glyphodescaesalis....... ....:. ...........:.......:.:. ........A. heterophyllus......:........[16]... ...... :.......... ................ ................:............ ...[20]:.:..............Phytophthora,Colletotrichum (anthracnose) .Rhizopus(..):.............. ...:. . ......... ..... ......:.:....[20] -.. .-.: . :....:...... .:... [1,16] . -. .......-...-.. (.- .- .-.. .) : ....:... .... - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . -........-...- (.-.- .-...) : .......................[6] : ...... New Guinea .... . .. ....:. . ... : . ...:.... African breadnut, Treculia africana ....... Moraceae ..:.....:..... .............:.:....:. :...........15kg:............ ............[9]. ........- :VerheijE.W.M.&Coronel,R.E.(Eds.)1991:PlantResourcesofsSoutheastAsia.No.2, Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, 446 pp.Little,E.L.Jr.&Wadsworth,F.H.1964:Commontreesof>PuertoRicoandtheVirgin Islands. Agricultural Handbook no. 249. USDA. 548 pp.Ragone,D,1977:Breadfruit,Artocarpusaltilis(Parkinson)Fosberg.Promotingthe conservation and use of under-utilized and neglected crops.. INstitute of Plant Genetics andCropPlantresearch.Gatersleben/InternationalPlantGeneticResourceNstitute, Rome. Ragone,D1995:DescriptionofPacificIslandbreadfruitcultivars..ActaHorticulturae 413;92-98; 8 ref. Reeve,RM,1974;Histologicalstructureandcommercialdehydrationpotentialof breadfruit. Economic Botany 28: 82-96. SuharbanM,PhilipS,1987:Fruitrotofbreadfruit(ArtocarpusincisaL.SouthIndian Horticulture. 35(5):397; Waterhouse,DF,1991:Possibilitiesofbiologicalcontrolofthebreadfruitmealybug IceryaaegyptiacaonPacificIslandAtolls.MicronesicaNo3,Supplement:117-122;11 ref. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . Cambie RC, Ash J, 1994. Fijian medicinal plants. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia. Matthews RF, Bates RP, Graham HD, 1986. Utilization of breadfruit in the tropics. Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, 30:83-94; [34th Annual Meeting, San Jos, Costa Rica, 28 Jul.-2 Aug., 1986]; 15 ref. Ragone D, 1990. Conservation and use of breadfruit in the Pacific Islands. In: Harris W, Kapoor P, eds. Contributions to an international Workshop on Ethnobotany. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealand, 82-85. Rajendran R, 1991. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg. In: Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts (Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, eds.). PROSEA foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 83-86. Wootton M, Tumaalii F, 1984. Breadfruit production, utilisation and composition - a review. Food Technology in Australia, 36(10):464-465; 19 ref. Cobley L.S & Steele W.M. 1976. An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops. Longman Group Limited. Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI. Ragone D. 1997. Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 10. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources institute, Rome, Italy. Raynor B. 1991. Agroforestry systems in Pohnpei. Practices and strategies for development. Forestry Development Programme. . :-.... : 1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome, Italy, 177 pp. 4)Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 915 pp., . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . 6)Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp. 9)Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide Thames & Hudson Ltd.,London. 484 pp. 12)CABI Forestry CompendiumEdition 2003 (CD) 13)BAERTELS, A. 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Color Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ., Stuttgart,Germany, illustrated, 384 pp 16)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp. 17)Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp. 18)Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife 2003: Cambodia Forestry Statistics to 2002.(in Khmer and English) Planning & Accounting Off.,Statistics Sect., Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 97 pp. 20)Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD). 26)World Agroforestry Centre: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicList.asp (Internet source) Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ........... -.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ........... -.-...-.. [Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam] - .....-- Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. . ...... .jackfruit [2], jack [4] ....Artocarpus brasiliensis Gomez (1812),Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merrill,Artocarpus integra Merr.,Artocarpus integrifolia L.F,Artocarpus integrifolia L.F & A. integra Merr.,Artocarpus maxima Blanco (1837).,Artocarpus philippensis Lamk (1789),Artocarpus integrifolia auct. [7],Artocarpus integrifolius auct. [4] .....jaca, jacueiro (Spain) [4] - jacquier (France) [4] - kathal(Bangladesh)[4]-Jackfruchtbaum(Germany)[4]- nangka, nongko(Indonesia)[4]-alasa,halasu,kathal, kathar, phanas, pila, pilavu (India) [4] - miiz, miiz hnang (Laos)[4]-jak(SriLanka)[4]-khnar,peignai (Myanmar)[4]-nangka(Malaysia)[4]-kapiak(Papua New Guinea) [4] - jak, langka, nangka (Philippines) [4] - banun,khanum,makmi,nangka(Thailand)[4]-mt (Vietnam) [4] ....... . ..... : [-] ......(--) khnar [5] . -.-.-.- - . . . . . ...... - .

- ...-. .

| ..-. . . .. : Viridiplantae : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Urticales . : Moraceae [4]

.....: [-] . .-....: [......]: ...... :.. .10-20m[2]....... ......DBH.30-60 cm [2]..... :... ..:..... ... [2][ ]: .4-25 x 2-12 cm [6], ..: ... ...:. .....:...:. ....:.. :.... ..:. .......... .....:......:... ..2/5::........:. ... : ..... ..5-12 ... ... [6] [.]: .. [:. ]::. ...... .. .::. . ..:.. 30-100cm25-50cm[7], .... . ... .. ..:. .5-10 x 1-1.5 cm .. :. :.1cm.. . .. .......:.. ... .. ...... .. .. :. .......:. : ..:..... . .. ..:.. 2-4cm1.5-2.5cm[7].. . ...:.. . .. ..:. . . .. ....:. .. .... .. . . ... : .. :.:.... . . 500 . .. .. . 3-6 g" [7]..... [2, 6, 7] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .-. .: ..... ........ .. .... ...:.... ........ ............:... .....0.6-0.7 g/cm [6]: ....:.... ... [5, 6] - .. ..... . : ...:. . . .. 30N . S ..:..... ..... ........ . 25N . S .... ...... :........ .:... : .... ...: . .. .. . . subtropics ......:. .. ... [3, 7] . -.- .. . . : . ... . ..... 400-1,200ma.s.l.[5] ..... . 0-1,600 ma.s.l.[4](0-1,000ma.s.l.[2,7]) ...:... . ... .... .. .......... ........ :16-22C[6](16-35C[2]) .. ..... :1,000-2,400mm[6](1,100-2,400mm[4],900-4,000mm[2]) .... ... . . ... . . .......Artocarpusaltilis(Parkinson)Fosberg.Artocarpus integer.... ... . . .....(...... . . [7])......:.. ..... ... ( ...... [7])...3-4: . .. ... [2, 4, 6, 7] -..--... .. ..-...-. . : .. . . . . . . ...... - .

- ...-. .

| ..-. . . . .-.. .- . : ....................:....... . . pH .5-7.5..... .... :... .. . . . .... lateritic . limestone .... .. .. ..: .. ... [6] . -.... ...... :[..]:... ........: (Tectonagrandis) .. .... . .... .... ....... ........ ... [6][. ..]::. .....:. .. ...: . .A .. .(sulphur). .. ................. . . .. ........ .. . .... ....: . :. .... ......:... .. .3.3% ....71.8% . 63.3% fluavilles (.....) . 8.5% albanes (..)..... .. ... . . ....:.. . . . ..... .... . :... ... (robesofBuddhistpriests)..... ..... .:. .. . . . .. ... ...... .. ....... :.... .. . .. ... [6] [....]:.... : "A. heterophyllus ........... .. " [6] . : "...... .. .. .... .... .. ." [6] . .. .. . : ".... .. .. .. " [6] Intercropping: "... .. ,A.heterophyllus.. ............... ... . .... .... .. ... . .. . .. .. . . . . . ...... - .

- ...-. .

| ..-. . . :............. .. . ... .... .. ... .:.... :... ....... . .. .... .. . .. ... [4, 6] -.-...-...-.. : ... .. ... [1] - .-..-..-. : [......]:A. heterophyllus ..... ..... . .:...[...]: . .. . .... .. .... .... (60-80 x 40-50 cm [5]) ....... .... ....... ...........7.5-12m . ... ... .......[. ..]:"::. .................. ..:....... . .:. ......::...... .... ...... . . . . . ...:. .... ...... . . .... ... .. ...... ............. ..... ...... .... ............ ........ ... .. .. .......... .. ... ....... .:.. . ..1kg ...(... )..2-3kg ( .. )"[5].. ....:............ 5m..5.[2] . .. 3-5 m/ha/yr ........ , A. heterophyllus . . ......... ...... ... .... . ...... ... ... . .. .. :........ ..... ...... ......... .:.... ... [2, 5, 6] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . -... .-.-. : ..... . ..... .... . .. .... .. .......... .... .:...... ...:........ ....:... ..... ... . ........... .. ..... :. ..: .:pericarp"[6].. . recalcitrant....... .... 2 . . . .. 15C [6]. .. . ... . :....... perlite .6C[6]. :.430. /kg[6]... ....... .....10 : . ... .. 80-100% .... .....35-40 :..... . . .. . .gibberellic .. ..... ..... hilium . .. ....... ..... ......:. ... .... .. :.....:. . .. . :......... . .. ... .. ..... ........ .. . .... .. .......... .. ... .. ... . ...... 2-3 :............ ......... ... . 50-70% .... :... ...... ..... 20-25cm ..:.... .. .... .....2-5 .......:..:.... .. :...... .....2-3: ........ ... .. .....:..... . 4.. ........ . .. :...:.. ... ........ ...... .... :.. ....... :.... .. ..... .... ... [4, 6] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . -. .- .-.-.. : [.. .]: Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera umbrosa, Batocera rubus, Batocera rufomaculata, Cosmoscarta relata, Glyphodes caesalis, Indarbela tetraonis, Ochyromera artocarpi... ... [6] [..]:...:Corticiumsalmonicolor,Phomopsisartocarpina,Rhizoctoniakoleroga,Rhizopus artocarpi , Rhizopus stolonifer, Septoria artocarpi. .. : Erwinia carotovora ............. . .. ... [6] -.. .-.: .. . -........-...-.. (.-.- .-.. .) : .. -........- ...- (.-.- .-.. .) : [.......]: [.... .]: ... .. .... ... [6] [ . .]:....... .... .. . .. ..... ... .. . .. .. ....... . .... ... .. .. . .. ..... .. . . . . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . .. . .. ..... ... ....... .. .. ..... .. ... ... [6] . ... : [.:. ..]:" .. . .. ...:.:..... .................... ... .... ... .... .:...:...... ..... .. . . ...... ..... 12 .. ........ . .. ..... .. . .. ... ..... . ...... . .... . . .:.... .. .".. ... [6] ........- :Acedo AL. 1992. Multipurpose Tree Species Network Series: Jackfruit biology, production, use, and Philippine research. Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project.` [1] Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-east Asia. No 5(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.[1] Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and uses. MIT Press. South East Asia.[1] Roshetko JM and Evans DO. 1997. Domestication of Agroforestry trees in Southeast Asia. Yogyakarta, Indonesia.[1] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. [1] . :-.. .. : [1] Sok, Sokunthet (RUA), 2006: Own obseravations. [2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock Interational. 320pp. [3] Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. [4] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition). (CD-ROM). [5] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM). [6] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database -http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp [7] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ...........-.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Averrhoa bilimbi L] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ...........-.-...-.. [Averrhoa bilimbi L] - . ....--Averrhoa bilimbi L. [6] . ....... Billimbi, cucumber tree [6], tree sorrel [26] .... .. .....tralong tong (Cambodia); belimbing asam, belimbing wuluh,belimbingbuluk(Indonesia,Malaysia);tayokzaungya (Burma);kamias,iba(Philippines);talingpling,kalingpring (Thailand);khetau(Vietnam)[6]cornichondesIndes, zibeline,blinblin,blimblim(French)grosellachina,mimbro (Spanish) [26]. ........... ..... : [3] . .....(--) trlng tng [4] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Geraniales . : Oxalidaceae[4], (Averrhoaceae)[11] ... : Averrhoa - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ... : Averrhoa bilimbi L. .....: [11] . .-. ...: [......]:.. ..[4];.......:............ . 6-9m[6] ....... 5-10 m .. ......:..[26][]: ....... .. ..7-19 . .:. 5-12 cm ..:. [6] .... ... ..: .. ...... :. 30-60 cm ... 11-37 ...:..... ............:...:.:.... .... .:... :. 2-10 cm .... 1.20-1.25 cm [26] [.]:........:.10-22mm... . ..........5..:....... :.10-22mm........:.........:..:......... :......[26][:. ]:.:.......:..... 10x5cm[6]:...... ..:.. 5 .. :. 4-10 cm .......... ........ ..... ....:... .:...:.. .....:.. ..... ................ ........:.. ..............:..6-7...6mm ........ [26].... ...: . .... .:. ...:.[26]. .-. .: .... ..........[6]..... :..... ...:.560kg/m.......:......... ...[26[ . . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . - .. ...... : :......(Moluccas)........... .......:.....................: .... :.............:.... ......:................(Zanzibar) ......(Queensland)....1896. ...................[26]... ....... :...........:. [6] . -.- .... : ................:.:. .......:.... :.....:............ .......... .......................... :....2-3 :....................:. .........:... [26] -..--... .. ..-...-.. : ... . .-...-. : .............. ... .. ..... . .... : ... ....:. .......... .. .........:. [6] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . -.... . ..... :[.....]: ....... [6][...]::......(ph4.5)..A.carambola...... ....:. ..... .[26]:...... ..... .[19]........44.2%:..pH..4.47.. ...........bilimbi...... .................. ..... ....... ... .. ... . .. ... .....:...:....:..:. :...... .....: .....:..........:.... ..... ...... [26].............. .. .......:........:..:.:........ ........:.:......... :.. :....................... ...........:.... ...... ......:...... ............:...... . .......... ........... ............. ....:. .. ... ........:.......... ....... ......... ....... ..... [1,6,26] ....:.. ...........[1] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [....]:....... .........Kris(...) ....................................... [26] -.-...-...-.. : ... - .-..-. .-. : .. . -... .-.- . :.............. [1]............ ..... :......... .....6-12 :................ 4mx6m...A.carambola:. [6] . -.. - .-.-.. : .. (A.carambola):....................... ......[26] -.. .-.: ............. .. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . -. .......-...-.. (.- .- .-.. .) : .. -........-...- (.-.- .-...) : .............[6].............. .... ..... ......... ... .. ... [26] . ... : ...... ........... A. carambola [6] ........- :Mackeen MM, Ali AM, El Sharkawy SH, Manap MY, Salleh KM, Lajis NH, Kawazu K. 1997. AntimicrobialandcytotoxicpropertiesofsomeMalaysiantraditionalvegetables(ulam). International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 35(3): 174-178 Morton J. 1987. Bilimbi. p. 128-129. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, Florida. Nagy S, Shaw PE, Wardowski WF (eds.). 1991. Fruits of tropical and subtropical origin: composition, properties and uses. Florida Science Source, Inc. Lake Alfred, Florida. WarrenJM,EmamdieDZ,Kalai.1997.Reproductiveallocationandpollinator distributionsincauliflorustreesinTrinidad.JournalofTropicalEcology.13(3):337-345. . :-.... : 4)Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom Penh,. 915 pp. . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . 6)Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp. 9)Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp. 13)Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Colour Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp. 19)Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp. 20)Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD). 26)World Agroforestry Centre http.www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Speciesinfo.asp?(Internet source) Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ...........-.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Averrhoa carambola L] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ...........-.-...-.. [Averrhoa carambola L] - . ....--Averrhoa carambola L. [6] . ....... star fruit, carambola, (English and Spanish) [6] .... .. .....sp (Cambodia); fuand (Laos); belimbing manis (Malaysia,Indonesia);zaungya(Burma);balimbing(Philippines);ma fuang (Thailand); khe (Vietnam). Carambolier (French) [1,6) ........... : [-] . .....(--) sp [4] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Geraniales . : Oxalidaceae (Averrhoaceae) [11] ... : Averrhoa ... : Averrhoa carambola L. [6] .....: [4 ; 6 ; 11] - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . .-. ...: [......]:......:... .....3-5m....... 10m .....:.15cm... [1]......... ..[13]....:.. ...... 15 m......:. .:.... [6] []: .. .... ... .... []: . .... :. 15-25 cm . ...... . .. .. ..7-9.........Mimosa spp. [1]. 3-6 . :.. 4-10 cm .. ....:... [6]. [13][.]:..........:..:.2-5cm.....::...... ...................... .5.............. ........:.....8mm....................... .... ... .. . :. 2.5 cm [13][:. ]:.:....:..5-8cm:......:..... .....:.. ........ .....:. .:.. :. 5 .[1]:. 12 cm .. 5 .. :...... .... ...10 .. 12 ..:. ... .. ........ :.....:...........[13]:.. 12x6cm .....:...............:...... ..:..... [6] .-. .: .... . ... ..... - .. ...... : . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ............. .. .... ...... .. ... : ... .............. ............. ....[1,26)..................... ...:. : .........:. ..... [1] . -.- .... : ... ........ :...........900m ..........:..................... ...... .... : .............. ... :. .. ...: [6] -..--... .. ..-...-.. : ... . .-...-. : .......:.......... .... :....... .... ....:......... ... ....:.[26] . -.... . ..... :Averrhoa carambola ..... ....... :.......... .. :. .... [26][.. ]:.............. ....... ... ...... [26][...]::...............[19].:... ...: ..: .. ....:... [13]:... . ..... :... .... [26] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . :...... ..........[1].. .. ....: .. [26][....] .:. :...... . .........:..:. . ... ............ (linnentextiles)[1]...... ........ [6] -.-...-...-.. : ... - .-..-. .-. : A.carambola......... .......Dipteraspecies ................:....:....... :.... 3-8. ...:........:.:. ...... 1-2. [26]............ .. :... ....... . :: .....:. . ........... ...:...............2-3 .... ....900 kg/ha ......10 . [26] . -... .-.-. :.......intermediate......:... 12.3%....... ......... ............. .....6:....... ..... 5C.....:. 15, 000 ./kg [26].. ... .. . .. ..... ... .. :...... . ...... .....6-12...............4 m x 6 m... . .:. ..... :.... [1] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . . -.. - .-.-.. : ..(Diacotrichia,Pingasa .Pseudoterpna).. ....:...:. ......:.maggots(Dacusdorsalis).............:.(Othreisspp... .):........ ...(Cercosporaaverrhoa) ... pink(Corticium)...........:..... ........................:........ Ceratocystis, Colletotrichum, Dothoriella . Phomopsis [26] -.. .-.: ............. .. . -. .......-...-. . (.- .- .-.. .) : .. -........-...- (.-.- .-...) : ...... .... : . .. ........... ... .. . ... : .. . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ........- :NicholsonB.E,HarrisonS.G,MasefieldG.B&WallisM.1969.TheOxfordBookofFood Plants. Oxford University Press. Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and uses. MIT Press. South East Asia. PopenoeW.1974.Manualofthetropicalandsubtropicalfruits.TheMacmillann Company. RiceRP,RiceLW,TindallHD.1987.Fruitandvegetableproductioninwarmclimates. Macmillan Press, London. Sedgley M, Griffin AR. 1989. Sexual reproduction of tree crops. Academic Press. London. Tankard G. 1987. Tropical fruit. A guide to growing and using exotic fruits. Viking ONeil. TimyanJ.1996.BwaYo:importanttreesofHaiti.South-EastConsortiumfor International Development. Washington D.C. Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. WilliamsR.O&OBE.1949.TheusefulandornamentalplantsinZanzibarandPemba. Zanzibar Protectorate. . :-.... : 1)FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome, Italy, 177 pp. 4)Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom Penh, 915 pp. 6)Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp. 9)Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp. . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . 13)Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Colour Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp. 19)Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp. 20)Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD). 26)World Agroforestry Centre http.www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Speciesinfo.asp? (Internet source). Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/species name (Internet source) Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ........... -.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Azadirachta indica A. Juss.] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ........... -.-...-.. [Azadirachta indica A. Juss.] - .....-- Azadirachta indica A. Juss. . ...... .neem [2], cornucopia, Indian cedar, Indian lilac,margosa tree, neem tree [8] .... Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb., Azadirachta indica var. siamensis Valenton,Azedarach fraxinifolia Moench,Melia azadirachta L.,Melia fraxinifolia Adelb.,Melia indica (A. Juss.) Brandis,Melia pinnata Stokes [5] .....neem (Trade name) [8] - kinin (Ethiopia) [8] - neem, nim(Arabia)[8]-nim,nimgach(Bangladesh)[8]-bowtamaka, tamabin, tamaka, tamar, tamarkha, thinboro(Myanmar) [8]- bevu,kohomba,nimba(China:Cantonese)[8]-azadiracde lInde,margosier,margousier,neem,nim(France)[8]- balnimb,neem,nim,nind,nimba(India)[8]-imba,intaran, membha, mempheuh, mimba, mind (Indonesia) [8]- ka dao, kadau (Laos) [8] - baypay, mambu, sadu, veppam (Malaysia) [8] - neem (Nepal) [8] - mkilifi, mwarubaini, mwarubaini kamili (EastAfrica)[8]-vembu,vepa,veppam,veppu(SriLanka) [8]-cha-tang,kadao,khwinin,sadao,sadaoIndia,saliam (Thailand)[8]-s[aaf]ud[aa]u,saafudaau,su-du(Vietnam) [8] ....... ..... : [-] ......(--) sdau [8] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Rutales . : Meliaceae ... : Azadirachta ... : Azadirachta indica .....: [5] . .-....: [......]....... . . . 15-20m.. ..:. (2-5m) ....... 100 cm .....1.5-3.5 m.. . ...:. :..:. ...... .15-20m...... . . :.. .. :....... ..............:.VAMs(vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae) ..... .[ ]: .(1.25-2.5cm)........ ... ........ .. .... :. ...... [ ]:.....:.20-40cm... . ..... .: ..:... .. . 9-15 : .....31.... ..... .. .. .. ..... .:.3-8cm.. ... . .. . [.]: .. .:. 150 .....250... . .. 4-6 mm .... 8-11...... . : :... . ... .. .:. 25 cm .. 5 ... 5 ..:. ............ 10. ... ...3.......... .. ......:. . .: ....... .: . .. .. (... ) . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [:. ]: :. . ... . 1.4-2.8 x 1.0-1.5 cm ..... .... ..:. .. .. ..:....... ......:....... ... . .. .... ..... . : . 0.3-0.5cm . ...... .. :. .. .. . 2 3.. . ..:....... . 0.9-2.2x 0.5-0.8cm:.... . 0.8-1.6 x 0.4-0.5 cm.. ... [2, 9] .-. .: .. .. . .. .. ..... 0.72-0.93 g/cm .. .. 12%[8].... ... . . .... ..... ... .. ..... ... [8, 9] - .. ..... . : .:.:28N..30S[8]... ... :...: .. ..... . ........:...... .. . ....... ... . ... .. .. ... ...:.. ... .:.. .... . ..:.. . :.. . :.. .:........ .. . . ......... .:.. . .. . ....:.:....... ....Acaciaspp. .Dalbergiasissoo... . ........... :. ......... .:... .:.. . . :.... .....:....:.....:.....:.....: .:.... ... . .. ........ .... ... [5, 8, 9] . -.- .. . . : ....... . . 0-1,500 m a.s.l. [5] . :... . ..700-800 m a.s.l. [9] .. ... . .. .. .... . . . subtropical. .....: 400-1,200 mm . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [8](450-1,500mm[2]).. ...400mm... ... .. ........ . ....130mm[9] . . . .....:.(1-8:[5]) ....... :21-32C[9] .....:9.5-37C[2](4-50C[9]) .....4C.............. . ......... ........ .0C ..[9] ........ ...: .... ......... .. . . : . . . .. . ... . . . .. ... [5, 8, 9] -..--... .. ..-...-. . : ... . .-.. .- . : . . ................ . ...... ...... (alkaline soils): .... . .............. .. : .:... ....:............. .. .....pH.6.2-7.0[9,8](5-7[2]) ... ..5.9-10.0[9]........ ... . : . .... .............( ............ ...[2]) . .... . ... ... .(EC4.25dS/m,totalsolids 2763 mg/l)" [9].. ... [2, 8, 9] . -.... ...... :[..]:. .......( .. ).... .....[2] ...... . .... . .. .. . ..... ... [2, 8] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . [. ..]:.......... ...... . ................:................:.... .. ... .....50%:........ :.:.US$700/t(1990) [7]. :..... . . ..:...azadirachtin.... ... ..... ....:.... : .. .... ..... azadirachtin..........:... .. .. . .... . .. .......... .... ....... ...250... ...... .. .. .......... ... ...... .. ... . ... ............ .. . . . . ..... . ..... azadirachtin ... ....... :... .. .........:. :. ... ... .... .:. .. tannin(12-14%)[2] . ......: .:... .:...... ... [2, 7, 8]. [....]:....:"... .... ... .. :.... .... . .:...... . .... .. .. . ........:.... .... .. . ....... . .. . ......... ...:........:.... .: .. . .:...:"...... . .. (..:.... .... . . ).. .... :.......... .. . .... ... ...... .:... ....... ... ... . . .: .... .. ... .. :..... .. ... (Pennisetum glaucum)... .. .....

. . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .. ... [8] -.-...-...-.. : ... .. ... [1] - .-..-..-. : [......]:..... ....... ... .. .. ...... ...... ...... .:. . . :... :.. .:... [. ..]:...... .. . ........ ... :............... .. .....:. .......:.5-11m .....8.[2] ...... :. .. .......... ............:.. :.... .............. .. ..:............. :.23 .[5] .. ... [5, 8]. -... .-.-. : . . . ...... . 550g/1,000. [9].... . . ....recalcitrant .. . :.... ... ........ .. .. ..... 3-4[5]. ....4C[5]:.. .... .............. :. .:....... ..:. ... ........ .... . ... :.. . ...... ..... : . ....... ...... . . ........ ....:.. . ... .. .. .. . ......:. :... . . .......... ...:... . ........ ....... ....... .......:... ... ...... ..... .. .. ..75-90%[8].............. . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ... .. : ..... .. .. .. ....... . .... .... ... [5, 8, 9] . -. .- .-.-.. : [.. .]: .. .:... ....Aonidiella orientalis . Solenopsis sp. .. ... [5][..]:.... :......Odiumazadirachtae.. .. .....(powderymildewof neemfoliage) .........Pseudomonasviticola,P.azadirachtae . Xanthomonas azadirachtii .. .. .. ..: .... ... Ganoderma lucidum. . .......... .... .. ....................... .. . .... ....... . . ..:...:. ....... ....:........:...... .(pinkdisease):... .. ...Corticium salmonicolor... .. ........ . .......:... .......... ....:..... ...:.. .. .. .:.................... .. Fusarium oxysporum, Glomerella cingulata, Pseudocercospora subsessilis .. ... [5] -.. .-.: ... . -........-...-.. (.-.- .-.. .) : ... . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . -........- ...- (.-.- .-.. .) : [.......]: [....] : .. .. .... . ... .. :.. ... [2, 8] [ . .]:......... . ...... ... . . . ... . . . ..... .. .. . . . .. .. .... .. . ...... .... ........ . . . . . ... . . . . :. .. . .... .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . ... . ... ....... ...... .... , . .. .. . .. ... . . .. ... [8] . ... : [.. . ]: " . ... 12.4-18.3% .. :11.4-23.1 . 43.3-66.6 N-free, 2.27-6.24 ether, 7.7-8.4 total ash, 0.89-3.96 . . 0.1-0.3% . ". . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ........- :Boa E.R. (1995) A Guide to the Identification of Diseases and Pests of Neem (Azadirachta indica) [9] Childs FJ et.al. 2001. Improvement of Neem and its potential benefits to poor farmers. HYDRA Publishing. [9] Faridah Hanum I, van der Maesen LJG (eds.). 1997. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 11. Auxillary Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands. [9] Hocking D. 1993. Trees for Drylands. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. [9] ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their identification, propagation and management for use by farming and pastoral communities. ICRAF. [9] National Research Council. 1992. Neem. A tree for solving global problems. National Academy Press, Washington D. C. [9] Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and uses. MIT Press. South East Asia. [9] Read M.D. French J.H. (1993) Genetic improvement of neem: strategies for the future. [9] Schmutterer H. (1995) The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Other Meliaceous Plants. Sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine, industry and other purposes. [9] . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . Stoney C. 1998. Use of neem as a biological pest control agent. A publication of the Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net). Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. [9] Tewari D.N. Gahlot R.P.S. - Ed. (1992) Monograph on neem. [9] :-.. .. : [1] Sok, Sokunthet (RUA), 2006: Own observations. [2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock Interational. 320pp. [3] Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. [4] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng;Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA. [5] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition). (CD-ROM). [6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM). [7] World Book 2004 (Deluxe) [8] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp. (Internet source). [9] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep. (Internet source). Supported by: German embassy, DED Powered by: Natural Technology Systems ...........-.-...-.. :: Digital Species :: ______________________________________________ ..-... [Baccaurea ramiflora Lour] . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ...........-.-...-.. [Baccaurea ramiflora Lour] - . ....--Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. [4]. . ....... Burmese grape[4,6, 17], .... Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Muell. Arg., B. cauliflora Lour., B.oxycarpa Gagnep., Pierardia sapida Roxb., B. wrayi King ex Hook.f.[2,4,8,17]. .....phnkiew (Cambodia); kanazo (burma); mafai setambun,tajammolek(Indonesia);pupor,tampoi,tempuisetambun, tajammolek,(Malaysia-Peninsular);fi(Laos);mafai,mafai farang,mafaika,omfai,hamkang,khimi,khruasae,phayio (Thailand-NE);giaugiadat,giautien,dz[aa]u,mi[ee]n, dz[uw][ows]i,gi[aa]lu,ti[ee]nd[aa]lt,Duqunhon (Vietnam) [2,8,17,27]. ........ ..... : [-] . .....(--) phni:w [4] . -.-.-.- .. : Viridiplantae : Spermatophyta . : Angiospermae : Dicotyledonae ..: Euphorbiales/Malphigiales [27] . : Euphorbiaceae/Phyllanthaceae [27] - . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . ... : Baccaurea Lour. ... : Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. .....: [4 ; 11 ; 27] . .-. ...: [......]:..... :....:...10-15m.... ... 20-30cm. ..::...[2]... 10-20m[4]....:....... ... 10m...............: .sympodial [5]....... ....15 m .......... 40 cm[8][]:.................... .[5] ................:..... :. . .....[8] []:..........:...:........ .....:. 6-8 . :.5-6 mm ........ .. (velvety) . ..........[2] . 10-22x5-10cm..........:........... .. ............ .. ..:........:....::..6-11....... ...:... :.3-7 cm ... ...... [5] .. ..7.0-25.5x3.0-8.8cm.... ....... :. . ... :...... :: .4-9 ... :.1-5cm.............:.2.5-6.0mm.... ........ ..[8.][.]:....... ..:............ ..:.4-16cm...3.........1mm . . . . . . ...... - .

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| ..-. . . .....:.1.5mm:.......... 6-7 ....:.0.4mm.......:.0.5-0.9mm...... ..... 0.6mm...........:.:.16cm .. .. .. :.2 mm ..:. 3 mm[2] ...........:...... . .... .........................:.... :.10 cm. .. . ..:. ........4 :.:. 2 mm ...........