بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
سالم به همکاران عزیز
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
DYSPNEA
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
by Dr Asadollah Asadian
Dyspnea - common complaint/symptom
• “shortness of breath” or “breathlessness”
Defined as abnormal/uncomfortable breathing
Multiple etiologies -
• 2/3 of cases - cardiac or pulmonary etiology
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
HOW TO DESCRIBE THESE SENSATIONS
Cannot get enough air
Air does not go all the way down
Smothering feeling in the chest
Tightness in the chest
Fatigue in the chest
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
Normal person may experience the physiologic dyspnea during heavy exercise
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Composed of four general categories
• Cardiac• Pulmonary• Mixed cardiac or pulmonary• non-cardiac or non-pulmonary
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
PULMONARY ETIOLOGY
COPD
Asthma
Restrictive Lung Disorders
Hereditary Lung Disorders
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
CARDIAC ETIOLOGYCHF
CAD
MI (recent or past history)
Cardiomyopathy
Valvular dysfunction
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Pericarditis
Arrhythmias
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
MIXED CARDIAC/PULMONARY ETIOLOGY
COPD with pulmonary HTN and/or cor pulmonale
Chronic pulmonary emboli
Pleural effusion
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
NONCARDIAC OR NONPULMONARY ETIOLOGY
Metabolic conditions (e.g. acidosis)
Pain
Trauma
Neuromuscular disorders
Functional (anxiety,panic disorders, hyperventilation)
Chemical exposure
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
TOXIC DYSPNEA
In the metabolic acidosis (uremiaand
diabetic acidosis, the acid metabolites stimulate the respiratory center, causing deep and regular respiration (Kussmanul) with snoring.
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
ACUTE DYSPNEA
PTE
Pneumonia
Asthma
Anxiety
MI
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
There is no one specific cause of dyspnea and no single specific treatment
Treatment varies according to patient’s condition
• chief complaint• history• exam• laboratory & study results
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
نا رسایی تنفسی
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
انواع نارسایی تنفس
تیپ ( )1هیپوکسمیک
تیپ ( )2هیپرکاپنیک
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
نا رسایی حاد تنفسی= هیپوکسمیک تنفسی po2<60mmgh w نارسایی
FIO2=>50
تنفسی نارسایی PCO2.>45mmgh+acidosis=هیپرکاپنیک
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
علل هیپوکسی
FIO2 کاهش
دردیفیوژن اختالل
شنت
هیپوونتیالسیون
V/Q mismatch
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
علت ترین شایعشنت نارساییدر ICUاست تنفسی
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
علل شنت
intracardiac • any cause of a right to left shunt eg Fallot's
tetralogy, Eisenmenger's syndrome pulmonary
• pneumonia • pulmonary oedema • atelectasis • collapse • pulmonary haemorrhage • pulmonary contusion
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
تهویه بدون پرفیوژن
) علت به گیرد نمی صورت گاز تبادل ولی شود می واردریه هوا ( هوایی راه همانند الوئولها نتیجه در پرفیوژن فقدان
(physiological dead space ) میکنند )عمل
) low cardiac output( -قلبی نارسایی علل
( مکانیکی ( تهویه الوئولی فشارداخل افزایش
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
CAUSES OF HYPOVENTILATION
Brainstem
• brainstem injury due to trauma, haemorrhage, infarction, hypoxia, infection etc • metabolic encephalopathy • depressant drugs
Spinal cord
• trauma, tumour, transverse myelitis Nerve root injury
Nerve
• trauma • neuropathy eg Guillain Barre • motor neuron disease
Neuromuscular junction
• myasthenia gravis • neuromuscular blockers
Respiratory muscles
• fatigue • disuse atrophy • myopathy • malnutrition
Respiratory system
• airway obstruction (upper or lower) • decreased lung, pleural or chest wall com
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
NERO-PSYCHOGENIC DYSPNEA
Patient suffer from hysteria will be seen
repetitive deep, signing respiration with
numbness of extremities or lips, spasm.
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
HAEMATOLOGICL DYSPNEAThe decrease of oxygen-carrying capacity and oxygen content develop abnormal respiration and increase heart rate, such as severe anemia, carbon monoxide.
Hypotension can stimulate respiration when patient suffer from shock.
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
ACCOMPANYING SYMPTOMS
Paroxysmal dyspnea with wheezing, It is present in bronchial asthma and cardiac asthma. Paroxysmal severe dyspnea is often seen in acute larynx edema(spontaneous pneumothoraxmassive pulmonary embolism.
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
ACCOMPANYING SYMPTOMS
Dyspnea with chest pain. It is frequently observed in lobar pneumoniapulmonary infarction(), spontaneous pneumothorax, acute exudative pleurisy), acute myocardial infarctionand bronchial carcinoma```````````````````````
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
ACCOMPANYING SYMPTOMS
Dyspnea with fever. It is commonly noted in pneumonia, lung abscesspulmonary tuberculosispleurisy, acute pericarditisand nervous system diseases.
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
ACCOMPANYING SYMPTOMS
Dyspnea with cough and purulent sputum. It is often present in chronic bronchitis, obstructive pulmonary emphysema with infection, purulent pneumonia, and lung abscess; Dyspnea with large amount of foamy sputum is often seen in acute left ventricular heart failure and organophosphorus poisoning
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
ACCOMPANYING SYMPTOMS
Dyspnea with coma. It suggests cerebral hemorrhage(pneumonia with shock, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and acute poisoning.
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
COMMON CAUSES OF TYPE I (HYPOXEMIC) RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema (COPD) Pneumonia Pulmonary edema Pulmonary fibrosis Asthma Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary arterial hypertension Pneumoconiosis Granulomatous lung diseases Cyanotic congenital heart disease Bronchiectasis Adult respiratory distress syndrome Fat embolism syndrome Kyphoscoliosis Obesity
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
COMMON CAUSES OF TYPE II (HYPERCAPNIC) RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema (COPD) Severe asthma Drug overdose Poisonings Myasthenia gravis Polyneuropathy Poliomyelitis Primary muscle disorders Porphyria Cervical cordotomy Head and cervical cord injury Primary alveolar hypoventilation Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Pulmonary edema Adult respiratory distress syndrome Myxedema Tetanus
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
EASILY PERFORMED DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Chest radiographs
Electrocardiograph
Screening spirometry
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
Commonly used to evaluate acute dyspnea
can provide information about altered pH, hypercapnia, hypocapnia or hypoxemia
normal ABGs do not exclude cardiac/pulmonary dx as cause of dyspnea
• Remember- ABGs may be normal even in cases of acute dyspnea
ABGS
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
Bilateral airspace infiltrates on chest radiograph film secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome that resulted in
respiratory failure
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
A 44-year-old woman developed acute respiratory failure and diffuse bilateral infiltrates. She met the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this case, the likely cause was urosepsis
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
با تشکر از توجه شما
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman
QUESTIONS?
dr asadian amoli 1391-24 bahman