Dr Yunas SamadUniversity of Bradford

1

From Multiculturalism to Community Cohesion◦ Brixton Riots◦ Scarman Report

Multiculturalism

◦ Bradford, Burnley and Oldham Riots 2001Bradford, Burnley and Oldham Riots 2001◦ Cantle Report◦ Ousley Report

Parallel lives◦ Community Cohesion

2

Debate

◦ Ludi Simpson and Debra Philips◦ ◦ Charles Husband and Yunis Alam

◦ Segregation in schools

◦ Polemical material Segregation to terrorism

3

‘Community cohesion’ – ◦ Shared sense of belonging, rights and responsibilities◦ Diversity positively valued◦ Similar life chances◦ Positive relationships between people from different

backgrounds ◦ Trust in fairness of institutions

Integration of new arrivals and established residents ◦ Socio-economic indicators◦ Patterns of participation◦ Sense of belonging◦ Learn English

4

What are the multiple factors, which contribute to or undermine community cohesion in areas where there are established Muslim communities and into which Muslim migrants have recently arrived?

5

6

Maps are Crown Copy right. All rights reserv ed. Bradf ord MDC 100019304

Bradford

7

Sample characteristics (absolute values)

New Muslim migrant

Established Muslim resident

New non-Muslim migrant

UK born non-Muslim resident

Total

SexMale 26 18 8 7 59Female 26 17 7 8 58Total 52 35 15 15 117

Age group18-24 24 6 7 3 4025-44 23 19 6 9 5745+ 5 10 2 3 20Total 52 35 15 15 117

EthnicityWhite 0 0 0 13 13Other White 0 0 5 0 5Pakistani 46 33 0 0 79Other Asian 4 2 1 0 7Black 1 0 7 2 10any other 1 0 2 0 3Total 52 35 15 15 117

Country of birthUK-born 0 16 0 15 31Foreign-born 52 19 15 0 86Total 52 35 15 15 117

EducationPrimary or below 12 12 1 1 26Secondary 22 16 4 9 51Post-secondary 18 7 10 5 40Total 52 35 15 15 117

Occupational statusfull-time employee 10 6 3 11 30part-time employee 6 4 11 2 23self-employed 0 3 0 0 3unemployed 11 3 0 0 14student 4 7 1 1 13looking after family 19 6 0 0 25other 2 6 0 1 9Total 52 35 15 15 117

8

9

10

◦ “Our own people living here, this is no different from living in Pakistan” (New Muslim Male Migrant)

◦ “Nice people, nice neighbour, friendly and help if in need. English neighbours are very good too. Schools are very close, mosques are very close also” (New Muslim Male Migrant)

◦ “They are really good, talk to me, hi and bi” (Established Muslim Woman)

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

In terms of social capital among Muslims the overall trend appears to be a slide from bonding capital to bridging capital.

“The best people that help me were the CAB. In my community …. you have the advice centre within the Asian community but they are not highly educated but they are not fluent in your first language, which is English” (Established Muslim, Man)

19

I think quite a lot of Islamophobia, and you know, racism stuff that is happening, especially in the media nowadays. I mean everything seems to be targeted at Muslims.... since 9/11” (Established Muslim Woman)

20

“Drugs, shootings, car theft, break-ins.... that sort of thing” (Established Muslim, Man)

“I don't think our involvement/destruction of Iraq was justifiable both ethically and both principally” (UK born non- Muslim)

21

“I think it's a generally a fair society.... you can get on with your living.... on the whole it is a peaceful country” (Established Muslim, Man)

  “Freedom, benefits help and advice, NHS very

good. Help the poor and all, protect people” (Established Muslim, Woman)

“If you lived in Pakistan right now, what do they give you? You get nothing. Here you get everything” (Established Muslim, Man)

22

• “No happy about education .... because of drugs and stuff like that on the streets” (Established Muslim Man)

“Lack of discipline, lack of respect” (Established Muslim Man)

23

• Remittances

• Travel back home

• Media

• Property/business

• Politics

24

“Yes, I do because my children are born here. They can't live in Pakistan. I say my country is Pakistan, they say our country is Britain because we are born here” (Established Muslim Woman)

“Now I belong to this country. We go to Pakistan for holidays only” (Established Muslim Man)

“No, this is the only country I like more” (Established Muslim Man)

25

White working class excluded from community cohesion. This is the crucial group that needs to be targeted.

Myth that Muslims are receiving preferential treatment in urban regeneration.

26

Housing,

◦ “Don't sell your house to a Paki”.◦ White flight◦

Education

◦ Specifically Muslims are failing in schools and schools are failing them,

◦ Constructing Mixed schools

27

Whites 'must do more to help Muslims feel at home' says research group (Daily Mail headline covering the Report)

28

No parallel lives: the issue is of class

On a range of questions. Established Muslims close to white norm on community belonging, on education, marriage, local and national issue.

Transnationalism is not significant amongst established Muslims.

Hard questions for policy makers about education, housing and the media.

29