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N N I I H H O O N N G G O O N N O O K K A A I I にほんごのほん nihongo no hon : red kana edition

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Page 1: にほんごのほん 赤 - Nihongo Life | Learn Japanese · 2020-02-14 · people learn first. Secondly, they learn katakana which has the same sounds but different characters for

NNIIHHOONNGGOO NNOOKKAAII ・・ ・・

日日本本語語のの会会・・・・ににほほんんごごのの

かかいいカカイイ

・・・・

赤にほんごのほんnihongo no hon : redkana edition

Page 2: にほんごのほん 赤 - Nihongo Life | Learn Japanese · 2020-02-14 · people learn first. Secondly, they learn katakana which has the same sounds but different characters for

Lesson 0 Learn about the writing system and the twoalphabets, hiragana and katakana.

Lesson 1 An introduction to making sentances andasking basic conversational questions

The は Particle, The の Particle, ○○○ です。,□ □ □ は ○○○ です。(statements), Names, Nationalities, Occupations, あなた は, The も particle, Yes/No questions, Wh-Questions,

Contents

Page 3: にほんごのほん 赤 - Nihongo Life | Learn Japanese · 2020-02-14 · people learn first. Secondly, they learn katakana which has the same sounds but different characters for
Page 4: にほんごのほん 赤 - Nihongo Life | Learn Japanese · 2020-02-14 · people learn first. Secondly, they learn katakana which has the same sounds but different characters for
Page 5: にほんごのほん 赤 - Nihongo Life | Learn Japanese · 2020-02-14 · people learn first. Secondly, they learn katakana which has the same sounds but different characters for
Page 6: にほんごのほん 赤 - Nihongo Life | Learn Japanese · 2020-02-14 · people learn first. Secondly, they learn katakana which has the same sounds but different characters for

Lesson 0

Learning the alphabets - Kana.

In Japanese, there are 4 different writing

systems: hiragana, katakana, kanji, and

romaji. Hiragana is used for Japanese

original words, and this is what Japanese

people learn first. Secondly, they learn

katakana which has the same sounds but

different characters for foreign objects

and ideas including your name if you don’t

have a Japanese name. Kanji is the words

brought by the Chinese writing system,

but not all of the kanji look the same as

the Chinese words. Japanese people use

those three in writing on a daily basis, so

you need to know all of them in order to

understand the written Japanese. Romaji

is used to write the sounds of Japanese in

the Roman alphabet, for example, to write

Japanese names in foreign documents or to

aid learners of Japanese to be able to read

and say the words in Japanese.

The word watashi (romaji) looks like わたし

(hiragana), ワタシ (katakana), or 私 (kanji).

Hiragana ひらがな

あ い う え おA I U E O

か き く け こKa Ki Ku Ke Ko

You see ki like き but this き is only for

printing. You use this き for handwriting.

さ し す せ そ Sa Shi Su Se So

You see sa like さ but this さ is only for

printing. You use this さ for handwriting.

た ち つ て と Ta Chi Tsu Te To

ち is pronounced as chi instead of ti.

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な に ぬ ね の Na Ni Nu Ne No

は ひ ふ へ ほ

Ha Hi Hu He Ho

You might see the pronunciation of ふ as

/fu/ but the actual ふ sounds more like

/hu/ as the English /f/ sound doesn’t exist in

Japanese.

ま み む め も

Ma Mi Mu Me Mo

や ゆ よYa Yu Yo

ら り る れ ろRa Ri Ru Re Ro

Japanese /r/ is more like a cross

between English /r/ and /l/. It’s like ‘flap.’

り should be written as り not as り

わ を

Wa Wo

を technically is /wo/, but it’s normally

pronounced a /o/ in actual conversations as

an object marker.

N

No Japanese words begin with ん. You

don’t leave consonants alone in Japanese,

but this is the only exception. It's a basis for

a word game called 'shiritori'.

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Diacritics

が ぎ ぐ げ ごGa Gi Gu Ge Go

You add the dots [ ゙] (i.e. 'dakuten' in

Japanese) to the K sounds to make the G

sounds.

Just like き, use ぎ instead of ぎ for

handwriting.

ざ じ ず ぜ ぞZa Ji Zu Ze Zo

You add the dots to the S sounds to make

the Z sounds except for じ.

Just like さ, use ざ instead of ざ for

handwriting. じ sounds more like /ji/.

だ ぢ づ で どDa Ji Zu De Do

You add the dots to the T sounds to make

the D sounds except for ぢ and づ.

ぢ and づ sound the same as じ and ず. For

now, it is safe to assume if you hear ji or zu,

you write じ or ず as they are much more

common than ぢ and づ.

ば び ぶ べ ぼBa Bi Bu Be Bo

You add the dots to the H sounds to make

the B sounds.

ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽPa Pi Pu Pe Po

You can add the dots [ ゙] (i.e. dakuten)

also to the H sounds to make the P sounds.

However, we use the small circle [ ゚],

'handakuten' to change H to P sounds

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Smaller や, ゆ & よ (Digraphs)

If や, ゆ or よ are written smaller next to

き, し, ち, に, ひ, み, り, ぎ, じ, ぢ, び, ぴ, the

sounds ya, yu, or yo is attached to the

previous consonant. So, as long as や, ゆ

or よ are small, the preceding sound never

gets a vowel. You say きゃ as 'kya' not

'kiya'. If you ever want to write 'kiya', you

have to write きや with a normal size や.

きゃ きゅ きょKya Kyu Kyo

しゃ しゅ しょShya Shyu Shyo

ちゃ ちゅ ちょChya Chyu Chyo

にゃ にゅ にょNya Nyu Nyo

ひゃ ひゅ ひょHya Hyu Hyo

みゃ みゅ みょMya Myu Myo

りゃ りゅ りょRya Ryu Ryo

ぎゃ ぎょ ぎょGya Gyu Gyo

じゃ じゅ じょJya Jyu Jyo

びゃ びゅ びょBya Byu Byo

ぴゃ ぴゅ ぴょPya Pyu Pyo

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Smaller っ

If you see a smaller っ, it means you have to

pause. For example, “one year old” is “issai”

in Japanese, and this is spelled like いっさ

い in hiragana. Without the smaller っ like

いさい, it’s pronounced as “isai” which is

not a legitimate word in Japanese. Another

example is もう いっかい いって ください

which means “Can you say that again?”

is pronounced as mo o ikkai itte kudasai.

You have a pause between い and か and

い and て. Another way to understand this

when you see two consonants (usually kk,

gg, ss, zz, tt, dd, or pp) in romaji, you have

to put smaller っ.

Elongated Vowels

When you have two vowels consecutively,

you write down the words accordingly,

but when you have two e sounds in a

row (sensee) or two o sounds in a row

(arigatoo), you usually have to write い for

the second e like せんせい not せんせえ and

う for the second お like ありがとう not ありが

とお (there are some exceptions.) You have

to be careful when you have the e or the o

sound consecutively. The same rule applies

to katakana.

A + a

ああ, かあ, さあ etc

I + i

いい, きい, しい etc

U + u

うう, くう, すう etc

E + e

えい, けい, せい etc

ええ, けえ, せえ etc (less common)

O + o

おう, こう, そう etc

おお, こお, そお etc (less common)

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Lesson 0 Part 2

カタカナ is usually used for foreign words.

It could also be used for Japanese people’s

names on some forms or when their kanji

is unknown. The pronunciation of katakana

is exactly the same as that of hiragana. You

have to deal with the special sounds that

only exist in katakana to say some foreign

names for people or objects.

ア イ ウ エ オA I U E O

カ キ ク ケ コKa Ki Ku Ke Ko

サ シ ス セ ソSa Shi Su Se So

タ チ ツ テ トTa Chi Tsu Te To

ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノNa Ni Nu Ne No

ハ ヒ フ ヘ ホHa Hi Hu He Ho

マ ミ ム メ モMa Mi Mu Me Mo

ヤ ユ ヨYa Yu Yo

ワ ヲ ンWa Wo N

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Diacritics

Exactly the same rules apply to Katakana

for diacritics.

ガ ギ グ ゲ ゴGa Gi Gu Ge Go

ザ ジ ズ ゼ ゾZa Ji Zu Ze Zo

ダ ヂ ヅ デ ドDa Ji Zu De Do

バ ビ ブ ベ ボBa Bi Bu Be Bo

パ ピ プ ペ ポPa Pi Pu Pe Po

Smaller ヤ, ユ & ヨ (Digraphs)

Exactly the same rules apply to Katakana

for digraphs.

キャ キュ キョKya Kyu Kyo

シャ シュ ショShya Shyu Shyo

チャ チュ チョCha Chyu Chyo

ニャ ニュ ニョNya Nyu Nyo

ヒャ ヒュ ヒョHya Hyu Hyo

ミャ ミュ ミョMya Myu Myo

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リャ リュ リョRya Ryu Ryo

ギャ ギュ ギョGya Gyu Gyo

ジャ ジュ ジョJya Jyu Jyo

ビャ ビュ ビョBya Byu Byo

ピャ ピュ ピョPya Pyu Pyo

Elongated Vowels

Instead of having 2 symbols, you often have

a dash [ ー ] to indicate an elongated vowel

in katakana. However, you see an actual

character used for an elongated vowel just

like Hiragana but it depends on the words.

アー, カー, サー etc instead of アア, カア, サ

ア etc

イー, キー, シー etc instead of イイ, キイ, シイ

etc

ウー, クー, スー etc instead of ウウ, クウ, ス

ウ etc

エー, ケー, セー etc instead of エエ/エイ, ケ

エ/ケイ, セエ/セイ etc

オー, コー, ソー etc instead of オオ/オウ, コオ/

コウ, ソオ/ソウ etc

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Page 14: にほんごのほん 赤 - Nihongo Life | Learn Japanese · 2020-02-14 · people learn first. Secondly, they learn katakana which has the same sounds but different characters for

Special Sounds

These sounds are only used in katakana

because no Japanese original words contain

these sounds.

イェ ウィ ウェYe Wi We

ヴァ ヴィ ヴヮ ヴェ ヴォVa Vi Vu Ve Vo

ヴャ ヴュ ヴョVya Vyu Vyo

クヮ クィ クェ クォKwa Kwi Kwe Kwo

グヮ グィ グェ グォGwa Gwi Gwe Gwo

シェ ジェ チェShe Je Che

ツァ ツィ ツェ ツォTsa Tsi Tse Tso

ティ トゥTi Tu

テャ テュ テョTya Tyu Tyo

ディ ドゥDi Du

デャ デュ デョDya Dyu Dyo

ファ フィ フェ フォFa Fi Fe Fo

フャ フュ フョFya Fyu Fyo

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Page 16: にほんごのほん 赤 - Nihongo Life | Learn Japanese · 2020-02-14 · people learn first. Secondly, they learn katakana which has the same sounds but different characters for

Lesson 1

Forming sentences and questions in Japanese

The は Particle

The は particle, pronounced as wa, works

as a subject marker in a sentence. The

word that comes before this particle is the

subject of the sentence or the question.

The の Particle

The の particle acts in a similar way to the

possessive “s” in English. The word that

comes before の possesses the word comes

after it, or the word that comes after の

belongs to the word that comes before. For

instance, A の B means A’s B or B belongs

to A. For example, わたし の なまえ means

I’s name (my name) and やまださん の しご

と means Mr. Yamada’s job.

○○○ です。

です by itself does not have any particular

meaning, but it indicates the end of a

sentence. When you finish a sentence, the

word that comes before です has to be a

noun or adjective as in わたし は がくせい

です。(I student.) meaning “I am a student.”

When it comes to forming sentences in

Japanese, everything falls into the following

sentence structure. □ □ □ は ○○○ です。(statements)

Here are some pronouns in Japanese. At this

point, you need to put one of them before

は to indicate who or what the subject is.

If you’re talking about the third person, it’s

more common to use the person’s name

with さん (equivalent to Mr. or Ms.) like

David さん or Jennifer さん, and if you don’t

know the name of the person, you would

want to use こちら, そちら, あちら instead

of かれ or かのじょ partially because かれ

or かのじょ could also mean boyfriend and

girlfriend.

I わたしYou あなたHe かれShe かのじょ

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This one こちらThat one そちらThat one over there あちら

Names

Have a look at the following example

sentences to say your name or someone

else’s name using the pronouns above such

as “I am Ken.” or “This is John.” Don’t forget

to put さん after somebody else’s name.

When you see “。” at the end of sentences,

this is the Japanese version of “period”

or “full stop.” The Japanese version of a

comma looks like “、”.

わたし は けん です。わたし は あきら です。わたし は アンドリュー (Andrew) です。わたし は ソフィー (Sophie) です。わたし は トム (Tom) です。わたし は ステファニー (Stephanie)です。わたし は ジェームス (James) です。わたし は マリア (Maria) です。あなた は ジョン (John) さん です。かれ は マイケル (Michael) さん です。かのじょ は エリカ (Erica) さん です。こちら は ニコラ (Nicola) さん です。そちら は ケン (Ken) さん です。あちら は クリス (Chris) さん です。

かれ and かのじょ are he and she, but when

you talk about the third person regardless

of gender, it’s better to use こちら (this), そ

ちら (that), or あちら(that) instead (These

words will be covered more in detail in the

next few chapters.)

Nationalities

Here are some example sentences to say

your nationality like “I am Japanese.” or “I

am Australian.” You have to put the name

of your country, and put じん after that. じん

means “a person”, so if you are Australian,

you are saying わたし は オーストラリア じ

ん です。(I Australia person.) to mean “I

am Australian.” If you say the sentence

without じん like わたし は オーストラリア で

す。, you’re saying “I am Australia.”, so make

sure you have じん.

わたし は にほん じん です。わたし は アメリカ (the U.S.) じん です。わたし は オーストラリア (Australia) じん です。わたし は カナダ (Canada) じん です。わたし は イギリス (the U.K.) じん です。わたし は ちゅうごく (China) じん です。

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わたし は タイ (Thailand) じん です。あなた は ブラジル (Brazil) じん です。かれ は インドネシア (Indonesia) じん です。かのじょ は ドイツ (Germany) じん です。ジョン (John) さん は フランス (France) じん

です。マイケル (Michael) さん は スイス

(Switzerland)じん です。ナタリー (Nathalie) さん は イタリア (Italy)

じん です。

Just like introducing someone, instead of

using かれ or かのじょ, you usually use the

name of the person you’re talking about.

Occupations

The sentence structure for occupations is

the same as for names.

わたし は がくせい です。

student

わたし は かいしゃいん です。

office worker

わたし は きょうし です。

teacher

わたし は エンジニア です。

engineer

わたし は シェフ です。

chef

わたし は しゅふ です。

housewife/househusband

わたし は いしゃ です。

doctor

あなた は マネージャー です。

manager

マット (Matt) さん は デザイナー です。

designer

ジョセフ (Joseph) さん は モデル です。

model

あなた は

Before we learn any specific ways to ask

questions, here’s an easy way to ask

someone a question. By saying あなた は

meaning similar to saying “and you?” or

“how about you?”, you can say something

like “I’m Tom, and you?” or “I’m a student.

How about you? This is useful as a last

resort when you can’t remember any

specific questions but want to keep the

conversation going.

Important Note: Try not to overuse あなた in conversations as it’s common practice to address people by their names in Japanese. Once you learn the name of the person you’re talking to, start using the name afterwards instead of あなた.

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The も Particle

You can use も instead of は to mean “also”

or “too” as in “I’m also a student.” or “I’m a

student, too.” When you use も, you don’t

need to have は. Also, if you use も to say

“I’m also a student.”, you can say either わた

し も がくせい です。 (I also student) to mean

“I’m also a student.” or わたし も です。(I also)

to mean “Me, too.”. One thing to remember

is you cannot use も by itself; just like は,

you need at least a word preceding the

particle. は and も are mutually exclusive.

Example Q&As

わたし は マリア です。あなた は。わたし は トム です。

わたし は サム です。あなた は。わたし も (サム) です。

わたし は にほん じん です。あなた は。わたし は アメリカ じん です。

わたし は イギリス じん です。あなた は。わたし も (イギリス じん) です。

わたし は きょうし です。あなた は。わたし は がくせい です。

わたし は かいしゃいん です。あなた は。わたし も (かいしゃいん) です。

Yes/No Questions

If it is a question with a Yes or No answer, add

か at the end of any statements. Think of か

as a question mark because you don’t need

to change the word order to form questions

in Japanese. In English, you say “You’re a

student.” as a statement and “Are you a

student?” as a question, but in Japanese

you’re saying あなた は がくせい です。(you

student.) as a statement and あなた は がく

せい です か。(you student?) as a question.

When you ask this type of question, you

raise your intonation when you say か. □ □ □ は ○○○ です か。(questions).

Yes

はい、○○○ です。

No

いいえ、○○○ じゃ ありません。△ △ △ です。

When you respond to yes/no questions,

you either have to use はい、○○○ です。or

いいえ、○○○ じゃ ありません。△ △ △です

If your answer is yes, say はい to mean

yes, and repeat the word in the question

(○○○ in the example above). For example,

if you are an American and get asked a

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question あなた は アメリカじん です か。(you

America person?), you say はい、アメリカじ

ん です。(yes, America person.). If you’re not

American, but you’re English, you say いい

え、アメリカ じん じゃありません。イギリス じ

ん です。(no, America person not. Britain

person.). You have to say that you’re not

American first, and then say you’re English.

Although じゃ by itself can mean “well,

then...” or “bye,” together with ありません, it

is just part of the negation without having

direct translation. 〜じゃないです can also

be used as an alternative to 〜じゃありま

せん, but for the sake of simplicity, this

book will use 〜じゃありません for negative

sentences in the present tense.

Example Yes/No questions

Just a reminder, when addressing someone,

you need to put さん after the name, but

you don’t need さん for yourself.

You can use くん, ちゃん, or さま instead of

さん depending on the situation. You use く

ん usually for boys (younger male kids or

guys younger than you at work), and ち

ゃん for girls or toddlers (sometimes you

can use this for someone special to you to

show intimacy). You can use さま as well,

but this is for when you write a formal letter

or address someone properly. However, さ

ん is polite enough in most situations.

When you ask a question in Japanese, try

not to translate from English. Instead, think

like “you English?” or “you office worker?”

It’s not easy not to translate into English,

but at this point, you can translate the

words, but do not translate the word order.

あなた は けん さん です か。はい、けん です。ORいいえ、けん さん じゃ ありません。まさ です。

あなた は イギリス じん です か。 はい、イギリス じん です。 OR いいえ、イギリス じん じゃ ありません。フランス じん です。

あなた は がくせい です か。 はい、がくせい です。 OR いいえ、がくせい じゃ ありません。かいしゃいん です。

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そうです/ちがいます

Instead of using the words from the

questions when responding to yes/no

questions, you can also use そうです for yes

as in はい、そうです。(yes, correct.) and ちが

います for no as in いいえ、ちがいます。○○○

です。(no, different. ○○○.) to mean “No,

it’s different. It’s ○○○.” Have a look at the

questions and answers below to compare

to the examples above.

あなた は けん さん です か。 はい、そう です。 OR いいえ、ちがいます。まさ です。

あなた は イギリス じん です か。 はい、そうです。 OR いいえ、ちがいます。フランス じん です。

あなた は がくせい です か。 はい、そうです。 OR いいえ、ちがいます。かいしゃいん です。

Wh-Questions

If it’s a wh-question (who, what, where,

when, why, which, how), always put a

question word before です, and add か at

the end. You have to remember question

words never come with the は particle.

Just like yes/no questions, if you’re asking

Wh-questions in Japanese, as far as

the word order goes, you’ll be saying

(name what?), (you what nationality?), or

(occupation what?). And your answers

are (name David), (I America person), and

(occupation office worker). It’ll help you

understand forming sentences. If you make

the same questions in English “What’s

your name?,” “What’s your nationality?,”

or “What’s your job?,” the word order is

more or less the opposite to the Japanese

one. If you do something like 1. make

the questions in English, 2. convert the

words into Japanese, 3. reverse the word

order, and 4. say the questions correctly in

Japanese, it takes too much time to make

even simple questions.

When the questions get more complicated,

it will take even more time to go through

the converting process, and slow down the

conversation.

At this point, a little bit of translation is

fine, but start paying attention to the word

order, so you can process the sentences

21

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and questions the way Japanese speakers

do.

□ □ □ は wh-○○○です か。

(wh-questions)

(お) なまえ name

(お) しごと occupation

Important Note:

Putting お before nouns makes them sound formal, polite, and respectful. You can form the questions above without お, but it is better if you put お when talking to someone you don’t know.

なん as in おなまえ は なん です か。means

“what,” so you’re asking “name what” to

mean “what’s your name?” You can say only

おなまえ は (name) for the same purpose,

but you can put the question word, なん

to make it おなまえ は なん です か。(name

what?) if you want. It doesn’t really change

the level of politeness, and it’s not always

necessarily the longer the better. For this

sentence, your focus is to know the name

of this person by saying “name what?”

When someone asks you this type of

question, you usually only have to replace な

ん with the actual information (in this case,

your name) and drop か. You sometimes

have to change the subject as well. In this

example, don’t respond by saying おな

まえ は けん です。(name Ken.). You could

still say なまえ は けん です。(name Ken.),

but this sounds a bit awkward. Instead,

you say けん です。(Ken.) or わたし は けん

です。(I Ken.). If you want to say “What is

your name?” like in English, you can use the

の particle to say あなた の おなまえ は な

ん ですか。 (your name what?) When you

respond, you can still use わたし は ○○○

です。(I ○○○) or you can say わたし の な

まえ は ○○○ です。(my name ○○○). In

actual conversations, however, わたし or

あなた is often implied in context most of

the time, so not every sentence or question

needs them.

Just remember to drop お when you say

your own name as you don’t have to be

polite to yourself. The same goes for other

nouns, such as おしごと.

When someone asks you a question, you

don’t have to keep the subject in your 22

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response. Have a look at the following

examples. If you see the subjects in

brackets, it means you can omit it in your

response as it’s implied in the conversation.

Example Wh-Q&As

おなまえ は。(わたし は) あい です。 (わたし は) ひろし です。

おなまえ は なん です か。 (わたし は) あい です。 (わたし は) ひろし です。

あなた の おなまえ は なん です か。 (わたし は) あい です。 (わたし の なまえ は) ひろし です。

おしごと は 。 (わたし は) がくせい です。 (わたし は) かいしゃいん です。

おしごと は なん ですか。 (わたし は) がくせい です。(わたし は) かいしゃいん です。

あなた の おしごと は なん ですか。 (わたし は) がくせい です。(わたし の しごと は) かいしゃいん です。

The question words, in this case なん,

always come with です as long as you’re

asking about nouns and adjectives, so you

never put them before は, so a sentence like

なに は is not possible in Japanese.

なに

なに also means “what,” and it is a variation

of なん. なん is usually used independently

right before です, while なに often comes

before nouns as in なに じん to form

“what person” to mean “what nationality.”

However, sometimes なん comes with a

noun, so the pronunciation of “what” in

Japanese changes depending on the word

following it.

In this case, if you hear the question なに

じん です か。(what person?) you have to

replace the question word (なに) with the

name of your country just like any other

wh-questions, so if you’re Japanese, you

say にほん じん です。(Japan person)

Example Conversations

あなた は なに じん です か。 わたし は にほん じん です。 わたし は アメリカ じん です。

なに じん です か。 にほん じん です。 アメリカ じん です。

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(お)くに

As an alternative to なに じん です か。, you

can use おくに は. くに means a “country” so

you’re asking “where is your country?” but

the actual word order is “country where?”

If the question is “お くに は” (country), the

subject cannot be “わたし は” or any other

personal pronouns with “は” because if you

respond to the question like “わたし は にほ

ん です” (I Japan) which means “I am Japan.”

not “I am Japanese.”

If you get this question, you can simply say

the name of your country followed by です

without じん as in ちゅうごく です。(China)

or アメリカ です。(the US), but you can also

say “My country is Japan,” by saying わたし

の くに は にほん です。(my country Japan) If

you go with this response, you have to use

the の particle to say “my.”

どこ/どちら

どこ means “where,” and どちら also means

“where,” but the latter is more polite. It’s

safer to use どちら unless you know the

person well.

If you want to extend the お くに は

question, you have to use どこ or どちら

instead of なん, but using どこ sounds a

bit awkward, so you’ll be asking “Where is

your country?” by saying おくに は どちら で

す か。(country where?) not お くに は なん

です か。(country what?) meaning “What is

your country?” You can use the の particle

to go with あなた の おくに は どちら です

か。(your country where?) as well to mean

“Where is your country?”

Example Wh-Q&As

おくに は。 にほん です。

おくに は。 ちゅうごく です。

おくに は どちら です か。 にほん です。

おくに は どちら です か。 アメリカ です。

あなた の おくに は。 イギリス です。 (わたし の くに は) フランス です。 あなた の おくに は どちら です か。 イギリス です。 (わたし の くに は) フランス です。

*しゅっしん は どちら です か。 イギリス です。

24

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(わたし の しゅっしん は) フランス です。

*Another way of asking “Where are you from?” which is more commonly used in Japan because this question しゅっしん は どちら です か。(origin where?) could also means “Where is your hometown?”

25

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Combined Practice

Now that we learned how to form the basic questions, let’s practice using them in an actual

conversation. The two types of conversations below are essentially the same, and you can

substitute using your own information. Practice saying them with someone or by yourself

until you can say them without looking at the script. It might even be worth recording

yourself.

Try to get used to the word order in Japanese. Statements and questions have the same

word order. Remember to replace the question word.

こんにちは actually means “good afternoon,” but this can be used as “hello” in the afternoon.

If you’re having the following conversations in the morning, you can use おはようございます which means “good morning” to use it as “hello” in the morning. You can use こんばんは

which means “good evening” to use it as “hello” at night.

はじめまして means “nice to meet you” at the beginning of the conversation and どうぞよろしく is “nice to meet you” at the end of the conversation. In response to どうぞよろしく, you

can say どうぞよろしく back or you can say こちらこそ meaning more or less like “likewise” or

“same here.”

Example Conversation 2

A: こんにちは。はじめまして。わたし は かな です。

あなた は。

B: わたし は トム です。

A: わたし は にほん じん です。あなた は。

B: わたし は オーストラリア じん です。

A: わたし は がくせい です。あなた は。

B: わたし は かいしゃいん です。

A: どうぞ よろしく。

B: こちら こそ。

26

Example Conversation 1

A: こんにちは。はじめまして。わたし は けん

です。おなまえ は なん です か。

B: わたし は エマ です。

A: わたし は にほん じん です。なに じん です か。

B: わたし は イギリス じん です。

A: わたし は きょうし です。おしごと は なん

です か。

B: わたし は いしゃ です。

A: どうぞ よろしく。

B: どうぞ よろしく。

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かず (Numbers)

Numbers from 0 to 10

ゼロ/れい 0

いち 1

に 2

さん 3

よん/し 4

ご 5

ろく 6

なな/しち 7

はち 8

きゅう 9

じゅう 10

For 4 and 7, you can say よん or し for 4

and なな or しち for 7 for now especially

when you count the numbers. They are

interchangeable for most of the time.

Depending on what comes after the number,

however, you have to use the specific one.

We will cover this more in Lesson 4 when

we talk about the time.

Numbers from 11 to 19

じゅう いち 11

じゅう に 12

じゅう さん 13

じゅう よん/ じゅう し 14

じゅう ご 15

じゅう ろく 16

じゅう なな/ じゅう しち 17

じゅう はち 18

じゅう きゅう/ じゅう く 19

From 20 to 29

に じゅう 20

に じゅう いち 21

に じゅう に 22

に じゅう さん 23

に じゅう よん/ に じゅう し 24

に じゅう ご 25

に じゅう ろく 26

に じゅう なな/ に じゅう しち 27

に じゅう はち 28

に じゅう きゅう/ に じゅう く 29

From 30 to 100

さん じゅう 30

よん じゅう/ し じゅう 40

ご じゅう 50

ろく じゅう 60

なな じゅう/ しち じゅう 70

はち じゅう 80

きゅう じゅう 90

ひゃく 100

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なん さい です か

さい means “age”, and together with な

ん, you are literally saying “What age?” to

mean “How old are you?” In this case, even

though “what” comes before a noun (さい),

you never say なに さい.

You can also use おいくつ ですか to mean

exactly the same, but more politely. いくつ

means “how many,” so for this question,

you’re literally saying “how many,” but the

context determines the meaning as “how

old are you?” When you respond to this

question, even though you don’t hear さい

in the question, you have to put さい in your

response.

Just a reminder, when you respond to な

ん さい ですか or おいくつ です か, you have

to remember to put さい after your age.

When you do that, you have to think about

which number your age ends with because

it determines how you say how old you

are. As long as your age ends with 1, for

example, you’re saying いっさい like じゅう

いっさい, にじゅういっさい, さんじゅういっさい

etc., and if it ends with 2, you’ll be saying

にさい, じゅうにさい, にじゅうにさい, さんじゅ

うにさい etc., and the same pattern goes to

the other numbers. The only exception is

the age of 20 as you have an option to say

はたち or にじゅっさい (you’re considered to

be an adult when you’re 20 years old.)

With さい, you cannot use し for 4 or しち

for 7. Saying し さい or しち さい does not

work.

Just like asking “How old are you?” is

awkward in English, it can be awkward or

rude to ask this question in Japanese as

well.

Ages

1 いっさい (not いちさい) 1 year old

2 にさい 2 years old

3 さんさい 3 years old

4 よんさい (not しさい) 4 years old

5 ごさい 5 years old

6 ろくさい 6 years old

7 ななさい (not しち さい) 7 years old

8 はっさい (not はち さい) 8 years old

9 きゅうさい 9 years old

10 じゅっさい (not じゅうさい) 10 years old

28

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Example Q&As

(あなた は) なん さい ですか。 じゅう はっさい です。

(あなた は) なん さい ですか。 さん じゅう はっさい です。

トムさん は なん さい ですか。 に じゅう ろく さい です。

ジョンさん は なん さい ですか。 ろく じゅう に さい です。

(あなた は) おいくつ です か。 よん じゅう よん さい です。

(あなた は) おいくつ です か。 ご じゅう さん さい です。

マリアさん は おいくつ です か。 はち じゅう なな さい です。

クリスさん は おいくつ です か。 に じゅう よん さい です。

でんわばんごう

でんわ ばんごう literally translates as “phone

number.” You can say あなた の でんわ ばん

ごう は なん です か。(your phone number

what?) or でんわ ばんごう は なん です

か。(phone number what?) to mean “What’s

your phone number?” If it’s obvious that

I’m asking you for your number, you don’t

need to have あなた の. You can change

the name before の to ask for somebody

else’s phone number; for example, you can

ask someone for Anna’s phone number by

saying アナさん の でんわ ばんごう は なん

です か。(Anna’s phone number what?) You

can use the same question when you’re

speaking to Anna. This might sound much

more natural than using あなた の. It sounds

more like, “What’s your phone number,

Anna?”

You can use なんばん (what number)

instead of なん to ask the same question like

アナさん の でんわ ばんごう は なんばん です

か。(Anna’s phone number what number?)

When you’re responding to でんわばんごう

は なん です か。, you say わたし の でんわ

ばんごう は ○○○ です。(my phone number

○○○), but you don’t have to say わたし

の でんわ ばんごう は because it’s already

mentioned in the conversation. You can

respond only with your phone number. This

is not considered rude, but more practical,

and the same rule that you don’t have to

keep repeating something that’s mentioned

applies to other questions and answers.

If you want to include your country code

like +1 or +44, you can say プラス (+) いち

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or プラス (+) よん よん.

You might say “1-800” like “one eight

hundred” when saying a phone number in

English, but in Japanese, it’s more common

to say the numbers individually like いち

はち ぜろ ぜろ; however, you should put

the numbers in groups just like you do in

English. In other words, if you have a phone

number like ○○○-○○○-○○○○, you

will be saying the individual numbers in

three groups with two pauses.

Using よん or なな will be easier for people

to recognize the numbers; otherwise, it will

be difficult to recognize 1, 4, 7, and 8 (いち,

し, しち, はち).

Example Q&As

(あなた の) でんわばんごう は なん です か。 (わたし の でんわばんごう は) 04 ○○○○ ○○○○ です。

(あなた の) でんわばんごう は なん です か。 07○ ○○○ ○○○○ です。

ジムさん の でんわばんごう は なん です か。 090 ○○○ ○○○○ です。

けんたさん の でんわばんごう は なん です か。 212 ○○○ ○○○○ です。

サムさん の でんわばんごう は なん です か。

416 ○○○ ○○○○ です。かず しち, はち).

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かかいい・・・・ニニホホンンゴゴノノカカ

イイ

Having studied under Yuki and other Japanese teachers. I have found that his unique approach makes the lessons fun and engaging. This book is a distilled form of his classes. Greatly recommended and am waiting eagerly for the next volume.

Nihongo No Hon: The Red Book” is a fantastic book that explains Japanese in a logical way and has really helped me develop my understanding of the language. What makes the Nihongo No Hon book special is that it feels like you have your very own personal tutor taking you through each section with just enough examples to ensure that you can see the concepts in action.

PERFECT!