· ekpz 2019 a vad&3 3 ekepkz 20 1:a 7

1ekpZ 2019 A vad&3

lelkef;dh : Perfect 7

lkr egRoiw.kZ eqís

1- e`R;qnaM % mfpr ;k vuqfpr

ppkZ dk dkj.k

gky gh esa lqizhe dksVZ us ?kqearw tutkfr (Nomadic Tribe) ds rhu yksxksa dks ftUgsa e`R;qnaM dh ltk feyh gqbZ Fkh] mls jí dj fn;k gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius iQSlys esa dgk gS fd bu yksxksa ds f[kykiQ i;kZIr lqcwr ugha gSa] bl izdkj cgl dk ,d u;k eqík izdk'k esa vk x;k gS fd D;k Hkkjr esa e`R;qnaM nsuk izklafxd gS vFkok ughaA

ifjp;

lu~ 2003 esa egkjk"Vª ds cks[kjèku dLcs esa ,d ifjokj ds 5 yksxksa dh gR;k o ,d 15 lky dh yM+dh dh cykRdkj ds ckn gR;k dj nh x;h FkhA iqfyl us bl t?kU; vijkèk ds fy, egkjk"Vª dh ?kqearw tutkfr ds 6 yksxksa dks fxjÝrkj fd;kA blds ckn ls'ku dksVZ us bu lHkh 6 yksxksa dks e`R;qnaM fn;k vkSj fiQj gkbZ dksVZ us bu 6 yksxksa esa ls 3 yksxksa dh ltk dks e`R;qnaM esa gh cjdjkj j[kk ijarq 3 yksxksa dh ltk dks dqN de djds mezdSn esa rCnhy dj fn;kA gkbZ dksVZ ds bl iQSlys ij lu~ 2009 esa lqizhe dksVZ us Hkh eqgj yxk nhA

orZeku esa lqizhe dksVZ us vius 2009 ds lquk, x, fu.kZ; ds lacaèk esa iqufoZpkj ;kfpdk ij lquokbZ djrs gq, vius iwoZ ds fu.kZ; (2009) dks iyV fn;kA lqizhe dksVZ us ?kqearw tutkfr ds lHkh yksxksa dks cjh djrs gq, dgk fd iqfyl vkSj tk¡p ,tsafl;ksa us viuh ftEesnkjh dks lrdZrk o bZekunkjh ls ugha fuHkk;k gSA blhfy, bu csdlwj yksxksa dks fcuk fdlh tqeZ ds yxHkx 16 lky tsy esa fcrkus iM+sA lqizhe dksVZ ds bl fu.kZ; us ,d ckj fiQj ls e`R;qnaM dh vkSfpR;rk ij loky [kM+s fd;s gSa] D;ksafd lqizhe dksVZ ds 2009 ds fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj ;fn ?kqearw tutkfr ds 3 yksxksa dks iQk¡lh ns nh tkrh rks lp muds lkFk gh niQu gks tkrk vkSj mUgsa viuh ftUnxh ml ÑR; ds fy, x¡okuh iM+rh] ftls mUgksaus dHkh fd;k gh ugha FkkA

e`R;qnaM ds i{k esa rdZ

Hkkjr esa e`R;qnaM tSlh dBksj ltk dk cuk jguk vko';d le>k tkrk gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr ds iM+kslh ns'k Hkkjr dks vfLFkj djus ds yxkrkj iz;kl djrs jgrs gSaA ikfdLrku dh vkradokn leFkZu dh uhfr Hkkjr dh vkarfjd o ckg~; nksuksa lqj{kk dks [krjs esa Mkyrh gSA blhfy, fofèk vk;ksx us Hkh Hkkjr esa e`R;qnaM cus jgus dk leFkZu fd;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd e`R;qnaM dh vdlj ek¡x mu ns'kksa }kjk mBkbZ tkrh gS] ftuds ;gk¡ vkfFkZd le`¼rk vPNh o vkarfjd o ckg~; lqj{kk dh pqukSfr;k¡ yxHkx ux.; gksrh gSaA

fdlh Hkh n.M ds izHkko dks bl vkèkkj ij ugha tk¡pk tkuk pkfg, fd bldk izHkko vijkfèk;ksa ij dSlk gS] cfYd bls tk¡pus o ij[kus dk vkèkkj lEiw.kZ lekt gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ n.M lekt dh j{kk djus o fLFkjrk dk;e djus esa l{ke gS rks mldk O;oLFkk esa cuk jguk mfpr gSA t?kU; vijkèk djus okys O;fDr dks lqèkkj ds uke ij dBksj ltk (;Fkk& e`R;qnaM bR;kfn) ls oafpr fd;k x;k rks vijkèk ds izfr lekt esa Hk; de O;kIr gksxk vkSj vjktdrk dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks ldrh gSA thou dh ifo=krk dks rHkh lajf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gS tc bls vifo=k djus okyksa dks vkuqikfrd :i ls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sA

e`R;qnaM dk izkoèkku izfr'kksèkkRed U;k; ij vkèkkfjr ugha gS cfYd ;g lekt ls ?k`.kk nwj djus vkSj lejlrk O;kIr djus dk micUèk djrk gSA lafoèkku esa Hkh ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa (;Fkk&thou dk vfèkdkj bR;kfn) dks ;qfDr&;qDr fucZUèku ds lkFk miyCèk djk;k x;k gSA lekt ds fgrksa dks ;fn y?kqdkfyd ,oa nh?kZdkfyd :i ls lqjf{kr djuk gS rks cM+s&cM+s vijkfèk;ksa ;k fiQj dbZ yksxksa dks ,d lkFk ekSr ds ?kkV mrkjus okys vkrafd;ksa (;Fkk&vtey

dlkc] ;kdwc esuu vkfn) dks e`R;qnaM tSlh ltk nsus ds vfrfjDr dksbZ fodYi ugha cprkA

e`R;qnaM ds foi{k esa er j[kus okys vdlj ;g nyhy nsrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa e`R;qnaM nsus dh izfØ;k dks O;kogkfjd èkjkry ij mfpr :i ls fØ;kfUor ugha fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls funksZ"k yksx lcls T;knk izHkkfor gksrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa e`R;qnaM dh izfØ;k ds fØ;kUo;u dks =kqfVjfgr vkSj etcwr cukuk gksxk u fd e`R;qnaM ds izkoèkku dks gVk gh nsuk pkfg,A gkyk¡fd dsUnz o fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj U;k;ky; us bl fn'kk esa dkiQh ljkguh; dne Hkh mBk;s gSaA

dkyZ ekDlZ o dkaV tSls fpardksa dk Hkh ekuuk gS fd fdlh vijkèk ds ihNs O;fDrxr fgr ls vfèkd lkekftd fgrksa dks ojh;rk iznku djuh pkfg,A blh izdkj] mi;ksfxrkoknh n'kZu Hkh dgrk gS fd ^vfèkdre O;fDr;ksa dk vfèkdre lq[k* rHkh fuèkkZfjr gks ldrk gS tc lekt vijkèkhdj.k ls eqDr gksA

e`R;qnaM ds foi{k esa rdZ

fofHkUu ekuokfèkdkj dk;ZdÙkkZvksa vkSj vU; fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd e`R;qnaM] ltk ds mís'; dks lgh ek;us esa iwjk ugha djrk gS] vr% bls gVk nsuk pkfg,A e`R;qnaM ds foi{k esa fuEufyf[kr rdZ fn;s tk ldrs gSa&

¥ fdlh Hkh lH; lekt esa [email protected] dk eq[; mís'; vijkfèk;ksa dks lqèkkjus dk gksrk gS] blfy, tc mUgsa e`R;qnaM lquk;k tkrk gS rks [email protected] dk mi;qZDr mís'; iwjk ugha gksrk gS vkSj vijkèkh ds lqèkjus ds lHkh jkLrs can gks tkrs gSaA

¥ i`Foh ij fdlh Hkh izk.kh dks thfor jgus vkSj ;Fkksfpr :i ls thou&;kiu djus gsrq izÑfr us vuU; vfèkdkj fn, gSaA thou ds vfèkdkj dk n'kZu dgrk gS fd ;fn euq"; fdlh dks thou ns ugha ldrk gS rks mls thou dks Nhuus dk Hkh vfèkdkj ugha gSA

2 ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


thou dk vfèkdkj ,d gh :i esa Nhuk tk ldrk gS] tc vkRej{kk dk loky gks] ysfdu jkT; }kjk fn;k x;k e`R;qnaM vkRej{kk u gksdj] ,d izdkj dh ltk gSA

¥ U;k; dk iqufoZpkj dk fl¼kUr dgrk gS fd U;k;ky; ;k vU; ds }kjk miyCèk djk;k x;k fu.kZ; vius vki esa vafre ugha gksrk gS] mlesa ges'kk O;k[;k ,oa lqèkkj dh xqatkb'k cuh jgrh gSA

¥ U;k;kèkh'k vkSj tk¡p djus okyh ,tsafl;ksa ls ekuoh; Hkwy gksus dh laHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA lu~ 2000 ls ysdj lu~ 2015 rd ds 15 o"kks± esa lqizhe dksVZ us 60 fu.kZ;ksa esa ekSr dh ltk lqukbZ] ysfdu iqufoZpkj ;kfpdk ds rgr lqizhe dksVZ us 15 (yxHkx 25») fu.kZ;ksa dks =kqfViw.kZ ekuk vkSj vius fu.kZ;ksa esa lqèkkj fd;kA

¥ dqN fo}ku e`R;qnaM dks izfr'kksèkkRed U;k; (Retributive Justice) dh laKk nsrs gSa vkSj vijkèk ij vadq'k yxkus dh bldh izHkko'khyrk dks lansgkRed ekurs gSaA vHkh rd ,sls dksbZ Hkh vk¡dM+s ;k rF; miyCèk ugha gSa tks ;g fl¼ djrs gksa fd e`R;qnaM tSls dBksj ltk ds izkoèkkuksa us lekt esa vijkèkhdj.k dh izo`fÙk dks dqan fd;k gksA

¥ Hkkjr vHkh fodkl'khy ns'k gS] tgk¡ vijkèkksa dh tk¡p gsrq mPp rduhdh dk vHkko gSA bl dkj.k Hkkjrh; tk¡p ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj iqfyl ls pwd gksus dh lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA blds vykok ;s tk¡p ,tsafl;k¡ fofHkUu dkj.kksa (tSls& jktuSfrd ,oa iz'kklfud ncko] Hkz"Vkpkj] iwokZxzg bR;kfn) ds pyrs dbZ ckj fu"i{krkiwoZd tk¡p Hkh ugha djrh gSaA

¥ Hkkjr esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk dk vkèkkjHkwr <k¡pk vHkh ml Lrj dk ugha gS fd fupyh vnkyrsa lVhdrk ds lkFk Rofjr fu.kZ; lquk ldsaA dbZ ckj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd mQijh vnkyrsa] ls'ku dksVZ ds fu.kZ; dks iyV nsrh gSa ;k e`R;qnaM dh ltk dks vkthou dkjkokl esa rCnhy dj nsrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lqizhe dksVZ us lu~ 2018 esa fupyh vnkyrksa ,oa fofHkUu gkbZdksVks± ds }kjk lquk, x, 12 e`R;qnaM ds ekeyksa esa ls 11 dks mezdSn esa rCnhy dj fn;kA

¥ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 21 ^thou ds vfèkdkj* dh xkj.Vh nsrk gSA thou dk vfèkdkj] vU; lHkh ekuokfèkdkjksa ds fy, jh<+ dh gM~Mh dk dk;Z djrk gS vFkkZr~ ;g lHkh vfèkdkjksa dks vkèkkj iznku djrk gSA nwljh vksj n.M ds lqèkkjkRed fl¼kar ds leFkZdksa dk ekuuk gS fd e`R;qnaM dh O;oLFkk thou ds vfèkdkj dks lekIr djus ds lkFk&lkFk ekuoh; xfjek dks Hkh {kfr igq¡pkrk gS vkSj fdlh vijkèkh dks lqèkjus ds volj ls oafpr dj nsrk gSA

¥ vfèkdka'k ns'kksa us e`R;qnaM ds izkoèkku dks lekIr dj fn;k gS vkSj dqN ns'k bl fn'kk esa iz;kljr gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª dh egklHkk }kjk dgk x;k gS fd ^e`R;qnaM ds fuokjd ewY; dk dksbZ fu.kkZ;d lcwr ugha gS*A

¥ vHkh rd fdlh Hkh vè;;u ls ;g fl¼ ugha gks ik;k gS fd e`R;qnaM] vkthou dkjkokl ls vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gS vkSj gR;k] vkradokn] ;kSu fgalk ,oa vU; t?kU; vijkèkksa dks jksdus esa l{ke jgk gSA

¥ Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa ns[kk x;k gS fd e`R;qnaM

ls lcls T;knk izHkkfor xjhc o fiNM+s yksx gq, gSaA vfèkdrj ljdkj dh vksj ls dkuwuh lgk;rk izkIr djus okys dSfn;ksa dks e`R;qnaM dh ltk feyrh gS] tcfd blds foijhr èkuoku o futh odhyksa dh iQkSt j[kus okys yksxksa dks u ds cjkcj e`R;qnaM feyk gSA

¥ e`R;qnaM dks fu"i{k ;k rdZlaxr :i ls fu;af=kr djuk yxHkx vlEHko gSA fofHkUu U;k;kèkh'kksa us viuh fopkjèkkjk ds vuqlkj gh e`R;qnaM ij fu.kZ; fy;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izfr ,d yk[k gR;k ds dslksa esa fliQZ 5-2 ekeyksa ij gh e`R;qnaM dh ltk ij eqgj yxkbZ xbZ gSA fofHkUu jk"Vªifr;ksa us Hkh viuh fopkjèkkjk ds vuqlkj gh n;k ;kfpdkvksa ij fu.kZ; fy;k gSA bl izdkj Li"V gS fd e`R;qnaM ds lacaèk esa Hkkjr eas dksbZ Li"V uhfr u gksdj fofHkUu U;k;kèkh'k o jk"Vªifr;ksa dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrh gS vkSj ,sls laosnu'khy ekeys esa fo"k;fu"Brk (Subjectivity) dk gksuk vuqfpr gSA

e`R;qnaM ij varjkZ"Vªh; ifjn`';

;wjksih; la?k% ̂ pkVZj vkWiQ iQaMkesaVy jkbV~l vkWiQ n ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u* (Charter of Fundamental

Rights of the European Union) ds vuqPNsn 2 esa e`R;qnaM ds mi;ksx dks izfrcafèkr fd;k x;k gSA ^ekuokfèkdkj ij ;wjksih; lEesyu* (European

Convention on Human Rights) Hkh e`R;qnaM dks iwjh rjg ls izfrcfUèkr djrk gSA ;wjksih; la?k ds lnL; ns'kksa esa e`R;qnaM tSls dBksj izkoèkku u lquk, tk;sa] blds fy, ;wjksih; ifj"kn fuxjkuh djrh gSA

la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk% la;qDr jk"Vª dh egklHkk (tujy ,lsEcyh) us lu~ 2007] 2008] 2010] 2012 vkSj 2014 esa e`R;qnaM ds fl¼kUr ds foijhr xSj ckè;dkjh ladYiksa dks ikfjr fd;k vkSj lnL; ns'kksa ls vkg~oku fd;k fd og vius ;gk¡ bl rjg dh dBksj ltk ds dkuwuh izkoèkkuksa dk mUewyu djsaA blfy, nqfu;k ds T;knkrj ns'kksa us e`R;qnaM dks lekIr dj fn;k gS] ysfdu nqfu;k dh 60» ls Hkh vfèkd vkcknh mu ns'kksa esa jg jgh gSa] tgk¡ ekSr dh ltk vHkh Hkh cjdjkj gS] ;Fkk& phu] Hkkjr] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] baMksusf'k;k] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] ukbthfj;k] bFkksfi;k] felz] lmQnh vjc] bZjku] tkiku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] rkboku bR;kfnA

3ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


e`R;qnaM ij Hkkjrh; ifjn`';

¥ gR;k ds ekeys esa vkbZihlh dh èkkjk 302 ds rgr] U;k;kèkh'k ekSr dh ltk vkSj vkthou dkjkokl ds chp p;u dj ldrs gSa ;kfu e`R;qnaM dk fu.kZ; U;k;kèkh'k ds foosd ij NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA

¥ 1980 esa ^cpu flag cuke iatkc jkT;* ds ekeys esa lqizhe dksVZ dh laoSèkkfud ihB us ekSr dh ltk dh oSèkrk dks cjdjkj j[krs gq, dgk fd e`R;qnaM dks ^nqyZHkre* (Rarest of Rare) ekeyksa esa gh fn;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlesa gR;k] jktnzksg ,oa vU; t?kU; vijkèk gks ldrs gSaA

¥ ckn esa lqizhe dksVZ us ,d ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs le; ekuk fd 1980 (cpu flag cuke iatkc jkT;) esa mlds }kjk e`R;qnaM gsrq fuèkkZfjr fd;s x, ekun.Mksa dk

vleku vuqiz;ksx gqvk gSA

¥ fnlEcj 2012 esa fnYyh esa ,d ;qorh ds lkewfgd cykRdkj ds ckn lu~ 2013 esa ^Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk* esa la'kksèku fd;k x;k] ftlesa t?kU; :i ls cykRdkj djus okys ckfyx ,oa ukckfyx nksuksa ds fy, iQk¡lh dk izkoèkku fd;k x;kA

¥ fofèk vk;ksx us lu~ 2015 esa viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk fd Hkkjr esa e`R;qnaM dh ltk dh uhfr mi;qDr rjhds ls fØ;kfUor ugha gks ik;h gSA ;g dbZ ckj U;k;kèkh'kksa ds }kjk euekus ,oa xyr rjhds ls ykxw dh xbZ gSA

¥ ljdkj us ^vkijkfèkd dkuwu (la'kksèku) foèks;d] 2018* ds }kjk ^ikWDlks (POCSO) dkuwu] 2012* vkSj vkbZihlh esa la'kksèku djds 12 o"kZ ls de mez dh cfPp;ksa ls cykRdkj djus okyksa dks e`R;qnaM dk izkoèkku fd;k gSA

fu"d"kZ

ljdkj dks e`R;qnaM ds lacaèk esa ,d mi;qDr uhfr cukuh gksxh] rkfd ,sls laosnu'khy ekeyksa esa ,d:irk ykbZ tk ldsA blds vykok] Hkkjrh; U;kf;d O;oLFkk dks Hkh lqn`<+rk iznku djuh gksxh] ftlls fd Rofjr o =kqfViw.kZ fu.kZ; izkIr gks ldsaA ljdkj dks tk¡p ,tsafl;ksa dh Hkh ftEesnkjh r; djuh pkfg, rkfd dksbZ Hkh izkfèkdkjh vius vfèkdkjksa dk nq#i;ksx djds funksZ"k O;fDr dks iQ¡lk u ldsA

lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=k&2

¥ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku&,sfrgkfld vk/kj] fodkl] fo'ks"krk,¡] la'kks/u] egRoiw.kZ izko/ku vkSj cqfu;knh lajpukA

¢

2- thou 'kSyh ls tqM+h chekfj;ksa dk c<+rk izHkko

ppkZ dk dkj.k

gky gh esa tkjh ^thvksD;wvkbZvkbZ* (GOQII) dh uohure fjiksVZ ^India Fit Report* ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh yxHkx 57» tula[;k tks Hkkjr ds izeq[k 'kgjksa tSls& fnYyh] gSnjkckn] psUubZ vkfn esa jgrh gS] eksVkis vkSj vfèkd otu ls xzflr gSaA eèkqesg ls laacafèkr ejhtksa dh la[;k 2017 esa tgk¡ 3-6» Fkh] ogha 2018 esa c<+dj 5-1» gks xbZ gSA dksysLVªkWy ls lacafèkr ejhtksa dh la[;k tgk¡ 2017 esa 5-2» Fkh] ogha 2018 esa c<+dj 12-1» gks xbZ gSA mPp jDr pki ls xzflr yksxksa dh la[;k tgk¡ 2017 esa 4-9» Fkh] ogha 2018 esa c<+dj 9-4» gks xbZ gSA LVSuiQksMZ }kjk tkjh ,d vU; vè;;u esa ik;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr lcls vkylh ns'kksa dh lwph esa 'kkfey gSaA bl losZ{k.k esa 'kkfey 46 ns'kksa esa Hkkjr 39osa LFkku ij gSA

ifjp;

thou 'kSyh ls tqM+h fcekfj;k¡ Hkkjr esa yxkrkj c<+rh tk jgh gSaA ;s os iqjkuh fcekfj;k¡ gSa] ftudks vklkuh ls jksdk tk ldrk Fkk ysfdu vLokLF;dj fodYiksa ds dkj.k ;s fcekfj;k¡ yxkrkj c<+rh gh tk jgh gSaA cnyrs thou 'kSyh vkSj vkgkj fodYiksa esa cnyko ds dkj.k eksVkik] Vkbi 2 eèkqesg] mPp jDr pki] fMfLyihMsfe;k]

Lyhi&,ifu;k] vkWfLV;ks vkWFkZjkbfVl rFkk dSalj tSlh fcekfj;k¡ gky ds o"kksZ esa c<+h gSaA dqy jksxksa esa bu jksxksa ls ejus okyksa dh la[;k 42» ls vfèkd gSA ejus okys yksxksa esa 15 fefy;u yksx 30 o"kZ ls ysdj 70 o"kZ dh vk;q ds gksrs gSaA xyr thou 'kSyh ls gksus okyh e`R;q esa ân; jksx (17-9 fefy;u)] dSalj (9 fefy;u)] 'okl jksx (3-9 fefy;u) vkSj eèkqesg (1-6 fefy;u) gSA

blds vykok ekbØksfo;y laØe.k] vLokLF;dj Hkkstu] xfrghu O;kolkf;d O;ogkj] vi;kZIr 'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk;ksa ls ,d vU; mHkjrh gqbZ leL;k p;kip; (Metabodic-

disordess) dh gSA izxfr'khy lkekftd vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡] LokLF; vkSj lkekftd {ks=kksa esa lqèkkj] 'kSf{kd voljksa esa o`f¼ rFkk i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy n`f"Vdks.k fudV Hkfo"; esa thou 'kSyh ls tqM+h fcekfj;ksa ds jksdFkke ds fy, egRoiw.kZ j.kuhfr lkfcr gks ldrh gSA

xyr thou 'kSyh ds jksx o muds dkj.k

bl rjg ds jksx dkiQh gn rd vkids thou 'kSyh ls lacafèkr gksrs gSa& tSls fd vki fdl rjg ls viuh çfrfnu dh ftanxh th jgs gSaA tc ge viuh ftanxh dks ykijokgh ds lkFk th jgs gksrs gSa] tSls fd tad iQwM dk lsou] vYdksgy

dk lsou] flxjsV ;k chM+h ihuk vkSj lcls Åij vki fdlh Hkh rjg dk 'kkjhfjd Je ugha dj jgs gksrs gSa& ;g lHkh dkj.k thou 'kSyh ls lacafèkr jksxksa dks mRiUu dj ldrs gSaA thou 'kSyh ds jksxksa esa Mk;fcVht] dSalj] ân;k?kkr] ân; ls lacafèkr vU; jksx vkfn 'kkfey gSaA

e/qesg

eèkqesg dks ^èkheh ekSr* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl chekjh dk lcls cqjk i{k ;g gS fd ;g 'kjhj esa vU; dbZ chekfj;ksa dks Hkh fuea=k.k nsrh gSA

e/qesg dk dkj.k% tc gekjs 'kjhj ds iSafØ;kt esa balqfyu dk igq¡puk de gks tkrk gS rks •wu esa Xywdkst dk Lrj c<+ tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr dks Mk;fcVht dgk tkrk gSA balqfyu ,d gkekZsu gS tks fd ikpd xzafFk }kjk curk gSA bldk dk;Z 'kjhj ds vanj Hkkstu dks mQtkZ esa cnyuk gksrk gSA ;gh og gkekZsu gksrk gS tks gekjs 'kjhj esa 'kqxj dh ek=kk dks daVªksy djrk gSA eèkqesg ls xzflr 'kjhj dks Hkkstu ls ,uthZ cukus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa Xywdkst dk c<+k gqvk Lrj 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA

oa'kkuqxr e/qesg (Vkbi&1)% ;g jksx efgykvksa dh vis{kk iq#"kksa esa vfèkd gksrk gSA eèkqesg T;knkrj oa'kkuqxr vkSj xyr thou

4 ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


'kSyh ds dkj.k gksrk gSA igyh Js.kh ds varxZr os yksx vkrs gSa ftuds ifjokj esa ekrk&firk] nknk&nknh esa ls fdlh dks eèkqesg gks rks ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks ;g chekjh gksus dh laHkkouk vfèkd jgrh gSA

e/qesg (Vkbi&2)% vfu;fer thou 'kSyh dh otg ls gksus okys eèkqesg Vkbi&2 Js.kh esa j•k tkrk gSA blds vykok ;fn vki 'kkjhfjd Je de djrs gSa] uhan iwjh ugha ysrs] vfu;fer •ku&iku gS vkSj T;knkrj iQkLV iQwM vkSj ehBs •k| inkFkks± dk lsou djrs gSa rks eèkqesg gksus dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA

e/qesg ds nq"çHkko% tks O;fÙkQ Mk;fcVht ls xzLr gksrs gSa] muesa gkVZ vVSd dk •rjk vke O;fÙkQ ls ipkl xquk T;knk c<+ tkrk gSA 'kjhj esa Xywdkst dh ek=kk c<+us ls gkekZsuy cnyko gksrk gS vkSj dksf'kdk,¡ {kfrxzLr gksrh gSa ftlls •wu dh ufydk,a vkSj ulsa nksuksa çHkkfor gksrh gSaA blls èkeuh esa :dkoV vk ldrh gS ;k gkVZ vVSd gks ldrk gSA LVªksd dk •rjk Hkh eèkqesg jksfx;ksa esa c<+ tkrk gSA Mk;fcVht dk yacs le; rd bykt u djus ij ;g vk¡•ksa dh jsfVuk dks uqdlku igq¡pk ldrk gSA blls O;fÙkQ ges'kk ds fy, vaèkk Hkh gks ldrk gSA

e/qesg ds y{k.k% e/qesg ds jksfx;ksa es T;knk I;kl yxuk] ckj&ckj is'kkc dk vkuk] vk¡•ksa dh jks'kuh de gksuk] dksbZ Hkh pksV ;k t[e nsjh ls Hkjuk] gkFkksa] iSjksa vkSj xqIrkaxksa ij •qtyh okys t[e] ckj&cj iQksM+s&iQqafl;k¡ fudyuk] pDdj vkuk] fpM+fpM+kiu vkfn y{k.k ik;s tkrs gSaA

dSalj

'kjhj dbZ çdkj dh dksf'kdkvksa ls cuk gksrk gSA ;g dksf'kdk,¡ 'kjhj esa cnykoksa ds dkj.k curh jgrh gSaA tc ;s dksf'kdk,¡ vfu;af=kr rkSj ij c<+rh gSa vkSj iwjs 'kjhj esa iQSy tkrh gSa] rc ;g 'kjhj ds ckdh fgLlksa dks viuk dke djus esa ckèkk mRiUu djrh gSa] ftlls mu fgLlksa ij dksf'kdkvksa dk xqPNk lkSE; xk¡B ;k VÔwej cu tkrk gSA bl voLFkk dks dSalj dgrs gSaA

dSls iQSyrk gS dSalj\% ;g VÔwej 'kjhj esa •wu ds tfj;s

'kjhj ds ckfd fgLlksa esa iQSyrk gSA bl çfØ;k dks esVkLVSfll dgrs gSaA blesa dSalj lsYl c<+dj u;k VÔwej cukrh gSaA lcls igys ;s lsYl 'kjhj dks baiQsD'ku ls cpkus okys vax fyEiQ uksM vFkkZr~ ylhdk xzaFk esa iQSyrh gSaA fyEiQ uksM xys] çkbosV ikV~lZ vkSj vaMj vkElZ esa ekStwn gksrs gSaA buds vykok dSalj •wu ;k CyM LVªhe ds tfj;s gfîó;ksa] yhoj] iQsiQM+ksa vkSj fnekx esa iQSyrk gSA

dSalj ds dkj.k% dSalj ds vke dkj.kksa esa èkweziku] rEckdw] fiQftdy ,fDVfoVh dh deh] •jkc MkbV] ,Dl&js ls fudyh jst] jkMksu jst] lwjt ls fudyus okyh ;woh jst] baiQsD'ku] iQSfeyh ds thu vkfn gksrs gSaA

dSalj ds y{k.k% Fkdku] yaXl vkSj efLr"d esa rst nnZ gksrk gSA ysfdu lcls vke y{k.kksa esa xys esa •jk'k] Lruksa vkSj VsfLVdYl dk eksVk gksuk ;k xkaB iM+uk] •kuk fuxyus esa dfBukbZ] 'kjhj ij ekStwn eLlksa ;k fry dk jax vkSj vkdkj cnyuk] vpkud otu dk c<+uk vkSj de gksuk] T;knk Fkdku] myVh] ckj&ckj cq•kj vkSj chekj gksuk gksrk gSA

dSalj ds çdkj% lkekU;r;k yxHkx 100 ls T;knk izdkj ds dSalj gksrs gSaA ysfdu lcls vke fLdu dSalj] czsLV dSalj] yax dSalj] çksLVsV dSalj] dksyksjsDVy dSalj] CySMj dSalj] esykuksek] fyEiQksek] fdMuh dSalj vkSj Y;wdsfe;k gSaA

dSalj dk bykt% vkerkSj ij bldk bykt ltZjh] dheksFksjsih vkSj jsfM,'ku ls fd;k tkrk gSA

ltZjh% blesa MkWDVj izHkkfor vax dks 'kjhj ls vyx djrs gSaA tSls czsLV dSalj gksus ij czsLV

dks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA çksLVsV dSalj gksus ij çksLVsV XySaM dks fudky fn;k tkrk gSA lHkh rjg ds dSalj esa ltZjh dh t:jr ugha gksrhA tSls CyM dSalj dks fliQZ nokb;ksa ls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dheksFksjsih% blesa MªXl ;k nokb;ksa ds tfj;s dSalj lsYl dks •Re fd;k tkrk gSA dqN dheks esa vkbZoh (ulksa esa lqb;ksa ds tfj;s) ls Bhd fd;k tkrk gS] dqN esa vkidks nokbZ nh tkrh gSA ;g nokb;k¡ iwjs 'kjhj esa viuk vlj fn•krh gSa vkSj gj txg iQSys dSalj dks •Re djrh gSaA

jsfM,'ku% blesa dSalj dh c<+rh lsYl dks jksdk vkSj mUgsa ekjk tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj fliQZ jsfM,'ku ;k fiQj ltZjh vkSj dheks ds nkSjku blls bykt fd;k tkrk gSA blesa vkids iwjs 'kjhj dks ,Dl&js e'khu esa Mkyk tkrk gS vkSj dSalj lsYl dks •Re fd;k tkrk gSA

dkfMZ;ksoLdqyj jksx

dkfMZ;ksoLdqyj gkVZ fMtht fny vkSj jÙkQ okfgdkvksa ds fodkjksa ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA buesa dksjksujh ân; jksx (fny ds nkSjs)] dsczkZsosLdqyj jksx (LVªksd)] c<+k gqvk jÙkQpki (gkbijVsa'ku)] ifjèkh; èkeuh jksx] vke ân; jksx] tUetkr ân; jksx rFkk fny dk iQsy gksuk 'kkfey gSaA

dkj.k% ân; jksx ds çeq• dkj.k rEckdw dk lsou] 'kkjhfjd fuf"Ø;rk (vfu;fer] HkkxnkSM+ Hkjh ftanxh)] vfu;fer Hkkstu vkSj 'kjkc dk vfèkd lsou 'kkfey gSaA ân; esa mifLFkr dksjksujh èkefu;ksa esa •wu dh lIykbZ lgh çdkj ls u gksus ij Hkh ân; lEcaèkh chekfj;k¡ gksus dh vk'kadk cuh jgrh gSaA

çHkko% T;knk ek=kk esa iQkLViQwM ;k vU; olk Hkjs •k| inkFkks± ds lsou ls dksjksusjh èkefu;ksa dh vk;q de gks tkrh gSA èkweziku vkSj efnjkiku ls Hkh ân; LokLF; ij cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA blds vfrfjDr jÙkQ ds FkDds èkefu;ksa dks CykWd dj nsrs gSa] ftlls ân; ls 'kjhj ds vU; fgLlksa rd •wu dh lIykbZ csgn èkheh gksus yxrh gS vkSj ,d le; ,slk vkrk gS tc ân; dke djuk can dj nsrk gSA

dkfMZ;ksoLdqyj gkVZ fMtht ds y{k.k% lhus esa nnZ (,utkbuk)] lkal dh rdyhiQ] lqUurk] detksjh vkSj iSj ;k gkFk esa 'khryrk vkfnA

5ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


mik;% bl leL;k ls cpus dk ,d vklku rjhdk gS O;k;keA O;k;ke ds tfj;s u fliQZ ân; jksx cfYd dbZ vU; jksxksa ls Hkh cpk tk ldrk gSA O;k;ke ds tfj;s Mk;fcVht] rjg&rjg ds dSalj vkSj dbZ rjg dh ekufld chekfj;ksa dks nwj j•k tk ldrk gSA

ljdkjh ç;kl

dSalj dks jksdus vkSj tYnh irk yxkus vkSj bykt ds mís'; ls 1975&76 esa jk"Vªh; dSalj fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k x;kA chekfj;ksa dh cnyrh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, blesa rhu la'kksèku fd, x, ftlesa rhljk la'kksèku fnlacj 2004 esa gqvkA

la'kksfèkr dk;ZØe ds varxZr 5 egRoiw.kZ Ldhesa vkrh gSa%

¥ u, {ks=kh; dSalj dsaæksa dks ekU;rkA bu dsaæksa dks 5 djksM+ #i, dk ,dckjxh vuqnku fn;k tkrk gSA

¥ igys ls fo|eku {ks=kh; dSalj dsaæksa dks etcwr cukukA bu dsaæksa dks 3 djksM+ #i, dk ,dckjxh vuqnku fn;k tkrk gSA

¥ vksadksykWth foHkkx dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ljdkjh laLFkkuksa (esfMdy dkWystksa vkSj ljdkjh vLirkyksa) dks fn, tkus okys vuqnku dh jkf'k c<+kdj 3 djksM+ #i, dj nh xbZ gSA

¥ ftyk dSalj fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe] bUgsa fn, tkus okys vuqnku dh jde c<+kdj 90 yk• #i, dj nh xbZ gS ftls 5 o"kks± esa fn;k tk,xkA

¥ fodsaæhÑr xSj&ljdkjh laxBu Ldhe] lwpuk] f'k{kk vkSj laidZ xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dks çfr f'kfoj 8 gtkj #i, dk vuqnku fn;k tk,xkA

jk"Vªh; dSalj] e/qesg] ân;okfgdk jksx vkSj vk?kkr jksdFkke ,oa fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe (,uihlhMhlh,l)% jkT;ksa us xSj&lapkjh jksxksa (,ulhMh) fo'ks"kdj dSalj] eèkqesg] lhohMh vkSj vk?kkr dh jksdFkke vkSj fu;a=k.k ds fy, dqN xfrfofèk;k¡ 'kq: dh gSaA dsaæ ljdkj jk"Vªh; dSalj] eèkqesg] ân;okfgdk jksx vkSj vk?kkr jksdFkke vkSj fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe (,uihlhMhlh,l) ds ekè;e ls rduhdh vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djrs gq, muds ç;klksa dks lg;ksx djrk gSA

,uihlhMhlh,l dk;ZØe ds nks ?kVd eq[;r% (d) dSalj (•) eèkqesg] lhohMh vkSj vk?kkr gSaA lalkèkuksa ds vuqdwyre mi;ksx ds fy, bu nksuksa ?kVdksa dks fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ,dhÑr fd;k x;k gSA dk;ZØe ds rgr jkT;] ftyk] lh,plh vkSj mi dsaæ ds Lrj ij xfrfofèk;ksa dh ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gS rFkk fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ,ulhMh çdks"B ds ekè;e ls utnhd ls fuxjkuh dh tk,xhA ,uihlhMhlh,l dk mís'; vYi lalkèkuksa dk i;kZIr mi;ksx vkSj lsokvksa rd tulkekU; vkSj jksfx;ksa dh igq¡p rFkk bl dk;ZØe dh nh?kZdkfyd fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djuk gSA

,uihlhMhlh,l ,uvkj,p,e ds lajpukRed <k¡ps ds varxZr gSA bl çdkj ftyk Lrj ij ftyk LokLF; lfefr bl dk;ZØe ds ç'kklfud vkSj foÙkh; fØ;kUo;u esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ,ulhMh çdks"B LokLF; laoèkZu] 'kh?kz funku] mipkj vkSj jsiQjy ls lacafèkr dk;ZØe dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u vkSj i;Zos{k.k dks lqfuf'pr djsxk rFkk vkxs futh {ks=k esa çkjafHkd funku ds fy, ç;ksx'kkykvksa ds lkFk lk>snkjh dh lqfoèkk Hkh çnku djsxkA

blds lkFk gh ;g jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku (,uvkj,p,e)] jk"Vªh; rackdw fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe (,uVhlhih) vkSj jk"Vªh; cqtqxZ LokLF; ns•Hkky dk;ZØe (,uih,plhbZ) vkfn tkjh dk;ZØeksa ds lkFk leUo; LFkkfir dj çHkkoh jksdFkke] funku] jsiQjy vkSj mipkj j.kuhfr;ksa ds lkFk leqnk; esa foLr`r tkudkjh dk vkèkkj cukus dk ç;kl djsxk rFkk tu LokLF; ds ekè;e ls ,d etcwr fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k Hkh djsxkA

mís';

¥ O;ogkj vkSj thou 'kSyh esa cnyko ds ekè;e ls bu jksxksa dh jksdFkke ,oa fu;a=k.kA

¥ lkekU; ,ulhMh dk 'kh?kz funku vkSj çcaèku djukA

¥ lkekU; ,ulhMh dh jksdFkke] funku vkSj mipkj ds fy, LokLF; ns•Hkky ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij {kerk fuekZ.k djukA

¥ ,ulhMh ds c<+rs cks> ls fuiVus ds fy, lkoZtfud LokLF; <k¡pk eq[;r% fpfdRldksa] ijkfpfdRldksa vkSj ufl±x LVkiQ ds Hkhrj ekuo lalkèku dks çf'kf{kr djukA

¥ mi'kked vkSj iquokZl lacaèkh ns•Hkky ds fy, {kerk LFkkfir vkSj fodflr djukA

fe'ku e/qesg

eèkqesg ;kuh Mk;fcVht ds c<+rs •rjs dks ns•rs gq, dsaæ ljdkj us ns'k Hkj esa blls cpko vkSj mipkj ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k dk;ZØe çkjaHk fd;k gSA vk;qoZsn ds tfj;s fe'ku eèkqesg dk;ZØe dh •kl ckr gS fd blesa vk;qoZsn] ;ksx vkSj vU; ikjaifjd fpfdRlk i¼fr;ksa dk •kl rkSj ij lgkjk fy;k tk,xkA KkrO; gS fd dsaæh; vk;q"k ea=kh Jhin ;'kks ukbd us igys jk"Vªh; vk;qoZsn fnol ds ekSds ij bl dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr dhA

jk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfr] 2017

¥ jk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfr] 2017 dk eq[; mís'; LokLF; ç.kkyh ds lHkh foHkkxksa tSls laxBu] fuos'k] LokLF; lsokvksa dk foÙkiks"k.k] vPNs LokLF; ds çksRlkgu] rduhdh dh enn ls chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke] vPNs LokLF; ds fy, mfpr f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk] fpfdRldh; cgqyokn dks çksRlkgu rFkk LokLF; lacaèkh foÙkh; lqj{kk j.kuhfr;ksa dk fofu;eu djuk gSA

¥ u;h jk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfr ns'k Hkj ds yksd LokLF; laLFkkuksa ds iquuZohuhdj.k rFkk lqn`<+hdj.k ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsrh gS rkfd jksx funku] eqÝr nokb;k¡] rFkk t:jh LokLF; lsok,¡ lkoZHkkSfed :i ls eqgS;k djokbZ tk ldsA

¥ bl uhfr dk mís'; ns'k esa lHkh dks O;kid rjhds ls vPNs LokLF; dh vksj vxzlj djuk gSA

¥ ;g LokLF; uhfr futh ladk; ds lkFk feydj leL;kvksa rFkk muds lekèkkuksa dh j.kuhfr cukus ij tksj nsrh gSA bldk mís'; mHkjrh chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke ds fy, futh ladk; ds lkFk fuos'k djus ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr esa gh nokbZ rFkk vU; midj.k cukuk gSA

¥ forh; laj{k.k rFkk f}rh;d ,oa r`rh;d LokLF; fudk;ksa vFkok lHkh rd igq¡pkus gsrq ;g uhfr eqÝr jksx funku] eqÝr nokbZ] rFkk eqÝr vkikrdkyhu lsok lHkh ljdkjh vLirkyksa rd eqgS;k djus dk çLrko j•rh gSA

¥ jk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfr] 2017 lkoZtfud LokLF; O;; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 2-5» ,d fuèkkZfjr le; lhek rd c<+kus dk

6 ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


çLrko j•rh gSA ;g uhfr LokLF; rFkk dY;k.k dsUæksa ds }kjk çkFkfed dsUæksa esa O;kid lsok nsus gsrq foÙkh; iSdst dks c<+kok nsus rFkk lkjs lzksrksa dk nks frgkbZ Hkkx çkFkfed fpfdRlk dsUæksa dks nsus dh vuq'kalk djrh gSA ;g uhfr ;g ifjdYiuk Hkh djrh gS fd ftyk Lrj ij gh ekè;fed ns•Hkky dh oks lkjh lqfoèkk,¡ eqgS;k djokbZ tk,¡ tks ,d esfMdy dkWyst vLirky nsrk gSA

¥ jk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfr] 2017 fof'k"V ek=kkRed y{; vkoafVr djrh gS tks jksxksa ds iQSyus okyh ?kVukvksa ij fu;a=k.k djrh gSA blds vykok ;g uhfr LokLF; rFkk tk¡p ra=k dks etcwr djus ds lkFk&lkFk jksxksa dk iathdj.k djus ij Hkh tksj nsrh gSA

¥ ;g uhfr cPpksa rFkk fd'kksjksa dh 'kq:vkrh ns[k&Hkky dks lokZsPp Lrj rd igq¡pkus dh izfrc¼rk fn•krh gSA ;g uhfr fo|ky;h LokLF; çksxzke }kjk LoLFk rFkk LoPNrk ij tksj nsrh gSA

¥ ;g uhfr vk;qoZsn dks vk;q"k ;kstuk dh enn ls eq[;èkkjk esa ykus dh ifjdYiuk djrh gS ,oa fo|ky;ksa rFkk nÝrjksa esa vPNs LokLF; ds fy, ;ksx dks 'kq: djus dh fliQkfj'k djrh gSA

¥ ;g uhfr LokLF; foHkkx esa fMftVy midj.kksa ds mi;ksx ij cy nsrh gS rFkk

jk"Vªh; fMftVy LokLF; laLFkk (NDHA) dks blds fofu;eu ds fy, fliQkfj'k djrh gSA

pqukSfr;k¡

vkèkqfud thou 'kSyh ls lacafèkr jksxksa ds c<+us ds ihNs fpfdRlk lqfoèkkvksa dh deh] vYi vk;] xyr •ku&iku] f'k{kk dk vHkko] 'kkjhfjd Je vFkok O;k;ke dk vHkko tSls çeq• dkj.k gSaA

blds lkFk gh LokLF; ds ckjs esa lkekU; tkudkjh dk vHkko Hkh thou 'kSyh ds jksxksa ds c<+us ds ihNs cgqr cM+k dkj.k gS] D;ksafd i<+s&fy•s yksxksa ds eè; Hkh bl rjg ds jksx dkiQh rsth ls c<+ jgs gSaA

orZeku le; esa cPpksa dks Mk;fcVht gksus dh ckr lquuk ,d lkekU;&lh ckr gks xbZ gS tks fd 20 o"kZ iwoZ ,d vklkekU; ?kVuk ekuh tkrh FkhA thou 'kSyh ds dkj.k jksx •rjukd jÝrkj ls c<+ jgs gSa vkSj egkekjh dk :i ysrs tk jgs gSaA

bl ckr dks ysdj yksx iwjh rjg ls vufHkK jgrs gSa fd bl leL;k ds fuokj.k ds fy, lcls igys viuh thou 'kSyh esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu djus dh t:jr gSaA

bl ekeys esa vf'kf{kr yksxksa dh D;k gkyr gksxh] ftuds ikl fpfdRlk dh Hkh i;kZIr lqfoèkk miyCèk ugha gSA bl oxZ ds fy, rks fLFkfr vkSj Hkh xaHkhj gSA

vkxs dh jkg

thou 'kSyh ls tqM+s jksxksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, fpfdRlk lqfoèkkvksa dks c<+kus dh vko';drk gSA

¥ blds vykok ;ksx@è;ku tSlh xfrfofèk;ksa dks viukus dh t:jr gSA

¥ yksxksa dks LokLF; ds izfr tkx:d djus dh t:jr gSA

¥ fu;fer :i ls gjh lfCt;k¡] rkts iQy] eksVs vukt rFkk Ms;jh mRiknksa dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

¥ fu;fer :i ls LokLF; tk¡p djkus dh vko';drk gSA

¥ vfèkd ek=kk esa rsy] Hkqus O;atu vkSj iQkLViwQM [kk| inkFkks± ls ijgst fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

¥ lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g fd bl HkkxnkSM+ Hkjh ftanxh esa 'kkjhfjd Je dks c<+kok fn, tkus dh vko';drk gSA


¥ LokLF;] f'k{kk] ekuo lalk/uksa ls lacaf/r lkekftd {ks=k@lsokvksa ds fodkl vkSj izca/u ls lacaf/r eqísA

¢

3- vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV cuke lwpuk dk vfèkdkj

ppkZ dk dkj.k

gky gh esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh rhu lnL;h; [k.MihB us jkiQsy Mhy ls tqM+h xqIr nLrkostksa dh pksjh vkSj izdk'ku ls lacafèkr ekeyksa ij iqufoZpkj ;kfpdk ij lquokbZ dhA bl lquokbZ ds nkSjku ljdkj dh rjiQ ls vVkWuhZ tujy ds-ds- os.kqxksiky us dgk Fkk fd jkiQsy ls lacafèkr dkxtkr lkoZtfud gks x;s gSa vkSj mUgha nLrkostksa dks vkèkkj cukdj ;kfpdk yxkbZ xbZ gSaA è;krO; gS fd vaxzsth v[kckj n fganw esa jkiQsy ls tqM+s fo"k;ksa dks lkoZtfud fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlds ckn ljdkj vkSj ehfM;k laLFkkuksa ds chp Vdjko c<+k gSA ljdkj us dgk gS fd v[kckj us ^vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV* dk mYya?ku fd;k gS fdUrq ehfM;k laLFkkvksa dk

ekuuk gS fd ;g ,DV yksdra=k vkSj mlds izksiQs'ku ds fy, ckèkd gSA

ifjp;

vaxzstksa us 1889 esa bafM;u vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV (Act XIV) uke ls dkuwu cuk;k FkkA bldk eq[; mís'; ml nkSjku ns'k esa Nius okys v•ckjksa dh vkokt dks nckuk Fkk] D;ksafd v•ckj yxkrkj yksxksa ds Hkhrj jktuhfrd tkx:drk dks c<+kok ns jgs Fks vkSj ;g vaxzsth jkt ds fy, •rjk cu jgk FkkA ml nkSj esa fczfV'k gqdwer us bl dkuwu dh enn ls fofHkUu Hkk"kk esa Nius okys dbZ v•ckjksa dk xyk ?kksaV fn;k vkSj dbZ laikndksa dks tsy esa can dj fn;kA le; ds lkFk bl dkuwu esa vkxs pydj vkSj cnyko fd, x,A ykWMZ dtZu ds 'kkludky

ds nkSjku bls ^bafM;u vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV] 1904 uke fn;k x;kA fiQj 1923 esa bl dkuwu dks la'kksfèkr dj u, :i esa çLrqr fd;k x;k] ftls ^n bafM;u vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV (Act

No. XIX, 1923) uke fn;k x;kA bl dkuwu ds eqrkfcd ljdkj }kjk fdlh Hkh xksiuh; nLrkost dks turk ds chp mtkxj ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA

vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV ds çeq• çkoèkku

¥ ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ fdlh xqIr tkudkjh dks ,d=k] fjdkWMZ] çdkf'kr ;k dksbZ xqIr dksM ;k ikloMZ] Ldsp] ;kstuk] ekWMy] vkys• ;k uksV ;k vU; nLrkost dks fdlh ,sls O;fÙkQ dks Hkstrk gS ftlls fd ns'k dh laçHkqrk vkSj v•aMrk] jkT; dh lqj{kk]

7ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


fons'kh jkT;ksa ds lkFk eS=khiw.kZ lacaèkksa dks çHkkfor djus dh laHkkouk ls lacafèkr gS] rks ,sls O;fÙkQ ds f•ykiQ vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV ds rgr dkuwuh dkjZokbZ dh tk,xhA

¥ ;fn Hkkjr ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj dk dksbZ deZpkjh ftldks ljdkj dh vksj ls dksbZ dkWUVªSDV fn;k x;k gks vkSj og vius in ;k vkWfiQl ls lacafèkr tkudkjh fdlh ,sls O;fÙkQ ds lkFk lk>k djrk gS ftlds lkFk mls ,slk djus dh vuqefr ugha gS] rks og vijkèkh ekuk tk;sxkA

¥ ;fn dksbZ ljdkjh izkfèkdkjh fdlh xqIr tkudkjh (tSls dksbZ ;kstuk] ekWMy] vkys•] uksV] nLrkost] xqIr dksM] ikloMZ bR;kfn) dks xqIr j•us esa foiQy gks tkrk gS] ftldks xqIr j•uk mldh ftEesnkjh Fkh] rks mlds fo#¼ Hkh bl ,DV ds rgr dkjZokbZ dh tk;sxhA

¥ ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ ns'k ds fdlh xqIr vkWijs'ku ;k yM+kbZ ;k lSfud dk;Zokgh ls lEcafèkr dksbZ uD'kk] iQksVks] Ldsp] ;kstuk] ekWMy] ys•] nLrkost vkSj tkudkjh dks ns'k ds nq'euksa ;k fons'kh ,tsaV dks Hkstrk gS rks mlds f•ykiQ bl ,DV ds rgr dkjZokbZ dh tk,xhA

¥ bl ,DV ds rgr ukSlSfud] Fky lsuk] ok;q lsuk] iqfyl bR;kfn LFkkuksa esa ?kqlus ds fy, iQthZ vkfèkdkfjd onhZ iguuk ;k iQthZ igpku i=k j[kuk vkfn dh Hkh eukgh dh x;h gSA

¥ ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ekSf•d ;k fyf•r :i ls viuk in xyr crkrk gS ;k fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dks ekSf•d ;k fyf•r :i ls fdlh ,slh txg ij Hkstus dh vkKk nsrk gS] tgk¡ ij lhØsV tkudkjh j•h gqbZ gS ;k fdlh >wBs in dk uke crkdj fu;e esa fdlh çdkj dh fj;k;r dh ek¡x djrk gS] rks mlds f[kykiQ bl ,DV ds rgr dkjZokbZ dh tk,xhA

¥ ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ Åij fn, vkjksiksa ds fy, nks"kh djkj fn;k tkrk gS rks mls 3 lky rd dh ltk gksxh] ysfdu ;fn vijkèk dk lEcUèk j{kk dk;ks±] lsuk 'kL=kkxkj] ukSlsuk] lSU; ;k ok;qlsuk çfr"Bku ;k LVs'ku]

lqjaxksa] dkj•kuk] MkWd;kMZ] f'kfoj] tgkt] xqIr vkfèkdkfjd dksM ls lEcfUèkr gks rks mls 14 lky dh ltk fn, tkus dk çkoèkku gSA

vkf/dkfjd nLrkostksa dk oxhZdj.k

dsUnz ljdkj us ^eSuqvy vkWiQ fMikVZesaV flD;ksfjVh bULVªD'ku] 1994* ds rgr nLrkostksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls fd;k gS&

¥ 'kh"kZ xqIr nLrkost (Top Secret Documents)

¥ xqIr nLrkost (Secret Documents)

¥ xksiuh; nLrkost (Confidential

Documents)

¥ izfrcafèkr nLrkost (Restricted Documents)

mi;qZDr nLrkostksa ds vykok ftu nLrkostksa dk oxhZdj.k ugha fd;k x;k gS] mUgsa voxhZÑr (Unclassified) Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA è;krO; gS fd fofHkUu ljdkjh foHkkx o laLFkk,¡ nLrkostksa ds mi;qZDr oxhZdj.k dks euekus <ax ls djrh gSa] D;ksafd ljdkj us buds oxhZdj.k ds ekun.Mksa dks Li"V :i ls fuèkkZfjr ugha fd;k gSA blds vykok vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV] 1923 esa xqIr nLrkostksa dk ftØ rks gS ysfdu ;g ,DV ^xqIr nLrkost* dh ifjHkk"kk dks Li"V ugha djrk gSA fofHkUu lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa us x`g ea=kky; ls vuqjksèk fd;k Fkk fd og nLrkostksa ds oxhZdj.k ds ekun.Mksa dks Li"V djsa] fdUrq ljdkj }kjk bl ij è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA

vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV ds mYya?ku ds ekeys

1985 esa bl dkuwu dk bLrseky loZçFke dksekj ukjk;.k (Coomar Narain) tklwlh dsl esa fd;k x;k rFkk 2002 esa mu 12 lnL;ksa dks 10 lky dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ tks çèkkuea=kh dk;kZy; vkSj jk"Vªifr Hkou esa dk;Zjr FksA bu yksxksa dks nwljs ns'kksa dks xksiuh; nLrkost lk>k djus dk nks"kh ik;k x;kA blds vykok ,d vkSj ekeyk lkeus vk;k] ftlesa bljks esa tklwlh dh ckr lkeus vkbZA bljks oSKkfud uach ukjk;.k (Nambi Narayan) dks Hkh vks,l, ds rgr Vªk;y ls xqtjuk iM+kA rktk ?kVukØe 2018 dk gS tc bLykekckn esa dk;Zjr ekèkqjh xqIrk dks ikfdLrku dh •qfiQ;k ,tsalh vkbZ,lvkbZ dks xksiuh; nLrkost nsus ds vkjksi esa rhu lky dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA blds vykok d'ehj VkbEl

ds i=kdkj bÝrdkj fxykuh dks Hkh vks,l, ds rgr 2002 esa fxjÝrkj fd;k x;k FkkA orZeku ljdkj us yksdlHkk esa crk;k Fkk fd o"kZ 2014 ls vc rd vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV ds mYya?ku ds 50 ekeys ns'k esa iathÑr gSaA bu 50 ekeyksa esa ls 2016 esa 30] o"kZ 2015 esa 9 vkSj 2014 esa 11 ekeys iathÑr gq, FksA o"kZ 2014 esa iathÑr 30 ekeyksa esa ls 8 rfeyukMq esa] tcfd iatkc vkSj mÙkj izns'k esa 5 ekeys ntZ fd, x, FksA

bl ifjçs{; esa fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dh jk;

1952 esa U;k;ewfrZ ts-,l- jktkè;{k (J.S.

Rajadhyaksha) dh vè;{krk esa xfBr çFke çsl vk;ksx us igyh ckj vius vè;;u fjiksVZ esa 'kkldh; xksiuh;rk dkuwu&1923 dks lkezkT;oknh ifjikVh dh dM+h crkrs gq, lekIr djus dh fliQkfj'k dh Fkh] ftl ij rRdkyhu ljdkj us è;ku ugha fn;kA gkyk¡fd] 1963 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us 'kkldh; xksiuh;rk dkuwu& 1923 esa dqN la'kksèku t:j fd;k] ftlls yksdra=k ds rhu LraHkksa (foèkkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk) esa ls igys vkSj vafre LraHkksa dks xksiuh;rk ds caèku ls eqÙkQ dj fn;k] ysfdu nwljs LraHk& dk;Zikfydk dks eqfÙkQ ugha feyhA U;k;ikfydk vkSj foèkkf;dk dks xksiuh;rk dkuwu ls eqÙkQ djus dk lcls cM+k dkj.k ;g jgk gS fd U;k;ikfydk dh leLr dk;Zokgh vke vkneh ds lkeus gksrh gSA dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku oknh vkSj çfroknh i{k ds yksx ekStwn gksrs gSaA lHkh ds lkeus U;k;ky; viuk iQSlyk Hkh lqukrh gSA dekscs'k ;gh fLFkfr laln ds nksuksa lnuksa vkSj jkT;ksa ds foèkkulHkkvksa dh gS] ftuds vfèkos'kuksa esa •qyh ppkZ gksrh gS] ftudk lekpkji=kksa esa çdk'ku rFkk Vsyhfotu pSuyksa ij çlkj.k gksrk gS] tcfd dk;Zikfydk vkt Hkh xksiuh;rk ds caèku esa c¡èkk gSA lÙkk i{k ds jktuhfrK ('kkld oxZ) bls eqÙkQ Hkh ugha djuk pkgrs gSaA

1971 esa fofèk vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ ^vijkèkksa ds f[kykiQ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk* (Offences

Against National Security) esa dgk Fkk fd vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV] 1923 dh Hkkouk dk mfpr :i ls fØ;kUo;u ugha gqvk gSA blds vfrfjDr] vk;ksx us dgk fd ;fn dksbZ vkfèkdkfjd nLrkost dks mtkxj djuk tufgr

8 ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


esa gS vkSj og jk"Vªh; lqj{kk dks xEHkhj :i ls izHkkfor ugha djrk gS rks mls ljdkj dks lkoZtfud djuk pkfg,A

1980 dks f}rh; çsl vk;ksx us Hkh viuh fjiksVZ esa 'kkldh; xksiuh;rk dkuwu dks lekIr djus dh fliQkfj'k dhA ysfdu rRdkyhu ljdkj us è;ku ugha fn;kA ns'k ds fo[;kr dfo ,oa dq'ky laiknd vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ds N% lky ds çèkkueaf=kRo dk;Zdky esa Hkh ehfM;k ds fo#¼ dk;Z djus okys bl dkuwu dks lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldkA

,e- ohjIik eksbyh dh vè;{krk esa xfBr f}rh; ç'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx us 15 twu] 2006 dks çLrqr viuh fjiksVZ esa Hkh 'kkldh; xksiuh;rk dkuwu& 1923 dks fujLr djus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA bl lanHkZ esa f}rh; ç'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx us Li"V fy•k Fkk fd yksdrkaf=kd lekt ds ikjn'khZ ç'kklu esa ,slk dkuwu vlaxr gSA vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k Fkk fd ;fn ljdkj 'kkldh; xksiuh;rk dkuwu ds dqN çkoèkkuksa dks csgn t:jh ekurh gS rks mls jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vfèkfu;e esa lekfo"V dj ldrh gSA

blds ckn orZeku ljdkj us 2015 esa vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV (vks,l,) vkSj vkjVhvkbZ ds çkoèkkuksa dks ysdj ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;kA 16 twu] 2017 dks viuh fjiksVZ esa desVh us lq>ko fn;k fd vks,l, dks vkSj vfèkd ikjn'khZ rFkk vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e dks lqlaxr cukus dh t:jr gSA

vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV (vks,l,) dk fo'ys"k.k

fczfV'k gqdwer us viuh vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk dks fdlh Hkh n'kk esa cuk;s j•us rFkk vius dkjukeksa dks Nqikus ds fy, 1923 esa 'kkldh; xksiuh;rk dkuwu (vks,l,) dks çHkkoh rjhds ls ykxw fd;kA ;g dkuwu eq[; :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS] igyk tklwlh vkSj nwljk xqIrpjh ls lEcfUèkr gSA bl vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk& 3 ds varxZr tklwlh rFkk èkkjk& 5 ds varxZr xqIrpjh (ftls ljdkj xqIr ekurh gS) dk çkoèkku fd;k x;k gSA ;g dkuwu Li"V :i ls ehfM;k ds fo#¼ dksbZ funZs'k rks ugha nsrk gS] ysfdu ehfM;k ij bldk çfrdwy çHkko t:j iM+rk gSA vrhr ds iUuksa (vktknh ls iwoZ vkSj

vktknh ds ckn) dh iM+rky djus ij ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k ns•us dks feyrs gSa] ftuesa lÙkk oxZ us 'kkldh; xksiuh;rk dkuwu& 1923 dk lgkjk ysdj ehfM;k dh vkokt dks nckus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA

lwpuk dk vfèkdkj

Hkkjrh; laln us 2005 esa lwpuk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu

ikfjr fd;kA bl dkuwu ds rgr ns'k dk dksbZ Hkh

ukxfjd ek=k 10 #i;k (dqN jkT;ksa esa vfèkd Hkh)

'kqYd vnk djds fdlh Hkh ljdkjh] xSj&ljdkjh

foHkkx ls lacafèkr tkudkjh ek¡x ldrk gSA bl dkuwu

dh ifjfèk esa dsæ o jkT; ljdkjksa ds vèkhu dk;Zjr

foHkkxksa] ljdkjh vuqnkuksa ls lapkfyr xSj&ljdkjh

laxBuksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

oSls] Hkkjr esa vke vkneh dks tkuus (lwpuk) dk

vfèkdkj nsus dh ek¡x dkiQh le; ls dh tk jgh

FkhA ns'k dh lokZsPp U;k;ky; us 1976 esa jkt ukjk;.k

cuke mÙkj çns'k ljdkj çdj.k dh lquokbZ ds

nkSjku vuqPNsn 19 esa of.kZr lwpuk ds vfèkdkj dks

ekSfyd vfèkdkj ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA vius vkns'k esa

lokZsPp U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd& yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk

ds rgr Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ds

:i esa vuqPNsn 19 (1)(d) ds varxZr okd~ ,oa

vfHkO;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk dh xkjaVh nh xbZ gS] tks tkuus

ds vfèkdkj ds cxSj vèkwjh gksrh gSA

Hkkjr ,d yksdrkaf=kd ns'k gSA yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vke vkneh ns'k dk okLrfod ekfyd gksrk gS] tks çR;{k ernku çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysdj Lo;a ds fy, 'kkld dk pquko djrk gSA bl vke vkneh ds gkFkksa esa tu&Hkkoukvksa dk vknj u djus rFkk tu&vis{kkvksa ij •jk u mrjus okys 'kkldksa dks lÙkk ls gVkus dh rkdr Hkh gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa 'kkld oxZ dks viuh lÙkk dks lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy, tgka xksiuh;rk ds vfèkdkj dh O;oLFkk gS] ogha okLrfod ekfyd gksus ds dkj.k vke vkneh dks tkuus dk vfèkdkj (vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e] 2005) Hkh çkIr gS] ftlds ekè;e ls vke vkneh ;g tkuus dk ç;kl djrk gS fd 'kkld oxZ tufgr esa D;k&D;k vkSj dSls&dSls dk;Z dj jgs gSaA pw¡fd yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk esa vke vkneh VSDl nsdj ljdkj pykus esa 'kkld oxZ dh enn djrk gS] bl dkj.k ls Hkh mls ;g tkuus dk vfèkdkj çkIr gS fd 'kkld oxZ muds iSls dk lgh vkSj leqfpr mi;ksx dj jgs gSa ;k ughaA ,sls esa 'kkld oxZ dks çkIr 'kkldh;

xksiuh;rk dkuwu] 1923 rFkk vke vkneh dks çkIr yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr lwpuk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu] 2005 ds eè; fojksèkkHkkl ds rRo mHkjdj lkeus vkrs gSaA

vks,l, dh èkkjk 5] tks jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds laHkkfor mYya?kuksa ls lacafèkr gS] dh vdlj xyr O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA ;g èkkjk dgrh gS fd gj og tkudkjh xksiuh; gksuh pkfg, tks nq'eu ns'k dks enn igq¡pkrh gksA blh èkkjk ds mi;ksx }kjk i=kdkjksa ds gkFk ck¡èk fn;s tkrs gSa] blhfy, j{kk {ks=k esa èku ds nq#i;ksx dh dbZ tkudkfj;k¡ Hkh lkeus ugha vk ikrh gSaA blds vfrfjDr j{kk {ks=k esa bl izdkj dh xksiuh;rk l'kL=k cyksa ds ekuokfèkdkjksa dks Hkh nckrh gSaA è;krO; gS fd lkdZ (SARC) fjiksVZ esa Hkh vks,l, dkuwu dh vkykspuk dh x;h gSA

vkxs dh jkg

pwafd ;g dkuwu vaxzstksa ds le; 1923 esa cuk;k x;k Fkk] blfy, cnyrs ifjizs{; esa blesa ifjorZu djuk t:jh gks x;k gSA blh ckr dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, dsaæh; x`g ea=kky; us bl dkuwu ds çkoèkkuksa dh leh{kk djus ds fy, tqykbZ 2017 esa dSfcusV lfpoky; dks ,d fjiksVZ çLrqr dh FkhA bl izdkj jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj vkf/dkfjd xksiuh;rk ds uke ij euekus <ax ls lafo/ku iznÙk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk vkSj tkuus ds vf/dkj dks nckus ls cpuk gksxk] rkfd Hkkjrh; lafo/ku vkSj yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa dk mfpr jhfr ls ifjj{k.k fd;k tk ldsA vkWfiQfl;y lhØsV ,DV] 1923 vkSj lwpuk dk vf/dkj] 2005 ds izko/kuksa ds eè; larqyu lkèkrs gq, ljdkj dks ,slh uhfr ;k dkuwu cukuk pkfg,] ftlls 'kklu&iz'kklu esa ikjnf'kZrk Hkh LFkkfir gks lds vkSj ns'k dh lqj{kk Hkh lqfuf'pr gks ldsA


¥ 'kklu O;oLFkk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ds egRoiw.kZ i{k] bZ&xous±l& vuqiz;ksx] ekWMy] liQyrk,a] lhek,a vkSj laHkkouk,a] ukxfjd ?kks"k.kk&i=k] ikjnf'kZrk ,oa tokcnsgh vkSj laLFkkxr rFkk vU; mik;A

¢

9ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


4- bLykfed lg;ksx laxBu vkSj Hkkjr dk n`f"Vdks.k

ppkZ dk dkj.k

gky gh esa bLykfed lg;ksx laxBu (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) ds fons'k eaf=k;ksa dh ifj"kn dk 46ok¡ l=k dk vk;kstu la;qDr vjc vehjkr dh jktèkkuh vcqèkkch eas fd;k x;kA Hkkjr dh rjiQ ls fons'k ea=kh lq"kek Lojkt us bl cSBd esa Hkkx fy;kA KkrO; gS fd ikfdLrku dh vkifÙk;ksa ds ckotwn fiNys 50 o"kks± esa ,slk igyh ckj gqvk gS fd Hkkjr dks igyh ckj ^xsLV vkWiQ vkWuj* ds :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA

ifjp;

vksvkbZlh bLykfed ns'kksa dk ,d laxBu gS ftldh LFkkiuk 25 flracj] 1969 dks eksjDdks ds jckr esa vk;ksftr f'k[kj lEesyu esa dh xbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky; lmQnh vjc ds tsík esa fLFkr gSA bl laxBu esa dqy 57 lnL; ns'k gSa ftudk foLrkj 4 egk}hiksa ;Fkk vÚhdk (27 ns'k)] ,f'k;k (25 ns'k)] ;wjksi (3 ns'k) rFkk nf{k.k vesfjdk (2 ns'k) rd gSA KkrO; gS fd bLykfed lg;ksx laxBu la;qDr jk"Vª ds ckn nwljk lcls cM+k varj&ljdkjh laxBu gSA

vksvkbZlh bLykfed ns'kksa ls lac¼ egRoiw.kZ eqíksa ij fopkj djus ds fy, izR;sd rhu o"kZ ds varjky ij lEesyu vk;ksftr djrk

gSA bLykfed f'k[kj lEesyu esa lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ds jktk] jk"Vª izeq[k rFkk fons'k ea=kh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA bl laxBu ds dk;ks± dk orZeku ?kks"k.kk i=k dks 13&14 ekpZ] 2008 dks ^Mxj* esa vk;ksftr 11osa bLykfed f'k[kj lEesyu esa viuk;k x;kA

vksvkbZlh ds mís';

¥ vksvkbZlh vius lnL; ns'kksa ds eè;] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] oSKkfud vkSj vU; egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa esa bLykfed ,dtqVrk dks izksRlkgu nsrk gSA

¥ ;g laxBu fdlh Hkh :i esa fo|eku lkezkT;okn] uo&mifuos'kokn ;k mifuos'kokn dh lekfIr rFkk tkrh; vyxko vkSj HksnHkko dh lekfIr ds fy, iz;kl djrk gSA

¥ U;k; ij vkèkkfjr varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dh odkyr djuk rFkk blds fodkl ds fy, vko';d dne mBkukA

¥ fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa ds eè; xfjekiw.kZ thou] Lora=krk] lekurk vkSj ekuokfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djus ds fy, etcwrh iznku djukA

¥ lnL; ns'kksa ds eè; vkilh lg;ksx vkSj rkyesy dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ,d mi;qDr okrkoj.k rS;kj djukA

la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu esa fuèkkZfjr fo"k;ksa ds rgr yksxksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, dk;Z djukA

bLykfed lg;ksx laxBu vkSj Hkkjr

d'ehj eqís dks ysdj ;g laxBu Hkkjr dh ges'kk vkykspuk djrk jgk gS ftlds ihNs ikfdLrku dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh gSA ikfdLrku lfgr vU; ns'kksa dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr d'ehj esa ekuokfèkdkjksa dk guu djrk gSA blds vykok ikfdLrku dk ekuuk gS fd dksbZ Hkh ns'k ftldk vksvkbZlh ls erHksn gS oks ns'k bl lewg dk lnL; ugha cu ldrk gSA

cs'kd ;g vPNh •cj Fkh fd igyh ckj bLykfed lg;ksx laxBu (vksvkblh) ds fons'k eaf=k;ksa ds lEesyu esa Hkkjr dh fons'k ea=kh fo'ks"k fuea=k.k ij igq¡ph FkhaA ogk¡ mUgksaus bLykfed ns'kksa ds çfrfufèk;ksa dks lacksfèkr fd;kA bl cSBd dh •kfl;r ;g Fkh fd ,f'k;k dh cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa estcku ns'k us u rks Hkkjr dks ukjkt fd;k vkSj u gh ikfdLrku dksA d'ehj elys ij vksvkbZlh us dgk fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa 'kkafr LFkkiuk ds fy, bldk gy gksuk t:jh gS] ogha Hkkjr us vkradokn dks ysdj ikfdLrku dks ?ksjkA

gkyk¡fd vxys gh fnu bLykfed ns'kksa us lkiQ ladsr fn, fd fiQygky Hkkjr dh dher

10 ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


ij os ikfdLrku dks ukjkt ugha djuk pkgrs gSaA bl cSBd dh lekfIr ds ckn irk pyk fd d'ehj dks ysdj ikfdLrku vHkh Hkh bl eap ls nq"çpkj djus esa liQy jgk gSA

Hkkjr dk egÙo D;ksa

¥ vksvkbZlh esa lmQnh vjc ,oa la;qDr vjc vehjkr dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gSA blds ihNs dbZ dkj.k gSa& nksuksa ns'k fuf'pr rkSj ij ikfdLrku dks ugha NksM+uk pkgrs gSa] ysfdu Hkkjr dh c<+rh vkfFkZd rkdr vkSj ikfdLrku çk;ksftr vkradokn dks ysdj nksuksa ns'k fpafrr gSaA

¥ lÅnh vjc vkSj ;w,bZ ugha pkgrs fd vkfFkZd :i ls rkdroj gksrk Hkkjr] bZjku ds T;knk utnhd gks tk,A

¥ isVªksfy;e vkSj xSl ds lalkèkuksa ls ;qÙkQ lÅnh vjc vkSj la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr dks Hkkjr esa ÅtkZ dk cM+k cktkj fn• jgk gSA

¥ Hkkjr esa yxHkx 185 fefy;u eqfLye jgrs gSa] ftudk ,d viuk vyx gh lkaLÑfrd igpku gSA Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk esa ,drk dks cuk, j[kus esa eqlyekuksa dk vge ;ksxnku gSA vxj Hkkjr vksvkbZlh dk lnL; ugha gS rks bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ;g laxBu fo'o ds lHkh eqfLyeksa dk izfrfufèkRo ugha djrk gSA tc bl laxBu esa FkkbZyS.M vkSj :l tSls de eqfLye vkcknh okys ns'kksa dks i;Zos{kd dk ntkZ feyk gqvk gS rks Hkkjr dks Hkh i;Zos{kd dk ntkZ feyuk pkfg,A

¥ Hkkjr dks xsLV vkWiQ vkWuj ds :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;k tkuk bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd Hkkjr dk if'pe ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk lacaèkksa esa lqèkkj gqvk gSA

¥ lmQnh vjc] ;w,bZ] rqdhZ vkfn ;gk¡ rd fd eè; ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa bZjku] bjkd] tkWMZu] felz] V~;wuhf'k;k vkSj eksjDdks vkfn us èkeZfujis{k ewY;ksa dks viuk;k gS] ds lkFk Hkh Hkkjr ds lacaèkksa esa lqèkkj gqvk gSA

¥ if'peh ,f'k;k [kklrkSj ij ;w,bZ ds lkFk izxk<+ gksrs lacaèkksa dh otg ls Hkkjr dks bl eap ij vkus dk ekSdk feykA drj us o"kZ 2002 esa igyh ckj bl eap ls Hkkjr dks i;Zos{kd ns'k dk ntkZ nsus dh ckr dgh FkhA fiNys o"kZ rqdhZ vkSj ckaXykns'k us Hkh Hkkjr dks bl laxBu esa 'kkfey djus ds

fy, dgk FkkA lkFk gh vfèkdka'k lnL; ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr ds O;fDrxr :i ls lkSgknZiw.kZ lacaèk gSaA

¥ bl izdkj orZeku l=k esa Hkkjr dk fojksèk mruk ugha jgk ftruk igys gqvk djrk FkkA vxj Hkkjr viuh yqd osLV uhfr dks blh izdkj ls etcwr djrk gS rks vkus okys le; esa bl laxBu dk lnL; cu ldrk gSA

ykHk

vxj Hkkjr vksvkbZlh dk i;Zos{kd ;k lnL; cusxk rks Hkkjr dks fuEufyf[kr ykHk gksaxs&

¥ pw¡fd Hkkjr vksvkbZlh dk lnL; ugha gS blfy, Hkkjr dh vuqifLFkfr dk ykHk mBkdj ikfdLrku fdlh rjg ds izLrko dks ikfjr djk ysrk gS ftldk izR;{k izek.k d'ehj eqík gSA bl izdkj ns[kk tk, rks Hkkjr vxj bl laxBu dk lnL; gksxk rks ikfdLrku viuh ethZ dk izLrko ikfjr ugha djk ik,xk] lkFk gh vkradokn ds eqís ij ikfdLrku ij Hkkjr vkSj ncko cuk ik;sxkA

¥ ikfdLrku ds fojksèk ds dkj.k vksvkbZlh ns'k Hkkjr dks la;qDr jk"Vª esa LFkk;h lnL;rk dks ysdj fojksèk djrs jgs gSa ysfdu tc Hkkjr bl laxBu dk lnL; gksxk rks la;qDr jk"Vª dk LFkk;h lnL; cuus dk ekxZ Hkh iz'kLr gksxkA

¥ KkrO; gS fd vksvkbZlh ds T;knkrj lnL; ns'kksa esa rsy ds izpqj Hk.Mkj gSaA vxj Hkkjr vksvkbZlh dk lnL; curk gS rks Hkkjr dk lnL; ns'kksa ds lkFk lacaèk vkSj etcwr gksxkA

¥ pw¡fd Hkkjr mQtkZ dk lcls cM+k vk;krd ns'k gS] blfy, Hkkjr ds lkFk vius lacaèkksa dks etcwr djuk bu ns'kksa ds fgr esa gSA

vksvkbZlh ds Hkhrj jktuhfr

¥ lÅnh vjc vkSj la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr dk tksjnkj fojksèk drj ls gSA bZjku vkSj lÅnh vjc ds chp tax txtkfgj gSA nksuksa ns'k ;eu esa ,d&nwljs ds lkeus lSU; Vdjko dh fLFkfr esa gSa] lkFk gh nksuksa ds chp f'k;k&lqUuh fookn Hkh ruko dk cM+k dkj.k gSA

¥ vksvkbZlh dh cSBd esa tc Hkh bLykfed ns'kksa ds Hkhrj f'k;k ;k lqUuh vYila[;dksa

ds mRihM+u dh ckr mBrh gS rks dksbZ gy ugha fudyrkA bZjku esa lqUuh eqlyekuksa vkSj lÅnh vjc esa f'k;k vYila[;dksa ds mRihM+u dk elyk yxkrkj mBrk jgk gSA ysfdu bLykfed lg;ksx laxBu bls gy djus esa foiQy jgk gSA

lq>ko

¥ Hkkjr us cqf¼ekuh ls vksvkbZlh ds eqíksa dks ijs j[k vksvkbZlh ds lnL; ns'kksa ds lkFk vius fgr dks utjvankt ugha gksus fn;k gSA

¥ Hkkjr tkurk gS fd i;Zos{kd ;k lnL; ds :i esa mls vksvkbZlh ds izLrkoksa dks Lohdkj djuk gksxk] tks mlds uSfrd ewY;ksa ds f[kykiQ gSA

¥ Hkkjr dk vksvkbZlh ls nwj jgus ds fy, lEeksgd dkj.k ?kjsyw jktuhfr Hkh gSA Hkkjr tSls èkeZfujis{k ns'k ds fy, vkSipkfjd :i ls [kqydj ,d ,sls varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ds lkFk [kqn dks lac¼ djuk fcYdqy Hkh okaNuh; ugha izrhr gksrk gSA

¥ ,f'k;k vkSj iQkjl dh [kkM+h Hkkjr ds foLrkfjr vkSj lkefjd iM+ksl dk fu%lansg ,d fgLlk gS] tks Hkh ;gk¡ ?kVuk ?kfVr gksrh gS og lhèks Hkkjr dh lqj{kk vkSj vU; egRoiw.kZ fgrksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA blfy, ;g Hkkjr ds fgr esa gS fd ;g {ks=k 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj fLFkj jgsA dksbZ Hkh foLr`r iSekus dh xM+cM+h Hkkjr dh mQtkZ lqj{kk dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA

¥ Hkkjr dks ,slh uhfr;ksa dk ikyu djuk gksxk ftlls vjc ns'kksa o iQkjl dh [kkM+h esa 'kkafr o lqj{kk cuk jgsA lPpkbZ ;g gS fd nqfu;k esa ,slk dksbZ {ks=k ugha gS tks iQkjl dh [kkM+h ls T;knk vfLFkj gksA bl {ks=k ds jktra=k] vehjkr] 'ks[k 'kkgh vkSj rkuk'kkgh laHkkfor :i ls vfLFkj gSa] ftlds dkj.k vksvkbZlh dk xBu gqvk FkkA Hkkjr dks lHkh i{kksa dks lkèkdj larqyu lkèkus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,] blds vykok Hkkjr ds fons'k eaf=k;ksa dks bu {ks=kksa esa okrkZ,¡ ,oa ;k=kk,a Hkh fu;fer varjky ij djuk pkfg,A

¥ Hkkjr dks bl {ks=k ds fy, ,slh j.kuhfr vkSj lqj{kk dk <k¡pk viukus dh vko';drk gS tks iQkjl dh [kkM+h vkSj if'pe ,f'k;k {ks=k esa blds jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks lqjf{kr j[ksA

¥ Hkkjr ,d ,slk ns'k gS] tks vksvkbZlh ns'kksa

11ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


ds chp eueqVko ;k erHksnksa dks ikVus esa u dsoy ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrk gS cfYd bl ekeys esa igy Hkh dj ldrk gSA

¥ dqN o"kks± igys Hkkjr us vksvkbZlh dh lnL;rk ds fy, vkosnu fd;k Fkk] lkFk gh blds igys f'k[kj lEesyu esa Hkh Hkkjr dks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k Fkk ysfdu ikfdLrku ds fojksèk ds dkj.k bls vLohdkj dj fn;k x;kA blfy, fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr dks vksvkbZlh ds fy, vkosnu gh ugha djuk pkfg, FkkA

¥ fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr dks •kl lrdZ jgus dh t:jr blfy, Hkh gS D;ksafd eksgEen fcu tk;n vkSj eksgEen fcu lyeku bZjku ds f•ykiQ ekspkZ •ksys gq, gSaA Hkkjr dks bl cSBd esa cqyk dj os Hkkjr dks bLykfed nqfu;k dh vkarfjd jktuhfr esa Hkh bLrseky djuk pkgrs FksA mudh ea'kk ;s Hkh gS fd Hkkjr bZjku ls nwjh cuk,A

¥ Hkkjr ds fy, bZjku ls nwjh cukuk mfpr ugha gksxk] D;ksafd Hkkjr dk pkcgkj esa Hkkjh fuos'k gSA bZjku Hkkjr ds fy, viQxkfuLrku esa tkus dk jkLrk Hkh ns jgk gSA blfy, lqUuh bLykfed ns'kksa dh jktuhfr vkSj

dwVuhfr nksuksa dks Hkkjr dks le>uk gksxkA

¥ vksvkbZlh ns'kksa ds Hkhrj Hkh xgjh jktuhfr gS] Hkkjr dks blls cpuk gksxkA bl laxBu ds lnL; ns'kksa ds chp gh vkil esa Hkkjh fojksèk gSa] blfy, mudh vkarfjd jktuhfr esa iM+uk Hkkjr ds fy, Bhd ugha gSA

vkxs dh jkg

vkus okys le; esa if'pe ,f'k;k ls Hkkjr dk lacaèk dkiQh egÙo j[krk gS vkSj ;g {ks=k bLykfed lg;ksx laxBu ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjr dh yqd osLV ikWfylh dk vfHkUu fgLlk Hkh gSA lkefjd]lkaLÑfrd vkSj Hkw&jktuhfrd lUnHkZ ds vykok Hkkjr ds fy, rhu vU; fo"k;ksa ds dkj.k ;g {ks=k vkSj Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA igyk gS& Hkkjr dh mQtkZ&lqj{kk] Kkr jgs fd Hkkjr 55 izfr'kr rsy vkSj izkÑfrd xSl blh {ks=k ls vk;kr djrk gSA nwljk gS& if'pe ,f'k;k esa dke djus okys izoklh Hkkjrh;] ftudh la[;k yxHkx lÙkj ls vLlh yk[k gS tks vius ns'k esa djhc NÙkhl vjc MkWyj Hkstdj ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa cM+k ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA rhljk gS& vkradokn vkSj vkarfjd lqj{kk] varjkZ"Vªh; vkradokn vkSj èkkfeZd dV~Vjokn dks jksdus ds fy, Hkkjr dks if'pe ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dk lkFk cgqr gh vko';d gSA bl {ks=k ds rhu cM+s

f[kykM+h btjk;y] bZjku vkSj lmQnh vjc rhu vyx&vyx 'kfDr;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrs gSa vkSj rhuksa gh vkil esa ,d&nwljs ds èkqj&fojksèkh Hkh gSaA ,sls esa Hkkjr ds fy, bu ns'kksa ds lkFk eèkqj lacaèk LFkkfir djuk vkSj muds chp esa larqyu cuk, j[kuk vklku ugha gSA fo'ks"k :i ls btjk;y ds lkFk Hkkjr ds u, lacaèk dks if'pe ,f'k;k esa cM+s è;ku ls ns[kk tk jgk Fkk D;ksafd ikjaifjd :i ls Hkkjr btjk;y ds izfr}a}h fiQfyLrhu dk leFkZd jgk gSA

orZeku esa Hkkjr ds }kjk vksvkbZlh ds lnL; ns'kksa dh vuns[kh ugha dh tk ldrh] ftuesa ls vfèkdka'k ds lkFk Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fgr fo'ks"k :i ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ,sls esa Hkkjr dks csgn lkoèkkuhiwoZd vkSj csgrj dwVuhfrd lacaèk LFkkfir djuk gksxkA


¥ f}i{kh;] {ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od lewg vkSj Hkkjr ls lacaf/r vkSj@vFkok Hkkjr ds fgrksa dks izHkkfor djus okys le>kSrsA

¥ Hkkjr ds fgrksa] Hkkjrh; Mk;liksjk ij fodflr rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa rFkk jktuhfr dk izHkkoA

¢

5- LVkWd ,Dlpsat vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk % ,d fo'ys"k.k

ppkZ dk dkj.k

gky gh esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp ruko ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds LVkWd ,Dlpsat ds laosnh lwpdkadksa esa fxjkoV ns[kus dks feyhA KkrO; gS fd vdlj LVkWd ,Dlpsat ds laosnh lwpdkad ds mrkj&p<+ko ds ckjs esa [kcjsa vkrh jgrh gSaA

i`"BHkwfe

fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa foÙk cktkj (Financial Market) dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ;g u dsoy Lora=k :i ls cpr vkSj fuos'k dks c<+kok nsrk gS] cfYd cprksa dks fuos'k esa ifjofrZr djds ns'k ds iw¡th fuekZ.k] thMhih vkSj jkstxkj vkfn esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrk gSA Hkkjr esa foÙk cktkj dh lajpuk dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& eqnzk cktkj (Money Market) vkSj iw¡th cktkj (Capital Market)A eqnzk cktkj esa vYidky (yxHkx 1 o"kZ rd) ds fy, èku

dk ysu&nsu fd;k tkrk gS tcfd iw¡th cktkj esa nh?kZdky (1 o"kZ ls vfèkd le;) ds fy, èku dk ysu&nsu fd;k tkrk gSA iw¡th cktkj esa fofHkUu dEifu;k¡ vius O;olk; ds fy, turk ls nks izdkj ls iw¡th (Capital) tqVkus dk dk;Z djrh gSa&

¥ O;olk; esa Hkkxhnkjh miyCèk djkdj% blls tqVkbZ xbZ iw¡th dks Hkkxhnkjh iw¡th (Participatory Capital) dgrs gSaA blds fy, dEifu;k¡ izkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d cktkj ds ekè;e ls ^lerk va'ki=k* (Equity Shares) tkjh djrh gSaA

¥ O;o;k; esa Hkkxhnkjh u miyCèk djkdj% blds rgr izkIr dh xbZ iw¡th dks ^Í.k iw¡th* (Debt Capital) dgrs gSaA blesa ckW.M (Bonds)] fMcsUpj (Debentures) bR;kfn fuxZr fd;s tkrs gSaA

izkFkfed cktkj (Primary Market) ds }kjk ubZ bfDoVh dk fuxZeu fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, bl cktkj dks ^ubZ fuxZe cktkj* (New Issue

Market- NIM) Hkh dgrs gSaA blesa vkbZihvks] ,iQihvks] vks,iQ,l vkSj D;wvkbZih vkfn tkjh fd;s tkrs gSaA f}rh;d cktkj (Secondary

Market) esa igys ls gh tkjh (izkFkfed cktkj ds ekè;e ls) bfDoVh dk ysu&nsu fd;k tkrk gSA blds ekè;e ls fuos'kd rjyrk izkIr dj ldrs gSa vkSj vius fuos'k ls fudy Hkh ldrs gSaA

izkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d cktkj ds fy, vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk ^LVkWd ,Dlpsat* (Stock

Exchange) miyCèk djkrs gSaA Hkkjr ds izeq[k LVkWd ,Dlpsat fuEufyf[kr gSa&

us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat (NSE)% us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k vkSj rduhdh :i ls vxz.kh LVkWd ,Dlpsat gSA ;g



eqacbZ esa fLFkr gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1992 esa 25 djksM+ #i;s dh lerk iw¡th ds lkFk gqbZ FkhA dkjksckj ds fygkt ls ;g fo'o dk rhljk cM+k LVkWd ,Dlpsat gSA bldh LFkkiuk ns'k esa foÙkh; lqèkkj ds fy, ^,e-ts- 'ksjokuh lfefr* dh fliQkfj'kksa ds vkèkkj ij dh x;h FkhA us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat dk ns'kO;kih usVodZ gSA fuÝVh] us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat ds varxZr vkus okyk laosnh lwpdkad gSA

ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat (BSE)% ;g LVkWd ,Dlpsat ,f'k;k dk lcls iqjkuk LVkWd ,Dlpsat gS] bldh LFkkiuk 1875 esa dh x;h FkhA bldk dk;kZy; eqacbZ dh nyky LVªhV eas fLFkr gSA Hkkjr dks varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; cktkj esa viuk Js"B LFkku fnykus esa ch,lbZ dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gSA orZeku esa ekdsZV dSfiVykbts'ku ds vuqlkj ch,lbZ fo'o dk 10ok¡ lcls cM+k LVkWd ,Dlpsat gSA ch,lbZ esa 5000 ls vfèkd daifu;k¡ lwphc¼ gSaA

Hkkjr ds dqN vU; LVkWd ,Dlpsat dh lwph

LVkWd ,Dlpsat dk uke eq[;ky; LFkkiuk o"kZ

ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat (BSE) eqEcbZ 1875

us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat vkWiQ bafM;k (NSE)

eqEcbZ 1992

eYVh deksfMVh ,Dlpsat vkWiQ bafM;k (MCX)

eqEcbZ 2003

us'kuy deksfMVh ,.M MsjhosfVo ,Dlpsat (NCDEX)

eqEcbZ 2003

dydÙkk LVkWd ,Dlpsat (CSE)

dksydkrk 1908

enzkl LVkWd ,Dlpsat (MSE)

psUubZ 1937

y[kumQ flVh LVkWd ,Dlpsat

y[kumQ 1978

esjB LVkWd ,Dlpsat esjB 1956

iq.ks LVkWd ,Dlpsat iq.ks 1982

xqokgkVh LVkWd ,Dlpsat xqokgkVh 1983

dks;EcVwj LVkWd ,Dlpsat dks;EcVwj 1991

fo'o ds izeq[k LVkWd ,Dlpsat

U;w;kWdZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat% U;w;kWdZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k 'ks;j cktkj gSA ;gk¡ lwphc¼ daifu;ksa esa ,Iiy] iQslcqd vkSj xwxy tSlh nqfu;k dh cM+h&cM+h dEifu;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA

tkiku ,Dlpsat xzqi% tkiku ,Dlpsat xzqi ,d tkikuh foÙkh; lsok fuxe gS tks VksD;ks LVkWd ,Dlpsat vkSj vkslkdk flD;ksfjVht ,Dlpsat lfgr dbZ izfrHkwfr;ksa dk vknku&iznku djrk gSA izfl¼ fuDdsbZ lwpdkad dks tkiku dh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj 'ks;j cktkj dk cSjksehVj ekuk tkrk gSA miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dh dEifu;k¡ tSls& fudkWu] vksfyail vkSj dksfudk ;gk¡ lwphc¼ dqN lcls izfl¼ dEifu;k¡ gSaA

'ka?kkbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat% ;g phu dk lcls cM+k LVkWd ,Dlpsat gS tks fd ns'k ds foÙkh; dasnz 'ka?kkbZ esa fLFkr gSA

yanu LVkWd ,Dlpsat% yanu LVkWd ,Dlpsat ;wjksi dk lcls izfl¼ 'ks;j cktkj gSA yanu LVkWd ,Dlpsat yanu esa fLFkr gSA

czksdlZ% fdlh O;kikjh vFkok turk dks fdlh Hkh daiuh dk 'ks;j [kjhnus ds fy, czksdlZ dh lgk;rk ysuh gksrh gS] D;ksafd ;s VªsfMax ,dkWmaV] MheSV ,dkWmaV rFkk 'ks;j ls lacafèkr lwpuk eqgS;k djkrs gSaA

VªsMlZ% oLrq] 'ks;j] lsok vkfn dh [kjhn ,oa fcØh djus okyk O;fDr VªsMlZ (O;kikjh) dgykrk gSA

fMfoMsaM% dksbZ daiuh vius ykHk dk dqN Hkkx fuos'kd ;k 'ks;jèkkjd dks iznku djrh gS] mls fMfoMsaM (ykHkka'k) dgrs gSaA

LVkWd ('ks;j)% fdlh Hkh daiuh dks 'kq: djus ds fy, cgqr cM+h iw¡th dh vko';drk gksrh gS] vr% dEifu;k¡ 'ks;j tkjh dj iw¡th dk izcaèku djrh gSaA O;kikjh bu 'ks;jksa dks fofHkUu czksdlZ ds ekè;e ls [kjhndj ml daiuh ds fgLlsnkj cu tkrs gSa] vFkkZr~ vki ftruk 'ks;j [kjhnsaxs ml daiuh esa mrus gh fgLls ds ekfyd cu ldrs gSaA

LVkWd ,Dlpsat dh Hkwfedk

vFkZO;oLFkk esa LVkWd ,Dlpsat dh cgqeq[kh Hkwfedk gksrh gS] ;Fkk&

¥ LVkWd ,Dlpsat vFkZO;oLFkk dk cSjksehVj gksrk gSA bl ckr dh iqf"V czksdjst iQeZ ^ØsfMV lqbl* (Credit Suisse) dh ,d fjiksVZ ls Hkh gksrh gSA

¥ fofHkUu izdkj ds fctusl ds fy, iw¡th dk izcaèk djukA

¥ cpr dks fuos'k ds fy, izksRlkfgr djukA

¥ dEifu;ksa ds o`f¼ vkSj fodkl ds fy, lqfoèkk,¡ iznku djukA

¥ LekWy baosLVlZ ds fy, fuos'k ds volj iznku djukA

¥ fodklkRed izkstsDV~l ds fy, ljdkj dks iw¡th tqVkus esa lg;ksx nsukA

LVkWd ,Dlpsat dh lhek,¡

LVkWd ,Dlpsat ds mi;qZDr ykHkksa ds vfrfjDr dbZ izdkj dh lhek,¡ Hkh gSa&

¥ dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk dguk gS fd LVkWd ,Dlpsat dk laosnh lwpdkad fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dk okLrfod iSekuk ugha gksrk gSA blls fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k dh O;f"V@lw{e vFkZO;oLFkk (Mirco Economy) ds ckjs esa gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA laosnh lwpdkad fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh lef"V (Macro) xfrfofèk;ksa ds ckjs esa fLFkfr;k¡ Li"V ugha dj ikrk gSA

¥ LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa vkus okyk fuos'k cgqr vYidkfyd gksrk gS (,iQvkbZvkbZ ds :i esa)] tcfd fodkl'khy ns'k esa fodkl gsrq vdlj nh?kZdkfyd fuos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

¥ dqN fo}ku 'ks;j cktkj ds fuos'kdksa dks ^vPNs ekSle dk lkFkh* dgrs gSa D;ksafd tc vFkZO;oLFkk dh rLohj vPNh gksrh gS rks ;s yksx fuos'k dks ysdj vkrs gSa vkSj tSls gh dqN Hkh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gqb± rks

13ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


fuos'kd pUn {k.kksa esa gh Hkkjh ek=kk esa fuos'k fudky dj fudy tkrk gSA

¥ Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh vkfFkZd lk{kjrk dh dkiQh deh gS] ,sls esa vke vkneh dk fuos'k LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa ugha igq¡p ikrk gSA blfy, dqN fo}ku LVkWd ,Dlpsat dks ^pan O;fDr;ksa dk IysViQkWeZ* dgdj bldh vkykspuk djrs gSaA

LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa mrkj&p<+ko ds dkj.k

¥ vkjchvkbZ dh ekSfnzd leh{kk (C;kt njksa esa deh ;k o`f¼)] ljdkj dh jktdks"kh; uhfr] okf.kT; uhfr] vkS|ksfxd uhfr] Ñf"k uhfr vkfn esa fdlh Hkh rjg ds cnyko dh otg ls bu {ks=kksa ls tqM+h daifu;ksa ds 'ks;jksa ds Hkko esa mrkj&p<+ko gksrk gSA

¥ ctV is'k djus ds nkSjku ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ ?kks"k.kkvksa dh otg ls Hkh 'ks;jksa ds Hkko esa mrkj&p<+ko gksrk gSA

¥ ns'k esa jktuhfrd fLFkjrk ;k jktuSfrd okrkoj.k Hkh fuos'kdksa ds fu.kZ; dks dkiQh gn rd izHkkfor djrk gSA

¥ ns'k dk vke pquko vkSj fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds foèkku lHkk ds urhts Hkh 'ks;j cktkj ij vlj Mkyrs gSaA

¥ lewg izHkko (Herd Effect) dh otg ls Hkh 'ks;j cktkj esa vfèkd fcdokyh ;k [kjhnnkjh dh tkrh gSA bldh otg dksbZ viQokg ;k xqIr tkudkjh gks ldrh gSA cM+h la[;k esa ,d lkFk fcdokyh ;k [kjhnnkjh dh otg ls 'ks;jksa ds Hkko esa vpkud mrkj&p<+ko gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh 'ks;j cktkjksa esa mrkj&p<+ko Mj ;k vfuf'prrk dh otg ls Hkh gksrk gSA

¥ 'ks;j cktkj dks vfxze vuqekuksa ds vkèkkj ij rstfM+;k o eanfM+;k Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSaA

¥ Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k izèkku ns'k gSA vxj ekSle foHkkx ekulwu dh vPNh ckfj'k dk vuqeku yxkrk gS rks 'ks;j cktkj esa rsth vkrh gSA fuos'kd ;g vuqeku yxkrs gSa fd vPNh ckfj'k ls vukt dk mRiknu T;knk gksxkA vr% Ñf"k vkèkkfjr m|ksx dh rjDdh T;knk gksxhA bu m|ksxksa esa VªSDVj] [kkn] cht vkSj dhVuk'kd vkfn dh daifu;k¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSaA fuos'kdksa dks yxrk gS fd bu daifu;ksa

dk dkjksckj vkSj equkiQk c<+sxk] blfy, buls tqM+h daifu;ksa ds 'ks;jksa dh [kjhnnkjh c<+ tkrh gSA

;fn fjtoZ cSad ekSfnzd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk esa C;kt nj esa deh djs rks dtZ dh nj lLrh gksxhA blls cSadksa ls yksu ysus okys yksxksa dh la[;k c<+sxh vkSj var esa cSadksa dk ykHk c<+sxkA bl otg ls fuos'kd cSad ,oa ,uch,iQlh (xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡) ds 'ks;jksa dh [kjhnnkjh djrs gSa ftlls muds Hkko esa rsth vkrh gSA

¥ nks ns'kksa ds chp ,oa oSf'od Lrj ij fdlh

Hkh rjg ds ruko ds iQyLo:i LVkWd

,Dlpsat esa Hkkjh mrkj&p<+ko ns[kus dks

feyrk gSA gky gh esa 'kq: gq, VªsM&okj]

mÙkj&dksfj;k fookn] :l&vesfjdk fookn]

Hkkjr&ikd fookn] btjk;y&fiQfyLrhu

fookn vkfn dh otg ls fuos'kd 'ks;jksa ls

iSls fudky dj lksus] pk¡nh ;k fiQj vU;

lqjf{kr ns'kksa esa fuos'k djrs gSaA

¥ vesfjdk dh dsUnzh; cSad (iQsMjy fjtoZ

cSad) dh C;kt njsa iwjs fo'o ds LVkWd

,Dlpsatksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA ;fn ;g

cSad viuh C;kt njksa dks c<+krh gS rks

fuos'kd vius iSls dks fofHkUu ns'kksa ls

fudkydj vesfjdh vFkZO;oLFkk esa yxkrs

gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa ;gk¡ vis{kkÑr vfèkd ykHk

izkIr gksrk gS vkSj mudk fuos'k Hkh lqjf{kr

jgrk gSA blds foijhr ;fn iQsMjy fjtoZ

cSad viuh C;kt njksa dks mnkj djrh gS rks

fuos'kd vesfjdk dh cSadksa ls lLrk dtZ

ysdj vU; ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k

djds ykHk dekrs gSaA

izeq[k 'ks;j cktkj ØS'k dh ?kVuk,¡

1929 dk cktkj ØS'k% 1930 ds n'kd dh

egkeanh dks nqfu;k dh vc rd dh lokZfèkd

foèoald vkfFkZd =kklnh ekuk tkrk gSA bldh

'kq:vkr 29 vDVwcj] 1929 dks vesfjdk esa

'ks;j cktkj ds fxjus ls gqbZ FkhA blds ckn

vxys ,d n'kd rd nqfu;k ds vfèkdka'k ns'kksa

esa vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;k¡ BIi jgh FkhaA

dSusMh LykbM 1962% 1962 ds dSusMh

LykbM dks ^ÝyS'k ØS'k* ds :i esa Hkh tkuk

tkrk gSA fnlacj 1961 ls twu 1962 rd ^tkWu

,iQ- dSusMh* ds jk"Vªifr in ds nkSjku 'ks;j

cktkj esa Hkkjh fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZ FkhA

CySd eaMs dh ?kVuk (1987)% 19 vDVwcj] 1987 (lkseokj) dks fo'o ds izeq[k LVkWd ,Dlpsat ØS'k dj x, FksA ;g 'ks;j cktkj esa Hkkjh fxjkoV gkaxdkax ls vkjEHk gqbZ Fkh vkSj fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa esa iQSy xbZA lcls vfèkd fxjkoV vesfjdk ds 'ks;j cktkj esa ns[kus dks feyh Fkh] MkWo tksal (Dow Jones) 508 vad fxjdj 1738-74 vad (22-61» fxjkoV) ij vk x;k FkkA fxjkoV ds laHkkfor dkj.k izksxzke VªsfMax (dEI;wVj }kjk xyr O;kikfjd lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku) vkSj fdlh 'ks;j dk vksoj oSY;w,'ku rFkk O;kikfj;ksa }kjk ekdsZV dk lgh vkdyu ugha yxkuk vkfn ekuk tkrk gSA

vkradh geyk 2001% vesfjdk ds ^oYMZ VªsM lsaVj* ij 11 flracj] 2001 dks vkradh geyk gqvk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i U;w;kWdZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat lfgr fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh LVkWd ,Dlpsat èkjk'kk;h gks x;s FksA

blh rjg dk vkradh geyk 26 uoacj] 2008 dks Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd jktèkkuh eqEcbZ ij gqvk FkkA bl otg ls Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa vR;fèkd fxjkoV gqbZ vkSj yk[kksa fuos'kdksa dks vkfFkZd {kfr mBkuh iM+h FkhA

2007&08 dh vkfFkZd eanh% lu~ 2007&08 dh nwljh oSf'od vkfFkZd eanh vesfjdk ls 'kq: gksdj iwjs fo'o esa iQSyh FkhA bl eanh ls vesfjdk ds yseu czn'kZ tSls cM+s&cM+s cSad fnokfy;k gks x;s Fks vkSj nqfu;kHkj ds 'ks;j cktkjksa esa tcjnLr fujk'kk dk ekgkSy ns[kus dks feyk FkkA

LVkWd ,Dlpsat ds mrkj&p<+ko dk izHkko

LVkWd ,Dlpsat mrkj&p<+ko dk eq[; izHkko vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa ij iM+rk gSA tc LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa c<+ksrjh gksrh gS rks vFkZO;oLFkk eas fuos'k dh ek=kk esa btkiQk gksrk gS vkSj mRiknu dh xfrfofèk;k¡ c<+rh gSa] ftlls u, jkstxkjksa dk l`tu gksrk gS vkSj jkstxkj ;qDr lekt ns'k ds lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] i;kZoj.kh;] jktuSfrd o iz'kklfud vkfn lHkh i{kksa ij ldkjkRed izHkko mRiUu djrk gSA

blds foijhr tc 'ks;j ekdsZV esa Hkkjh fxjkoV gksrh gS rks bldk eryc gS fd lacafèkr ns'k ls fuos'kd viuk iSlk fudkyus esa #fp j[krs gSaA bl dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k dh ek=kk ?kV tkrh gS] ftlls oLrqvksa dk mRiknu Hkh de gksrk gS tcfd ek¡x iwoZor cuh jgrh gS]



iQyLo:i oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa Hkkjh btkiQk ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl izdkj eg¡xkbZ dh fLFkfr dkiQh xEHkhj gks tkrh gS] tks fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrh gSA blds vykok] fuos'k dh deh jkstxkj ij Hkh udkjkRed vlj Mkyrh gSA

lq>ko

LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa mrkj&p<+ko o vkfFkZd #X.krk dks lhfer djus gsrq ljdkj o dsUnzh; cSad fuEufyf[kr dne mBk ldrs gSa&

¥ djkjksi.k rFkk lkoZtfud Í.k dks vFkZO;oLFkk ds vuqdwy cukukA

¥ cSad nj] jsiks jsV] uxn vkjf{kr vuqikr (lhvkjvkj) rFkk lkafofèkd rjyrk vuqikr vkfn esa vko';drkuqlj cnyko djukA

¥ [kqyh cktkj dh uhfr dks viukukA

¥ uSfrd izHkko rFkk izR;{k dk;Zokgh ds ekè;e ls vFkZO;oLFkk dks iVjh ij ykukA

¥ ns'k dh vkarfjd rFkk ckg~; lqj{kk dks etcwr djukA

¥ fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa ls vuqdwy O;kikfjd lafèk@le>kSrs djukA

¥ fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa ls nksLrkuk lcaèk dk;e djukA

vkxs dh jkg

LVkWd ,Dlpsat fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k ds fy, ,d csgrj IysViQkWeZ miyCèk djkrk gS] vr% ljdkj dks blesa ikjnf'kZrk ykus vkSj vke fuos'kdksa ds fgrksa dks lqjf{kr djus gsrq ,d mi;qDr ra=k dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A


¥ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk ;kstuk] lalk/uksa dks tqVkus] izxfr] fodkl rFkk jkstxkj ls lacf/r eqísA

¢

6- ^tujykbTM flLVe vkWiQ fiziQjsalst* dk Hkkjr ij izHkko

ppkZ dk dkj.k

gky gh esa vesfjdh jk"Vªifr MksukYM VªEi us dk¡xzsl (vesfjdk dh foèkkf;dk) dks i=k fy[kk gS fd Hkkjr ls tujykbTM flLVe vkWiQ fiziQjsalst (Generalised System of Preferences

-GSP) ds ntsZ (Status) dks okil ys fy;k tk;sA mUgksaus blds ihNs nyhy nh gS fd Hkkjr vius cktkjksa rd vesfjdk dks ^mfpr o rdZlaxr igq¡p* miyCèk djkus dks ysdj vk'oLr djus esa foiQy jgk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd fiNys dqN le; ls vesfjdk }kjk phu vkSj Hkkjr lesr dbZ ns'kksa ij vuqfpr O;kikj i¼fr viukus dk vkjksi yxk;k tk jgk gSA

ifjp;

tujykbTM flLVe vkWiQ fiziQjsalst (th,lih) ,d izdkj dk ojh;rk@rjthgh VSfjiQ flLVe gS] bldks vesfjdk us ^O;kikj vfèkfu;e] 1974* (Trade Act, 1974) ds }kjk 1976 esa LFkkfir fd;k FkkA bl O;oLFkk dks ykus dk mís'; Fkk fd nqfu;k ds xjhc ns'kksa dks vesfjdk ds lkFk O;kikj djus dk volj iznku fd;k tk;s rkfd os viuh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks lqn`<+rk iznku dj ldsaA vesfjdk ds ckn ;wukbVsM fdaxMe vkSj vU; fodflr ns'kksa ds }kjk Hkh th,lih O;oLFkk dks yk;k x;kA blesa fodflr ns'k] fodkl'khy o fiNM+s ns'kksa ls vkus okyh oLrqvksa ij cgqr de ;k ux.; vk;kr 'kqYd yxkrs gSaA th,lih O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ftu oLrqvksa dks j[kk tkrk gS] mudh gj lky leh{kk dh tkrh gS fd th,lih lwph esa mUgsa vkxs vkus okys le;

ds fy, j[kuk gS ;k ughaA th,lih ls lacafèkr fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks le>k tk ldrk gS&

¥ vesfjdk 1976 ls gh Hkkjr dks tujykbTM flLVe vkWiQ fiziQjsalst dh lqfoèkk nsrk vk jgk gSA Hkkjr ls tkus okyh oLrqvksa ij vesfjdk 0&6 izfr'kr ds chp fj;k;rh 'kqYd vfèkjksfir djrk gSA

¥ orZeku esa iwjs fo'o esa 13 ns'kksa us th,lih O;oLFkk dks viuk;k gqvk gS bu ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gSa& ;w,l,] dukMk] vkWLVªsfy;k] csyk:l] ;wjksih; la?k] vkblyS.M] tkiku] dtkfdLrku] U;wthyS.M] ukWosZ] :l] fLoV~tjyS.M rFkk rqdhZA

¥ vesfjdk dh th,lih O;oLFkk dk lcls cM+k ykHkkFkhZ Hkkjr gh gSA foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa vesfjdk ds fy, Hkkjr ds dqy fu;kZr dk yxHkx 11» fgLlk th,lih oLrqvksa dk FkkA

¥ vesfjdk us th,lih ykHk ikus gsrq dbZ vfuok;Z 'krks± dks Hkh j[kk gS&

� oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa cky Je dk mi;ksx u gqvk gksA

� mRiknu esa Je dh n'kk,¡ mi;qDr gksa rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku u gqvk gksA

� isVsaV fu;eksa dk dM+kbZ ls ikyuA

� th,lih O;oLFkk ds rgr eqdnek ntZ gksus ij vesfjdh dEifu;ksa o ukxfjdksa dks izkFkfedrk izkIr gksxhA

i`"BHkwfe

fiNys o"kZ vesfjdk us Hkkjr ls vk;kr gksus okys ,Y;qfefu;e o LVhy ds vk;kr ij lhek 'kqYd c<+k fn;k Fkk] ftlds tokc esa Hkkjr us Hkh izfrdkj (Retaliation) dh èkedh nh Fkh] fdUrq vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr ds 'kh"kZ vfèkdkfj;ksa dh dbZ cSBdsa gqb± vkSj Hkkjr us fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dkjZokbZ ugha dhA blds ckn fiQj ls vesfjdk dh esfMdy o Ms;jh iQeks± us vesfjdh ljdkj ij ncko cuk;k fd vesfjdk Hkkjr ij ncko cuk;s fd og vesfjdh Ms;jh o esfMdy mRiknksa dks ,e,iQ,u (Most Favoured Nation) ds ntsZ ds rgr vk;kr djsaA

è;krO; gS fd vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi ds dbZ ns'kksa esa xk;ksa dks f[kyk;s tkus okys pkjs esa xk;ksa&lwvjksa vkSj HksM+ksa dk ek¡l vkSj [kwu dks feyk;k tkrk gS] blh otg ls bls CyM ehy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ,slh [kqjkd ij iyh xk;ksa ds nwèk ls cuh phtksa dk vk;kr djus dks ysdj Hkkjr dk #[k lkiQ gS] mldk dguk gS fd og ,slh xk;ksa ds nwèk ls cus mRikn ugha [kjhn ldrk ftUgsa CyM ehy fn;k x;k gksA blds vfrfjDr Hkkjr dk dguk gS fd mlds bl iQSlys ds ihNs lkaLÑfrd vkSj èkkfeZd laosnuk,¡ gSa ftu ij le>kSrk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Hkkjr dh vkLFkk vkSj laLÑfr ij pksV igq¡pus ds vykok blls NksVs Lrj ds dkjksckfj;ksa o fdlkuksa ds vkfFkZd fgr izHkkfor gksaxsA bl eqís dks ysdj nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp dbZ nkSj dh okrkZ,¡ Hkh gqb± fdUrq ldkjkRed ifj.kke ugha vk;sA

15ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


Hkkjr dk ;g Hkh dguk gS fd ;fn vesfjdk ds Ms;jh o esfMdy mRiknksa dks ,e,iQ,u ds rgr yk;k tk;sxk rks ftu vU; ns'kksa dks Hkkjr us ,e,iQ,u dk ntkZ ns j[kk gS] mUgsa Hkh blh izdkj dh NwV nsuh gksxh] ftlls Hkkjr dks dkiQh uqdlku gksxk vkSj xzkeh.k jkstxkj ij xEHkhj vlj gksxkA

Hkkjr esa vesfjdh bZ&dkWelZ daifu;ksa ds fy, ,iQMhvkbZ ds u, fu;e vkSj MkVk yksdykbts'ku dks ysdj Hkh VªEi ljdkj us fpark trkbZ gSA bu eqíksa ij ikWfylh fuekZ.k dks ysdj Hkkjr viuh laizHkqrk ls tksM+dj ns[krk gS] tcfd vesfjdk dks yxrk gS fd ;g vesfjdh dEifu;ksa dks nckus ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA

vesfjdk pkgrk gS fd Hkkjr us tks ^uh baIykaV* (?kqVuk izR;kjksi.k) vkSj ^LVsaV* (Stent) dh dherksa ij mQijh lhek r; dj j[kh gS] mls og [kRe djsA vxj ,slk gksrk gS rks if'peh ns'kksa dh nok dEifu;ksa dks Hkkjh iQk;nk gksxk] tcfd Hkkjr ^uh baIykaV* vkSj ^LVsaV* dh dherksa dks t:jh nok ds :i esa fu;af=kr djrk gSA vr% Hkkjr us mi;qZDr nksuksa (uh baIykaV vkSj LVsaV) ls dher fu;a=k.k ds gVkus ds vuqjksèk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k gSA

th,lih ls fodkl'khy o fiNM+s ns'kksa dks ykHk

¥ th,lih lwph esa 'kkfey oLrqvksa ij fodflr ns'k U;wu ek=kk esa vk;kr 'kqYd vfèkjksfir djrs gSa] blfy, fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh oLrq,¡ fodflr ns'kksa dh cktkj esa vis{kkÑr lLrh o izfrLi¼kZRed

(Competitive) gks tkrh gSaA iQyLo:i fodflr ns'kksa ds fu;kZr esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

¥ fodkl'khy o fiNM+s ns'kksa dk fu;kZr c<+us ls ogk¡ mRiknu xfrfofèk;k¡ c<+rh gSa] ftlls jkstxkj dk l`tu gksrk gSA

¥ fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fu;kZr c<+us ls mudk fons'kh eqnzk Hk.Mkj (Foreign Exchange

Reserve) Hkh c<+rk gSA

¥ fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa etcwrh vkrh gSA

¥ vFkZO;oLFkk esa etcwrh vkus ls lkekftd LFkkf;Ro Hkh vkrk gS rFkk xfr'khy lekt dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

th,lih ls fodflr ns'kksa dks ykHk

¥ mPp rduhdksa ls ;qDr fodflr ns'k] fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls vkus okys eky dk ewY; lao¼Zu djds iqu% vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr djds Hkkjh equkiQk dekrs gSaA

¥ tc fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls lLrk eky vkrk gS rks mldh VDdj ysus gsrq fodflr ns'kksa dh dEifu;ksa dks dkiQh e'kDdr djuh gksrh gS] ftlls ogk¡ ds cktkj esa izfrLi¼kZ dk tUe gksrk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd izfrLi¼kZ] {kerkvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gS vkSj vke miHkksDrk ds fy, iQynk;h gksrh gSA

vesfjdk dk utfj;k

MksukYM VªEi us tc ls vesfjdh jk"Vªifr dk dk;ZHkkj lEHkkyk gS] rHkh ls og fofHkUu ns'kksa ij O;kikj ?kkVk dks ysdj rh[ks vkjksi yxk jgs gSaA vesfjdk dk lcls T;knk O;kikj ?kkVk phu

ls gS] blfy, nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp fiNys dbZ fnuksa ls O;kikj ;q¼ tkjh gSA dqN fo}ku vesfjdh jk"Vªifr dh uhfr;ksa dh dkiQh vkykspuk djrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd VªEi dh uhfr;ksa ls nqfu;k esa vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;k¡ ean iM+ jgh gSaA mYys[kuh; gS fd vesfjdk us isfjl tyok;q le>kSrs dh Hkh lnL;rk R;kx nh gS vkSj phu o Hkkjr ij vkjksi yxk;k gS fd ;s ns'k vius vkfFkZd ykHkksa ds fy, bl le>kSrs dks vius vuqlkj vuqdwy cuk;s j[ks gSaA

th,lih ntkZ okil ysus ls Hkkjr dks uqdlku

vesfjdk dks ftruh Hkh oLrq,¡ Hkkjr fu;kZr djrk gS] muesa ls cgqr de oLrq,¡ gh th,lih dh lwph esa 'kkfey gSa vFkkZr~ Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dk cgqr de fgLlk gh th,lih ds nk;js esa vkrk gSA Hkkjr ds okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr }kjk th,lih ds vUrxZr vesfjdk ds fy, dqy fu;kZr 5-6 fcfy;u MkWyj gS] ftlls yxHkx 190 fefy;u MkWyj dk gh equkiQk gksrk gSA blhfy, dbZ vFkZ'kkL=kh ekurs gSa fd th,lih ntkZ dks ;fn vesfjdk] Hkkjr ls okil Hkh ys ysxk rks Hkkjr ij dqN [kkl vlj iM+us okyk ugha gSA ysfdu dqN fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr dh tks Hkh oLrq,¡ th,lih O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr vkrh gSa] muds fu;kZr ij vo';EHkkoh :i ls udkjkRed vlj iM+sxk] ftlds iQyLo:i Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds dqN {ks=kksa esa mRiknu xfrfofèk;k¡ ean iM+ ldrh gSa vkSj jkstxkj l`tu ij Hkh udkjkRed vlj iM+ ldrk gSA

vesfjdk ds bl fu.kZ; ls mHkjus okys eqís

;fn vesfjdk us Hkkjr vkSj vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls th,lih dk ntkZ okil ys fy;k rks dbZ izdkj ds eqís mHkjdj lkeus vk;saxs&

¥ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;w,lVhvkj (United States Trade Representative) }kjk Hkkjr ls O;kikj ds lanHkZ esa miyCèk djk;s x, rF;ksa esa vLi"Vrk rFkk lhfer lPpkbZ gSA ;w,lVhvkj dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr] vesfjdk ds mRiknksa ds izfr vius vk;kr 'kqYd dks de ugha dj jgk gS] tcfd lPpkbZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr us mnkjhdj.k ds ckn vius vk;kr 'kqYdksa esa Hkkjh deh dh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj fofHkUu oSf'od laLFkkvksa (;Fkk& fo'o O;kikj laxBu



vkfn) dh fjiksVks± ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 1991 esa VSfjiQ njsa yxHkx 150» Fkha tcfd ;s 2007&08 esa ?kVdj vkSlr :i ls yxHkx 13 izfr'kr gh jg xbZ gSaA

¥ vesfjdk vkSj vU; fodflr ns'k LosPNk ls th,lih O;oLFkk dks xjhc ns'kksa dh enn djus gsrq yk;s Fks] fdUrq vc ;s fodflr ns'k bu xjhc ns'kksa dks Lo;a dh ekdsZV dks [kksyus gsrq ncko cuk jgs gSa] tks uSfrd :i ls xyr gSA

fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{;

¥ fodflr ns'kksa us ,d le; nqfu;k ds vfèkdrj ns'kksa dks viuk mifuos'k cuk;k Fkk vkSj ogk¡ ds lalkèkuksa dk nksgu vius fgr esa fd;k Fkk vkSj vc orZeku esa blh izo`fÙk dks u, :i ^vkfFkZd mifuos'kokn* esa nksgjkus dh bPNk O;Dr dj jgs gSa] tks ekuoh;rk o lekurk ds fo#¼ gSA

¥ vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds 'kq:vkrh fnuksa dk iQk;nk mBkdj dqN ns'kksa (;Fkk& ;w,l,] ;wds ,oa vU; fodflr ns'k) us vius vkidks fodflr ns'kksa dh Js.kh esa ykdj [kM+k dj fy;k] fdUrq vc tc vU; ns'k dh ckjh gS rks og blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds O;oèkku mRiUu dj jgs gSaA mYys[kuh; gS fd vkS|ksfxd Økafr dk iQy lHkh dks leku :i ls izkIr ugha gqvk gS] tcfd blds udkjkRed izHkkoksa (;Fkk& i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k vkfn) us lHkh dks leku :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA

¥ vesfjdk dks Hkkjr vkSj phu dh ,d lkFk rqyuk ugha djuh pkfg,] D;ksafd nksuksa gh ns'kksa (phu o Hkkjr) dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ dkiQh fHkUu gSa] tSls& phu dk vesfjdk ds lkFk O;kikj ?kkVk Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa 13 xquk ls Hkh vfèkd gSA

¥ Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp lacaèkksa esa fiNys dqN lkyksa esa dkiQh izxk<+rk vkbZ gS vkSj nksuksa ns'kksa us dbZ egRoiw.kZ le>kSrksa (;Fkk& dkWedklk ,xzhesaV vkfn) ij gLrk{kj fd;s gSaA bl fLFkfr esa Hkkjr ds f[kykiQ vesfjdk ;fn dksbZ cM+s dne (;Fkk& th,lih ntkZ okil ysuk vkfn) mBkrk gS rks nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lacaèkksa esa [kVkl vk ldrh gSA

th,lih dks okil ysus ls vesfjdk dks gkfu

fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls ;fn vesfjdk th,lih dk ntkZ okil ysxk rks mls Hkh dbZ izdkj dh gkfu;k¡ mBkuh gksaxhA vHkh vesfjdk dh iQwM izkslsflax dEifu;k¡ czkthy o Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa

ls izkIr lLrs eky dk ewY;o¼Zu djds ykHk dekrh gSa] fdUrq th,lih dh okilh ls og bu ykHkksa ls oafpr gks tk;saxh] D;ksafd ogk¡ vkus okyk eky eg¡xk gks tk;sxk ftlls ewY;of¼Zr eky Hkh vis{kkÑr eg¡xk gksxkA vr% vesfjdk ds fu;kZr ij udkjkRed vlj iM+ ldrk gSA blds vfrfjDr vesfjdk ds cktkj esa th,lih ;qDr eky ,d izfrLi¼kZ ds okrkoj.k dks tUe nsrk gS] ysfdu ;fn th,lih O;oLFkk dks [kRe fd;k x;k rks ;g izfrLi¼kZ dk ekgkSy Hkh [kRe gks tk;sxkA mYys[kuh; gS fd vesfjdk dh okyekVZ dEiuh VªEi ljdkj ds fu.kZ; dk fojksèk dj jgh gSA

mi;qZDr ds vykok fuEu dkj.kksa ls Hkh Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp xfrjksèk mRiUu gqvk gS&

¥ ;w,l VªsM fjizstsaVsfVo (USTR) us laoknnkrk lEesyu esa dgk fd Hkkjr] vesfjdk ds mRiknksa dks vius cktkj esa U;k;laxr igq¡p iznku ugha dj jgk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vesfjdk dh gkysZ MsfoMlu eksVjlkbfdy ij Hkkjr mPp vk;kr 'kqYd vfèkjksfir djrk gSA

¥ ;w,lVhvkj dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr vkSj phu tSls ns'kksa ls vesfjdk dk fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls O;kikj ?kkVk cuk gqvk gS ftls vesfjdk vc vkSj ugha ogu dj ik;sxkA

¥ Hkkjr dk ,d o`gn Mk;Liksjk vesfjdk esa jgrk gS] fdUrq vesfjdk ljdkj dh ohtk lacaèkh vLFkk;h uhfr;k¡ Hkkjrh; Mk;Liksjk dks udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSaA

¥ vesfjdk dh lsusVjh vkSj iQkbVkslsusVjh (Santiary and Phytosanitary) 'krs± Hkkjr ds Ñf"k vkèkkfjr mRiknksa ds fu;kZr dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA

¥ Hkkjr esa ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj (vkbZihvkj) ls lacafèkr dkuwuksa ,oa mUgsa fØ;kfUor djus dks ysdj vdlj vesfjdk viuh fpark,¡ tkfgj djrk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjr isVsaV ds ,ojxzhfuax ij dM+k #[k vf[r;kj djrk gSA vesfjdk us Hkkjr dks vkbZihvkj dh fuxjkuh lwph ^Lis'ky 301* esa Mky j[kk gSA

Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp O;kikfjd fLFkfr

¥ Hkkjr ds fy, vesfjdk] ;wjksih; la?k

(17») ds ckn nwljk lcls cM+k fu;kZrd ns'k (yxHkx 16») gSA blh izdkj Hkkjr] phu (17») vkSj ;wjksih; la?k (10») ds ckn lcls T;knk vesfjdk (6») ls vk;kr djrk gSA

¥ Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa dqy f}i{kh; O;kikj yxHkx 74-5 fcfy;u MkWyj Fkk] tks fiNys foÙkh; o"kZ dh rqyuk esa yxHkx 15-5» vfèkd gSA

¥ Hkkjr] vesfjdk dks fu;kZr vis{kkÑr vfèkd (vk;kr dh rqyuk esa) djrk gSA

Hkkjr ds ikl fodYi

Hkkjr] vesfjdh ljdkj ds iQSlys ds foijhr fo'o O;kikj laxBu (MCY;wVhvks) esa tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd MCY;wVhvks ds fu;e dgrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh ns'k vU; lHkh ns'kksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djsxk] tcfd orZeku esa vesfjdk us th,lih dk ntkZ dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fn;k gqvk gS fdUrq Hkkjr ij og bldks ysdj vuqfpr ncko cuk jgk gSA dqN fo}ku Hkkjr }kjk MCY;wVhvks esa eqdnek ys tkus ds i{k esa ugha gS D;kasfd vesfjdk MCY;wVhvks ds fookn fuiVkus okys ra=k (WTO Dispute Settlement

Mechanism) esa ubZ fu;qfDr;k¡ ugha gksus ns jgk gS vkSj dbZ rjg ls MCY;wVhvks dks detksj djus esa yxk gqvk gSA blds vykok] Hkkjr ds ikl ;g Hkh fodYi gS fd vesfjdh ljdkj ds fu.kZ; ds f[kykiQ tokch dkjZokbZ djs vkSj vesfjdk ls vkus okyh oLrqvksa ij vk;kr 'kqYd c<+k;sA ysfdu fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;g Hkh dksbZ mi;qDr fodYi ugha gS D;ksafd Hkkjr] vesfjdk dks fu;kZr T;knk djrk gS (vk;kr dh rqyuk esa)A blds vfrfjDr vesfjdk ,d cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS ftl ij Hkkjr ds izfrdkj dksbZ [kkl vlj ugha iM+sxkA

mi;qZDr dFkuksa ds vykok Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fuEufyf[kr mik;ksa ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gS&

¥ th,lih ls izHkkfor {ks=k ds fy, ljdkj fo'ks"k vkfFkZd lgk;rk iSdst iznku dj ldrh gSA

¥ fu;kZr dks c<+kus gsrq djksa esa NwV iznku djuk o fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=kksa (SEZ) dk fuekZ.k djds vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kukA

¥ ljdkj dks vius mRiknksa dh xq.koÙkk dks

17ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


c<+kus ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk gksxkA blds fy, vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl (vkj-,.M-Mh-) ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

¥ fu;kZr ds fy, vesfjdk ds vfrfjDr vU; cktkjksa esa fodYi dh ryk'k djuh pkfg,A

vkxs dh jkg

VªEi dh ?kks"k.kk ds ckn Hkh vHkh orZeku O;oLFkk Hkkjr ds fy, 60 fnu rd tkjh jgsxh]

vr% Hkkjr ljdkj dks pkfg, fd vesfjdk ds 'kh"kZ vfèkdkfj;ksa ds lkFk ckrphr ds nkSj dks rst fd;k tk;s vkSj f}i{kh; Lrj ij lHkh rjg ds erHksnksa dks gy djds ,sls ra=k dks LFkkfir fd;k tk;s] ftlls fd nksuksa ns'k leku :i ls ykHkkfUor gks ldsaA

Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk nksuksa gh vkèkqfud yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa dks ojh;rk nsrs gSa rFkk nksuksa ds chp O;kikj dh vlhe lEHkkouk,¡ gSa] ftUgsa

ryk'k djus vkSj vey esa ykus dh t:jr gSA


¥ Hkkjr ds fgrksa] Hkkjrh; Mk;liksjk ij fodflr rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa rFkk jktuhfr dk izHkkoA

¢

7- CykWdpsu rduhd % laHkkouk,¡ ,oa pqukSfr;k¡

ppkZ dk dkj.k

gky gh esa vesfjdk ds dkuwufonksa us jkT;ksa esa ty vfèkdkj izcaèku esa CykWdpsu rduhd ds bLrseky ij tksj fn;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd bl rduhd ls ikuh dk leqfpr nksgu o mldh fuxjkuh dh tk ldrh gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd rsyaxkuk ljdkj us 2018 esa gSnjkckn dks Hkkjr dk izFke CykWdpsu ftyk ?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA blds vfrfjDr ,lchvkbZ (SBI) nwljs izeq[k cSadksa ds lkFk CykWdpsu rduhd dh laHkkoukvksa ij Hkh dke dj jgh gSA

i`"BHkwfe

fØIVksxzkiQh dh lqjf{kr Ük`a[kyk ij igyk dke 1991 esa LVqvVZ gScj o MCY;w- LdkWV :VksusZVk us fd;kA 1992 esa ck;j] gscj vkSj LVksusZVk us blds fMtkbu esa lqèkkj fd;kA CykWdpsu esa dbZ CykWdksa dks ,d CykWd esa ,df=kr djus dh vuqefr nh tk ldrh gSA igyh CykWdpsu dks 2008 esa lrks'kh ukdkeksrks uked fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg us fØIVksdjsalh ds fy, bLrseky fd;k FkkA o"kZ 2016 esa :lh la?k dh dsUnzh; izfrHkwfr fMikWftVjh us CykWdpsu IysViQkWeZ ij vkèkkfjr ,d ik;yV ifj;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh] ftlds vuqlkj CykWdpsu dk bLrseky Lopkfyr ernku iz.kkyh ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

CykWdpsu rduhd

fiNys dqN o"kks± esa baVjusV dh enn ls lwpuk izlkj rFkk MsVk ds gLrkarj.k esa rsth vk;h gSA CykWdpsu Hkfo"; dh ,slh rduhd gS tks ,d lqjf{kr ,oa vklkuh ls lqyHk usVodZ ij ysu&nsu dk ,d fodsaæhÑr MkVkcsl rS;kj djrh gSA ysu&nsu ds bl lk>k fjdkWMZ dks usVodZ ij fLFkr dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ ns• ldrk gSA okLro esa CykWdpsu MkVk CykWdksa dh ,d

Ük`a•yk gksrh gS rFkk çR;sd CykWd esa ysu&nsu dk ,d lewg lekfo"V gksrk gSA ;s CykWd ,d&nwljs ls bysDVªkWfud :i ls tqM+s gksrs gSa rFkk bUgsa dwV&ys•u ds ekè;e ls lqj{kk çnku dh tkrh gSA bl rduhd dh ,d çeq• fo'ks"krk bldk fodsaæhÑr gksuk gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ysu&nsu dks iwjk djus ds fy;s blesa fdlh fo'oluh; eè;LFk (tSls&cSad) dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA CykWdpsu çkS|ksfxdh dk lokZsÙke ,oa lcls cM+k mnkgj.k fcVdkWbu usVodZ gSA ;g rduhd lqjf{kr gS vkSj bls gSd djuk eqf'dy gSA lkbcj vijkèk vkSj gSfdax dks jksdus ds fy;s ;g rduhd lqjf{kr ekuh tk jgh gSA

CykWdpsu rduhd dh dk;Zç.kkyh

orZeku esa nks yksxksa ds eè; iSlksa dk LFkkukUrj.k rhljs i{k ds ekè;e ls gh gksrk gS vkSj ;s rhljs i{k tSls cSad] isVh,e] euh VªkUliQj vkfn gksrh gSa vkSj gesa bu ysu&nsu ds fy, lsok 'kqYd vfèkd nsuk gksrk gS] tcfd CykWdpsu esa rhljs i{k dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA CykWdpsu rduhd esa fd;s x;s VªkatsD'ku esa cgqr de le; yxrk gSA blds vykok CykWdpsu iw.kZ :i ls lqjf{kr gSA ;g dHkh Hkh gq, lHkh fMftVy VªkatsD'ku dk C;kSjk j•rh gSA lkbcj Økbe vkSj gSfdax dks jksdus ds fy, CykWdpsu rduhd dks iQqyçwiQ flLVe ds rkSj ij tkuk tkrk gSA

CykWdpsu forfjr MkVk csl gksrh gSA blesa yxkrkj dbZ fjdkWM~lZ dks laèkkfjr fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa CykWd dgrs gSaA buesa çR;sd CykWd vius iwoZ ds CykWd ls fyad jgrk gSA bl rduhd esa gtkjksa daI;wVj ij bfUØIVsM vFkok xqIr :i ls MkVk lqjf{kr jgrk gS] bls ifCyd ystj Hkh dgrs gSaA bls gSd djus ds fy, lHkh gtkjksa daI;wVj esa ,d lkFk lkbcj vVSd djuk gksxk tks fd ukeqefdu gSA CykWdpsu fMftVy

djsalh fcVdkWbu ij vkèkkfjr gSA fcVdkWbu eqæk fodsafær fØIVksdjsalh gksrh gS] ftls dHkh Hkh dgha Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g eqæk rsth ls yksdfç; gks jgh gSA fcVdkWbu ij fdlh O;fÙkQ] ljdkj ;k dEiuh dk LokfeRo ugha gksrk gSA bl dkj.k dHkh fdlh rjg dh csbZekuh gksrh gS rks ml ij dksbZ dkjZokbZ Hkh ugha gks ldrh D;ksafd ;g ljdkj ds fu;a=k.k esa ugha gS vkSj lqjf{kr gksus ds dkj.k MªXl Lexfyax vkfn vkijkfèkd dk;ks± esa bldk nq#i;ksx c<+ jgk gSA gkykafd Hkkjr esa bldk mi;ksx xSjdkuwuh gSA

Hkkjr esa CykWdpsu rduhd dh fLFkfr

Hkkjr esa ,d varj&eaf=kLrjh; lfefr bls fofu;fer djus ds fy;s fofHkUu igyqvksa ij fopkj dj jgh gSA bls cktkj fu;ked flD;ksfjVht ,aM ,Dlpsat cksMZ vkWiQ bafM;k (lsch) ds Hkqxrku fofu;ked cksMZ ds rgr ykus ij fopkj fd;k tk jgk gSA bl cksMZ esa dsaæh; cSad vkSj dsaæ ljdkj ls çR;sd ds rhu lnL; gksaxsA gkyk¡fd vHkh rd bl vksj dksbZ Bksl dne ugha mBk;s tk lds gSaA

dbZ daifu;ksa us lqjf{kr ysu&nsu ds fy, CykWdpsu dk bLrseky djuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA Hkkjr esa bls ysdj cgqr laHkkouk,¡ vkSj {kerk,¡ gSaA rduhd ls tqM+s fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr esa ;g {kerk gS fd og CykWdpsu Økafr dk vxqvk cu ldrk gSA xkSjryc gS fd cSafdax vkSj foÙkh; lsok {ks=k dh çeq• daiuh ,p,lchlh (HSBC) vkSj fjyk;al baMLVªht fyfeVsM (RIL) us vius foÙkh; ysu&nsu ds fy, ^CykWdpsu* rduhd dk bLrseky 'kq: fd;k FkkA ^CykWdpsu* ds vkus ls dkjksckjh ysu&nsu esa dkxtksa dk >a>V •Re gks x;k vkSj ;g rjhdk csgn lqjf{kr ekuk tk jgk gSA CykWdpsu u dsoy lqjf{kr ysu&nsu dk lkèku cudj



mHkj jgk gS] cfYd ;g u;k {ks=k caij ukSdfj;k¡ Hkh ysdj vk jgk gSA KkrO; gS fd 2016 esa foeqæhdj.k ds ckn ls fMftVy ysu&nsu esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj ,slk vuqeku gS fd 2020 rd ;s xr o"kZ dh rqyuk esa 10 xquk c<+ tk,axsA lu~ 2022 rd eksckby okWysV ekdZsV dh dqy o`f¼ nj 148 çfr'kr gks tkus dk vuqeku gSA Hkkjr esa c<+rs fMftVy mi;ksx dks ns•rs gq, ljdkj us CykWdpsu dh egÙkk dks le> fy;k gSA blh lanHkZ esa vkaèkzçns'k ljdkj us igyk CykWdpsu lsaVj cukus dh igy dh gSA blds fy, LVkVZvi vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k gSA egkjk"Vª] dsjy] dukZVd vkSj jktLFkku Hkh bl fn'kk esa dne mBk jgs gSaA

oSf'od fLFkfr

vesfjdk] fczVsu] LohMu tSls fodflr ns'kksa us lkoZtfud {ks=k esa CykWdpsu rduhd dks vkxs c<+kus dk dke fd;k gSA blds vykok nqcbZ us ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd og CykWdpsu rduhd dks lHkh ljdkjh ysu&nsu esa ykxw djus ds fy, iz;kl dj jgh gSA dqN vU; ns'k LekVZ flVh vkSj ifjogu tSls fofHkUu vU; {ks=kksa esa CykWdpsu dk mi;ksx fd;s tkus dh laHkkoukvksa dks ryk'k jgs gSaA

LokLF; lsokvksa ds {ks=k esa CykWdpsu ls ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ,d ckj fDyfudy Vªk;y ds urhts fjdkWMZ gks tkus ds ckn nok daifu;k¡ muesa NsM+NkM+ ugha dj ldsaxhA nok m|ksx esa] tgk¡ udyh nokb;ksa dh cM+h leL;k gS ogk¡ çkekf.kd vkSj irk yxkus ;ksX; fjdkWMZ cukus ds fy, CykWdpsu dk bLrseky cgqr vkd"kZd gSA vkbZch,e] vestkWu] iQksMZ] ch,eMCY;w] usLys] iQkbtj vkSj okWyekVZ tSlh cM+h daifu;k¡ viuh lIykbZ psu lqèkkjus ds fy, CykWdpsu ds bLrseky dh laHkkoukvksa dk irk yxk jgh gSaA

CykWdpsu rduhd ds vuqiz;ksx

fØIVksdjsalh vkSj foÙkh; ysu&nsu ds vykok CykWdpsu rduhd dk bLrseky dkuwuh dkxtkr] LokLF; vk¡dM+ksa] uksVjh vkSj futh nLrkost vkfn dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds vykok bldk bLrseky lfClMh forj.k] Hkw&fjdkWMZ fu;eu vkSj ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ij fglkc&fdrkc j[kus esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl rduhd dk mi;ksx DykmMsM LVksjst]

fMftVy igpku] LekVZ dkWUVªSDV vkSj fMftVy

ernku esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA dbZ ,slh

;kstuk,¡ tks <k¡pkxr dfe;ksa] mPp ykxr]

dsUnzh;dj.k vkSj èkhes usVodZ dh otg ls

vHkh rd dkjxj ugha ekuh tkrh Fkha] CykWdpsu

rduhd us mUgsa dkiQh gn rd vklku cuk

fn;k gSA

nqfu;k esa dbZ txg okf.kT; laifÙk;ksa dks

fdjk;s ij nsus ds fy, izkWiVhZ Mhyj bldk

bLrseky dj jgs gSaA DykmM gksfLVax IysViQkWeZ

esa bldk bLrseky 'kS{kf.kd tkudkfj;ksa ds fy,

fd;k tk jgk gSA blds tfj;s vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa

esa Nk=kksa] vè;kidksa vkSj daifu;ksa dks ikjn'khZ

vkSj lqjf{kr IysViQkWeZ eqgS;k djk;s tk jgs gSaA

foÙkh; {ks=k ls tqM+h daifu;k¡ CykWdpsu rduhd

ls tqM+s reke dke&dkt esa rsth ls viuk izlkj

dj jgh gSaA foÙkh; daifu;k¡ foÙkh; lsokvksa

ds fy, CykWdpsu vkSj ,i dh lgk;rk ys

jgh gSaA ;s daifu;k¡ blds tfj;s ½.k nsus ls

ysdj chek rd eqgS;k djk jgh gSaA njvly

fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dh otg ls

CykWdpsu rduhd dkiQh dkjxj lkfcr gks jgh

gSA ysfdu tgk¡ futh lwpuk dk ekeyk vkSj

tkudkfj;k¡ lkoZtfud gksus ij uqdlku dk Mj

gks] ogk¡ budk bLrseky ugha gks ldrk gSA fiQj

Hkh ikjnf'kZrk c<+kus ,oa lkiQ lqFkjs ysu&nsu

vkSj ysu&nsu dk bfrgkl tkuus ds utfj, ls ;s

csgn 'kkunkj gSaA CykWdpsu rduhd dk bLrseky

fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS&

¥ CykWdpsu rduhd dk mi;ksx dj fdlku

ls ysdj miHkksDrk rd fo'oluh; lwpuk,¡

igq¡pk dj foi.ku ra=k dks l{ke fd;k

tk ldrk gSA blls [kk| vkèkkfjr ewY;

Ük`a[kykvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+ ldrh gS vkSj

tfVyrk,¡ de gks ldrh gSaA

¥ CykWdpsu izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx MsVk dks

la'kksfèkr djus rFkk usVodZ] MsVk dsUnzksa

,oa gkMZos;j midj.kksa tSls dbZ midj.k

lalkèkuksa rd igq¡p dks fodsafnzr djus ds

fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¥ CykWdpsu rduhd dk iz;ksx ikjnf'kZrk

c<+kus rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj dh tk¡p esa Hkh fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

¥ is;ty dh vkiwfrZ dh fuxjkuh djus ds

fy, LekVZ VªSfdax ehVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA CykWdpsu }kjk O;kikj vuqcaèkksa dk vklkuh ls lR;kiu fd;k tk ldrk gS tks ty vkiwfrZ izcaèku dks Lopkfyr djus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA

¥ okrkoj.k esa dkcZu dk mRltZu djus okyh daifu;ksa }kjk mRlftZr xSlksa dh ek=kk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, CykWdpsu vkèkkfjr izcaèku iz.kkyh cuk;h xbZ gS tks le;≤ ij CykWdpsu usVodZ ij mUgsa fjdkWMZ djrh gSaA

¥ CykWdpsu rduhd fØIVksxzkiQh dh enn ls U;k;ky; esa izLrqr lk{; dks lqjf{kr j[k ldrk gS rFkk mldh xksiuh;rk dks Hkh cjdjkj j[kk tk ldrk gSA blls U;k;ky; esa lk{;ksa ds lkFk NsM+NkM+ dh ?kVuk dks jksdus esa enn fey ldrh gSA

pqukSfr;k¡

¥ CykWdpsu ds lkeus dqN dfBukb;k¡ Hkh gSaA blls tqM+s ysu&nsu ds fy, cM+h ek=kk esa dEI;wfVax ikoj vkSj ÅtkZ dh t:jr gS] tcfd blds ekStwnk usVodZ ,d fnu esa lhfer ysu&nsu gh dj ldrs gSaA

¥ CykWdpsu dh dkuwuh fLFkfr Hkh vHkh vLi"V gS] D;ksafd fu;ked dkuwu vHkh bls ekU;rk ugha ns jgs gSaA

¥ CykWdpsu ;g xkjaVh Hkh ugha nsrs fd tks lwpuk,¡ muesa ntZ dh xbZ gSa] os lVhd gSaA bldh txg os ;g fn[kkrs gSa fd lwpukvksa ds lkFk NsM+NkM+ rks ugha dh xbZ gSA ,sls esa mudks cukrs le; gh >wBh lwpuk,¡ ntZ djus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA

¥ nqfu;kHkj esa rduhd ds ne ij foÙkh; dkjksckj rsth ls fMftVy gq, gSa] ysfdu Hkkjr esa bldh jÝrkj èkheh gSA bldh dbZ lqj{kkRed otgsa gSa vkSj lkFk gh t:jh dkuwuksa dh deh Hkh gSA

¥ fMftVy ysu&nsu c<+us ds lkFk gh ns'k esa voSèk 'kqYd olwyh vkSj vfrfjDr 'kqYd] èkujkf'k xk;c gksus vkfn dh f'kdk;rsa Hkh c<+h gSaA blds vfrfjDr ukxfjd lwpukvksa dh pksjh] lkbcj mRihM+u] vkS|ksfxd tklwlh] izQkWM Hkqxrku vkSj xSj dkuwuh ysu&nsu ds ekeys Hkh c<+s gSaA

¥ bZ&okWysV xSj cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡ gSa] blfy, mu ij cSadksa ds fu;e ykxw ugha

19ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


gksrs vkSj foÙkh; {ks=k dh rduhdh daifu;k¡

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vfèkfu;e ds nk;js esa gSa]

tkfgj gS fdlh Hkh vfu;ferrk ls fuiVus

ds fy, dkuwu dk cqfu;knh <k¡pk unkjn gSA

¥ ekStwnk dkuwuh ra=k ij utj Mkysa rks lkbcj

dkuwu ds nk;js esa dEI;wVj] baVjusV vkSj

lkbcj Lisl vkrs gSaA blls fuiVus ds fy,

lu~ 2000 esa vkbZVh ,DV cuk;k x;kA blds

tfj;s Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1860] Hkkjrh;

lk{; vfèkfu;e] 1872] cSafdax lk{;

dkuwu] 1891 vkSj fjtoZ cSad vfèkfu;e]

1934 esa Hkh t:jh cnyko fd;s x, gSaA

fdUrq rduhd dh nqfu;k esa Økafrdkjh

cnyko vk pqds gSa vkSj ;s lc dkuwu

ukdkiQh gSaA

¥ cSad ds fMftVy ysu&nsu dbZ otgksa ls

xyr gks ldrs gSa] buesa ls vfèkdka'k

ekeyksa esa xzkgd dh dksbZ xyrh ugha gksrh

gSA MsfcV dkMZ vkSj cSad [kkrs dk gSd gksuk

dksbZ ugha ckr ugha gSA blds vykok xyr dS'k VªkaliQj vkSj VªkatsD'ku gq, fcuk iSls dV tkus ds ekeys Hkh gSaA bu lHkh ekeyksa esa dS'k Vsªy (Cash Trail) ;kuh Hkqxrku ds fjdkWMZ dh lgh tk¡p ;k pksjh idM+ ikuk vklku ugha gSA

vkxs dh jkg

nks n'kd igys rd ge foÙkh; ysu&nsu esa fliZQ udnh dk gh bLrseky djrs Fks] fdUrq tSls&tSls foÙkh; lsokvksa dk Lo:i cnyk ysu&nsu ds rkSj rjhdksa esa Hkh Økafrdkjh cnyko gq,A baVjusV dh lqij dusfDVfoVh us foÙkh; lsokvksa esa ubZ rduhd ds bLrseky ds u;s volj [kksys vkSj nqfu;k ds reke ns'kksa ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr us Hkh dS'kysl vFkZO;oLFkk cuus dh vksj dne c<+k fn,A vxj Hkkjr ljdkj CykWdpsu tSlh rduhdksa ij vey djrh gS rks blls ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izlkj fcuk Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj fcpkSfy;ksa ds vke yksxksa rd igq¡pkus esa enn feysxhA gkykafd

Hkkjr esa bl ij vHkh Hkh cgqr dke fd;k tkuk ckdh gS] fdUrq orZeku le; dh ek¡x gS fd bl rduhd dks cM+s iSekus ij viuk;k tk,A blds vfrfjDr bl ckr dk Hkh è;ku j[kk tk, fd fcVdkWbu tSls CykWdpsu çkS|ksfxdh dks jSuleos;j geyksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA vr% bldk fofu;eu cM+h lkoèkkuh ls djus dh vko';drk gSA


¥ foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh&fodkl ,oa vuqiz;ksx vkSj jkstejkZ ds thou ij bldk izHkkoA

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ifjp;

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e`R;qnaM ds i{k esa rdZ

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lkr fo"k;fu"B iz'u vkSj muds ekWMy mÙkj

e`R;qnaM ds foi{k esa rdZ

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fu"d"kZ

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thou 'kSyh ls tqM+h chekfj;ksa dk c<+rk izHkko

iz- Hkkjr esa xyr thou 'kSyh ls tqM+h chekfj;k¡ ns'k ds 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds vykok vc xzkeh.k vkSj tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa Hkh iQSy jgh gSaA leh{kk dhft,A

mÙkj%

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ppkZ dk dkj.k

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Fit Report*¥ds¥vuqlkj¥Hkkjr¥dh¥yxHkx¥57»¥tula[;k¥tks¥Hkkjr¥ds¥izeq[k¥'kgjksa¥tSls&¥fnYyh]¥gSnjkckn]¥psUubZ¥vkfn¥esa¥jgrh¥gS]¥eksVkis¥vkSj¥vfèkd¥otu¥ls¥xzflr¥gSaA¥eèkqesg¥ls¥laacafèkr¥ejhtksa¥dh¥la[;k¥2017¥esa¥tgk¡¥ 3-6»¥ Fkh]¥ogha¥ 2018¥esa¥ c<+dj¥5-1»¥gks¥ xbZ¥ gSA¥dksysLVªkWy¥ls¥lacafèkr¥ejhtksa¥dh¥la[;k¥tgk¡¥2017¥esa¥5-2»¥Fkh]¥ogha¥2018¥esa¥c<+dj¥12-1»¥gks¥xbZ¥gSA¥mPp¥jDr¥pki¥ls¥xzflr¥yksxksa¥dh¥la[;k¥tgk¡¥2017¥esa¥4-9»¥Fkh]¥ogha¥2018¥esa¥c<+dj¥9-4»¥gks¥xbZ¥gSA

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¥¥ thou¥'kSyh¥ls¥tqM+h¥ fcekfj;k¡¥ Hkkjr¥esa¥yxkrkj¥c<+rh¥tk¥jgh¥gSaA¥


21ekpZ 2019 A vad&3

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LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa mrkj&p<+ko ds dkj.k

¥¥ vkjchvkbZ¥dh¥ekSfnzd¥leh{kk¥(C;kt¥njksa¥esa¥deh¥;k¥o`f¼)]¥ljdkj¥dh¥jktdks"kh;¥uhfr]¥okf.kT;¥uhfr]¥vkS|ksfxd¥uhfr]¥Ñf"k¥uhfr¥vkfn¥esa¥fdlh¥Hkh¥rjg¥ds¥cnyko¥dh¥otg¥ls¥bu¥{ks=kksa¥ls¥tqM+h¥daifu;ksa¥ds¥'ks;jksa¥ds¥Hkko¥esa¥mrkj&p<+ko¥gksrk¥gSA

LVkWd ,Dlpsat ds mrkj&p<+ko dk izHkko

¥¥ LVkWd¥,Dlpsat¥mrkj&p<+ko¥dk¥eq[;¥izHkko¥vkfFkZd¥xfrfofèk;ksa¥ij¥iM+rk¥gSA¥tc¥LVkWd¥,Dlpsat¥esa¥c<+ksrjh¥gksrh¥gS¥rks¥vFkZO;oLFkk¥eas¥fuos'k¥dh¥ek=kk¥esa¥btkiQk¥gksrk¥gS¥vkSj¥mRiknu¥dh¥xfrfofèk;k¡¥c<+rh¥gSa]¥ftlls¥u,¥jkstxkjksa¥dk¥l`tu¥gksrk¥gS¥vkSj¥jkstxkj¥;qDr¥lekt¥ns'k¥ds¥lkekftd]¥lkaLÑfrd]¥i;kZoj.kh;]¥jktuSfrd¥o¥iz'kklfud¥vkfn¥lHkh¥i{kksa¥ij¥ldkjkRed¥izHkko¥mRiUu¥djrk¥gSA

lq>ko

¥¥ djkjksi.k¥rFkk¥lkoZtfud¥Í.k¥dks¥vFkZO;oLFkk¥ds¥vuqdwy¥cukukA

¥¥ cSad¥nj]¥jsiks¥jsV]¥uxn¥vkjf{kr¥vuqikr¥(lhvkjvkj)¥rFkk¥lkafofèkd¥rjyrk¥vuqikr¥vkfn¥esa¥vko';drkuqlj¥cnyko¥djukA¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥n

^tujykbTM flLVe vkWiQ fiziQjsalst* dk Hkkjr ij izHkko

iz- tujykbTM flLVe vkWiQ fiziQjsalst (th,lih) D;k gS\ ;fn vesfjdk }kjk th,lih dk ntkZ Hkkjr ls okil ys fy;k x;k rks Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij fdl rjg ds izHkko iM+saxs\ fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

mÙkj%

n`f"Vdks.k


¥¥ ifjp;

¥¥ th,lih¥ls¥fodkl'khy¥o¥fiNM+s¥ns'kksa¥dks¥ykHk

¥¥ th,lih¥ntkZ¥okil¥ysus¥ls¥Hkkjr¥dks¥uqdlku

¥¥ Hkkjr¥ds¥ikl¥fodYi



¥¥ vkxs¥dh¥jkg

ppkZ dk dkj.k

¥¥ gky¥gh¥esa¥vesfjdh¥jk"Vªifr¥MksukYM¥VªEi¥us¥dk¡xzsl¥(vesfjdk¥dh¥foèkkf;dk)¥dks¥i=k¥fy[kk¥gS¥fd¥Hkkjr¥ls¥tujykbTM¥flLVe¥vkWiQ¥fiziQjsalst¥ (Generalised System of Preferences -GSP)¥ds¥ntsZ¥ (Status)¥dks¥okil¥ys¥fy;k¥tk;sA¥

ifjp;

¥¥ tujykbTM¥flLVe¥vkWiQ¥fiziQjsalst¥(th,lih)¥,d¥izdkj¥dk¥ojh;rk@rjthgh¥ VSfjiQ¥ flLVe¥ gS]¥ bldks¥ vesfjdk¥ us¥ ^O;kikj¥ vfèkfu;e]¥1974*¥ (Trade Act, 1974)¥ds¥}kjk¥1976¥esa¥ LFkkfir¥ fd;k¥FkkA¥bl¥O;oLFkk¥dks¥ykus¥dk¥mís';¥Fkk¥fd¥nqfu;k¥ds¥xjhc¥ns'kksa¥dks¥vesfjdk¥ds¥lkFk¥O;kikj¥djus¥dk¥volj¥iznku¥fd;k¥tk;s¥rkfd¥os¥viuh¥vFkZO;oLFkkvksa¥dks¥lqn`<+rk¥iznku¥dj¥ldsaA

th,lih ls fodkl'khy o fiNM+s ns'kksa dks ykHk

¥¥ th,lih¥ lwph¥ esa¥ 'kkfey¥ oLrqvksa¥ ij¥ fodflr¥ ns'k¥ U;wu¥ ek=kk¥ esa¥vk;kr¥ 'kqYd¥ vfèkjksfir¥ djrs¥ gSa]¥ blfy,¥ fodkl'khy¥ ns'kksa¥ dh¥oLrq,¡¥fodflr¥ns'kksa¥dh¥cktkj¥esa¥vis{kkÑr¥lLrh¥o¥izfrLi¼kZRed¥(Competitive)¥gks¥tkrh¥gSaA¥iQyLo:i¥fodflr¥ns'kksa¥ds¥ fu;kZr¥esa¥o`f¼¥gksrh¥gSA

th,lih ntkZ okil ysus ls Hkkjr dks uqdlku

¥¥ vesfjdk¥dks¥ftruh¥Hkh¥oLrq,¡¥Hkkjr¥fu;kZr¥djrk¥gS]¥muesa¥ls¥cgqr¥de¥ oLrq,¡¥ gh¥ th,lih¥dh¥ lwph¥ esa¥ 'kkfey¥ gSa¥ vFkkZr~¥ Hkkjr¥ds¥fu;kZr¥dk¥cgqr¥de¥fgLlk¥gh¥th,lih¥ds¥nk;js¥esa¥vkrk¥gSA¥Hkkjr¥ds¥okf.kT;¥vkSj¥m|ksx¥ea=kky;¥ds¥vuqlkj]¥Hkkjr¥}kjk¥th,lih¥ds¥vUrxZr¥vesfjdk¥ds¥fy,¥dqy¥fu;kZr¥5-6¥fcfy;u¥MkWyj¥gS]¥ftlls¥yxHkx¥190¥fefy;u¥MkWyj¥dk¥gh¥equkiQk¥gksrk¥gSA

Hkkjr ds ikl fodYi

¥¥ Hkkjr]¥vesfjdh¥ljdkj¥ds¥iQSlys¥ds¥foijhr¥fo'o¥O;kikj¥laxBu¥(MCY;wVhvks)¥esa¥tk¥ldrk¥gS]¥D;ksafd¥MCY;wVhvks¥ds¥ fu;e¥dgrs¥gSa¥fd¥dksbZ¥Hkh¥ns'k¥vU;¥lHkh¥ns'kksa¥ds¥lkFk¥leku¥O;ogkj¥djsxk]¥tcfd¥orZeku¥esa¥vesfjdk¥us¥th,lih¥dk¥ntkZ¥dbZ¥fodkl'khy¥ns'kksa¥dks¥ fn;k¥gqvk¥gS¥ fdUrq¥Hkkjr¥ij¥og¥bldks¥ysdj¥vuqfpr¥ncko¥cuk¥jgk¥gSA

vkxs dh jkg

¥¥ Hkkjr¥vkSj¥vesfjdk¥nksuksa¥gh¥vkèkqfud¥yksdrkaf=kd¥ewY;ksa¥dks¥ojh;rk¥nsrs¥gSa¥rFkk¥nksuksa¥ds¥chp¥O;kikj¥dh¥vlhe¥lEHkkouk,¡¥gSa]¥ftUgsa¥ryk'k¥djus¥vkSj¥vey¥esa¥ykus¥dh¥t:jr¥gSA¥ ¥ ¥ ¥n

CykWdpsu rduhd % laHkkouk,¡ ,oa pqukSfr;k¡

iz- Hkkjr esa CykWdpsu rduhd dk izpkj&izlkj rsth ls gks jgk gSA bl lanHkZ esa crk,¡ fd ;g rduhd fdl izdkj vFkZO;oLFkk] xous±l o MsVkcsl dks forfjr djus dh {kerk j[krh gS\ lkFk

gh blls tqM+h lqj{kk fparkvksa dh Hkh ppkZ djsaA

mÙkj%

n`f"Vdks.k


¥¥ i`"BHkwfe

¥¥ CykWdpsu¥rduhd

¥¥ Hkkjr¥esa¥CykWdpsu¥rduhd¥dh¥fLFkfr¥

¥¥ pqukSfr;k¡

¥¥ vkxs¥dh¥jkg

ppkZ dk dkj.k

¥¥ gky¥gh¥esa¥vesfjdk¥ds¥dkuwufonksa¥us¥jkT;ksa¥esa¥ty¥vfèkdkj¥izcaèku¥esa¥CykWdpsu¥rduhd¥ds¥bLrseky¥ij¥tksj¥fn;k¥gSA

i`"BHkwfe

¥¥ fØIVksxzkiQh¥dh¥lqjf{kr¥Ük`a[kyk¥ij¥igyk¥dke¥1991¥esa¥LVqvVZ¥gScj¥o¥MCY;w-¥LdkWV¥:VksusZVk¥us¥fd;kA¥1992¥esa¥ck;j]¥gscj¥vkSj¥LVksusZVk¥us¥blds¥fMtkbu¥esa¥lqèkkj¥fd;kA

CykWdpsu rduhd

¥¥ CykWdpsu¥Hkfo";¥dh¥,slh¥rduhd¥gS¥tks¥,d¥lqjf{kr¥,oa¥vklkuh¥ls¥lqyHk¥usVodZ¥ij¥ysu&nsu¥dk¥,d¥fodsaæhÑr¥MkVkcsl¥rS;kj¥djrh¥gSA

Hkkjr esa CykWdpsu rduhd dh fLFkfr

¥¥ Hkkjr¥esa¥,d¥varj&eaf=kLrjh;¥lfefr¥bls¥fofu;fer¥djus¥ds¥fy;s¥fofHkUu¥igyqvksa¥ij¥fopkj¥dj¥jgh¥gSA¥bls¥cktkj¥fu;ked¥flD;ksfjVht¥,aM¥,Dlpsat¥cksMZ¥vkWiQ¥bafM;k¥(lsch)¥ds¥Hkqxrku¥fofu;ked¥cksMZ¥ds¥rgr¥ykus¥ij¥fopkj¥fd;k¥tk¥jgk¥gSA

pqukSfr;k¡

¥¥ CykWdpsu¥ds¥lkeus¥dqN¥dfBukb;k¡¥Hkh¥gSaA¥blls¥¥tqM+s¥ysu&nsu¥ds¥fy,¥cM+h¥ek=kk¥esa¥dEI;wfVax¥ikoj¥vkSj¥ÅtkZ¥dh¥t:jr¥gS]¥tcfd¥blds¥ekStwnk¥usVodZ¥,d¥fnu¥esa¥lhfer¥ysu&nsu¥gh¥dj¥ldrs¥gSaA

¥¥ CykWdpsu¥dh¥dkuwuh¥ fLFkfr¥Hkh¥vHkh¥vLi"V¥gS]¥D;ksafd¥ fu;ked¥dkuwu¥vHkh¥bls¥ekU;rk¥ugha¥ns¥jgs¥gSaA

¥¥ CykWdpsu¥;g¥xkjaVh¥Hkh¥ugha¥nsrs¥fd¥tks¥lwpuk,¡¥muesa¥ntZ¥dh¥xbZ¥gSa]¥os¥lVhd¥gSaA¥bldh¥txg¥os¥;g¥fn[kkrs¥gSa¥fd¥lwpukvksa¥ds¥lkFk¥NsM+NkM+¥rks¥ugha¥dh¥xbZ¥gSA¥,sls¥esa¥mudks¥cukrs¥le;¥gh¥>wBh¥lwpuk,¡¥ntZ¥djus¥dh¥laHkkouk¥jgrh¥gSA

vkxs dh jkg

¥¥ vxj¥Hkkjr¥ljdkj¥CykWdpsu¥tSlh¥rduhdksa¥ij¥vey¥djrh¥gS¥rks¥blls¥ljdkjh¥;kstukvksa¥dk¥izlkj¥fcuk¥Hkz"Vkpkj¥vkSj¥fcpkSfy;ksa¥ds¥vke¥yksxksa¥rd¥igq¡pkus¥esa¥enn¥feysxhA¥gkykafd¥Hkkjr¥esa¥bl¥ij¥vHkh¥Hkh¥cgqr¥dke¥fd;k¥tkuk¥ckdh¥gS]¥fdUrq¥orZeku¥le;¥dh¥ek¡x¥gS¥fd¥bl¥rduhd¥dks¥cM+s¥iSekus¥ij¥viuk;k¥tk,A¥¥ ¥ ¥n

25ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


lkr egRoiw.kZ [kcjsa

1- dsiyj 1658 ch

gky gh esa vesfjdh varfj{k ,tsalh uklk us dsiyj varfj{k VsfyLdksi ds ykWUp ds 10 lky ckn mlds }kjk irk yxk, x, igys xSj lkSjh; (lkSjeaMy ds ckgj fLFkr) xzg ds lp esa ekStwn gksus dh iqf"V gqbZ gSA vesfjdk dh ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ gokbZ ds vuqla/kudrkZvksa us crk;k fd dsiyj&1658 ch ds rkSj ij igpkuk tkus okyk ;g ckgjh xzg fo'kky xeZ c`gLifr xzg ds leku gS tks gj 3-85 fnu esa vius xzg ds bZnZ&fxnZ

?kwerk gSA mUgksaus crk;k fd lrg ls ;g xzg lwjt ds O;kl ls 60 xq.kk T;knk cM+k ekywe gksrk gSA dsiyj 2009 esa ykWUp fd, tkus ds ckn ls ikjxeu fof/ ds ekè;e ls gtkjksa ckgjh xzgksa dh •kst dj pqdk gSA bl rjhds esa fdlh xzg ds lkeus ls xqtjus ds nkSjku flrkjs dh ped esa vkbZ ekewyh deh dks ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA

,LVªksukWfedy if=kdk esa çdkf'kr vè;;u ds eqrkfcd vU; oLrq,a bl rjhds dh udy

dj ldrh gSa blfy, dsiyj MsVk xzgksa tSls yxus okyh oLrqvksa dh igpku djrk gS ysfdu mUgsa lpeqp xzg lkfcr djus ds fy, vkSj vf/d fo'ys"k.k dh t:jr iM+rh gSA dsiyj }kjk 2011 esa •kstk x;k igyk xzg gksus ds ckotwn dsiyj&1658 ch dh iqf"V dh jkg cgqr eqf'dy Hkjh jghA vuqla/kudrkZvksa dk dguk gS fd ;g xzg lw;Z ls rhu xq.kk T;knk cM+k ,oa 50 çfr'kr T;knk fo'kky gSA n

2- lsuk esa efgykvksa dks LFkk;h deh'ku

gky gh esa ljdkj us ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd lsuk esa efgykvksa ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k dSMj dk fuekZ.k dj mUgsa dbZ {ks=kksa esa LFkk;h deh'ku nsus dh ;kstuk dks vafre :i fn;k tk jgk gSA efgykvksa dh yM+kdw Hkwfedk NksM+dj ckdh Hkwfedkvksa esa LFkk;h deh'ku fn;k tk;sxkA lsuk dh vksj ls tkjh lwpuk esa dgk x;k fd lkbcj ,oa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh] lSU; iqfyl dksj vkSj lsok p;u cksMZ esa fofHkUu inksa lfgr dbZ {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa dks LFkk;h deh'ku nsus ij fopkj fd;k tk jgk gSA

bl le; lsuk efgykvksa dks dsoy lsuk f'k{kk dksj (,bZlh) vkSj U;k;k/h'k egkfèkoÙkQk (ts,th) foHkkx esa gh LFkk;h deh'ku nsrh gSA lsuk esa vfèkdrj efgykvksa dh HkrhZ 'kkWVZ lfoZl deh'ku (,l,llh) vf/dkfj;ksa ds :i esa gksrh gS vkSj mudk dk;Zdky vf/dre 14

lky dk gksrk gSA ok;qlsuk esa efgyk,a igys gh yM+kdw ik;yV dh Hkwfedk esa vk pqdh gSa] ftls lcls egRoiw.kZ fLFkfr ds rkSj ij ns•k tkrk gS tcfd lsuk esa efgyk,a vHkh egRoiw.kZ inksa ij ugha fn•rh gSaA efgykvksa dks lsuk esa leku volj çnku djus ds fy, o"kZ 2008&09 esa ukSlsuk daLVªDVj dkMj rFkk ,tqds'ku czkap dh 'kkWVZ lfoZl deh'ku vkWfiQllZ cSp ls lkr efgyk vf/dkfj;ksa dks LFkk;h deh'ku fn, tkus dh LohÑfr nh xbZA

LFkk;h deh'ku

lsuk esa LFkk;h deh'ku dk vFkZ gS fd mÙkQ vfèkdkjh rc rd in ij cuk jgsxk tc rd og lsokfuo`r u gks tk;sA LFkk;h deh'ku ds fy, jk"Vªh; j{kk vdkneh iq.ks] jk"Vªh; lsuk vdkneh nsgjknwu vFkok vkWfiQllZ Vªsfuax vdkneh & x;k dks Tokbu djuk gksrk gSA

;gka ls çf'k{k.k çkIr djus ds ckn gh lsuk esa LFkk;h deh'ku feyrk gSA jk"Vªh; j{kk vdkneh ls ikl gksus ds mijkar] lsuk ds dSMsV~l dks muds p;u ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; lSU; vdkneh] nsgjknwu_ ukSlsuk ds dSMsV~l dks Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk vdkneh] ,f>ekyk vkSj ok;q lsuk ds dSMsV~l dks ok;q lsuk vdkneh] gSnjkckn esa Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA

n

3- ukjh 'kfÙkQ iqjLdkj

jk"Vªifr jke ukFk dksfoan us 08 ekpZ 2019 dks efgyk l'kÙkQhdj.k esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku djus ds fy, 44 efgykvksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dks ukjh 'kfÙkQ iqjLdkj 2018 çnku fd;sA varjkZ"Vªh; efgyk fnol ds volj ij jk"Vªifr Hkou esa vk;ksftr

,d fo'ks"k lekjksg esa ns'k esa efgykvksa dk lokZsPp ukxfjd lEeku ^ukjh 'kfÙkQ iqjLdkj 2018* çnku fd;s x;sA

;g iqjLdkj efgykvksa dh miyfC/;ksa dks lEeku nsus ds fy, efgykvksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dks

fn;k tkrk gS ftUgksaus efgyk l'kÙkQhdj.k vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k esa mYys•uh; ;ksxnku fd;k gks- bl o"kZ bu iqjLdkjksa ds fy, yxHkx ,d gtkj ukekadu esa ls 44 efgykvksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA



dsaæh; efgyk vkSj cky fodkl ea=kky; efgyk l'kÙkQhdj.k vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k ds fy, vFkd lsok djus okyh efgykvksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks iqjLÑr djrk gSA bl o"kZ ukjh 'kfÙkQ iqjLdkj ds fy, ,d ou LVkWi lsaVj vkSj csVh cpkvks csVh i<+kvks ;kstuk ds rgr cky fyax vuqikr lq/kjus esa mYys•uh; çxfr fn•kus okys ,d jkT; dks Hkh pquk x;k gSA ou LVkWi lsaVj fgalk ls ihfM+r efgykvksa dks vkJ; nsus vkSj mUgsa dkuwuh lgk;rk çnku djus ds dsUæ ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

ukjh 'kfÙkQ iqjLdkj%

¥ ukjh 'kfÙkQ iqjLdkj Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; lEeku dh ,d Ük`a•yk gS] tks viuh vlk/kj.k miyfC/ ds fy, O;fÙkQxr efgykvksa dks çnku fd;k tkrk gSA

¥ ;g iqjLdkj efgykvksa vkSj cky fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Ng Jsf.k;ksa esa fn;k x;k gSA

¥ ;g dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d efgyk dh fgEer dh Hkkouk dks igpkurk gS] ftlus vius futh ;k is'ksoj thou esa lkgl dh

Hkkouk LFkkfir dh gSA

¥ ;g iqjLdkj efgykvksa ds l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj efgykvksa ds eqíksa dks c<+kus esa ,d O;fÙkQ ds vxz.kh ;ksxnku dks Hkh igpkurk gSA

¥ varjkZ"Vªh; efgyk fnol ds volj ij jk"Vªifr }kjk çR;sd o"kZ ubZ fnYyh esa 8 ekpZ dks iqjLdkj çnku fd;k tkrk gSA bl iqjLdkj esa ,d yk• #i;s vkSj ,d çek.k i=k fn;k tkrk gSA

¥ ukjh 'kfÙkQ iqjLdkj dh 'kq:vkr o"kZ 1999 esa gqbZ FkhA n

4- tEew&d'ehj ljdkj dh iquokZl uhfr

vkradokfn;ksa dh okilh ds fy, tEew&d'ehj ljdkj }kjk ,d MªkÝV uhfr rS;kj fd;k tk jgk gSA bl MªkÝV uhfr ds }kjk lq/kj ds fy, dne rFkk vkthfodk ds fy, voljksa dh miyC/rk ij iQksdl fd;k tk;sxkA bu MªkÝV uhfr esa vkradokn NksM+ dj vU; vkradokfn;ksa dks eq[; /kjk ls tksM+us ds fy, 6000 #i;s dk ekfld LVkbZisaM çnku fd;k tk,xkA bl uhfr dk ykHk bu vkradokfn;ksa dks ugha feysxk ftUgksaus xaHkhj vijk/ksa dks vatke fn;k gSA

2004 dh iquokZl uhfr

2004 dh iquokZl uhfr dk ykHk mu vkradokfn;ksa dks fn;k x;k Fkk ftUgksaus vkradokn o fgalk dk ekxZ NksM+ dj Hkkjr dh v•aMrk rFkk Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks Lohdkj fd;kA bl uhfr esa vkReleiZ.k djus okys vkradokfn;ksa dks O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k çnku djus dh O;oLFkk Fkh] mUgsa 2000 #i;s dk ekfld LVkbZisaM Hkh çnku fd;k x;kA bl uhfr esa dkmUlfyax dsUæksa dh LFkkiuk dh O;oLFkk Fkh] tgk¡ ij

vkReleiZ.k djus okys vkrafd;ksa rFkk muds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks j•k tk ldrk Fkk ijUrq bu dkmUlfyax dsUæksa dk fuekZ.k ugha fd;k tk ldkA ;g uhfr vkradokfn;ksa dks vkReleiZ.k ds fy, çsfjr djus esa dkiQh dkjxj fl¼ gqbZA

2010 dh iquokZl uhfr2010 dh iquokZl uhfr dk ykHk mu vkradokfn;ksa dks fn;k x;k ftUgksaus tuojh 1989 rFkk fnlEcj 2009 ds chp vkradokn dk ekxZ viuk;k ijUrq ckn esa mxzoknh xfrfof/;ksa dks R;kx fn;kA n

5- ok;q xq.koÙkk lwpdkad

gky gh esa xzhuihl }kjk fo'o ok;q xq.koÙkk lwpdkad tkjh fd;k x;k gSA bl lwpdkad esa ok;q esa PM 2-5 eghu d.k dh ekStwnxh dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA

fjiksVZ ds eq[; fcanq

fo'o ds 10 lcls vf/d çnwf"kr 'kgjksa esa Hkkjr ds 7 'kgjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA fo'o ds 5 lcls vfèkd iznwf"kr 'kgjksa dk Øe Øe'k% xq:xzke] xkft;kckn] iQSlykckn]

iQjhnkckn] fHkokuh gSA 2018 esa xq#xzke çnw"k.k ds lHkh ekudksa esa dkiQh vkxs jgkA tcfd fo'o ds 30 lcls vf/d çnwf"kr 'kgjksa esa ls 22 'kgj Hkkjr esa] ikap phu esa] nks ikfdLrku esa rFkk ,d ckaXykns'k esa fLFkr gSaA ,d tekus esa fo'o ds lcls vf/d çnwf"kr 'kgjksa esa 'kqekj jgk phu dk chftax 'kgj bl o"kZ 122osa LFkku ij gSA VkWi 10 lcls çnwf"kr 'kgjksa esa rhu xSj Hkkjrh; 'kgj ykgkSj] iQSlykckn rFkk gksrku gSaA 3000 'kgjksa esa 64» 'kgj fo'o LokLF; laxBu

}kjk tkjh eghu d.k PM 2-5 ds fn'kkfunZs'kksa ls vf/d çnwf"kr gSaA vÚhdk rFkk eè; iwoZ esa lHkh 'kgjksa esa çnw"k.k dk Lrj WHO }kjk fn'kkfunZs'kksa ls vf/d gSA tcfd nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa ;g nj 99»] nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k esa 95» rFkk iwohZ ,f'k;k esa 89» gSA bl fjiksVZ esa çnw"k.k ds dqN ,d L=kksrksa dks fpfUgr fd;k x;k gSA blesa m|ksxksa] ?kjksa] dkjksa o Vªdksa ls mRlftZr fd;s tkus okys ok;q çnw"kd çeq• gSaA

n

6- jkT;ksa dks 9]400 'k=kq laifÙk;ksa dk mi;ksx djus dh vuqefr

gky gh esa dsaæ ljdkj us caVokjs ds ckn ikfdLrku pys x, ;k fiQj 1962 ds Hkkjr&phu ;q¼ ds ckn phu pys x, yksxksa }kjk NksM+h xbZ laifÙk;ksa ds lkoZtfud bLrseky dh btktr jkT; ljdkjksa dks ns nh gSA

x`g ea=kky; }kjk tkjh dh xbZ vf/lwpuk ds eqrkfcd 'k=kq laifÙk vkns'k] 2018 ds fuLrkj.k ds fy, fn'kkfunZs'kksa esa la'kks/u fd;k x;k gS] ftlds rgr jkT; ljdkj }kjk 'k=kq laifÙk dk bLrseky lkoZtfud mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tk ldsxkA

fdls dgrs gSa 'k=kq laifÙk

caVokjs ds ckn ikfdLrku esa tk cls yksxksa vkSj

1962 ds ;q¼ ds ckn ds phu pys x, yksxksa

dh Hkkjr eas fLFkfr laifÙk dks 'k=kq laifÙk dgk

27ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


tkrk gSA 1968 esa laln }kjk ikfjr 'k=kq laifÙk vfèkfu;e ds ckn bu laifÙk;ksa ij Hkkjr ljdkj dk dCtk gks x;k FkkA rc ls bu laifÙk;ksa dh ns[kHkky x`g ea=kky; dj jgk FkkA ns'k ds

dbZ jkT;ksa esa 'k=kq laifÙk gSA yacs le; ls dbZ laxBu bu laifÙk;ksa ds lkoZtfud bLrseky dh ekax dj jgs FksA dsUnz ljdkj us vc tkdj bu laifÙk;ksa ds lkoZtfud bLrsekyk dh vuqefr nh

gSA 2017 esa ljdkj us 'k=kq laifÙk vfèkfu;e esa cnyko dj bu yksxksa dk laifÙk ls vf/dkj [kRe dj fn;k FkkA

n

7- baVjus'kuy ihl fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV fjiksVZ

LVkWdgkse baVjus'kuy ihl fjlpZ baLVhVÔwV (SIPRI) }kjk tkjh rktk fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd Hkkjr gfFk;kj vk;kr djus okys ns'kksa esa nwljs LFkku ij vkrk gSA SIPRI }kjk çdkf'kr bl fjiksVZ dks Trends in International Arms Transfers&2018 'kh"kZd ds rgr çdkf'kr fd;k x;kA fjiksVZ esa o"kZ 2014 ls 2018 dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk blh vk/kj ij fjiksVZ tkjh dh xbZ gSA fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd bu o"kks± ds nkSjku lÅnh vjc fo'o dk lcls cM+k gfFk;kj vk;krd ns'k cu dj mHkjk gS tcfd Hkkjr nwljs LFkku ij jgkA yxHkx 10 o"kks± rd Hkkjr bl lwph esa çFke LFkku ij jgk FkkA

nqfu;k ds 46 iQhlnh gfFk;kj ,f'k;k vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k esa fcdrs gSa vkSj b/j ikap cjl esa gfFk;kjksa dh ;g fcØh 26 iQhlnh c<+h gSA Hkkjr] lÅnh vjc] phu] la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k ;g ikap ns'k ,sls gSa] tks nqfu;k ds 34 iQhlnh gfFk;kj vk;kr dj ysrs gSaA bl dqy vk;kr esa lcls vf/d 33 iQhlnh vk;kr vesfjdk ls gh vkrk gS] ftlesa lcls cM+k xzkgd ns'k lÅnh vjc gS] tcfd 25 iQhlnh vk;kr ds lkFk :l nwljs Øe ij vkSj rdjhcu 6 iQhlnh dh •jhnh ds lkFk phu rhljs LFkku ij gSA

phu dh j.kuhfr gfFk;kj vk;kr dh ctk; gfFk;kj fu;kZrd cuus dh gSA o"kZ 2006&10 ds nkSjku nqfu;kHkj ds dqy fu;kZr esa phu dh fgLlsnkjh 3-6 iQhlnh Fkh] tks o"kZ 2011&15 esa c<+dj 5-9 iQhlnh gks xbZA phu esa cus gfFk;kjksa dk lcls cM+k •jhnnkj ikfdLrku gSA phu rdjhcu 35 iQhlnh gfFk;kj ikfdLrku dks fu;kZr djrk gSA phu }kjk ikfdLrku dks cM+h ek=kk esa gfFk;kj csps tkus ij Hkkjr dbZ ckj

viuh vksj ls dBksj vkifÙk ntZ djok pqdk gS] fdarq lHkh tkurs gSa fd phu vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp fudVrk dh otg j.kuhfrd ds vykok vkfFkZd Hkh gSA

gfFk;kj fu;kZrd ns'k nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh vk;krd ns'k dks lSU; midj.k vkSj gfFk;kj rks csp nsrs gSa] fdUrq viuh çkS|ksfxdh dks cpk, j•rs gSaA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh dksbZ Hkh ljdkj rduhd dks viuk j.kuhfrd&lkSnk le>rh gS] blfy, rduhd ds fu;kZr ij fu;a=k.k Hkh ljdkj dk gh gksrk gSA ,slh n;uh; fLFkfr esa Hkkjr ds le{k ,dek=k mik; ;gh gks ldrk gS fd lSU;&midj.kksa vkfn ds lanHkZ esa gesa vkRefuHkZj gks tkuk pkfg,A

fjiksVZ ds eq[; fcanq

¥ flçh dh fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd Hkkjr }kjk cM+h ek=kk esa gfFk;kj vk;kr djus dk ,dek=k dkj.k ;gh jgk gS fd Hkkjrh; gfFk;kj m|ksx vHkh rd Lons'kh fMtkbu okys çfrLi/hZ gfFk;kj cukus esa liQyrk vftZr ugha dj lds gSaA vesfjdk nqfu;k esa lcls T;knk 96 ns'kksa dks gfFk;kj fu;kZr djrk gSA

¥ fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd bl vof/ esa lÅnh vjc us oSf'od Lrj ij •jhns x, gfFk;kjksa dk 12 iQhlnh fgLlk vius uke fd;kA

¥ gfFk;kjksa ij ns'k dh fuHkZjrk dks de djus dh dksf'k'kksa ds dkj.k 2009&2013 vkSj 2014&2018 ds chp Hkkjr ds gfFk;kjksa ds vk;kr esa Hkkjh deh vkbZ gSA

¥ Hkkjr ds vk;kr esa bl fxjkoV dk ,d dkj.k vkaf'kd :i ls fons'kh fu;kZrdksa ls ykblsal çkIr gfFk;kjksa dh fMyhojh esa nsjh Hkh jghA

¥ o"kZ 2014&18 esa nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s gfFk;kj fu;kZrdksa esa vesfjdk] :l] Úkal] teZuh vkSj phu jgs tcfd lÅnh vjc] Hkkjr] felz] vkWLVªsfy;k vkSj vythfj;k lcls cM+s vk;krdksa esa 'kkfey jgsA

¥ o"kZ 2009 ls 2018 ds chp gfFk;kjksa ds oSf'od fu;kZr esa vesfjdk dh fgLlsnkjh 30» ls c<+dj 36» gks xbZA

¥ o"kZ 2009&13 vkSj o"kZ 2014&18 dh vof/ ds nkSjku ikfdLrku esa gfFk;kjksa dk vk;kr 39» rd ?kVk gSA

¥ Hkkjr 9-5 iQhlnh ds lkFk bl fyLV esa nwljs LFkku ij dkfct jgkA

¥ bl lwph esa 4-2» gfFk;kjksa ds vk;kr ds lkFk phu fo'o dk NBk lcls cM+k gfFk;kj vk;krd gSA

:l ls ?kVk vk;kr

¥ lhijh dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 2009&13 ds chp Hkkjr ds dqy gfFk;kj vk;kr esa :l ls vk;kfrr gfFk;kjksa dk fgLlk 76 iQhlnh Fkk tks 2014&18 esa ?kVdj 58 iQhlnh jg x;kA

¥ fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 2009&13 ds eqdkcys 2014&18 esa ns'k esa gfFk;kjksa dk dqy vk;kr 24 çfr'kr ?kVk gSA

¥ gfFk;kjksa dh nsj ls gksus okyh fMyhojh bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k gSA fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd 2001 esa :l ls yM+kdw foeku vkSj 2008 esa Úkal ls iuMqCch •jhnus dk le>kSrk gqvk Fkk] ysfdu vHkh rd budh fMyhojh ugha gqbZ gSA n



lkr czsu cwLVlZ


29ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


31ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


33ekpZ 2019 A vad&3


35ekpZ 2019 A vad&3

lkr oLrqfu"B iz'u rFkk muds O;k[;k lfgr mÙkj(czsu cwLVlZ ij vkèkkfjr)

1- iufctyh {ks=k dks c<+kok

iz- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&

1- Hkkjrdhvf/dka'k iufctyhifj;kstuk,¡ nf{k.k HkkjrvkSjiwohZrVh;{ks=kesafLFkrgSaA

2- dsoy25esxkokWVlsde{kerkokysiufctyhifj;kstukvksadksv{k;mQtkZds:iesaJs.khc¼fd;kx;kgSA

mi;qZDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\

(a) dsoy1 (b) dsoy2

(c) 1vkSj2nksuksa (d) urks1vkSjugh2

mÙkj% (b)

O;k[;k%Hkkjrdhvf/dka'kiufctyhifj;kstuk,¡ fgeky;dhmQ¡pkb;ksavkSjiwoksZÙkj{ks=kesafLFkrgSaAHkkjresayxHkx1]45]320esxkokWViufctyh{kerkdhlaHkkoukgSfdarqvcrddsoyyxHkx45]400esxkokWVdkghbLrsekygksjgkgSAekStwnkizpyudsvuqlkj]dsoy25esxkokWVlsde{kerkokysiufctyhifj;kstukvksadksv{k;mQtkZds:iesaJs.khc¼fd;kx;kgSAblizdkjdFku1xyrgS]tcfddFku2lghgSA n

2- Likbl 2000 LekVZ ce

iz- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&

1- Likbl&2000],dxkbMsalfdVgStks,dLVSaMMZokWjgsM;kcelstqM+hgksrhgSA

2- tSejizwiQ ugksusdhotgls Likbl2000 LekVZ cedksidM+ukvklkugSA


(a)dsoy1 (b) dsoy2

(c) 1vkSj2nksuksa (d) urks1]ugh2

mÙkj% (a)

O;k[;k%btjk;yfufeZrLikblcelVhdy{;Hksnusds fy,izfl¼gSALikblcevU;ystjxkbMsMceksalsdkiQhmUurgS];smixzgdstfj;sHkhxkbMgksrkgSvkSjNqisgq,y{;ksadksekjdjusesal{kegSAtSejizwiQgksusdhotglsLikbl2000dksidM+ikukcsgneqf'dygSA;gjkr]fnu][kjkcekSle;k?kuscknyksaesaHkhviusy{;dksHksnldrkgSAblizdkjdFku1lghgS]tcfddFku2xyrgSA n

3- vVy uokpkj fe'ku

iz- vVy uokpkj fe'ku ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&

1- vVyuokpkjfe'kudsrgr,d,slslg;ksxkRedikfjra=kdhifjdYiukdhxbZgSftldsrgrfo|kFkhZ]f'k{kd]ekxZn'kZd,oa vkS|ksfxd lk>snkj vkil esa lg;ksx dj uokpkj dkslqfoèkktudcuk,axs

2- buuokpkjpkfyrLVkVZviksalsjkstxkjdhvR;f/dlaHkkoukgSA


(a)dsoy1 (b) dsoy2

(c) 1vkSj2nksuksa (d) urks1]ugh2

mÙkj% (c)

O;k[;k%gkyghesaç/kuea=khJhujsUæeksnhdhvè;{krkesadsaæh;eaf=keaMyusvVyuokpkjfe'ku(,vkbZ,e)dkso"kZ2019&20rdtkjhj•usdksviuheatwjhnsnhgSAgtkjksaLdwyksaesavR;k/qfudlqfo/kvksalslqlfTtrvVyfVadfjaxyScLFkkfirfd;stkjgsgSaAfo'ofo|ky;ksavkSjm|ksxksadsfy;sfo'oLrjh;vVybaD;wcs'kudsaæ(,vkbZlh)vkSjvVydE;qfuVhbuksos'kudsaæ(,lhvkbZlh)LFkkfirfd;stkjgsgSaAbuuokpkjpkfyrLVkVZviksalsjkstxkjdhvR;f/dlaHkkoukgSAblizdkjnksuksaghdFkulghgSaA n

4- mRizokl foèks;d] 2019

iz- mRizokl foèks;d 2019 ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&

1- gkyghesa Hkkjrljdkjus;w,bZesadqNHkkjrh;lewgls]vkoztudkuwuesala'kksèkudksysdjdqNlq>koek¡xFksA

2- Hkkjrh;ukxfjdksadsmRizokllslacafèkrlHkhekeyksadsfy,ekStwnkfoèkk;h<k¡psdkfuèkkZj.kmRizoklvf/fu;e]1983ds}kjkfd;ktkrkgSA

3- izLrkforfo/s;dekuorLdjh]voS/HkrhZ]MªXldhvoS/rLdjh] HkrhZdhvkM+esavijkf/;ksadks 'kj.knsus;k fcukmfpr izfØ;k ds mRizokl lsokvksa dh is'kd'k djus tSlsvijkèkksadksviusnk;jsesafufgrughadjrkgSA

mi;qZDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@ gSa\

(a)dsoy1 (b) dsoy1o3



(c) dsoy1vkSj2 (d) dsoy3

mÙkj% (c)

O;k[;k%izLrkfor fo/s;dekuorLdjh]voS/ HkrhZ] MªXldhvoS/rLdjh]HkrhZdhvkM+esavijkf/;ksadks'kj.knsus;kfcukmfprizfØ;kdsmRizokllsokvksadhis'kd'kdjustSlsvijk/ksadksviusnk;jsesafufgrdjrkgSA;gfo/s;dbuxfrfof/;ksafo'ks"kr%efgykvksavkSjcPpksalslacaf/rmxz:iokysvijk/ksadsfy,dM+knaMnsusdkizkoèkkudjrkgSAblizdkjdFku3xyrgS]tcfdvU;dFkulghgSaA n

5- vif'k"V izcaèku vfèkfu;e

iz- vif'k"V izcaèku vfèkfu;e ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&

1- IykfLVddSjhcSxdhU;wureeksVkbZdks50ekbØkWuls?kVkdj40ekbØkWudjfn;kx;kgSA

2- HkkjresaihbZVhcksryksadhvken2017ls2018rd10xquhgksxbZgSA


(a) dsoy1 (b) dsoy2

(c) 1vkSj2nksuksa (d) urks1vkSjugh2

mÙkj% (d)

O;k[;k%i;kZoj.kea=kky;usns'kesa•rjukdvif'k"Vdslghrjgls çca/uds fØ;kUo;udksetcwrdjusds fy,,dvkns'kds tfj;s vif'k"V izcaèku vfèkfu;e esa la'kks/u fd;k gSA fo'ks"kvkfFkZd{ks=k(,lbZtsM)vkSjfu;kZrmUeq•hbdkbZ;ksa(bZvks;w)}kjkBkslIykfLVdvif'k"Vdsvk;krijçfrca/dksblesa'kkfeyfd;kx;kgSAbldsvfrfjDrljdkjusIykfLVddSjhcSxdhU;wureeksVkbZdks40ekbØkWulsc<+kdj50ekbØkWudjfn;kgSAHkkjresaIykfLVddpjkLo;aesa,dleL;kcuhgqbZgSAbldsvykokihbZVhcksryksadhvken2017ls2018rdpkSxquhgksxbZgSAblizdkjnksuksaghdFkulghughagSaA n

6- vkpkj lafgrk

iz- vkpkj lafgrk ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&

1- vkpkjlafgrkdsnkSjkufdlhO;fÙkQ]ikVhZ;klaxBudsfy,dqNlkekftd O;ogkj] fu;e,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksadks fu/kZfjr

fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bUgha dks vkpj.k lafgrk vFkok vkpkjlafgrk(code of conduct)dgktkrkgSA

2- v[kckjksavkSjehfM;kesaljdkjh[ktkuslsfoKkiutkjhdjukvkpkjlafgrkdsrgrvijk/ughaekuktkrkgSA

3- 17ohayksdlHkkpqukoesavkijkf/dfjdkWMZokysizR;kf'k;ksadksukekaduHkjusdscknvkijkf/dekeyksadkfoKkiunsukgksxkA

mi;qZDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh ugha gS@gSa\

(a) dsoy1 (b) dsoy2

(c) dsoy1vkSj2 (d) dsoy3

mÙkj% (b)

O;k[;k%gkyghesaHkkjrdsfuokZpuvk;ksxus17ohayksdlHkkdsfy,pqukodk;ZØedk,sykufd;kgSAbZoh,edksysdjjktuhfrdnyksadhvk'kadk,¡nwjdjusdsfy,blckjizR;sdernkudsUnzijohohih,Vh(VVPAT)e'khu;qDrbZoh,ebLrsekydhtk,¡xhAvkpkjlafgrkdsnkSjkuv[kckjvkSjehfM;kesaljdkjh[ktkuslsfoKkiutkjhdjukHkhvkpkjlafgrkdsrgrvijkèkekuktkrkgSAblizdkjdFku2xyrgS]tcfdvU;dFkulghgSaA n

7- Ñf=ke o"kkZ

iz- Ñf=ke o"kkZ ls lacafèkr fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,&

1- Ñf=keo"kkZdklclsizpfyrrjhdkDykmMlhfMaxdgykrkgSA

2- Ñf=keo"kkZdkmi;ksxmu{ks=kksaesafd;ktkrkgSftu{ks=kksaesackfj'kdegksrhgSA

3- Ñf=ke o"kkZ esa flYojvk;ksMkbM]dkWeulkYV] MªkbZ vkblvkfnjlk;uksadkiz;ksxughafd;ktkrkgSA


(a) dsoy1vkSj2 (b) dsoy2vkSj3

(c) 1]2vkSj3 (d) dsoy3

mÙkj% (a)

O;k[;k%gkyghesadukZVdljdkjdsxzkeh.kfodklvkSjiapk;rhjktfoHkkxusjkT;esaÑf=keo"kkZdjkusdh;kstukcuk;hgSApwafdHkkjr,dÑf"kizèkkuns'kgSvkSj;gk¡dhÑf"kyxHkx&yxHkxo"kkZijghfuHkZjgSAblfy,Ñf=keo"kkZmu{ks=kksaesadjkbZtkrhgStgk¡ckfj'kdegksrhgSAÑf=keo"kkZdklclsizpfyrrjhdkDykmMlhfMaxdgykrkgS]Ñf=keo"kkZesaflYojvk;ksMkbMdkWeulkYVvkfnjlk;uksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAblizdkjdFku3xyrgStcfdvU;dFkulghgSaAn


37ekpZ 2019 A vad&3

lkr egRoiw.kZ rF;

1- gkyghesaHkkjrh;Hkw&oSKkfudloZs{k.k(th,lvkbZ)foHkkxusns'kHkjesafdrusthih,lLVs'kuksadhLFkkiuk

dhgS\

&22

2- fdljkT;esadsUæh;eaf=keaMyusgkyghesadh:iufctyhifj;kstukesafuos'kdkseatwjhnhgS\

&tEew&d'ehj

3- bljks}kjkgkyghesaLdwyhcPpksadksvarfj{klaca/hdk;ZØeksadslkFktksM+usdsfy,pyk,x;sdk;ZØe

dkD;kukegS\

&;qfodk ( )

4- gkyghesafdlsfiQfyLrhudkizèkkuea=khpqukx;kgS\

&egewn vCckl

5- dsaæh;i;kZoj.k]ouvkSjtyok;qifjorZuea=kky;usgkyghesadkSulsdk;ZØedk'kqHkkjaHkfd;kgS\

&bafM;k dwfyax ,D'ku Iyku

6- ç/kuea=kheksnh}kjkgkyghesafdlLFkkuls^ouus'ku]oudkMZ*;kstukdk'kqHkkjaHkfd;kx;k\

&vgenkckn

7- fdlns'kesalky2013esavkf/dkfjdrkSjijyqIr?kksf"krdhxbZphrsdhiQkWekZsluDykmMsMçtkfrdjhc

36lkycknns•hxbZgS\

&rkboku



lkr egRoiw.kZ fcanq % lkHkkj ihvkbZch

1- iYl iksfy;ks dk;Zÿe&2019

¥¥ gky¥ gh¥ esa¥ Hkkjr¥ ds¥ jk"Vªifr¥ jkeukFk¥ dksfoan¥ us¥ jk"Vªh;¥Vhdkdj.k¥fnol¥ij¥5¥o"kZ¥ls¥de¥mez¥ds¥cPpksa¥dks¥iksfy;ks¥dh¥nok¥fiykdj¥ns'kO;kih¥iYl¥iksfy;ks¥dk;ZØe&2019¥dh¥'kq:vkr¥dhA¥

¥¥ ns'k¥ls¥iksfy;ks¥mUewyu¥ds¥fy,¥Vhdkdj.k¥vfHk;ku¥ds¥rgr¥5¥o"kZ¥ls¥de¥mez¥ds¥17¥djksM+¥ls¥T;knk¥cPpksa¥dks¥iksfy;ks¥dh¥nok¥nh¥tk,xhA

¥¥ Vhdkdj.k¥vfHk;ku¥dk¥mís';¥cPpksa¥dks¥igys¥dh¥vis{kk¥5¥ls¥vf/d¥chekfj;ksa¥ls¥iwjh¥rjg¥lqjf{kr¥djuk¥gSA¥blds¥fy,¥U;weksdksdy¥dkWUtqxsV]¥jksVkok;jl¥vkSj¥feftYl¥:csyk¥tSls¥u,¥Vhds¥'kq:¥fd,¥x,¥gSaA

¥¥ ljdkj¥us¥cPpksa¥dks¥vfrfjÙkQ¥lqj{kk¥nsus¥ds¥fy,¥batsD'ku¥ds¥ tfj;s¥ iksfy;ks¥ dh¥ nok¥ nsus¥ ds¥ fy,¥ vius¥ fu;fer¥Vhdkdj.k¥vfHk;ku¥esa¥bu,fDVosVsM¥iksfy;ks¥Vhdk¥dks¥Hkh¥'kkfey¥fd;k¥gSA

¥¥ Hkkjr¥ljdkj¥us¥lkoZHkkSfed¥Vhdkdj.k¥vfHk;ku¥ds¥lkFk¥gh¥ns'k¥esa¥fe'ku¥baæ/uq"k¥dh¥Hkh¥'kq:vkr¥dh¥gS¥rkfd¥90¥çfr'kr¥ls¥T;knk¥cPpksa¥dks¥Vhdkdj.k¥ds¥nk;js¥esa¥ykus¥dk¥y{;¥çkIr¥fd;k¥tk¥ldsA¥

¥¥ fe'ku¥baæ/uq"k¥ds¥rgr¥vc¥rd¥3-39¥djksM+¥cPpksa¥vkSj¥87¥yk•¥xHkZorh¥efgykvksa¥dk¥Vhdkdj.k¥fd;k¥tk¥pqdk¥gSA

¥¥ ljdkj¥ds¥vuqlkj¥Vhdkdj.k¥vfHk;ku¥dh¥etcwrh¥ls¥ns'k¥esa¥f'k'kq¥e`R;q¥nj¥dkiQh¥?kV¥xbZ¥gSA¥

¥¥ o"kZ¥2014¥esa¥tgk¡¥;s¥çfr¥gtkj¥39¥f'k'kq¥Fkh]¥ogha¥2017¥esa¥;g¥?kVdj¥çfr¥¥gtkj¥32¥f'k'kq¥jg¥xbZ¥gSA

¥¥ iksfy;ks¥dk;ZØe¥dks¥liQy¥cukus¥ds¥fy,¥jkT;¥ljdkjsa¥]fo'o¥LokLF;¥laxBu]¥;wfulsiQ¥vkSj¥jksVjh¥baVjus'kuy¥vkfn¥tSls¥laxBu¥ns'k¥dks¥iksfy;ks¥eqÙkQ¥j•us¥ds¥fy,¥ç;klksa¥esa¥yxh¥gqbZ¥gSaA

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2- tu&vkS"kf/k fnol

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nokb;k¡¥miyC/¥djokbZ¥tk¥jgh¥gSaA

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39ekpZ 2019 A vad&3

3- bZ&/kjrh ,si¥¥ gky¥gh¥esa¥vkokl¥,oa¥'kgjh¥ea=kky;¥us¥bZ&/jrh¥,si¥ykWUp¥

fd;k¥gSA

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Substitution and Mutation)¥dks¥vkWuykbu¥fd;k¥x;k¥gSA

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4- xksYMu flVh xsV VwfjTe vokWMZ

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¥¥ ^xksYMu¥flVh¥xsV*¥ns'kksa]¥egkuxjksa]¥{ks=kksa¥vkSj¥gksVyksa¥ds¥fy,¥,d¥l`tukRed¥eYVh&ehfM;k¥varjkZ"Vªh;¥çfr;ksfxrk¥gSA¥çkIr¥dh¥xbZ¥çfof"V;ksa¥ds¥vk/kj¥ij¥fiQYesa¥vkSj¥i;ZVu¥{ks=kksa¥ds¥varjkZ"Vªh;¥T;wjh¥}kjk¥iqjLdkj¥nsus¥dk¥fu.kZ;¥fy;k¥tkrk¥gSA

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¥¥ vrqY;¥Hkkjr¥2-0¥vfHk;ku¥Hkkjrh;¥i;ZVu¥dks¥c<+kok¥nsus¥ds¥fy,¥dsUnzh;¥i;ZVu¥ea=kky;¥dk¥vfHk;ku¥gSA

¥¥ bl¥vfHk;ku¥ds¥rgr¥Hkkjr¥ds¥n'kZuh;¥vfHk;ku¥ds¥rgr¥Hkkjr¥ds¥n'kZuh;¥LFkyksa¥ds¥ foKkiuksa¥ds¥}kjk¥i;ZVdksa¥dks¥Hkkjr¥esa¥vkus¥ds¥fy,¥izksRlkfgr¥fd;k¥tkrk¥gSA¥bl¥vfHk;ku¥ds¥rgr¥;ksx]¥oU;¥thou]¥Hkkstu¥bR;kfn¥fo"k;ksa¥ij¥foKku¥rS;kj¥fd;s¥tkrs¥gSaA

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5- ekbÿksoso vksou vkSj okWf'kax e'khuksa ds fy, LVkj jsfVax dk;Zÿe

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¥¥ ljdkj¥us¥dgk¥gS¥fd¥fctyh¥ls¥pyus¥okys¥?kjsyw¥midj.kksa¥dh¥ÅtkZ¥dq'kyrk¥c<+kus¥ds¥ç;kl¥fd;s¥tk¥jgs¥gSa]¥rkfd¥miHkksÙkQkvksa¥ds¥fctyh¥fcyksa¥esa¥deh¥vk¥ldsA¥

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¥¥ bl¥mik;¥ls¥2030¥rd¥rhu¥vjc¥ls¥vf/d¥;wfuV¥fctyh¥dh¥cpr¥gksus¥dh¥laHkkouk¥gSA

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¥¥ bl¥nLrkost¥esa¥ Hkkjr¥ds¥i;kZoj.k¥laca/h¥leL;kvksa¥vkSj¥tyok;q¥ifjorZu¥ds¥nq"çHkkoksa¥dks¥nwj¥djus¥ds¥ fy,¥,d¥lexz¥ jksMeSi¥ rS;kj¥ fd;k¥ x;k¥ gS]¥ ftlesa¥ ÅtkZ¥ dq'kyrk¥egRoiw.kZ¥gSA

6- V~;wVksfj;y ohfM;ks¥¥ gky¥gh¥esa¥dsUæh;¥okf.kT;¥,oa¥m|ksx¥ea=kh¥Jh¥lqjs'k¥çHkq¥

us¥ubZ¥fnYyh¥esa¥Ldwyh¥Nk=kksa¥vkSj¥thvkbZ¥osclkbV¥ds¥fy,¥ckSf¼d¥laink¥vf/dkjksa¥ij¥,d¥VÔwVksfj;y¥ohfM;ks¥ykWUp¥fd;kA

¥¥ VÔwVksfj;y¥ ohfM;ks¥ lhvkbZih,,e¥ ds¥ ;w&VÔwc¥ pSuyksa¥ ij¥miyC/¥gS¥vkSj¥;g¥lhvkbZih,,e¥dh¥vkf/dkfjd¥osclkbV¥www.cipam.gov.in¥ij¥Hkh¥miyC/¥gksxk]¥tks¥vke¥yksxksa¥ds¥fy,¥eqÝr¥jgsxkA

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7- xq.koŸkk vk'oklu ;kstuk

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¥¥ bl¥;kstuk¥dk¥ykHk¥mBkus¥ds¥fy,¥U;wure¥nLrkost¥vkSj¥ukeek=k¥dk¥'kqYd¥fu/kZfjr¥fd;k¥x;k¥gSA

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¥¥ bl¥;kstuk¥ds¥ekè;e¥ls¥çkFkfed¥fpfdRlk¥dsaæksa]¥leqnk;¥LokLF;¥ dsaæksa]¥ MkWDVjksa¥ ds¥ Dyhfudksa]¥ NksVh¥ ç;ksx'kkykvksa¥vkSj¥NksVs¥uflZax¥gkse¥dh¥ç;ksx'kkykvksa¥dks¥Hkh¥xq.koÙkk¥;qÙkQ¥ç;ksx'kkyk¥ds¥ifj.kkeksa¥rd¥igq¡p¥miyC/¥gksxhA

¥¥ bl¥ ;kstuk¥ds¥ rgr¥ ljdkj¥ us¥ 1]50]000¥dY;k.k¥ dsaæ¥LFkkfir¥djus¥dh¥;kstuk¥cukbZ¥gSA


41ekpZ 2019 A vad&3

lkr egRoiw.kZ ladYiuk,¡ % xzkfiQDl ds ekè;e ls

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¥¥ lky¥2022¥esa¥gksus¥okyk¥th&20¥f'k•j¥lEesyu¥Hkkjr¥esa¥gksxkA

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1- th&20

Member Countries in the G-20 Members of the European Union not individually represented 2018 Guests Countries



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2- fcElVsd

3- vkfl;ku


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4- fczDl

5- nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx laxBu



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6- 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu

7- fgan egklkxj rVh; {ks=kh; lg;ksx laxBu

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