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Environment and Energy

Guest Lecture 2/26/15Marianne Nyman

Ms. Mae-ling Lokko

CASE

The surroundings or conditions which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

The natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially affected by human activity.

Environment

Background Objectives Environment

Micro scale Macro scale Ecosystem

Energy Questions?

Outline

Goal 1:To demonstrate how chemical structures cause the molecular interaction that govern the various transfer and reaction processes.

Goal 2: To illustrate how principles of chemistry, physics, and biology can be used to quantify these processes.

Goal 3: Use Goals 1 and 2 to obtain information about the ecosystem = environment.

Goals

To understand the nature and reactivity of HOCs.

Have to know what they are made of. Atoms Bonds linking them.

Solubility Vapor pressure MW Others

The Makeup of Organic Compounds

Have different personalities: Some volatile. Some insoluble in water. Some have energy value associated with

the compound. Many compounds are carcinogenic and

toxic. Will associate with solid material like

soils and sediments. Problem all over the world.

Hydrophobic Organic Compounds (HOCs)

Compound’s personality Chemical properties Physical properties Reactivity

Molecular scale

ORAGNIC

Phase transfer Air Water Soil/sediment

Equilibrium Abiotic/biotic transformations

Macroscopic scale

QUANTITATE INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES

Modeling Transport Energy Economics

Ecosystem

The system resulting from the integration of all living and non-living factors of the environment. Based on interactions and exchange ofMaterials. Ecosystem is the highest level of ecological interaction, Which is energy-based and this functional unit is capable of energyTransformation, accumulation, and circulation.

COUPLING PROCESSES

Natural (no human activity), terrestial (grassland), aquatic (freshwater andmarine water), and artificial (maneged by humans (cropland))

Cultural

Biological

Physical

Lithosphere

Hydrosphere

Atmosphere

Flora

Fauna

Microbe

Social

Political

Economical Elements of the Environment

Components of population and environment

Physical

Social institution, forms rules, polices, social wellfare

Socila

Derives and utilizes resources

Economic

1. Land changes1. Clearing forests, burning land, changing cropping

plans

2. Construction and excavation1. Dams, diversion of rivers, construction of roads,

urbanization

3. Agricultural practices1. Mechanics of agriculture, use of chemical

fertilizers, pesticides etc.

4. Weather1. Fogs, precipitation

5. Nuclear1. Nuclear energy

Impact on the environment

Indirect = unintentional impact Industrial development for economic

growth Impact noticed after a longer period of time Non-reversible Affects the natural ecosuystem

Impact of man on environment

Toxic Substance

sInsecticid

eGarbage

Land

EffluentIndustrial

WasteChemicals

Water

SmokeCoal

BurningCFC

Air

Impact of human activities on the environment

Moving of nutrient elements like C, H, N, O, P, ad S

Biogeochemical cycles

Biogeochemical cycles

Atmosphere (gas phase)

Biota

Soils Rivers Oceans Volcanoes

ashes,gases

phase

organic

Rocks (weathering and erosion)

Soil and type – very important! Required for plant grouwth Environmental degradation Source of sediment Filter for groundwater Bearing material for roads, pipelines, houses etc.

Formation of soil In-siitu from rocks Dependent on:

Climate (temperature, rain, wind) Type of material (mineral content –clay,silt,sand) Time (length of weathering) Organisms (soil richness)

Contamination of soil HOCs Cadmium Mercury Arsenic Lead

Land Resources

Agriculture Urbanization Development of infrastructure Industry Mining Energy recovery (wind mills)

Impact on human activities on land resources

Water Resources

Pro

tect

s pla

nts

Pro

tect

s w

ater

qual

ity

Prote

cts air

quality

Reduces noise

Protects natureSupports

biodeviersity

Protects human health

Water resources:• Covers over 71% of Earth’s surface• Found everywhere• Important for living org.• Hydrologic cycle• Surface water• Subsurface water• Atmospheric water

Suspended Diameter >1 mm Settles down quickly Can be retained by filtration

Colloidal <0.05 um Very small settling rate Passes through filters due to small size Appears cloudy Gives color to water (blue, green, or red)

Dissolved <0.005 um Does not settle out When neutral = molecules; when charger = ions

Substances in water

Air resources

Atmosphere

Photochemical reaction

(UV)

O3

Photochemical reaction

(UV)

O2 and H2

Ocean (photosynthe

sis and plants)

O2

COs

Emissions

CO2, NH3, H2O

Early organisms started producing OM through photosynthesis.

O2 was liberated Saturated water Filled the atmosphere

O2 had some toxicity to primitive organisms

Other species started to use oxygen for energy through respiration.

N2 evolved from Earth’s interior.

Origin of atmosphere

Capacity to do work Mechanical energy (potential energy) Kinetic energy (motion) Total mechanical energy =

kinetic+potential Other forms of energy

Heat Light Electrical Sound Chemical etc.

Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It only changes forms from one to another

Conservation of energy

Biogeochemical cycles

Atmosphere (gas phase)

Biota

Soils Rivers Oceans Volcanoes

ashes,gases

phase

organic

Rocks (weathering and erosion)

Renewable energy Water

Hydroelectric energy Obtained from water flow

Wind Has to be higher that 5-10 m/s

Axel of a windmill generates this into energy California – lots of energy produced

Sun Provides continuous source of energy Exceeds demand X-rays, gamma-rays, and UV Small portion of solar radiation is received by Earth Average solar radiation on Earth = 1.2 kW/m2 – ca 0.3 kW/m2 is

refelected back Rest utilized for photosythesis and evaporation

600 x greater than all the rest of the sources combined Tidal

Thermal energy conversion Temp on surface 29-30 C Temp on cold deep sea 5-7 C

Types of energy sources

Non-renewable energy Nuclear

Developed after World War II Substitute for fossil fuel

Gas Methane major constituent Least polluting of all energy sources Lower S content

Coal All over the world Estimated mining 300-850 years Higher S content

Oil

Types of energy sources

Questions?