楊岳龍

國小英語精進教學 :From Phonics to Reading

楊岳龍 Daniel

加拿大多倫多大學畢業教育部英語師資培訓結業中正大學外文研究所畢業

國小英語教學之理念國小學生該學些什麼 ?

Stage 1 : Games

Stage 2 : Big Books

Stage 3 : Phonics Stage 4 : Reading

Significance of Reading

1. a steady & reachable source of inputs

2. a highly effective means of extending knowledge & gaining information3. the only readily available exposure to the target language

Foundation of literacy

1. Phonemic awareness2. Relate letters to sounds 3. Phonics and the ability to

manipulate the sounds4. Sight words5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,

& expression6. Apply reading comprehension

strategies (for understanding and enjoyment)

Foundation of literacy

1. Phonemic awareness2. Relate letters to sounds 3. Phonics and the ability to

manipulate the sounds4. Sight words5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,

& expression6. Apply reading comprehension

strategies (for understanding and enjoyment)

Phonemic Awareness

Phonemic Awareness

Phonemic awareness is the

understanding, or insight, that a word is

made up of a series of discrete sounds.

There are 44 phonemes in English

(Phonics From A To Z, pp.12)

Five Basic phonemic awareness tasks (Adams, 1990)

1. Rhymes and alliteration2. Oddity tasks3. Oral blending4. Oral segmentation5. Phonemic manipulation

(Phonics From A To Z, pp.28-29)

Some other ideas to keep in mind

1. Phonemic awareness is not related to print.

2. Avoid using activities as assessments.

3. Get all students to participate.

4. Model, model, model!

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Foundation of literacy

1. Phonemic awareness2. Relate letters to sounds 3. Phonics and the ability to

manipulate the sounds4. Sight words5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,

& expression6. Apply reading comprehension

strategies (for understanding and enjoyment)

Alphabets

letter name

letter form

letter sound

字母 Alphabets

Bb/bi/

/b/

字母教學與練習活動

1. 找找看 哪裡有字母 ?2. 字母像什麼 ?

字母教學與練習活動

1. 找找看 哪裡有字母 ?2.“H” 像什麼 ?3. 身體寫字機 4. 圈字高手

Foundation of literacy

1. Phonemic awareness2. Relate letters to sounds 3. Phonics and the ability to

manipulate the sounds4. Sight words5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,

& expression6. Apply reading comprehension

strategies (for understanding and enjoyment)

Phonics

Components of a phonics lesson

• Repeated readings• Phonemic awareness exercises• Explicit introduction of

sound/spelling relationship• Blending opportunities• Word-building opportunities• Controlled text reading

opportunities• Dictation

Phonics from A to Z (p. 92-93)

Phonics lesson dos• Use a logical and systematic sequence• Be explicit in your introduction of

sound-spelling relationships• Brief and fast-paced lessons• Keep the lessons focused• Create a classroom environment in which

children become active word watchers or word detectives

• A built-in review of previously taught sound-spellings

• Link phonics instruction to spelling• Use simple, short words

Phonics from A to Z (p. 91-92)

Foundation of literacy

1. Phonemic awareness2. Relate letters to sounds 3. Phonics and the ability to

manipulate the sounds4. Sight words5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,

& expression6. Apply reading comprehension

strategies (for understanding and enjoyment)

Sight Words

Sight words (high frequency words) • Out of 600,000+ words, 13 words account for more

than 25% of the words in printa, an, for, he, is, in, it, of, that, the, to, was, you

• 100 words account for 50% • 20% of the 250 most frequently used words by

children are FUNCTION words which make up 70-75% of all the words children use in their writing

• Words determined to be necessary for all reading because of their high frequency

• Recognition of a word “at sight” without the need to analyze or decode it

• Words taught as a whole• High frequency words is necessary for fluent reading• Carry little meaning, but affect the flow and coherence of

text• Most are “irregular” –different from commonly-taught

sound-spelling relationships

Sequence of high-frequency words instruction

1. State aloud & use it in a sentence

2. Write the sentence. Underline the high-frequency word

3. Discuss the word

4. Have children spell aloud the word

5. Spell & write the word in the air

6. Spell again & write on paper

7. Display the high-frequency words on the wall

Phonics from A to Z (p. 97)

High Frequency Readers

Example: Lunch

Mini-books

Reading Sheets

Sight Word Readers

Example: Little and big

Show and Tell: Little and big

Foundation of literacy

1. Phonemic awareness2. Relate letters to sounds 3. Phonics and the ability to

manipulate the sounds4. Sight words5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,

& expression6. Apply reading comprehension

strategies (for understanding and enjoyment)

Reading

The teaching of phonics is only the mean to the end.

Reading

Alphabets Books

Phonics ReadersExample: The –et word family

When To Start Reading?

Example: Super Dan, the fix-it manExample: Starfall (http://www.starfall.com)

AlphakidsExample: Dogs

Example: Dogs-Worksheet

決定閱讀階段• 聲韻辨識能力 (Phonemic awarenes

s)

• 讀本概念 (print concept)

• 字母認識 (alphabetic principle)

• 字音拼讀能力 (phonics)

• 朗讀流利度 (fluency)

• 文章理解 (comprehension)

Theory of Automatic Information Processing

decoding

comprehension

Attentionswitch

beginning readers

decoding

comprehension

Attention

fluent readers

Automaticity in reading (LaBerge & Samuels, 1974)