绿色化学 green chemistry welcome to green chemistry 化学学院 about the teacher name: 秦松...

绿色化学绿色化学Green ChemistryGreen Chemistry

Welcome to Green ChemistryWelcome to Green Chemistry

化学学院

About the TeacherAbout the Teacher Name: 秦松 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Telephone: 85411105(Lab.) Office address: 第一理科楼南 201201 http://greenchem.ys168.comhttp://greenchem.ys168.com

mailto:[email protected]

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Main referenceMain referencebookbook

Text book and referencesText book and references

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Text book and referencesText book and references1. 胡常伟，李贤均 , 《绿色化学原理及应用》中

国石化出版社， 2002.

2. Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice, London: Oxford University Press,1998

3. Anastas P.T., Heine L. G., Williamson T.C., Green Chemical Synhesis and Processes, ACS Symposium Series 767, 2000

4. Tundo P., Anastas P. Green Chemistry Challenging Perspectives, Oxford, 1999

5. Clark J., Macquarrie D.Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, Blackwell Science, 2002

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6. Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green Chemistry, Frontiers in Benign Chemical Synthesis and Processes London: Oxford University Press,1998

7. Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green Chemistry—Designing Chemistry for the Environment Washington: American Chemical Society,1996

8. 仲崇立 , 《绿色化学导论》北京 : 化学工业出版社， 2000.

9. 闵恩泽，吴巍 , 《绿色化学与化工》北京 :化学工业出版社， 2000.

10. 朱宪 , 《绿色化学工艺》北京 : 化学工业出版社， 2001

Text book and referencesText book and references

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Chapter one IntroductionChapter one Introduction

Chemistry is a central, useful and creative science

•Chemistry touches many other scientific field. •The study on chemical reaction, structure and methodology gives still directions for other discipline .

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Chemistry is a central scienceChemistry is a central science

Material science: Metals, Inorganic materials, bio-medical

materials Life science: Molecular level life science Molecular biology = ? Energy science: Petrochemical industry, Natural gas

chemistry, Coal chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry Aviation and space science Fuel for space travel, Protection

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Chapter one IntroductionChapter one Introduction

Exploit and effectively utilize natural resources Explore the natural world, and find useful

chemical substances not known before. Examine the chemicals found in plants and

animals on land, in the sea Determine their structure and explore their

function

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Chapter one IntroductionChapter one IntroductionDesign and create new materials New drugs (instead of just harvesting the living sources of useful drugs)

New materials (especially new polymers for special usage instead of exploring in nature)

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Chapter one IntroductionChapter one IntroductionThe clothing, feeding and nutrition, residence,

transportation and daily necessities of human beings

depend greatly on

Chemistry.

Chemistry is related to our whole life!Chemistry is related to our whole life!

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Chapter one IntroductionChapter one Introduction Chemistry: Facing Challenge ！ Human beings: Facing Challenge ！ The Society: Facing Challenge!

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Chapter one IntroductionChapter one Introduction 1.11.1 Typical environmental problems

1.2 Shortage of resources

1.3 Health concerns

1.4 Towards Sustainable Development

References

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1.1 Typical Environmental 1.1 Typical Environmental problemsproblems

Our environment is seriously polluted,

Why ???

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1.1 Typical Environmental 1.1 Typical Environmental problemsproblems

The cause of environmental problemsThe cause of environmental problems

Our environment is significantly polluted

when human beings

successively exploit the nature

to satisfy

our natural and mental needs.

Ourselves, our living, our existenceOurselves, our living, our existence

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Typical environmental Typical environmental problemsproblems

Global warmingGlobal warming Nuclear Winter (Winter due to Nuclear Nuclear Winter (Winter due to Nuclear

Effect)Effect) Depletion of Ozone LayerDepletion of Ozone Layer Photochemical smog and air pollutionPhotochemical smog and air pollution Acid rainAcid rain Rapid reduction of living thingsRapid reduction of living things manifoldnessmanifoldness Disrupt of forestDisrupt of forest Desolation and boundlessnessDesolation and boundlessness

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Global WarmingGlobal Warming

The increase of Green House gas concentration is the main cause.

Main Green House Gases CO2, NOx, CH4, Halogenides They adsorb heat from the sun, a

nd keep them, resulting in the increase of earth temperature.

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Human Activities are the origin of these effects

Cooking, Lighting, Warming, Transportation,

Industry

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Global WarmingGlobal Warming Consequences Consequences

In the mid-21, the average temperature on the surface of the earth will have an increment of about 1.4 ～ 1.5℃ ，

the ice on the South Pole and North Pole will melt with accelerated speed,

the sea level will have a rise of about 0.25 ～ 0.65m.

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Global WarmingGlobal Warming Consequences Consequences

In our country: the rise of sea level, 0.14-0.20 cm/year comparing to the average world level

0.15-0.16 cm/year These variations will alter significantly

the environment widely and eternally

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It is reported(31 August, 2003 ) by CCTV news that Chinese scientists exploring on the Arctic Pole discovered that the melting speed of ice therein is faster than before, and the rise in temperature is about 2-3K per year.

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Nuclear WinterNuclear Winter In 1982, it is proposed that the earth will be cIn 1982, it is proposed that the earth will be cooled by the dust and smog caused by limiteooled by the dust and smog caused by limited nuclear war . This assumption is called “d nuclear war . This assumption is called “NN

uclear Winteruclear Winter ” ” 。。

Gas sol composed of dust and smog in the atmosphere works like a lens.

Dust and smog may alter the earth more significantly.

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Nuclear WinterNuclear Winter Clue Example Clue Example

In 1815, the bursting of volcano in Europe erupted 100m3 dust to the air , and the later floated in air for about 2 years, this had already made Europe had cool summer.

核冬天的真实景象（网上资料）

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Nuclear WinterNuclear Winter Nuclear explosion will

produce much dust and smog, the later will exist in air and cool the earth.

Even limited nuclear war will produce significant smog and dust

It is still unclear about the lifetime of gas sol and their influence on the equilibrium of radiation in air.

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Depletion of ozone layerDepletion of ozone layer

Ozone Layer refers to the ensemble of ozone collected in the atmosphere 15-50 km above the surface. Its concentration is less than 10 ppm.

Ozone is naturally protective for our earth from the sun and makes our life possible

It adsorbs violet rays (295-320 nm) from the sun.

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1985: 8X106 (km)2 (US); 1994:2.4X106 (km)2;

2000: 2.9X106 (km)2

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Halogenides used destroy the ozone layer.

NONOx x compoundscompounds from from the exhausted gas of athe exhausted gas of automobiles and other sutomobiles and other sources catalyze the decources catalyze the decomposition reaction of omposition reaction of ozone.ozone.

The culprits (The culprits ( 元元凶凶 ))

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Depletion of ozone layerDepletion of ozone layer The use of ozone consuming agents (ODS) The developed countries used 1986, 975.8 thousand ts 1992, 424.1 thousand ts decreasing amounts are used Our country 1986, 47.5 thousand ts 1992, 102.7 thousand ts 1993, 117.1 thousand ts Several measures have been taken, and a decreasing

amounts are expected

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Depletion of ozone layerDepletion of ozone layer Consequences Consequences

Influences on human beings : Reduction of immunity Increment of cancer patient (Comparative examples) USA ： 5000person/year died （ among 500 thousand patient ） Australia ： 5000person/year （ among a total population of 17 million ） Increase of cataract patientInfluences on plant: Decrease in production and quality

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Discovered since 1987

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Photochemical smog and air Photochemical smog and air pollutionpollution

Large amount of garbage exposed Large amount of garbage exposed directly to air, the later is polluted directly to air, the later is polluted

and endanger human beingsand endanger human beings

Photochemical smog formed from a series of chemical reaction catalyzed by violet radiations.……more

Chemical essenceChemical essence

ideaidea

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Nitrogen oxides are Nitrogen oxides are the main prime culpritthe main prime culprit

NONO22→NO→NO ＋＋ O O O+CO+CXXHHYY→C→CXXHHYY O O CCXXHHYYO.+OO.+O22→C→CXXHHYYOO33.. CCXXHHYYOO33.+C.+CmmHHnn→RCHO+R’C→RCHO+R’C

O+OO+O22→O→O33

ROO+NOROO+NO22 →ROONO →ROONO22

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Air PollutionAir Pollution Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur oxides Hydrocarbons Nitrogen oxides Dust of soil, pollen, coal ash, etc pollute

directly the air. The harmful contents of the dusts: Pb, Hg, Cd, Ni and other heavy metals

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Acid rainAcid rainAcidic gases in air dissolute in rain and drop Acidic gases in air dissolute in rain and drop

to the earth forming acid rainto the earth forming acid rain

Acidic gases: SOSOXX, NONOXX, etc, etc Acid rain is harmful to living things and the

environment.

Chongqing often encounters acid rain ！

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Acid rainAcid rain

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Water PollutionWater Pollution Water is essential for us Water is polluted by Industrial waste water Daily life waste water Mine waste water Transportation waste water Farmland waste water

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Rapid reduction of living Rapid reduction of living things manifoldnessthings manifoldness

Living things manifoldness refers to the ensemble of all living creatures including plant, animals, micro-organism and other things

One kind of plant disappears every 27 year,

and nearly 90 kinds of vertebrates ( 脊椎动物 )become extinct.

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The speed of these reduction accelerates

quite a few kinds of living things disappear before they are named.

Large amounts of genes lose No effective measure taken, human beings

risk the challenge of being living in the used manner.

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In our country, the living things manifoldness ranks 8 in the world,

and 1 in the north earth. Extinct plants: 4000-5000 kinds

15-20% among all 156/640(1/4) in the international trade

contract of extinct animals and plants

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Disruption of forestDisruption of forest

Forest The lung

of living things on the earth

Have important ecological andeconomic values

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1 hectare of forest adsorbs 1t of CO2, and releases 0.73ts of O2, the later is sufficient for the breath of 1000 persons.

10 m2 forest ⇨ one person

Sweden: Forest coverage 64% 3 hectares/person Average life span: males 76.3 females 81.4

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Disruption of Disruption of forestforest

It is obvious that forest could: conserve water resource, keep water and soil, prevent and fix the sand blown by the wind, regulate the climate, fix carbon and provide oxygen, prevent pollution, purify the air, Improve the environment, protect species, provide wood, etc.. It is multifunctional and beneficial for the

future descendents economically, ecologically, environmentally.

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The speed of disrupt: Forest: 7000 thousand hectare/year Tropical rain forest: 50 hectare/minute In our country: Coverage of forest is about 14%, which is the 1/3 of t

he average value of the world coverage/person The flood of Yangzi river, huaihe river, Songhuajiang

river, lunjiang river occurred in recent years dues partially to the extra-cut-down of the forest.

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It is reported that after 16 years, one of the largest state-owned forest zone of our country----Daxin’anling----will have no forest tree to cut. (From Wenzhaizhoubao, 37, 2003, 09,15)

If continuing to cut down instead of strict measures taken,

we will have the risk of no oxygen to breath, not saying the ecological and economical loses

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Desolation and boundlessnessDesolation and boundlessness(( 荒漠化荒漠化 ) ) t refers to the degeneration of plougt refers to the degeneration of plough duo to human economic activities , variation in ch duo to human economic activities , variation in c

limate etc.limate etc.

In Han Dynasty, the regulation of Tuntian (Peasants open up wasteland and grow food grain) in the Northwest region of China, disrupted the forest therein, and these fertile land had become desert.

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Desolation and Desolation and boundlessnessboundlessness

The red land could not keep water, The red land could not keep water,

no plant could grow wellno plant could grow well..

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This is often seen in Fujian, Jiangxi, and Guangdong provinceThis is often seen in Fujian, Jiangxi, and Guangdong province

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As a result ： decrease in eligible plough on earth.

It is one of the most emergent environmental challenge which should be overcome.

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1.3 Health concerns


References

1.2 Shortage of 1.2 Shortage of resourcesresources

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ShortageShortage of energy resourcesof energy resources

Energy resource is the corner stone for the development of economy as well as the daily life of human beings.

The productive forces of human society, and the material and cultural civilization have been highly enhanced and developed by the effective use of energy resources.

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Shortage of energy resourcesShortage of energy resources

Industrial revolution

depended on coal sustained 60 years. From 1948, the consumption of oil increa

ses. Within 20 century, the population augmen

ted for 3 times, while the energy consumption augmented for 10 times.

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The consumption of energy resource is rapid, and huge amount of energy resources has been used up, then the remainder of energy resources is limited. more

What shall we do for a sustainable development?

???

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Oil ： exploitable for about 40 years Natural gas ： about 60 years Coal ： about 220 years

What our descendants will use?

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Our country has become a Petroleum-importing country since 1993.

The rate of increasing petroleum consumption: about 4 ％ /year-6%

2000: imported petroleum 1.2X108tons ， 250X108 $ In 2002, our country has become the second oil

consumer just behind USA At present, 40% of oil used imported

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2010: 4.02X108 tons needed ， 1.55X108 tons produced in our country

2.47X108 tons should be imported It is predicted that in 2030, 80% of petroleum

should be imported.

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The conflict between The conflict between China-Russia-Japan about China-Russia-Japan about the construction of the the construction of the

pipelinepipeline

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Shortage of resourcesShortage of resources

Resources other than energy are also essential for human beings to survive and develop.

Plough resources ( 耕地 ) (non-renewable) decrease progressively and rapidly

Mine resources (non-renewable) are nearly used up. (In the summer, 2002, a coal mine in Shanxi Province has been closed because no coal is left for exploit)

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Shortage of resourcesShortage of resources

Though bio-mass resources are renewable, the relative velocity of consumption and production should be considered.

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1.3 Health concerns


References

1.3 Healthy of Human 1.3 Healthy of Human BeingsBeings

The essential problems of human healthy:The essential problems of human healthy: Illness SenilityIllness Senility (Long Live)(Long Live)

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Ancient Ways

for a Long Life

Pray for Supernatural Being

Meditation,

Austerity, etc

Make pills of ImmoralitySeek for Special Medicine

Not FeasibleNot Feasible

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Modern Medical Modern Medical Science & PharmacyScience & Pharmacy

New Medication New Medication For incurable For incurable

diseasesdiseases

Anti-Anti-senilitysenilityprolong prolong lifelife

Reduce Reduce side effectside effect

AvoidAvoid ResidenceResidenceIncrease Increase Curative effectCurative effect Let’s see Let’s see

examplesexamples

抗衰老

医治不治之

症

防残留,

升疗

效降低副作用

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Example 1 tholidomideExample 1 tholidomide

镇静剂

畸胎剂

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Example 2 The synthesis of L-dopa

L-dopa is effective for curing parkinsonism, while other isomers do not

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Number of Number of asymmetric asymmetric

factorsfactors 1 2 2 4 3 8 ………… n 2n

Number of eNumber of enantiomersnantiomers

1/2n

Effective

(2n-1) / 2n

Useless

or

harmful

???

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1.3 Health concerns


References

1.4 Towards Sustainable 1.4 Towards Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

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Towards Sustainable Towards Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

In early 80, theory of sustainable development has been proposed.

In 1992, “Agenda of 21th Century” has been formulated.

The view point of sustainable development comes out from the traditional one.

2004 The view point of scientific development The development of recyclable economy

more

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Towards Sustainable Towards Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

Traditionally, the increase of GDP is hiGDP is highly appreciatedghly appreciated ，irrespective or even at the expense of environmental effects.

View point of

Sustainable

development,

emphasis the co-

development of

economy and

environment

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The drawbacks of traditional The drawbacks of traditional view point of developmentview point of development

A view point of industrial realization ： The symbol of development is the increment in industry The mark of modernization is industrialization and industrial civilization The goal and driven forces for development are GNP(GDP) Irrespective of the protection and development of resources and environment The criteria marking development is unjust

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The ideas of sustainable The ideas of sustainable developmentdevelopment

Development is highly thought of The protection of environment is considered as

one important component of development The equal opportunities to develop for

different generations are emphasized Appealing to change the traditional manner of

production and consumption Demanding the construction of new criteria for

morality and values

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What to do ???What to do ???

Facing these challenges, Facing these challenges, What will Chemistry doWhat will Chemistry do ？？ What Chemistry could do?What Chemistry could do? What should the Chemists do?What should the Chemists do?

Just Anxious?Just Anxious?

Regarding it as an opportunityRegarding it as an opportunity

Treat it urgentlyTreat it urgently

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What will Chemistry do What will Chemistry do ？？

Problems are just opportunities in disguise. Winston Churchill: The optimist sees opportunities in every danger, the pessimist sees danger in every opportunity. What do YOU see? （ Exercise in class ）

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What will Chemistry doWhat will Chemistry do ？？ 1974: Prof. Youqi TANG ， the idea of directne

ss of chemical reaction 1989: New Chemistry, New times of Chemistry Simons ： The fundamental problems in 21 ce

ntury are molecules and bio-molecules

the idea of molecular efficiency

90s ：

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Chemistry facing the coming Chemistry facing the coming challengeschallenges

Environmentally Benign Chemistry Environmentally Friendly Chemistry Clean Chemistry Atom Economy and Benign by Design

Chemistry Green Chemistry(1995)

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PietroTundoItaly

Paul T. Anastas U.S.

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Green Chemistry Green Chemistry is a proper choose is a proper choose in the development of chemical in the development of chemical

science, it grows up to satisfy the science, it grows up to satisfy the demand of human society, and demand of human society, and

shows us a higher period of shows us a higher period of chemistry developmentchemistry development

Main referencesMain references

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1 布里斯罗 R. 著。化学的今天和明天。华彤文 , 宋心琦 , 张德和 , 吴国庆译 . 北京，科学出版社， 1998

2 唐有祺。展望今后化学之发展。化学通报， 1998 ，7： 6～ 9

3 冯守华，谭持恒编译。化学的黄金时代。化学通报，1998 ， 7： 9～ 14

4 李远哲。面对 21 世纪的挑战。化学通报， 1998 ， 7：2～ 6

5 毛文永。环境战略的新发展。环境科学， 1994 ， 15 （ 4）： 1～ 4

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6 解振华。我国环境保护面临的形势和挑战。环境科学动态， 1995 ， 2： 1～ 8

7 俞兴福，叶明吕，郑志坚编著。环境化学导论。上海，复旦大学出版社， 1997

8 徐峻。气侯变化的新认识。世界环境， 2000 ， 1 ：22 ～ 25

9 田广生。中国气候变化影响研究概况。环境科学研究，2000 ， 13 （ 1）： 36～ 39

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10 吕学都。我国气候变化研究的主要进展。中国人口·资源与环境， 2000 ， 10 （ 2）： 35～ 38

11 Scholes Mary, Andreae Meinrat O. 。 Biogenic and Pyrogemic Emissions from Africa and their Impact on the Global Atmosphere 。张国梁译。 Ambio（中文版） , 2000,29(1):23 ～ 29

12 江桂斌。环境化学的回顾与展望。化学通报， 1999 ，11 ： 14 ～ 15

13 钟晓红译，楚云校。世界能源概况。世界环境，1993 ， 2： 32 ～ 33 ； 1993 ， 3： 20 ～ 21

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14 王秉忱。世界新能源的发展概况——联合国新能源和可再生能源会议介绍。新能源， 1982 ， 4（ 3）： 1～30

15 美国国家研究委员会，化学科学与技术部，催化科学技术新方向专家组著。催化展望。熊国兴、陈德安译。北京，北京大学出版社， 1993

16 美国化学科学机会调查委员会，美国化学科学与技术部，美国物理科学、数学和资源委员会著。化学中的机会。曹家桢译。中国科学院化学部，中国化学会，中国科学院情报中心， 1986

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17 曲格平。关于可持续发展的若干思考。世界环境， 1995 ， 4： 3～ 6

18 冯之浚。可持续发展与技术创新。中国人口·资源与环境， 2000 ， 10 （ 2）： 5～ 10

19 徐玉商，侯世昌。可持续的，可持续性与可持续发展。中国人口·资源与环境， 2000 ， 10 （ 1）： 4～ 7

20 原新，唐家龙。四种竞争与环境可持续性。中国人口·资源与环境， 2000 ， 10 （ 1）： 8～ 11

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21 唐有祺。化学动力学和反应器原理。北京，科学出版社， 1974 ： 1

22 Kriege James 著。择音编译。新化学时代的来临。未来与发展， 1991 ， 2： 53 ～ 55

23 Anastas Paul T., Williamson Tracy C. 。 Green Chemisty, Designing Chemistry for the Environment ，Symposium Series 626th.Washington: American Chemical Society,1996.

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作业作业一：简答温室效应及其与化学的相关性，核冬天，

光化学烟雾及其化学本质，生物多样性二：为什么说化学是一门中心的、实用

的、创造性的学科？三：人类目前面临的主要环境问题有哪

些？造成这些困境的原因是什么？

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作业作业四；在人类面临的健康问题面前，化学有何

作为？五：可持续发展观的主要观点是什么，它与

传统的发展观有何差异？六：你怎样看待化学学科在本世纪的地位？七 : 你认为我国应怎样面对能源短缺 ?

八 : 试论科学发展观与化学

绿色化学 green chemistry welcome to green chemistry 化学学院 about the teacher name: 秦松...

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