藥物濫用藥物濫用 Hallucinogens and Marijuana Hallucinogens and Marijuana

賴滄海 教授賴滄海 教授12-18-200912-18-2009

Learning Objectives-Learning Objectives-HallucinogensHallucinogens

Major hallucinogens Major hallucinogens Describe the major types of Describe the major types of

hallucinogenshallucinogens Describe the effects that environment Describe the effects that environment

and personality have on the and personality have on the individuals response to hallucinogensindividuals response to hallucinogens

Describe the effects of hallucinogens Describe the effects of hallucinogens

Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) Mescaline Mescaline （（ PeyotePeyote ）） PsilocybinPsilocybin TryptaminesTryptamines Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Foxy(5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptaminFoxy(5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamin

e)e) NutmegNutmeg

Sensory and Sensory and Psychological effectsPsychological effects

Altered senses (Synesthesia)Altered senses (Synesthesia)Loss of controlLoss of controlSelf-reflectionSelf-reflectionLoss of identity and cosmic mergiLoss of identity and cosmic mergi

ngng

Synesthesia Synesthesia A subjective sensation or image of a sA subjective sensation or image of a s

ense other than the one being stimulaense other than the one being stimulated, such as an auditory sensation cated, such as an auditory sensation caused by a visual stimulusused by a visual stimulus

FlashbacksFlashbacks Recurrences of earlier drug-induced sRecurrences of earlier drug-induced s

ensory experiences in the absence of ensory experiences in the absence of the drug the drug

Mechanism of actionMechanism of action

SerotoninSerotonin Norepinephrine, dopamine, Norepinephrine, dopamine,

acetylcholine and othersacetylcholine and others

Physiological Effects of LSDPhysiological Effects of LSD

Concentrated in the Hypothalamus, the Concentrated in the Hypothalamus, the limbic system, the auditory and visual reflex limbic system, the auditory and visual reflex area.area.

Activates the sympathetic nervous system.Activates the sympathetic nervous system.( Increase body temperature, heart rate, ( Increase body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, sweats, dilated pupils).blood pressure, sweats, dilated pupils).

Affect the parasympathetic nervous system Affect the parasympathetic nervous system (salivation and nausea). (salivation and nausea).

Tolerance to LSD developed very Tolerance to LSD developed very quickly due to changes in sensitivity quickly due to changes in sensitivity of target cellsof target cells

No withdrawal symptoms after stop No withdrawal symptoms after stop use use

Had no effect on creativityHad no effect on creativity

Adverse Psychedelic Effects of Adverse Psychedelic Effects of LSD-”Freak out”LSD-”Freak out”

Intense nightmarish experienceIntense nightmarish experience Complete loss of emotional controlComplete loss of emotional control Paranoid delusionParanoid delusion Hallucinations, panic attacksHallucinations, panic attacks Psychosis Psychosis No carcinogenic or mutagenic effects No carcinogenic or mutagenic effects

in humanin human

Non psychotic adverse Non psychotic adverse reaction of LSDreaction of LSD

Tension, anxietyTension, anxiety FearFear DepressionDepression DespairDespair Altered perceptionAltered perception

Nutmeg--(Nutmeg--( 肉豆蔻肉豆蔻 ))

PhenethylaminesPhenethylamines

Dimethoxy methylamphetamine ( DOM,STDimethoxy methylamphetamine ( DOM,STPP ））

MDAMDA （（ methylenedioxy amphetaminemethylenedioxy amphetamine ）） MDMAMDMA （（ methylenedioxy methamphetamine,methylenedioxy methamphetamine,

Ecstasy,Ecstasy, 搖頭丸）搖頭丸）

EntactogensEntactogens

Drugs that enhance the Drugs that enhance the

sensation and pleasure of sensation and pleasure of

touchingtouching

Anticholinergic HallucinogensAnticholinergic Hallucinogens Atropa belladonnaAtropa belladonna 顛茄顛茄 The deadly nightshade plant (Atropine)The deadly nightshade plant (Atropine) Mandragora officinarumMandragora officinarum 毒参茄毒参茄 The mandrakeThe mandrake （（ hyocyamine, scopolamine, hyocyamine, scopolamine,

atropine and mandragorineatropine and mandragorine ）） ““And Shrieks like mandrakes torn out of the eartAnd Shrieks like mandrakes torn out of the eart

h, that living mortals hearning them run mad.h, that living mortals hearning them run mad.” Romeo and Juliet” Romeo and Juliet

Hyoscyamus nigerHyoscyamus niger 茛菪（ㄍㄣˋ ㄉㄤˋ）茛菪（ㄍㄣˋ ㄉㄤˋ） HenbaneHenbane （（ hyocyamine and scopolaminehyocyamine and scopolamine ））

Datura stramoniumDatura stramonium 曼陀羅 曼陀羅 JJimson weed imson weed （（ scopolaminescopolamine ））

Atropa belladonnaAtropa belladonna -- -- 顛茄顛茄The deadly nightshade plantThe deadly nightshade plant

Mandragora officinarum-Mandragora officinarum- 毒参毒参茄茄

The mandrakeThe mandrake

Hyocyamus niger Hyocyamus niger 茛菪茛菪（ ㄍㄣˋ ㄉㄤˋ（ ㄍㄣˋ ㄉㄤˋ

） ） HenbaneHenbane

Datura stramonium – 曼陀羅 Jimson weed

Other HallucinogensOther Hallucinogens

PCPPCP （（ Angel dustAngel dust ）） KetamineKetamine DextromethophanDextromethophan MarijuanaMarijuana Salvia divinorumSalvia divinorum

Salvia divinorumSalvia divinorum

MarijuanaMarijuana

Learning objectivesLearning objectivesStatistics of Marijuana useStatistics of Marijuana useEffects of Marijuana useEffects of Marijuana useMedical use of MarijuanaMedical use of Marijuana

Contradictory views Contradictory views

Assassin of youth (USA)Assassin of youth (USA)Holy Plant (Jamaica)Holy Plant (Jamaica)

Major factors Affecting Major factors Affecting Marijuana UseMarijuana Use

1.1. Perceived riskPerceived risk

2.2. Parental role modelParental role model

3.3. Mass mediaMass media

4.4. availabilityavailability

Major Factors Affecting Major Factors Affecting Marijuana UseMarijuana Use

5.5. Peers Peers

6.6. Structural factors-Ages gender Structural factors-Ages gender

7.7. Social factors Social factors

8.8. Settings Settings

9.9. Attitudinal factors Attitudinal factors

Effects of marijuana Effects of marijuana useuse

The HighSubjective Euphoric EffectsDriving performance Critical thinking skillsAmotivational Syndrome

Medical use of marijuanaMedical use of marijuana

Reduction in intraocularReduction in intraocular （（ eyeeye ）） prpressureessure

Anti asthmaticAnti asthmatic Muscle relaxantMuscle relaxant Anti depressantAnti depressant AnalgesicAnalgesic Appetite stimulantAppetite stimulant

Physiological effects of Physiological effects of Marijuana useMarijuana use

Damage to the lungDamage to the lung

CNSCNS （（ Altered perceptionsAltered perceptions ）） Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis asthlaryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis asthma-like conditions, cough, hoarsenesma-like conditions, cough, hoarseness, dry mouth s, dry mouth

Physiological effects of Physiological effects of Marijuana useMarijuana use

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular • VasodilationVasodilation

• Binding to hemoglobinBinding to hemoglobin

Reproductive SystemReproductive System• Decreased amount of testosteroneDecreased amount of testosterone• Decreased number of sperm, blocks ovuDecreased number of sperm, blocks ovu

lationlation

InhalantsInhalants

Types of InhalantsTypes of Inhalants Gasoline, freon, butane, propane, aGasoline, freon, butane, propane, a

erosolerosol toluene, Nitrous oxide, nitrites toluene, Nitrous oxide, nitrites

Danger of Inhalant AbuseDanger of Inhalant Abuse

1.1. Direct physical damage to the heart, Direct physical damage to the heart, lung, liver and the brainlung, liver and the brain

2.2. Choking on vomitus, asphyxiation, sChoking on vomitus, asphyxiation, suffocationuffocation

3.3. Falls or accidents involving impaired Falls or accidents involving impaired driving under the influence of inhaladriving under the influence of inhalants nts