工業プロセスで生じる硫酸及び hi流体環境下における耐...
TRANSCRIPT
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JAEA-Technology
2017-027
DOI:10.11484/jaea-technology-2017-027
Xing L. Yan
HTGR Hydrogen and Heat Application Research CenterSector of Nuclear Science Research
December 2017
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Noriaki HIROTA, Jin IWATSUKI, Yoshiyuki IMAI and Xing L. YAN
HI
FeNiDevelopment Plan of Austenitic Fe and Ni Based Alloys with Improved Corrosion
Resistance to Sulfuric Acid and HI Fluids of Industrial Processes
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http://www.jaea.go.jp
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Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2018
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JAEA-Technology 2017-027
HI
Fe Ni
Xing L. Yan
2017 10 25
Fe Ni
(SiC) Fe CuTa SiTi CuSi
Ni MoWTa Ti Ni MoW
311-1393 4002
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JAEA-Technology 2017-027
Development Plan of Austenitic Fe and Ni Based Alloys with Improved Corrosion
Resistance to Sulfuric Acid and HI Fluids of Industrial Processes
Noriaki HIROTA, Jin IWATSUKI, Yoshiyuki IMAI and Xing L. YAN
HTGR Hydrogen and Heat Application Research Center Sector of Nuclear Science Research
Japan Atomic Energy Agency Oarai-machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki-ken
(Received October 25, 2017)
In this study, austenitic Fe based alloys and Ni based alloys was developed as candidate structural materials for equipment operated in sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide (HI) environment, which exists in various industrial processes including iodine-sulfur (IS) hydrogen production process and geothermal power generation process. The objectives of the study are to achieve the corrosion resistance performance sufficient under the working condition of these processes and to overcome the practical scale-up difficulty of the ceramic (SiC) material that is presently used in the processes due to the manufacturing size limitation of the ceramic. The chemical composition development plan for the austenitic Fe based alloys is threefold: reinforcement of matrix by addition of Cu and Ta, strength compensation of the surface film by addition of Si and Ti, and prevention of peeling of surface oxide by addition of rare earth elements. Because addition of Cu and Si is known to reduce the ductility of the material and thus manufacturability of the component, it is important to determine the allowable amount of each element to be added. On the other hand, the chemical composition development plan for the Ni based alloys is reinforcement of matrix by addition of Mo, W and Ta, strength compensation of the surface film by addition of Ti, and prevention of peeling of surface oxide by addition of rare earth elements. In particular, the addition of Mo and W to the Ni based alloy is expected to be effective in preventing dimensional deviation of structures from increasing during heating and cooling of process equipment. Various material specimens will be fabricated based on the above chemical composition development plans and tests on these specimens will then be carried out to confirm the corrosion resistance performance under the fluid conditions simulating each industrial process.
Keywords: Corrosion-Resistant Material, High Temperature, Sulfuric Acid, Hydrogen Iodide, Rare Earth, Ellingham Diagram
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1. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2. ------------- 2 3. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
3.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 3.1.1 Fe Cu --------------------------------------- 2 3.1.2 Ni MoW ------------------------------------ 3 3.1.3 Fe Ni Ta --------------------------------- 4
3.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3.2.1 Fe Si -------------------------------------------- 4
3.2.2 Fe Ni TiC ------------------------------------- 4 3.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3.3.1 Fe Ni ----------------- 5
3.4 Fe Ni --------------------------------------------------------- 5 4. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
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Contents 1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2. Importance of matrix strengthening of alloy, use of surface compound phase and
prevention of peeling off of compound ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 3. Development plan for chemical composition -------------------------------------------------------- 2
3.1 Matrix strengthening element ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 3.1.1 Promotion of Passivation by Formation of Cu Sulfide to -Fe based Alloy --------- 2 3.1.2 Solid solution strengthening by adding Mo and W to Ni based alloy,
and low thermal expansion ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 3.1.3 Promotion of passivation by adding Ta to -Fe based alloy and Ni based alloy -- 4
3.2 Elements that produce surface compounds ------------------------------------------------------ 4 3.2.1 Improvement of corrosion resistance by formation of Si oxides to the-Fe
based alloy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3.2.2 Grain boundary reinforcement by TiC formation to -Fe based alloy and Ni
based alloy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3.3 Peeling prevention element --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3.3.1 Prevention of peeling of surface compounds by addition of rare earth to -Fe
based alloy and Ni based alloy ------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3.4Development plan for chemical composition of -Fe based alloy and Ni based alloy 5
4. Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Acknowledgment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
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1.
950
GTHTR300C1) 950HTTR2) HTTR-HTTR-GT/H2 3)
IS IS 3 4)
SO2(g) + I2(aq) + 2H2O(aq) 2HI(aq) + H2SO4(aq) , ca. 100 (1) H2SO4(g) H2O(g) + SO2(g) + 0.5O2(g) , ca. 850 (2) 2HI(g) H2(g) +I2(g) , ca. 500 (3)
HI HI 2 IS
HI
SiCHI Ni HasteloyC276 5)6) IS SiC Ni HI SiC
SiC Ni IS
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7)
600 SiC SiC
SiC 8) SiC SiC
SiC Fe Ni HI
2.
Fe Ni -pH 9)
Fig. 1 25 1N FeNiCr 18Cr-8Ni SS 10)SS
SS Cr Ni IS
Fe Ni
3.
Fe Ni HI
3.1 3.1.1 Fe Cu
Cu
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Fig. 2 4-6 Cu 4-6 Cu 11) Cu Fig. 3 20 Fe 18Cr-8Ni CuPtPd Cu 12) Fig. 4 6693 Cu Cu 13)
S Cu Cu 14) Ni Cu NiO Cu2O Cu2O NiO
15)16)Ni Cu NiO 3.1.2 Ni MoW
HI/I2/H2O 200400Hastelloy Ni 17)Fe Mo Mo SUS405SUS444SUS316L2 SUS329J1Ni Incoloy825HasteloyC276Carpenter20CbInconel625 Fig. 5 Mo Fe Ni Mo Fe Mo 5 18) 37massFig. 6 Thermo-Calc Fe-Mo2 Mo Mo Mo Fe2Mo 950 Mo 2mass% Mo Mo Fe 19) 10mass% Fe Fe HI
Ni Mo Fig. 7 Thermo-Calc Ni-Mo225mass% Mo Ni Mo Mo
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Ni W Fig. 8
Ni-W Ni W 30 mass% 20) MoW Ni 21)
3.1.3 Fe Ni Ta
pH -pH AuAgPt WTaNb 9) Ta 22)2 Ta 0.06mass% 23) Ni 24)W pH Fe Fe2Mo Fe2W 25)Fe W 3.2 3.2.1 Fe Si
SiC Fe Fe-Si Si 26)Si 12.2% SiO4 SiC 0.07mm/y Si Fe-Si SiO4
Ni-Fe Si Fe11Ni15Si4 27)Si 11mass%Ni3Si 28)Ni Si Fe11Ni15Si4Ni3Si 3.2.2 Fe Ni TiC Fe Alloy800Ni Alloy600
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TiC 29) TiCFig. 9 Ti 30)N TiN 31)32)33)C N 3.3 3.3.1 Fe Ni Fe Fe-20Cr
Fig. 10 1000 95h Fe-20Cr LaTiZrAlSiGdY 34)Si Si LaGdY 4h
Y YCrO3 Y Cr2O3 Fe Cr2O3 / Y2O3 35)Ni Ni9Y 36)37)
Fe-25Cr Y 1%Y2O3 YFe3
38)
3.4 Fe Ni Table 1 Fe Ni
TaTi Fe Cu Si Ni MoW IS Fe CuTa SiTi 5mass% Cu Si Ni MoW
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Ta Ti FeNi IS
4.
SiC Fe Ni HI
1) IS
Fe Ni
2) Fe CuTa Si Si Ti TiC
3) Fe CuSi
Ti 4) Ni MoW Ta
Ti TiC
5) Ni MoW
IS
IS
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1) K. Kunitomi, X. Yan, T. Nishihara, N. Sakaba and T. Mouri, "JAEA's VHTR for Hydrogen and Electricity Cogeneration: GTHTR300C," Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 39(1), pp.9-20, (2007). 2) S. Fujikawa, H. Hayashi, T. Nakazawa, K. Kawasaki, T. Iyoku, S. Nakagawa and N. Sakaba, Achievement of reactor-outlet coolant temperature of 950C in HTTR, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 41 pp.1245-1254 (2004). 3) H. Sato, J. Sumita, A. Terada, H. Ohashi, X. Yan, T. Nishihara, Y. Tachibana and Y. Inagaki, HTTR Demonstration Program for Nuclear Cogeneration of Hydrogen and Electricity, Proceedings of the 23th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE23), ICONE23-1459, May 17 - 21, 2015, Chiba, Japan (2015). 4) , , , , , 62, pp.122-128 (2013). 5) , , , , 65(4), pp.262-265, (2001). 6) , , , , , 55(7), pp.320-324, (2006). 7) , , 35(3), pp.215-219, (1996). 8) , , (2017). 9) , , 16, , pp.64-67, (1973). 10) , , , , , p.7, (1986). 11) , , vol.6, No.1, pp.311-315, (1957). 12) N.D. Tomashov, Corrosion, 14, pp.229-236, (1958). 13) , , Vol.20, No.4, pp.178-191, (1971). 14) , , , , , Vo.36, No.3, pp.65-68, (1986). 15) , , , , 3 , 2 , pp.51-57, (1960). 16) , , , , 24, 5, pp.320-324, (1960). 17) , , , , , , 18, pp.49-54, (1993). 18) , , , 47 , 10 , pp.1493-1500, (1961). 19) , , , , , , 80 , 1 , pp.22-29, (2008). 20) , , 2009-64501, H21.3.26. 21) , , , , , , , Vol.90, No.1, pp.37-42, (2004). 22) , , , , , , , 46(2), pp.113-117, (1997).
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23) , , , , , , , 64, pp.324-327, (2015). 24) , , 59, pp.222-227, (2010). 25) , , , , , , Vol. 40, No. 457 pp.1283-1289, (1991). 26) , , , , , , , , 46, pp.1041-1045, (1997). 27) , , , , Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.18-23, (1963). 28) A. T. Dutra, P. L. Ferrandini, R. Caram, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 432, pp.167-171, (2007). 29) L. Tan, L. Rakotojaona, T. R. Allen, R. K. Nanstad and J. T. Busby, Materials Science and Engineering A, A528, Issue6, pp.2755-2761, (2011). 30) , , 8 , pp.49-57, (1969). 31) R. S. Dutta, R. Purandare, A. Labo, S. K. Kulkarni and G. K. Dey, Corrosion Science, 46, pp.2937-2953, (2004). 32) R. S. Dutta, R. Tewari and P. K. De, Corrosion Science, 49, pp.303-318, (2007). 33) R. S. Dutta, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 393, pp.343-349, (2009). 34) , , , , 42, pp.1138-1144, (1978). 35) , , 65 , 7 , pp.747-771, (1979). 36) , , , , , , 11 , pp.1110-1117, (1975). 37) Ingard A. Kvernes, Oxidation of Metals, Vol.6, No.1, pp.45-64, (1973). 38) J. M. Francis, W. H. Whitlow, Corrosion Science, Vol.5, pp.701-710, (1965).
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Fig. 1 Anodic polarization curve at 25C. under 1N sulfuric acid environment 10)
Logarithm of reaction current log i (mA/cm2)
Ele
ctr
ode p
ote
ntial E (
V, S
CE)
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Fig. 2 Changes in cavitation corrosion amount with temperature rise of 4-6 brass, pure Cu 11)
Liquid temperature ()
Boiling
Am
ount
of
cav
itat
ion c
orr
osi
on (
mg)
4-6 Brass
Steel
Cu
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Fig. 3 The effect of addition of Cu, Pt and Pd on corrosion rate of 18Cr-8Ni steel with increasing
sulfuric acid concentration at 20C 12)
H2SO4 (%)
Corr
osi
on r
ate (
g/m
2/h)
No addition
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Fig. 4 Changes in the degree of corrosion associated with the increase in the amount of Cu to stainless steel under 66C, 93C sulfuric acid environment 13)
H2SO4 (%)
Degr
ee o
f ero
sion (
mm
/y)
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Fig. 5 Relationship between Corrosion rate and Mo addition amount of Various Alloys in HI / I2 / H2O Mixed Gas from 200C to 400C
Degr
ee o
f ero
sion (
mm
/y)
Mo content (mass%)
Ferrite Austenite
Ni alloy
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Fig. 6 Fe-Mo phase diagram
Mo content (atom%)
Mo content (mass%)
Tem
pera
ture
(
)
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Fig. 7 Ni-Mo phase diagram
Solid solution amount
Mo content (atom%)
Mo content (mass%)
Tem
pera
ture
(
)
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Fig. 8 Ni-W phase diagram
Solid solution
amount
W content (atom%)
W content (mass%)
Tem
pera
ture
(
)
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Fig.9 Ellingham diagram evaluating carbide forming ability 30)
Temperature (K)
Temperature (K)
Change
of
standar
d p
roducin
g fr
ee e
nerg
y (k
cal
)
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Fig. 10 Influence of weight change on Fe-20Cr alloys containing La, Ti, Zr, Al, Si, Gd and Y added when kept at 1000C for 95 h 34)
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-Fe based alloy Ni based alloy -Fe based alloy Ni based alloy
Cu Cu Sulfide
Peeling by Cu2O
Decline inprocessability
by Cu embrittlement
Acceleration of surfaceoxidation by Cu2O
MoW
Decrease incorrosion resistance
by Fe2Mo, Fe2W
Solid solutionstrengthening
of Mo, W
Fe2Mo, Fe2WEmbrittlement
Low thermalexpansion
by Mo, W content
Ta Ta Passive film
Ta Passive film
No effect No effect
Si SiO4 oxide
Decrease incorrosion resistance
by Fe11Ni15Si4
Decline inprocessability by Si
embrittlement
Ni3SiEmbrittlement
Ti TiC
TiC
Improvement ofcreep strength by TiC
Improvement ofcreep strength by TiC
Prevention ofpeeling
Rareearth
Rare earth compound
Rare earth compound
Improvement oftoughness
by Rare earth
Improvement oftoughness
by Rare earth
: Obviously good effect: Those that will be adversely affected by excessive addition
Influence on corrosion resistance Influence on mechanical properties
Element thatproducesurface
compounds
Matrixstrengthening
element
Table1 Influence of each added element on corrosion resistance and mechanical properties for -Fe based alloy and Ni-based alloy
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-Fe based alloy Ni based alloy -Fe based alloy Ni based alloy
Cu Cu Sulfide
Peeling by Cu2O
Decline inprocessability
by Cu embrittlement
Acceleration of surfaceoxidation by Cu2O
MoW
Decrease incorrosion resistance
by Fe2Mo, Fe2W
Solid solutionstrengthening
of Mo, W
Fe2Mo, Fe2WEmbrittlement
Low thermalexpansion
by Mo, W content
Ta Ta Passive film
Ta Passive film
No effect No effect
Si SiO4 oxide
Decrease incorrosion resistance
by Fe11Ni15Si4
Decline inprocessability by Si
embrittlement
Ni3SiEmbrittlement
Ti TiC
TiC
Improvement ofcreep strength by TiC
Improvement ofcreep strength by TiC
Prevention ofpeeling
Rareearth
Rare earth compound
Rare earth compound
Improvement oftoughness
by Rare earth
Improvement oftoughness
by Rare earth
: Obviously good effect: Those that will be adversely affected by excessive addition
Influence on corrosion resistance Influence on mechanical properties
Element thatproducesurface
compounds
Matrixstrengthening
element
Table1 Influence of each added element on corrosion resistance and mechanical properties for -Fe based alloy and Ni-based alloy
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SI
1024 10-1 d1021 10-2 c1018 10-3 m1015 10-6 1012 10-9 n109 10-12 p106 10-15 f103 10-18 a102 10-21 z101 da 10-24 y
SI
SI min 1 min=60 s h 1 h =60 min=3600 s d 1 d=24 h=86 400 s 1=(/180) rad 1=(1/60)=(/10 800) rad 1=(1/60)=(/648 000) rad
ha 1 ha=1 hm2=104m2
Ll 1 L=1 l=1 dm3=103cm3=10-3m3
t 1 t=103 kg
SISI
SI eV 1 eV=1.602 176 53(14)10-19J Da 1 Da=1.660 538 86(28)10-27kg u 1 u=1 Da ua 1 ua=1.495 978 706 91(6)1011m
SISISI
SI Ci 1 Ci=3.71010Bq R 1 R = 2.5810-4C/kg rad 1 rad=1cGy=10-2Gy rem 1 rem=1 cSv=10-2Sv 1=1 nT=10-9T 1=1 fm=10-15m 1 = 0.2 g = 210-4kg Torr 1 Torr = (101 325/760) Pa atm 1 atm = 101 325 Pa
1 cal=4.1858J154.1868JIT4.184J
1 =1m=10-6m
10SI
cal
(a)SI(b)radsr(c)sr(d)(e)
(f)activity referred to a radionuclideradioactivity(g)PV,2002,70,205CIPM2CI-2002
aamount concentrationsubstance concentrationb
SI
Pa s m-1 kg s-1
N m m2 kg s-2
N/m kg s-2 rad/s m m-1 s-1=s-1 rad/s2 m m-1 s-2=s-2 , W/m2 kg s-3
, J/K m2 kg s-2 K-1 J/(kg K) m2 s-2 K-1 J/kg m2 s-2 W/(m K) m kg s-3 K-1
J/m3 m-1 kg s-2
V/m m kg s-3 A-1 C/m3 m-3 s A C/m2 m-2 s A C/m2 m-2 s A F/m m-3 kg-1 s4 A2
H/m m kg s-2 A-2
J/mol m2 kg s-2 mol-1
, J/(mol K) m2 kg s-2 K-1 mol-1
C/kg kg-1 s A Gy/s m2 s-3 W/sr m4 m-2 kg s-3=m2 kg s-3
W/(m2 sr) m2 m-2 kg s-3=kg s-3 kat/m3 m-3 s-1 mol
SI
SI
m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3
kg/m2
m3/kg A/m2 A/m (a) mol/m3 kg/m3 cd/m2 (b) 1 (b) 1
SI
SI
SI
SI
() rad 1 m/m () sr(c) 1 m2/m2 Hz s-1
N m kg s-2 , Pa N/m2 m-1 kg s-2 , , J N m m2 kg s-2 W J/s m2 kg s-3 , A sC , V W/A m2 kg s-3 A-1 F C/V m-2 kg-1 s4 A2 V/A m2 kg s-3 A-2 S A/V m-2 kg-1 s3 A2
Wb Vs m2 kg s-2 A-1 T Wb/m2 kg s-2 A-1 H Wb/A m2 kg s-2 A-2 () K
lm cd sr(c) cd lx lm/m2 m-2 cd
Bq s-1, ,
Gy J/kg m2 s-2
, ,,
Sv J/kg m2 s-2
kat s-1 mol
SISI
SI bar bar=0.1MPa=100 kPa=105Pa mmHg mmHg133.322Pa =0.1nm=100pm=10-10m M=1852m b b=100fm2=(10-12cm) =10-28m22
kn kn=(1852/3600)m/s Np
dB
SISI
SI
m kg s A K mol cd
SI
SI
SI erg 1 erg=10-7 J dyn 1 dyn=10-5N P 1 P=1 dyn s cm-2=0.1Pa s St 1 St =1cm2 s-1=10-4m2 s-1
sb 1 sb =1cd cm-2=104cd m-2
ph 1 ph=1cd sr cm-2 =104lx Gal 1 Gal =1cm s-2=10-2ms-2
Mx 1 Mx = 1G cm2=10-8Wb G 1 G =1Mx cm-2 =10-4T Oe 1 Oe (103/4)A m-1
CGS
aCGSSI
82006
-
SI
1024 10-1 d1021 10-2 c1018 10-3 m1015 10-6 1012 10-9 n109 10-12 p106 10-15 f103 10-18 a102 10-21 z101 da 10-24 y
SI
SI min 1 min=60 s h 1 h =60 min=3600 s d 1 d=24 h=86 400 s 1=(/180) rad 1=(1/60)=(/10 800) rad 1=(1/60)=(/648 000) rad
ha 1 ha=1 hm2=104m2
Ll 1 L=1 l=1 dm3=103cm3=10-3m3
t 1 t=103 kg
SISI
SI eV 1 eV=1.602 176 53(14)10-19J Da 1 Da=1.660 538 86(28)10-27kg u 1 u=1 Da ua 1 ua=1.495 978 706 91(6)1011m
SISISI
SI Ci 1 Ci=3.71010Bq R 1 R = 2.5810-4C/kg rad 1 rad=1cGy=10-2Gy rem 1 rem=1 cSv=10-2Sv 1=1 nT=10-9T 1=1 fm=10-15m 1 = 0.2 g = 210-4kg Torr 1 Torr = (101 325/760) Pa atm 1 atm = 101 325 Pa
1 cal=4.1858J154.1868JIT4.184J
1 =1m=10-6m
10SI
cal
(a)SI(b)radsr(c)sr(d)(e)
(f)activity referred to a radionuclideradioactivity(g)PV,2002,70,205CIPM2CI-2002
aamount concentrationsubstance concentrationb
SI
Pa s m-1 kg s-1
N m m2 kg s-2
N/m kg s-2 rad/s m m-1 s-1=s-1 rad/s2 m m-1 s-2=s-2 , W/m2 kg s-3
, J/K m2 kg s-2 K-1 J/(kg K) m2 s-2 K-1 J/kg m2 s-2 W/(m K) m kg s-3 K-1
J/m3 m-1 kg s-2
V/m m kg s-3 A-1 C/m3 m-3 s A C/m2 m-2 s A C/m2 m-2 s A F/m m-3 kg-1 s4 A2
H/m m kg s-2 A-2
J/mol m2 kg s-2 mol-1
, J/(mol K) m2 kg s-2 K-1 mol-1
C/kg kg-1 s A Gy/s m2 s-3 W/sr m4 m-2 kg s-3=m2 kg s-3
W/(m2 sr) m2 m-2 kg s-3=kg s-3 kat/m3 m-3 s-1 mol
SI
SI
m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3
kg/m2
m3/kg A/m2 A/m (a) mol/m3 kg/m3 cd/m2 (b) 1 (b) 1
SI
SI
SI
SI
() rad 1 m/m () sr(c) 1 m2/m2 Hz s-1
N m kg s-2 , Pa N/m2 m-1 kg s-2 , , J N m m2 kg s-2 W J/s m2 kg s-3 , A sC , V W/A m2 kg s-3 A-1 F C/V m-2 kg-1 s4 A2 V/A m2 kg s-3 A-2 S A/V m-2 kg-1 s3 A2
Wb Vs m2 kg s-2 A-1 T Wb/m2 kg s-2 A-1 H Wb/A m2 kg s-2 A-2 () K
lm cd sr(c) cd lx lm/m2 m-2 cd
Bq s-1, ,
Gy J/kg m2 s-2
, ,,
Sv J/kg m2 s-2
kat s-1 mol
SISI
SI bar bar=0.1MPa=100 kPa=105Pa mmHg mmHg133.322Pa =0.1nm=100pm=10-10m M=1852m b b=100fm2=(10-12cm) =10-28m22
kn kn=(1852/3600)m/s Np
dB
SISI
SI
m kg s A K mol cd
SI
SI
SI erg 1 erg=10-7 J dyn 1 dyn=10-5N P 1 P=1 dyn s cm-2=0.1Pa s St 1 St =1cm2 s-1=10-4m2 s-1
sb 1 sb =1cd cm-2=104cd m-2
ph 1 ph=1cd sr cm-2 =104lx Gal 1 Gal =1cm s-2=10-2ms-2
Mx 1 Mx = 1G cm2=10-8Wb G 1 G =1Mx cm-2 =10-4T Oe 1 Oe (103/4)A m-1
CGS
aCGSSI
82006