HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current Power Transmissions)

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HVAC (High Voltage Alternating Current) (Power Grid) (HVAC: High Voltage Alternating Current)

- (Inductive) (Capacitive) -

(HVDC: High Voltage Direct Current) HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) HVDC HVAC

* HVDC -

- (Inductive) (Capacitive) Skin Effect

-

- HVDC () (AC Grid)

* HVDC HVDC - ..1882: 2,000 V 50 . Miesbach Munich - .. 190: Hewitts Mercury Vapour - .. 1941: HVDC 60 MW Berlin - ..1945: HVDC Gotland - ..1970: - ..1979: HVDC ?600 kV, 6,300 MW Itaipu - ..1979: HVDC ?600 kV, 6,300 MW Itaipu ABB - ..1985: HVDC Itaipu 3,150MW - ..1987: HVDC Itaipu 3,150MW

* HVDC HVDC

1 HVDC

HVDC HVDC HVAC

HVDC HVAC HVDC HVDC HVAC HVDC AC DC DC AC ( HVAC ) HVAC HVDC HVDC HVAC

2 HVAC HVDC

HVDC HVAC Break-even Distance 500800 . HVDC HVAC HVAC HVDC

* HVDC HVAC HVDC () HVAC 3 HVAC () HVDC () 1,000 MW

3 HVAC () HVDC () 1,000 MW

HVDC HVAC - (Audible Noise) - - (EMC) - (Return Path) (Monopolar)

HVDC * HVDC

4

Vd1 Vd2 Vd1 Vd2

* The Dual Converter Back-to-Back Converter Dual Converter SCR GTO ( DC Reactor ) V-I Plane () ()

Dual Converter 4 ( ) Converter Mode () Inverter Mode ()

Dual Converter AC

5 Dual Converter

* (Monopolar Long-distance Transmissions) (Return Path) 6

6 Monopolar

7 Monopolar

7

* (Bipolar Long-distance Transmissions) Bipolar (Common Low Voltage Return Path) (Unbalance Current)

(Configuration) Monopolar (Single Pole)

Bipolar 50%

Bipolar Monopolar () * (Bipolar with Ground Return Path) Bipolar

8 Bipolar

9

9 Bipolar

Converter Converter () 10

10 Bipolar Converter

* (Bipolar with dedicated metallic ground return path for monopolar operation) 11

11 Bipolar Monopolar

* (Bipolar without dedicated return path for monopolar operation) Bipolar Monopolar

12 Bipolar

Monopolar

Monopolar Converter HVDC ( ) 6 HVDC Converter Mode AC DC DC AC Inverter Mode

HVDC HVDC (SCR GTO)

SCR Anode (A), Cathode (K), Gate (G) A K (Triggering signal) G K SCR GTO SCR G (SCR )

13 SCR 6 SCR 2

13 SCR

SCR SCR SCR 1, 3, 5 SCR ( A) SCR 4, 6, 2 SCR ( B) V12 (V1-V2) V1 Q1 V2 Q6 V12

V31 (V3-V1) V3 Q5 V1 Q4 V31

SCR Q1+Q2, Q2+Q3, Q3+Q4, Q4+Q5, Q5+Q6, Q6+Q1

( ) SCR V1 V3 0 ( 0 0)

0 SCR () () () Converter Mode

90 0 0 90 () () Inverter Mode

VS RMS SCR

HVDC Converter Mode Inverter Mode DC Reactor

14 6

14

6

12 (Ripple) 6 6 (6x50 = 300 Hz ) DC Reactor 12

12 6 15

15 12

30 ( 6 60 )

12 (12x50 = 600 Hz ) 600 Hz 6 300 Hz

16 12

16 12 6 14 12 6 (Ripple) 6 DC Reactor

18 24 20 15 Line-commutated Current Source Converter (CSC)

HVDC HVDC - 2545 ( 2523 - 1 HVAC 30-80 MW) - 2 HVDC 300 kV, 300 MW

- HVDC (EGAT) (Tenaga National Berhard: TNB) 24 . 86 . 110 .

HVDC Monopolar 300 MW 600 MW Bipolar HVDC 300 MW (300 kV, 1,000 A) 450 MW 10

HVDC

100 mH, (Single Core)

Converter 3x116 MVA, 1 3 230/122.24/122.24 kV

: EGAT 230 kV; 50 Hz : TNB 275 kV, 50 Hz

+/- 300 kV

8 kV, 1,550 A

1,152

Passive ( 12/24) Active ( 6/15/21/24/27/33/42/48)

DC, 110 . (Pole Conductor): 546 .. (Neutral Conductor): 298 ..

4,980

Siemens AG, Germany

17 HVDC

* [Online]. Available from:

http://www.ppa.egat.co.th/F-INTER/malaysia.htm [2008, February 1]