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T H E G R A N T

BY TEPLOTEHN!HE"#Y !AL!$LATONN%ENTORY B$L&NG" 'THE (OBLE

!ONTANER AN& !OLLAP"BLE)'T* +, -.-/0 1)

(*23*4 5067

T89 L9:;:? @*:9 =929>=38A:? =*93C ;:2C;CDC9 C;3>F >:? ?92;;C9? >:? DF;3 D;F?;:

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5J5. 1he present grant e%tends on designing of protecting designs ofcontainer and collapsible mobile +inventory, buildings of a variousfunctional purpose.

5JKJYith a vie( of reduction of losses of heat during the (inter periodand heat receipts during the summer period at designing of mobile

+inventory, buildings and constructions it is necessary to provide:

)pace*planning decisions taFing into account maintenance of the leastarea of protecting designs;

#/ZX[!\ light apertures according to standard siAe of factor

\#$X!] sun*protection devices;

1he area of light apertures according to standard value of factor of

natural light e%posure;

Eational application effective !Z]/!^ materials;

Consolidation !__ and folds in fillings of apertures andinterfaces of elements +seams, in e%ternal (alls and coverings.

5J.JRalue !"#$! indicators of building materials ,resulted inenc. 6 34!5 ''*6*78 99 for mobile +inventory buildings of northern

e%ecution are accepted on conditions `?nd` +e%cept per capita and baths,,

for buildings of usual and southern e%ecution * on conditions.

5JJ?t designing of mobile +inventory, buildings and constructions it isnecessary to provide protection of internal and e%ternal surfaces of (allsagainst moisture influence +industrial and household, and an atmospheric

precipitation taFing into account a material of (alls,of conditions of their

operation and requirements of standard documents on designing of separate

Finds of buildings,of constructions and building designs.

KJ "ETTLE(ENT TEPLOTEHN!HE"#Y PARA(ETER"

KJ5J?t !"#$ calculation of e%ternal protecting designs ofheated mobile +inventory, buildings the temperature of e%ternal air isaccepted for e%ecution northern +`Yith`, * a minus 3.

KJKJ)ettlement temperatures of internal air are accepted for inhabited

and public buildings * 3,for industrial * 3.KJ.Jaily fluctuations of temperature of internal air

"t# ,C,should not

e%ceed:

'n apartment houses, childrenIs and treatment*and*prophylactic

establishments:

uring the (inter period ,

uring the summer period

'n public buildings of an other functional purpose:

uring the (inter period

uring the summer period 6

KJJRalue of temperature difference bet(een t temperature of internal

air and temperature internal surfaces of (alls, specified in 34!5 ''*6*7899,in premises,of t(o e%ternal protections having more ,not considering a

floor, should be accepted +item .,,,,, on each additional e%ternal

protection for apartment houses, of childrenIs and treatment*and*

prophylactic establishments less on 3; for public buildings of an other

functional purpose more on ,3.

1 h e n o t e . ?t (armed floors differences bet(een t temperature

of internal air and temperature of internal surfaces of (alls are supposed tobe accepted on one degree more.

1he temperature of not (armed floor should be not more lo(: in

apartment houses,childrenIs and treatment*and*prophylactic establishments

* 73; in public buildings of an other functional purpose * 3. 1he

settlement temperature of surfaces of a (armed floor is accepted equal 3.

.J RE""TAN!E TO THE HEAT TRAN"ERPROTE!TNG &E"GN"

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.J5J Eesistance to a heat transfer of protecting $% designs should be

accepted equal to economically e%pedient resistance to a heat transfer

certain &'$% ,proceeding their conditions of maintenance of the least

resulted e%penses +34!5 ''*6*78 99,item .,,but in all cases of not less

demanded resistance to a heat transfer on hygienic conditions, defined

under the formula +,..JKJemanded resistance to a heat transfer T($% ,

3, protecting

designs,e%cept for (indo(s,should be defined under the formula

,jh+,+)

)

T( tttn%$ = '5)

Yhere n* the factor,accepted depending on position of an e%ternal surface

of protecting designs in relation to e%ternal air;at calculation of protectingT(

$% designs of mobile + inventory, buildings n* is accepted equal ; )t *

settlement temperature of internal air,accepted under item . according to

the building nomenclature ,3; t * settlement (inter temperature of

e%ternal air,accepted under item . according to building e%ecution ,

) ;t * standard temperature difference bet(een temperature of internal air

and temperature of an internal surface of a protecting design ,3, accepted

according to by tab. ,34!5 ''*6*78 99 or item .k; ) * heat e%change

factor on an internal surface of protecting design, +3,,defined for

(alls and a ceiling under the formula

,jh+,+))%)

t*'

+= 'K)

Yhere ' * factor $_$!_: heat e%changej +3,j defined

under the formula

j6 +

t'' = '.)

Yhere * ' factorj accepted equal for (alls * jkk for a ceiling * 6j **

factor of radiant heat e%changej accepted equal kj8 +3, % *

radiating temperature of a premise concerning a considered protectionj 3jdefined under the formula

,j+ iii FFa% = ')

Yhere and iFi * accordingly temperature and the area of internal surfacesof protectionsj participating in radiating heat e%change (ith a consideredprotection a * the amendmentj considering influence of furniture and

heating devices on % j3j accepted for separately standing blocFs equal

jj for angular premises of collapsible buildings and comple%es from theblocF * containers * j6 ) * temperature on an internal surface of aconsidered protectionj 3j defined under the formula

.+)) tt = 'M)

1he temperature of internal surfaces of protectionsj adLoining (ithheated to premisesj is accepted to equal temperature of internal air item .j(ith not heated * on 3 seej more lo(. 1he temperature of an internal

surface of a (indo( $' j3j is defined under the formula

j,+ $'$' %%ttt ))) = '7)

Yhere %) * resistance to heat e%changej equal j8 3 %$' *

resistance to a heat transfer of (indo(sj accepted according to enc. 34!5''*6*789.

1 h e n o t e . ?t definition of demanded resistance to a heat transfer ofa design of a floor is accepted

) % ) * t= + , + , j

Xt+ ]#] under the formula

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t t+)

= j '/)

.J.J Calculation T($% of protecting designs of collapsible mobile

+inventory, buildings should be made on an angular premise of st floor.

E>F9 5J1o define demanded resistance to a heat transfer of e%ternalT(

$% protecting designs of the one*storeyed collapsible house*hosteljintended for operation in Horth areas +fig. ,.

;;:9=2

1 -$./*$'0 inha2ited 23ocs

Calculation is made for the inhabited blocF. 1he internal siAes of apremise length * j m (idth * j m height * m. #$! threefold

,j+ =$% 3. 1he areas of internal surfaces of protections of a

longitudinal (all * kj a face +deaf, (all * j a face (all +(ithoutthe (indo( area, * j a ceiling and a floor * kj (indo(s * j .

)ettlement parametres =+t3 +item ., =t

3 +item .,

= +

5Tt 3 k=

67t 3 +item .6, 7=6

3 +item .k,.

1he follo(ing design of e%ternal protections is accepted. Yalls andcoverings

'nside layer 5:

= = = = 8 k86 ' ) : ) ; < < <

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pays off ) under the formula +,. &or this purpose first of all the factor

$_$!_: heat e%change under '

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j

=

=

n

i

iirr '0)

Yhere i* a share of separate sites of a protection in a total area ri * factor

of reduction of a separate site of a protectionj defined under the formula

r r r mi i i i@ A

= j '5S)

Yhere r r@ A

i i * reduction factors on vertical and @ horiAontal sections A of sites

of a protectionj defined under formulas

,jh+,+,+,+

iiiiiB@@?9@@@

r = '55)

,jh+,+,+,+

iiiiiBAA?9AAA

r = '5K)

Yhere iiA@

j * the areas base N a temperature field , temperatures of

internal air equal to product on )t height or i W!!\ i) 0: a

protection site,3;i

?9A@ ,+j * the areas N a temperature field,equal

to product of conditional +ma%imum, temperature of a surface of a site of aprotection +i.e. defined (ithout taFing into account _^

inclusions, on _^#\@ !! W!! A 0^ protection sites ,3;i

BA@ ,+j * the areas N a temperature field, formed _^#@ !!

W!! A 0^ sites of a protection and temperature reliefs of these

sites, defined e%perimentally or settlement by. ?t definition of a

configurationi

BA@ ,+j of the areas of sections of a temperature relief it is

possible to present in the simplified Find, for e%ample, in the form of a

(rong trapeAe (ith the basis of , and thicFness of the panel for section

of sites of Loints or inclusions ,and in the form of a correct trapeAe in a Aone

of through bolts (ith the basis,to equal and diameters of a bolt ; im *

factor, considering an e%ception of imposed +double, `volumes` of atemperature relief of a surface in corners of sites of a protection ,under the

formula

,u.+hv,+ i

)i

+iii

)ii

+ii

A@A@ rrrrm ++= '5.)

'f _ inclusions are presented to panels only by sFeleton

edges, is admissible to define factor under cr the dra(ing +fig. ,

depending on the relative area of a sFeleton + o' FF h on an internal surface

of a design, and relations of factors of heat conductivity of materials of a

heater and ?8 a sFeleton ' .

;

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&or non*uniform edges of a sFeleton it is necessary ' to define

under the formula

j.h '%' = '5)

Yhere * a thicFness of the panel, of m; '% * thermal resistance of a

sFeleton,defined under the formula +, 34!5 ''*6*78 99.1he factor considering ar ,influence of air permeability on fall of the

general level of a heat*shielding of a protection ,is defined under the formula

,jh+ha)?9?9?9) DDD%%r $$ +== '5M)

YhereE

o% * resistance to a heat transfer of a protection taFing into account

its fall at the e%pense of heat carrying over by air filtered through a

protection,3;?9D * quantity of heat,transferred through places of a

protection (ithout _^ inclusions, , defined under the

formula

j,+ ?9

+E

?9

o%ttD = '57)Yhere +E tt j * settlement temperature of internal and e%ternal air,

3;ED

* quantity of heat, transferred by filtered air through protections, ,

defined under the formula

jgj6h,+ ' #ttGcD +EE

= '5/)

Yhere G* air e%pense throughj Fg protectionsj + w",j defined according

to section 34!5 ''*6*78 99 or according to other standard documents c *

an average thermal capacity of air at constant pressurej equal j $x

+$:w3, H' * factorj considering non*uniformity and influence of a counter

thermal streamj equal j +34!5 ''*6*79j tab. 6,.

1he factor considering r6 jdecrease in level of a heat*shielding at thee%pense of internal $_$/!! air in three*layer protecting designs (ithventilated air layers and an air*penetrable heaterj is defined under theformula

r % % D D Do'

o'? ? ?

6 = = + + ,j '56)

Yhere %o' * resistance to a heat transfer taFing into account its fall at the

e%pense of internal $_$/!! air in the panel from one surface of aprotection to another

D +c ' %' += + , + j j ,j 6 '50)

Yhere * height of the panelj of m %+* resistance _Z\!/X!N a

heaterj w"w5X$:j +is accepted on enc. 34!5 ''*6 78 99 or it is definede%perimentally, j * relative density of airj 4

6j accordingly in internal

and e%ternal air layersj is defined under the formula +6, 34!5 ''*6*789jt t j * average temperatures of airj

3j accordingly in internal and e%ternal

air layersj defined under formulas

t t t t % % %E E + E =J

E ?

o= ++ , + , j 'KS)

t t t t % % %+ E + + =J

+ ?

o = + ++ , + , j 'K5)

Yhere * % %=JE

=J

+j thermal resistance of layers from an internal and

e%ternal surface of a protection to an air layerj w3 to * factorjconsidering features of action of an air layerj formed vertically located

!!_X^ (ith height of a fold not less than mmj are definedby sheet junder the formula

' a 3 2 3 = + + , + ,j 'KK)

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Yhere a * (idth of the shelf removed from a heater !!_X:j mmsheetj 2 * (idth of a shelf adLoining to a heater !!_X: jmmsheetj 3* a fold step !!_X:j mm sheetj.

E>F9 KJ1o define the resulted resistance to a heat transfer %o>

of

a (all (ith a (indo( of a mobile +inventory, building. )ettlement

temperature of e%ternal air internal t 5+ =

jt 5E =

. B.linaIs mode of(all)zj mj height z{ mj the siAe of a (indo( of j m. a panel

)Feleton (oodenj e%ternal facing * the goffered metalj internal * goffered!{! (ith fold step 3z mmj in height hz6 mm and (idth ofshelvesj removed from a heater azk mmj adLoining to a heater 2z mm.

Seater * !_XX density o = of Fgm6j a thicFness of z mm

factor of heat conductivity ? = j +3,j resistance to a heat transfer

%

? = j 3. emanded resistance to a heat transfer %o8>

= c 6bj3j resistance to a heat transfer across the field ofj the panel

%o?

= 6j 3j resistance to a (indo( heat transfer %$' = 6kj3.

?ir permeability of panel Gzj of Fg +",.

Ye count factor considering rc jinfluence _^

inclusionsj under formulas +8, * +6,.&or this purpose (e count the areas N temperature distributions

to an internal surface of sites +and, in,,K7j3 panels on sections +fig. 6,.

;CD=9 ?;2C=;DC;*: C* >: ;:C9=:>F 2D=>39 * C89>:9F *: ;C2 293C;*:2

. -n vertical sections an a%is--1he areas base N a temperature field of separate sites

@

a= = kj j j

@

/= = kj j j

@

"= = j j j

@

; = =

1he conditional areas N a temperature field of separate sites+(ithout taFing into account _^ inclusions,

@ ?a

+ ,j j j= = 6 6 kj

@ ?

/+ ,

j j j= = 6 6 kj

@ ?

"+ ,

j j j= = 8j

@ ?

;

+ ,j j= = 6 6

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1he actual areas N a temperature field of separate sites

@ B

a+ ,

j j + j j , j= + + = 6 k 6 6 k j

@ B

/+ ,

j j + j j , j= + + = 6 k 6 6 k j

@ B

"+ ,

j + j , j + j j , j= + + + = 6 6 7 j

@ B;

+ , j + j j , j + j , j j j= + + + + =

k 7 6 k 6 6 .. -n horiAontal sections an a%isLL1he areas base N a temperature field of separate sites

A

a= =6 k j

A

/= = 7j j

A

"= = j

A

; = =c cp cp

1he conditional areas N a temperature field of separate sites+(ithout taFing into account _^ inclusions,

A ?

a+ ,

j j j= =6 6 k kj

A ?

/+ ,

j j j= = 6 7j

A ?

"+ ,

j j j= = j

A ?

;

+ ,j j j= = 6 6

1he actual areas N a temperature field of separate sites

A B A B

III III III III

A B

I I I I

A B

III III III III =Ja aa

aa

aa a

F F F F+ , + , + , + ,

+ , + , + ,= + +

Fa MIII III = =6 b g c p aj j j

Fa MI I = =6 6 j j j

Fa MIII III = =6 c 6 a

Fa M=J

= + + = 6 6 k

j j j

6j68,j6j8+kj,j6j+kjj6j,+

=++++=IIIIII

BA

a j

A B

I Ia+ ,

j j j + j j , j + j j , j = + + + + = 6 k 6 k 7 6 68 j

A B

III IIIa+ ,

j j j + j j , j + j j , j = + + + + = 6 k 6 k 8 6 68 6

A B

a+ ,

+ j j j j j j , j j= + + =68 6 68 6 68 6 6 k 68 j

A B A B

III III III III

A B

I I I I

A B

III III III III =J/ //

//

// /F F F F+ , + , + , + ,+ , + , + ,= + +

F/ MIII III = = 8 j j j j

F/ MIM IM = =c f c a c p aj j j j

F/ MIII III

= =

j j

F/

M=J

= k j

A B

III III/+ ,

j j j + j j , j + j j , j = + + + + = 7 6 k 8 6 k 6 j

A B

I I/+ ,

j j j + j j , j + j j , j = + + + + = 7 6 k 7 6 k 6 j

A B

III III/+ ,

j j j + j j , j + j j , j = + + + + = 7 6 k 8 6 k 6 j

A B

/+ ,

+ j j j j j j , j j= + + = 8 k k

A B

"+ ,

j j j + j j , j= + + = k 8 k

A B

;

+ ,j j j + j j , j= + + = 6 k 8 6 8.

6. Ye count under formulas +, * +, factor of reduction r@A

a on

vertical and horiAontal sections of a site |and}

r@

a= =+ j j , + j j , j k 6 k k 6 k k,

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rA

a= =+ j j , + j j , jk k k k 68 .

k. Ye count under the formula +6, factor ma

ma = + + =+ j j j j , j j + j j , j k 6 k 6 .

. Ye count under the formula of reduction +, factor ra for a site

|and}

ra = =b pk b pf ccp b pkaj j j j .

)imilarly paid offr r r/ " ;j j . 1he received results are presented to tab.

.

1able

~ 'ndicator

Ganel sites +fig. 6,

#nd In N

. 1he areas of sitesj jk kj j

. 1he relation of the area of a site to

the panel area

j8 j6 jk j7

6. 1he areas N temperaturedistributions to an internal surface

of sitesj j3j on sections1o the vertical

@

i jk jk j

i?@ ,+

6jk 6jk j8 6j

iB@ ,+

6jk 6jk j j

1o the horiAontaliA

k 7

i?A ,+

kjk j7 j 6j

iBA ,+

68j jk jk j8

k. Eeduction factors on vertical andhoriAontal site sections

i@

r jk jk j77 j8

iAr j j76 j7 j7

. &actor im j j6 jk jk6

. &actor of reduction for all site ir jk j j6 j8

KetIs calculate under the formula of reduction +8, general factor

considering rc j_^ inclusions

r k 8 6 6 k 8 7 = + + + =j j j j j j j j j .

Ye count under formulas +, * +7, factor considering ra jinfluence

of air permeability on the general level of a heat*shielding of a protection

r 6

6 6 7=

+ =

+ , j

+ , j j j + , j jj .

Ye count under formulas +, * +, factor considering r6 jinfluence

on the general level of a heat*shielding internal $_$/!! air in three*layerprotecting designs (ith ventilated air layers and an air*penetrable heater.&or this purpose under formulas +, and +, it is preliminary counted

average temperatures of air in internal tcand e%ternal ta air layers

t 5cb

cp cp fb c p6 c p 7 b bb6 b 6 c6 k= + =v + ,uh j v+ h j , j h j u j jt 5

6 6 k k= + = + , j j .

Ye define relative density of air and a according to internal ande%ternal air layers the formula +6, 34!5 ''*6*78 99

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8 66 76 6 k 86

= + =j + j , j j+ M

a 8 pc 6f6 a76 kp k cf ka 6= + =j h v + j ,u j h .+ M

Ye count factor tounder the formula +,

'= + =+ , + , j .k 6

Ye count quantity of heatj transferred at the e%pense of internal$_$/!! air from one surface of the panel to another jD' jj under the

formula +8,

D' =

=

k 8 6 k k k 6

6 k 6k

j j + j j , j + j , j

j jj

r6 6

6 k 6k 7=

+=

+ , j

+ , j jj

Ye define the general factor of reduction of resistance to a heattransfer #_ panels by a deaf part r

r r r r = = = 6 7 7 j j j j .

Ye count under the formula +, the resulted resistance to a heat

transfer #_ panels by a deaf part %o>

j3

%o> = c p6 b fc b 86j j j j

% %o o> T>

= < = 86 6j j .

KetIs increase a thicFness of a heater to mmj then

%o?9 = + + =c p 7 b cg b bg c a6 a pah j j h j h j 3.

Ye count%o>

. &actor rc(e (ill accept (ithout changej i.e. r = j

r

7

k k 7 =

+= + =

+ , j

+ , j j

j + j j , j .

&or definition r6 it is counted

%

= = j j j "5X$:

t 7 6 6 = + = + , j + j , + j j ,3

t 6 k8= + = + , j 3

8 66 76 = + =j + , j 46

c 8 pc 6f6 a76 cf ca ba= + =j h + , j 46

D ' =

=

k k8 6

6 8 8

. j + j j , + , j

j jj

r6 k k 8 8 7= + =j + j j , j r= = 7 kj j j j

%o> = = k 6j j j 3.

Sencej the resulted resistance to a heat transfer #_ by a deaf

part corresponds to the panel %o> = 6j 3.

.JMJ 1he thicFness of a layer of a heater of m ?8 jjof a protectingdesign (ith consistently located homogeneous layers should be defined *under the formula

?8

T(

E + ?8% %o ' O= + + v + h h ,u j.c c 'K.)

Yhere %' O. * the sum of thermal resistance of constructive layers of

protections j3 ? * factor of heat conductivity of heaterj +3,.

'n case of a non*uniform or air*penetrable protecting design ? it is

necessary to define under the formula

.,+ . ?+ET(

? PQo %r% ++= 'K)

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.J7J 1he temperature of an internal surface of a protecting design on_\ to inclusion should be not belo( temperature of a de(*point of internal air at settlement (inter temperature of e%ternal air.

1 h e n o t e . Eelative humidity of internal air for definition oftemperature of a de(*point in places _^ inclusions ofprotecting designs of inhabited and public buildings should be accepted for

e%ecution |Yith} * k j for e%ecution |?bout} and |} * ..J/J 1he temperature of an internal surface E j3j a protectingdesign should be defined according to item .9 34!5 ''*6*78 99. 1hetemperature of an internal surface of steel facings in a Aone of through steelbolts is supposed to be defined under the formula +6, 34!5 ''*6*78 99j i.e.

= + E E E +

?9

)

?9t t t % % %o o ov+ , h + ,u v + h ,ujc 7 c 'KM)

Yhere * %o resistance to a heat transfer of a protecting designj 3j in a

Aone of through steel boltsj defined under the formula +k, 34!5 ''*6*78 99* factorj accepted on tab. .

;FF>C;*: * *FC2

1able

1hicFness ofthe panel jof

mm

1he scheme ofinstallation of bolts

+fig. k,

&actor at diameter of a boltj of mm

6ac j6k

jkj

j6kjj

jkjkj

jj6kjk

j8jkkj6

6a

c j7

jkj8

j6

j7j

j6

jjk

jk

jj6

j8

j6j

6ac j6

jk8jk

j6jj

j6kj86j6k

jk6j6j

jj6j8

6ac jk

jj7

jj7j7

j6j7j6

j68jj6

jkjj7

.J6J 1he temperature of an internal surface of a protection in a Aone

of angular Loints should E5T

be defined on the basis of calculation oftemperatures on the C-MG1E or e%perimentally. 1his temperatureprobably also to define under the formula

E

5T

E E Eot t= + ,j 'K7)

Yhere * Eo the temperature of an internal surfacej3j one of Loined

protections out of a Aone _^ inclusionsj for calculation isaccepted temperature of a protection (ith the least thermal resistance j*counted under the formula

Eo E E +

?

Et t t %o= + , + ,j 'K/)

* 1he dimensionless factorj defined under the dra(ing +fig. , dependingon the relation of factor of heat conductivity of materials of a design of an

angular Loint (hich 5T jpays off under the formula

5T @ A

= j 'K6)

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@

@

A @%

=

'K0)

@

A

@ A%

=

j '.S)

Yhere and @ * A thicFness of Loined protectionsj of m and %@ * %A theresulted full thermal resistance of a design of an angular Loint in t(omutually perpendicular directions and @ A j)Rtj defined under the formula

% % %@ A @ A @ Aa /j j j+ , + , + ,= + '.5)

Ralues also %a@ A+ j , are defined %/@ A+ j , as follo(s. &or definition the

considered %a @ A+ j , area of a Loint is conditionally dissected by planesj parallel

to a direction or @ on A ja minimum quantity n sites (ith consistentlyalternating homogeneous layers.

;FF>C;*: * *FC2

;=>9C=9 ?9;:;C;*:

&or each ith sitej consisting from m layersj its thermal resistance iscalculated

%F

%F

ii

R

R

m

i

R

RR

m

= == =

j '.K)

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Yhere * Fi the area of section of i thsitej j (hich length for convenience of

calculations is accepted equal m * R Rj accordingly factor of heat

conductivityj +3,j and a thicFnessj of mj of R thlayer in a site.

Ralue is defined %a @ A+ j , under the formula

% %a

ii

n

@ A+ j , + ,.= =

'..)

&or definition the considered %/@ A+ j , area is conditionally dissected by

planesj perpendicular to a direction or @ on A ja minimum quantity tosites(ith consistently alternating homogeneous layers.

&or each i th sitej consisting from 3layersj its thermal resistance iscalculated

% Fi i R R= + ,j '.)

Yhere * FR Rj accordingly the section area jj and factor of heat

conductivity j +3,jRth layer in a site.

Ralue is defined%

/@ A+ j , under the formula

% %/ ii

'

@ A+ j ,.=

=

'.M)

E>F9 .J 't is required to calculate temperature in angularconnection of a (all and a floor. 1he cross*section of angular connection is

sho(n on fig. . Ye accept t+z* C tE z

C.

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;:= 3*::93C;*: * >:9F2 * > 4>FF>:? > F**= ()>:? ;C2 29CCF99:C 23899 () 6 k 7 k k 7 8 k = = = = = = = =j j j j j j j

+3,.

Ye count the resulted factor of heat conductivity in a Aone of an

angular Loint in length m +area #E5S,. 1hus the section areas throughF

ij(hich there passes a thermal streamj are numerically equal correspondingisites. &or simplicity of calculation (e do not consider influence of nails jofscre(s and an acting part of a channel. 1he settlement area is sho(n on fig.{.

Ye count%a@ . &or this purpose Aone #E5S +fig. { see, it is

conditionally dissected on parallel a%es sites @ '*R'' and it is defined their

thermal resistance % %I II j)Rtj under the formula +6,

%I

= + + + =c

b bbg

b bcf

b ck

b bbg

b c8

b bc

fb

bcfg

b c8cgb

j

j

j

j

j

j j

jl+ ,

%II

= + + + + =

k

8

8

k

k67 k

j

j

j

j

j

j j

j

j

jj + ,

%III

= + + + + =

k

8

k

kk 7

j

j

j

j

j

j j

j

j

jj + ,

%I

= + + + + + =c

b bbf

b bcf

b ck

b bbg

b c8

b bff

b ab

b b8

b ck

b bkf

b ck

b bgg

b bkk77

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

jl+ ,

%

= + + + + + + =

7

k

8

k

k

k

k

k

k6

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

jj + ,

%I

= + + + + + + =

k

k

8

k

k

k

k

k

7kk

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

jj + ,

%II

= + + + + + + =

k

8

k

k

k

k

k

7

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

jj .+ ,

KetIs calculate under the formula +66, %

a@+ , j)Rt

.kj8c

7jga

c

gjkk

c

gj6f

c

bjk77

c

7jack

c

kj67

c

bjcgb

c ,uv+,+

=

++++++=@a%

&urther (e define%/@+ , . &or this purpose conditionally (e dissect area

#E5Son sites to 1j perpendicular direction of an a%is and @ jit is defined

under the formula +6k, their thermal resistance % % 7 j)Rt

k8j,jkj+j ==%

kj,j8j+j ==%

%6 k 6 = + + =j + j j j j j , j

%k k 8 k 7 k 6 7= + + + + =j + j j j j j j j j j , j

% 8 k 7 6 6= + + =j + j j j j j j , j %g b bkf b c8 b bg b ck b ac c k7f= + =j h + j j j j , j l

%7 8 k 7 k 6= + + + =j + j j j j j j j j , j .

Ye count %/@+ , j)Rtj under the formula +6,

%/@+ , j j j j j j j j .= + + + + + + = k8 k 7 6 k7 6 7 k

Ye count %@ j)Rtj under the formula +6,

%@

= + =+ j j , j .8 k 7 k k

1he resulted factor of heat conductivity UU j +3,j under the

formula +8, is equal in a direction of a%is UU jj

U

= =7

k6

j

j jj j

)imilarly in an a%is direction (e (ill receiveA

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A

= j .

nder the formula +, it is counted resulted value j +3,

98

= =b c b6 b c bf b c bkj j j .

Ye define the relation of factors of heat conductivity of a heater and

? an angular Loint

?8 98

h j h j j .= =b bk b c bk b 67

&rom the schedule +fig. see, it is found = 6 j .

Calculation %$?9

j3j is made under formulas +6, * +, 34!5

''*6*78 99

%$?

= + + + + + =

7

8

k

8

k

6j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j

j= + + + + + = 6 k 6 7 kk k 66j j j j j j j .

&urther under the formula +7, (e define value of temperature of a

surface of a (all )$ j3 out of Aones _^ inclusions

)$

= = k 66 7 + , + j j , j .

1emperature in angular connection of a (all and a floor )98

j3 it is

counted under the formula +,

)

98 = =aa 6 f aa ab bc cf kj + j , j .

Sencej the temperature in angular connection of a (all and a floor(ill meet the requirements _ X!] of a condensate at relativehumidity of air of a premise .

.J0J emanded resistance to a heat transfer of fillings %=V>

of light

apertures +(indo(s,j should be accepted on tab. 6.

1able 61he nomenclature of buildings %ecution emanded resistance to

a heat transfer offillings of (indo(

aperturesj %=V8>

j3

. ?partment housesj childrenIsand treatment*and*prophylacticestablishments

|Y'1S}|?B-1}

|}

j6j6j68

. Gublic buildingsj e%ceptspecified in item

|Y'1S}|?B-1}

|}

jkjkj6

6. 'ndustrial buildings |Y'1S}|?B-1}

|}

j6kj6kj6

.J5SJ 1he resulted resistance to a heat transfer of fillings of lightapertures +(indo(s, should be accepted on enc. 9 34!5 ''*6*78 99.

J Z[\]+Z\^_`\+Za B$L&NG"

J5J ChecF \#"!_#! premises is made from amaintenance condition in it of standard level of amplitude of fluctuation of

temperature of internal air +#tE+

item .6,.

JKJ 1he amplitude of fluctuations of temperature of internal air #tE6

j3j for the (inter period of year should be defined under the formula

j,j+

,+

.

6

+

++EE5(W

+E+

EF

GcFEFE%ttm##

XYXY

tt

+++= '.7)

Yhere * #t+ amplitude of daily fluctuations of temperature of e%ternal air *

j3j accepted irrespective of e%ecution of inventory buildings equal 3 m*

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the factor of non*uniformity of return of heat jis accepted by heating devicesjequal in the presence of electroheating +(ithout automatic control system, *

j at a central heating * j at oven * j * tE settlement temperature of

internal air of a premisej 3j accepted under item . * t+settlement (inter

temperature of e%ternal airj 3j accepted under item . * %W 5(. the average

value of resistance to a heat transfer of protecting designs j3j should

be defined under the formula

% % F FW 5( W + + .

+ ,j= './)

Yhere * % FW +j accordingly values of resistance to a heat transferj 3j

and the areas of internal surfaces of e%ternal protectionsj * EE factor

:[!] surfaces of internal protections +partitions,j +3,j

should be applied equal to factor \#_!] an internal surface of

protectionj ?E j +3,j (hich values pay off as follo(s

'f the first layer of a protection jturned into a premise jhas siAe of thecharacteristic of thermal inertia

S % :c c c c= j '.6)

1hat (here ? :E = c j* : factor \#_!] a material of first layerj +3, see 34!5 ''*6*789 +enc. 6, * %c thermal resistance of the first

layerj 3 pays off under the formula +6, 34!5 ''*6*78 99j

'f the first layer has but S < j+S S + S*the characteristic of

thermal inertia of the second layer,j that siAe calculate ?E under the formula

? % : : % : E

= + + + , h + ,jc ca

a c ac '.0)

Yhere * :a factor \#_!] a material of second layerj +3,

'f n the designs first layers n +n , have total thermal inertia butS S Sn + + +

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Yhere *+t

H the ma%imum amplitude of daily fluctuations of temperature

of e%ternal air in Puly,accepted for buildings of all e%ecutions equal 3;* factor of absorption of solar radiation an e%ternal surface of a protection

+see 34!5 ''*6*78 99,enc. 7,;* &'"# amplitude of equivalent temperature

of a solar irradiation,accepted for buildings of all e%ecutions equal 3.

JJ 'f the siAe of e%pected amplitude of fluctuations of temperature of

internal air appearsEt

# above standard values +item .6 see,,that in this

case it is necessary: to accept {0W value of thermal resistance of

e%ternal protections or to increase X$$\\!\N[\N ability of apremise at the e%pense of increase in a thicFness internal $! layersof a protection or application of more dense materials of an internal

covering,or to provide automatic control of temperature of air of premises.

E>F9 J 't is required to checF up \#"!_#0 house*hostel premises ,(hich description it is resulted in an e%ample . nder

formulas +6, and +kk, amplitude of fluctuation of internal air e%pected

Et# ,in the (inter and summer periods of year &or this purpose pays off*

Et# ,.

)ettlement parametres for (inter for the (inter period : +t z*);

Et z3; m z, +electroheating (ithout system of automatic control oftemperature of air of a premise,.

Eesistance to a heat transfer of e%ternal protecting designs T(

o%

,3,+the e%ample see,:(alls * ,,ceilings * ,7,floors * ,,(indo(s

* ,. 1he (eight of furniture is accepted equal Fg,the furniture from

5 +z,6 $x +$:3,, is made,.

&or calculationEt

# the average siAe from values of resistance to a

heat transfer of separate protecting designs 5(W% . first of all Et# is

defined 5(W% . see the formula +67,.

.kj6ajcgjckgjckgjfgjck

ajcfajbgjckggjck7jagjfajagjckaja.

=++++

++++=

5(W%

1o define, factors :[!] and EE internal +E surfaces

of internal and e%ternal protecting designs, it is necessary to calculate for

each layer thermal resistance '% ,3,see the formula +6, 34!5 ''*

6*78 99, thermal inertia S see the formula +6, and factor

\#_!] an internal surface of protection )? , +3,, under

formulas +68, * +k,.

Yalls internal :

5 the firm

lb6ajbc8jbhbbgjbc ==%

.ccpjbk8jfb6ajbc

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.7gfjb,kcjbck6jbch+,kcjbg7jcck6jb+ a

a =++=?

1hen

.gppjc,7gfjbb6ajbch+,7gfjbk8jfb6ajb+ a

c =++== )??

?s for internal protections )) ?) =

caj6g,pjggjck+gppjc =+= EE FE 3.

Yalls e%ternal: gppjc=)? +3,,as the design of internal

and e%ternal (alls is identical ; ajk=' +3, * the e%ample see;

abkjc,gppjcajkh+gppjcajk =+=5T

+E +3,;

6acjak,gjfgjck+abkjc =+= 5T

+

5T

+ FE 3.

Ceiling: ajf=' +3, * see an e%ample ; gppjc=)?

+3, +a design of (alls and a ceiling same,.

a7kjc,gppjcajfh+gppjcajf =+==8

) +

3,;f8jcpgjcka76jc ==

=8

=8

F) 3.

Yindo(:

8a6jcfajbhc ==$') +3,;

6cjaajc8a6jc == $'$' F) 3.

&loor:

Kinoleum

% k 6 7= =j j j 3 ;

S 7 7 = =

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#tE

= + =+ j j , j + j j , j 6 k 3.

1hus calculation has sho(n jthat for buildings of conditions

#tE6 = j 3j and for summer conditions #tE

= j 3.

Sence the accepted design of a building meets requirements\#"!_#!j as the amplitude of fluctuations of temperature of air of

a premise e%pected under settlement conditions during the (inter andsummer periods does not e%ceed standard level +item .6 see,.

MJ TEPLOTEHN!HE"#Y REb$RE(ENT"TO THE LOOR &E"GN

MJ5J 1he indicator \#_!] ? j +3, a floor surface inmobile +inventory, buildings should not e%ceed follo(ing values:

&or apartment houses,of childrenIs and treatment*and*prophylactic

establishments &or public buildings of an other functional purpose &or heated premises of industrial buildings (ith constant stay of

people on (orFplaces k

MJKJ 1he indicator \#_!] ,? j +3,, should be definedsurfaces of floor,? j ,as follo(s:

'f the covering +the first layer of a design of a floor, has thermal

inertia fjbccc = :%S

la c:? = 'M)

'f the floor covering has thermal inertia but fjbccc

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7j6jkj ==% 3 ;

.jj7j7j ==S

1hen under the formula +k,

8,86j6bc7jbfjbh+,86j6p7jfbc7jba+ a

=++=

? +3,.

Sence, the floor design meets the requirements sho(n to it , as

8=

? +3, cb=

? +3, item ..

MJ.J &or maintenance of optimum temperature of a surface of a floorin premises of apartment houses,childrenIs and treatment*and*prophylactic

establishments it is necessary to provide artificial heating of floors.MJJ 1he settlement temperature of a surface of a (armed floor

should be accepted 3.

MJMJ &or heating of floors ,(arm air or the electric po(er can be usedhot (ater,. 1he heat*carrier choice in each separate case should be made onthe basis of feasibility reports and calculations.

?t designing of (arm floors it is necessary to start (ith that ,that an

overall obLective of heating of floors is maintenance of optimum temperature

for the person on their surface, instead of indemnification of the general

0 a premise. 1hus resistance to a heat transfer of a design of a

(armed floor in order to avoid big 0 through its design ,and also

on a case of emergency s(itching*off,of a heating system of a floor should

be not less: for e%ecution `Yith` * k, 3; `?bout` * 6, 3;

|} * 6, 3.

7J AR PER(EABLTY O B$L&NG"7J5J )tandard air permeability of Fg +G , +",,protecting designs

of buildings and constructions should be accepted on tab. 34!5 ''*6*7899. 1hus the total e%pense of air through all protecting designs Gshould not

e%ceed the trebled internal volume of a building i.e [M ,. the requirement

should be fulfilled [MG 6 .

7JKJ 1he total e%pense of air through all protecting designs G,mch,at a settlement difference of pressure of air on e%ternal and internal surfaces

of protecting designs +34!5 ''*6*78 99, item ., is defined under the

formula

jhupcj8,v+fjb +=

5T

+

5T

+3GFGG

ii

i '0)

Yhere and+

iG * iF accordingly standard air permeability,of Fg +",

and the area, , e%ternal protections, of (indo(s and doors ;and+

5TG *

5T3 accordingly standard air permeability,of Fg +",,and length,of m,of

Loints bet(een panels of e%ternal protections, * relative density of air *

,46,defined under the formula +6, 34!5 ''*6*78 99 at temperature of

air,equal to average value bet(een settlement and Et +t .

7J.J 'n that case ,if that [MG > 6 ,it is necessary to provideadditional actions for reduction of the general air permeability +reduction in

total length of ordinary butt connections bet(een panels of protections,

introduction of a considerable quantity of blanF (alls, application of

materials of coverings (ith the big resistance _Z\!/X!Nj etc.,.

E>F9 7J ,Yhether to define,the proLected blocF container meetsrequirements,sho(n to air permeability of buildings of the given type.

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%ecution * northern: fb=+t3; aa=Bt

3. 'nternal

dimensions of a building: kjagjagjf of m. the Building has one

(indo( + 6jc=$'F , and one entrance door + fjc=[)F ,. Butt

connections are available only in Lunctions #_^ panels.. Ye define admissible value of air permeability of a considered

building +item .,8j6kkjagjagjf ==

[M 6,

7jcbk8j6k6 ==[=

G m6ch.

. &urther under the formula +k8, (e (ill define the total e%pense of

air through protecting designs and their elements G,m6ch.

1he internal area of e%ternal protections F=;> jj minus a (indo(

and a door

F=;>

= + + =+ j j , + j j , + j j , j j j . k k 6 7

Kength of Loints 3j m

1he horiAontal 3 ;. j j j = + = k k 6

1he vertical 3 E. j j = =

k k 8 1otal length 398$/\. j j j .= + =6a p 8 g ka k

)tandard air permeability +G+ 34!5 ''*6*78 99j item .6,

&or G=;>

= j Fg protections G=;>

= j +3,

&or G=V =cb bj a Fg (indo( G=V

=cb bj +3,

&or G[) = j a Fg door G[)

= j +3,

&or G

= j Fg Loints G

= j +",.

= + =8 66 76 6 6kj j + , j 46G = + + + = 7 k k 6 8 6 6k j + j j j j j j j , j j j m6ch.

6. 1he building meets requirementsj sho(n to its air permeabilityj as

G [= < = 6 k j j .

/J RE""TAN!E cd\d\ecfPROTE!TNG &E"GN"

/J5J Xx#^ the design mode essentially influences its heat*shielding qualities and depends on temperature of internal airjX!/X#! materials jof the constructive decision of protectionsused in a design jand arrangements in it X!Z]/!^ and heat*insulation layers.

/JKJ Eesistance X!/X!N an internal protective layer of adesign from conditions of inadmissibility of regular accumulation of amoisture in a protection during the annual period of operation of a buildingand restriction of accumulation of a moisture in a protection from negative

temperatures of e%ternal air should be not less than k "5X:./J.JHecessary XZX[!\j limiting receipt of steam from a premise

in a protectionj is created by an internal protective layer of a design +aninternal coveringj X!Z]/!],j resistance X!/X!N (hich paysoff as the sum of resistance X!/X!N layers maFing it

% % % % n

= + + +

... . 'MS)

Eesistance X!/X!N %j"5X:j separate layers is

calculated under the formula

%

= j 'M5)

Yhere a thicFness of a layer of a materialj of m * factor

X!/X#!j a mg materialj +"5X,j accepted on enc. 6 34!5''*6*78 99.

/JJ 1he specified resistance X!/X!N a design inside layercan be received a covering of an internal covering of a protection +from anadLunction to a heater, various varnishes or layer installation X!Z]/!!from a polyethylene film on border of an internal covering and a heater.

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/JMJ 1he list of the basic materialsj used in inventory housingconstruction in quality {W!_" and X!Z]/!^ materials isresulted in tab. k.

/J7J &or maintenance qualitative X!Z]/!! protections it isnecessary to provide careful hermetic sealing of seams of an internalcovering and a continuity X!Z]/!: a layer.

E>F9 /J 'n considered before a design #_ panels +thee%ample see, as an internal covering the drevesno*fibrous plate of mm += j mg +"5X, is applied by thicFness= j . 't is required toestimate _Xx# a design mode.

Eesistance X!/X!N an internal covering under the formula+, maFes

%

= =b bbg b c a b bfj h j j "5X:j

1hat it is much less %8> = k "5X:. Sencej in a protecting design there

(ill be a regular annual accumulation of a moisturej that (ill leadX$X!N soft 5 and to a considerable concentration of a moistureduring the period _X:X$!] on border of e%panded polystyrene andan e%ternal covering. 'n the given design it is necessary X!Z]/!] from

a polyethylene film +resistance X!/X!N 7j6 "5X:,j (hich

should be established on border of an internal covering and soft 5.

1able k

1hicFness of alayerj of mm

%j

"5X:

Cardboard ordinary j6 j

)heets X#{#/^ j6

)heets plaster {W!_"^ +dry plaster, j

Glates (ood*fiber and (ood*shaving +2-)1

k8*7kj 2-)1 6*77,j z * Fgm6

j78*jk

Glates the drevesno*fibrous firm jGly(ood $X] three*layer +2-)1 68*8,

6 j6

?luminium +2-)1 66*7, * *

Golyethylene film j 7j6

Eoofing material unary j j

Covering a polyvinylchloride varnish fort(o times

* 6j7

Covering $X\"\$_^ a varnish fort(o times

* 6jk7

Eoofing felt roofing j8 jk

Colouring oil for times (ith WX$_$and a first coat

* jk

Colouring by an enamel paint * jk

THE (ANTENAN!E

1he fore(ord. 2eneral provisions. )ettlement !"#$! parametres6. Eesistance to a heat transfer of protecting designsk. \#"!_#0. 1eplotehnichesFy requirements to a floor design. ?ir permeability of buildings7. Eesistance X!/X!N protecting designs