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--

2.1

ISRM

0.25MPa~25MPa ISRM

Hard ClayExtremely Weak

RockVery Weak RockWeak Rock

2.1

2.1 ISRM

( Johnston , 1993)

4

2.2

1.

Oliveria1990

1 leach

void

2

fissure

2.

Oliveria

slaking

3.

Oliveria1993

4.creep

Oliveria 1993

5.

5

Johnston1993

2.3

1.

(1986)

40%~60%

20MPa

2.

(1986)

6

12MPa

0~30%

2.4 Pressuremeter Test

ISSMFE1991

2.4.1

1933 Kogler (Pressuremeter) 1954

Menard Menard

(Menard Pressuremeter , MPM)

(Pressuremeter Test , PMT)

Janod-Mermin 1954

7

1957 Kujundzic

(Kujundzic , 1965)

Penek et. al. (1964)

(cylindrical pressure cell)

Rocha et. al. (1966) LNEC(Laboratorio

Nacional de Engenharia Civil)(pump)

(linear variable differential transducer, LVDT)

Hustruid and Hustruild (1975) Panek et. al. (1964)

CSM(Colorado School of Mines)

(Hughes and

Ervin, 1980; Serata, 1982; Suyama et. al., 1984; and Ip et. al., 1991)

2.4.2

(constitutive)

(fit)

-

Clarke(1995)

8

1.

2.(axially symmetric loading)

(plane deformation)

3.(homogeneous)(isotropic)

4.-

5.

2.4.3

5MPa 10MPa

-

-unload-reload loop

1999

1.

10MPa 25MPa

2. 90

3.

9

-

Haberfield and Johnston (1990)

:

( ) 'cos''sin1'' 0 cpp f ++= 2.1

: fp

0'p :

' :

c :

Johnston(1993)

() Barton(1993)

Haberfield Johnston(1989)


10

P 0'p t


1. E

(Ervin et. al., 1980 and Clarke et. al.,

1989)

2. E

1

3.

4.

5.

(Haberfield and Johnston,

1990)

6.Haberfield and Johnston (1986)

11

800kPa 800kPa

7.

(Ameratunga and Johnston, 1986)

2.4.4

-


-

(non-associated flow rule)

:

:

fppp 0 Gpp

rU r

20

0

0 = 2.2

:

fpp ])()([21

30

20

10

0 brr

brr

bGr

U nfmfr ++=11 nm +

2.3

12

0'p

p

fp

0rU

0r

fr

G

1b 2b 3b m n

)1(sincos 0 ++= pcp f 2.4

+

=sin1sin1m 2.5

+

=sin1sin1n 2.6

)]()1)(1[(1

201 ppnm

mnm

mb f ++

= 2.7

))(1)(1(2 02 ppnmmnb f +

+= 2.8

))(11)(21( 03 ppm

mb f += 2.9

r

r

=sinsin1sinsin

sin 2.10

(Poisson ratio)

c

r

13

G0'p c G-

0.2-0.3

0'p

/ r

Johnston

Rowe/s

:

1. 1-6

2.(

2.2

2.2

( Johnston , 1993)

2.5.1

Goodman et. al. (1968) and Gill and Leite (1995)Noel

(1963)(, central expanding cell)

Martini et. al. (1964) Noel (German )

15

Panek and Stock (1964)

(racetrack-shaped) German

Jaeger and Cook(1964)

(deformation meter) 1968

Absi and Seguin (1967)

geoextensometer 2 140

Goodman et. al.,Goodman Jack

90

LVDT

Amadei et. al.1995)

(directional dilatometer) 2 75.4

LVDTA(A1-A2)B(B1-B2)

2.3

16

2.3

Amadei et. al., 1995

17

2.5.2

Goodman et. al. (1968)

calcE

),(93.086.0 KDQDE hcalc

= 2.11

0.86(A)

0.93(B)

D

hQ

K(, ) 2.1

NX =45(2.7)(

)

)(40.2.)(

)( KD

QE

in

psihcalc

= (2.12)

K()

Hustrulid (1976)KT*Amadei (1985)

T*T* 10%25%


18

13%

29%

Heuze et. al.(1971)

Heuze and Dessenne (1972)

Meyer and McVey (1974)

45.745.750.8cm (181820in.) 7.62cm (3in.)

E = 69.5GPa (10.08106psi) = 0.332

(2.12) = 2.9310calcE6 psi

= 0.332 K = 1.212K

calcE

calcE calcE

Hustrulid (1976)(2.11)K(, )Goodman

et. al. (1968)=45KT*

()

)45( 393.0 * ohcalc DQ

TE =

= 2.13

=45=0 KT* 22%=0.5 10%

(2.13)

0.86 Hustrulid (1976)calcE

19

T*Meyer and McVey (1974)

1000 9000psi () 3.5 8.5

Meyer and McVey (1974) 1000psi

T*Amadei (1985)

Heuze and Salem (1976)Meyer and

McVey (1974)Heuze

Salem

=69GPa (10.010trueE6 psi)=0.33

HustrulidT* 3.4510calcE6 psi 3.45

Meyer and McVey (1974) 69.4GPa (10.0106 psi)

HustrulidT*Meyer and McVey (1974)

trueE calcE

Shuri (1981) Hustrulid (1976)

Hustrulid (1976) Shuri (1981)

90()

2.4 Shuri (1981)

Swolfs and Kibler (1982) Hustrulid

(1976) and Heuze and Salem (1976 and 1977)

Amadei (1985)

T*=45Amadei (1985)T*Hustrulid

(1976)T* 3% 2.2

Heuze (1985)

1Shuri (1981)

Shuri (1981)

20

0.3 207GPa (30106 psi)(76.2mm(3in.))

2()

oversizeE

EQtrue

trueh +

=

91.0)1(103010300993.1

6min 6 2.14

Q psi calcE

in.

calcE

calcE min hQ

2Shuri (1981) min hQ

undersizeE

Q trueh )1(67.3 2min

= 2.15

3Ecalc 0.86(2.16)(

)

*93.086.0 TDQDE hcalc

= 2.16

4

69GPa (10,000psi)

21

2.1 (2.11) K(, )

()

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

5 0.434 0.433 0.430 0.424 0.417 0.407 0.396 0.382 0.366 0.348 0.32710 0.704 0.703 0.698 0.690 0.678 0.663 0.645 0.622 0.597 0.568 0.53615 0.904 0.903 0.897 0.887 0.873 0.854 0.831 0.803 0.772 0.735 0.69420 1.052 1.051 1.046 1.035 1.019 0.998 0.973 0.942 0.906 0.864 0.81825 1.159 1.159 1.154 1.143 1.127 1.105 1.078 1.045 1.007 0.963 0.91430 1.230 1.231 1.227 1.217 1.201 1.179 1.152 1.119 1.080 1.035 0.98535 1.271 1.274 1.271 1.262 1.247 1.226 1.200 1.168 1.129 1.086 1.03640 1.287 1.291 1.290 1.282 1.269 1.250 1.225 1.195 1.159 1.117 1.06945 1.282 1.288 1.288 1.282 1.271 1.254 1.232 1.204 1.170 1.131 1.08750 1.261 1.268 1.270 1.266 1.257 1.243 1.224 1.199 1.169 1.133 1.09255 1.227 1.236 1.240 1.238 1.232 1.221 1.204 1.183 1.156 1.125 1.08860 1.186 1.197 1.202 1.203 1.199 1.190 1.177 1.160 1.137 1.109 1.07765 1.142 1.154 1.161 1.164 1.162 1.156 1.146 1.132 1.113 1.089 1.06270 1.098 1.111 1.120 1.124 1.125 1.122 1.114 1.103 1.088 1.068 1.04575 1.059 1.073 1.083 1.089 1.091 1.090 1.085 1.076 1.064 1.048 1.02880 1.028 1.042 1.053 1.061 1.064 1.065 1.061 1.055 1.044 1.031 1.01385 1.007 1.022 1.034 1.042 1.046 1.048 1.046 1.040 1.031 1.019 1.00490 1.000 1.015 1.027 1.035 1.040 1.042 1.040 1.035 1.027 1.015 1.000

Goodman et. al., 1968

2.2 Hustrulid (1976) and Amadei (1985)T*

T* Hustrulid (1976) T* Amadei (1985) T*A / T*H0.10 1.559 1.519 0.974

0.20 1.514 1.474 0.974

0.25 1.480 1.438 0.971

0.30 1.438 1.397 0.971

0.33 1.408 1.366 0.970

0.40 1.331 1.289 0.968

0.50 1.192 1.151 0.966

( Heuze, 1993)

22

(a) (b)

2.4

( Heuze, 1993)

23

2.5.3

()

2.5.3.1

Shuri (1981)

Heuze and Amadei (1985)

1.

2.5a

2.5b

calcE

2.

2.6

Goodman 15 (

2.928in. 3.050in.)Ecalc 2.3 2.7

2.7 2.980in. 3.020in.

NX

24

a b

2.5

( Jesse, 1993)

2.6

( Jesse, 1993)

25

2.3 NX

(in.) (106psi) (in.) (106psi)

2.928 2.62 3.001 3.28 2.950 2.43 3.003 3.28 2.969 3.36 3.005 3.28 2.977 3.66 3.010 3.25 2.995 3.27 3.020 3.10 2.997 3.27 3.030 2.90 2.999 3.28 3.050 2.48 3.000 3.28

( Jesse, 1993)

2.92 2.94 2.96 2.98 3.00 3.02 3.04 3.06Borehole diameter (in)

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

Mod

ulus

(

10 6

psi)

2.7

( Jesse, 1993)

26

2.5.3.2

Salem (1976)(finite element method)

1.

(2.11) D K E

2.8

D

NX 9000psi

4.5in. 1ft

2.

NX

() 3 8Wilson (1967)

K 1.06 K

1.23 14%=45

DuQKE

r /)(86.0

= 2.17

NXD=3in. (76.2mm)Q

Qh 93%

ruQKE

= )(40.2 2.18

27

3.

2.9(a)Goodman et. al.

(1968) 775 (nodal point)

720 (finite element method)=0.25

2.9(b)(c)(d)(e)

=45=0.25

X K 1.250 K 0.235

K 1.254 X

4.(2)

2.1 2.10 K

=45 K NX

90

90

28

2.8 10,000psiE = 1.0106psi ( Goodman et. al., 1968)

29

(a)

(b) = 10,000psi (c) (e)

(d) (b) (e) = 0.01a

2.9

E = 1.0106 psi= 0.25

( Goodman et. al., 1968)

30

2.4 (2.17)(2.18) K

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50K() 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.13 1.09

2.40K() 3.07 3.10 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.00 2.95 2.88 2.81 2.71 2.62


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ( )

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

K(

,

)

0

0.25

0.50

2.10 = 00.25 0.5 K(, )


31

2.5.3.3

1.

Suzuki (1968) and Agarrval (1968)

Suzuki (1968) 10-3in.

10-2in.

2.

-

3.

(weak rock)

calcE

(intact rock)


calcE

fd

32

(1) = r/2 () fd

(2) = r () fd

(3) = 5r () fd

2.5 2.11

0.5 1 15%

30%

4.

2.1 2.12 0.2 0.3

50%Ecalc 3.25% 0.4

0.2 100%Ecalc 8.50%

E

5.

=90

Q4= (2.19)

NX=/4=90

-Q

33

=0=0.875Q

2.5

fdK K (%)

(%) calcE

0 1.250 +0 r/2 1.410 +13 -13 r 1.553 +24 -24 5r 1.614 +29 -29


2.11

( Jesse, 1993)

34

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

K(

,

)

( )

10

45

90

2.12 = 1045 90 K(, )


35

2.6 (plate loading test, PLT)

2.6.1

2.13

1.

2.13(a)

2.(recessed test)

2.13(d)

3.

(cable

jacking test) 2.13(b)

4.

2.13(c)

5.

2.13(e)

30% 5%(Poulos and

Davis, 1974)

36

a b

c d

e

2.13

Pells, 1983

37

2.6.2

1.Whitman and Richart,1967

)1( 2

=LB

QE

p

pp (2.20)

B

L

p(L/B) 2.6

5%

2.Poulos and Davis,1974

)1( 2

=p

pp D

QE (2.21)

Ep

Qp

Dp

38

(2.20)(2.21)

(2.21)

(2.22)

02 )1(

=

p

pp D

QE (2.22)

(Burland, 1970; Pells

and Turner, 1979 and Donal et. al.,1980)

2.14(a)(b)(c) 2.14 (shaft)

2.15

3.Gerrard and Harrison,1974

pp

pp r

arDw

QE 1sin)1(2 2

= 2.23

rp

wrprp>1

4.

{ })()1()()1(22 103101

2, ppp

pp

pzrp zIzzIDE

Qw

++= 2.24

I101(Zp)Poulos and Davis (1974)

39

I103(Zp) Poulos and Davis (1974)

zp

wrp, zpzprp

(2.24)

(2.25)

+++=

1)1(cot)1(2 2

2,0

p

pp

p

pzp z

zzar

DEQ

w

2.25

2.6 pL/B

L / B 1 2 4 10

p 1.07 1.1 1.2 1.4

( Pells, 1983)

40

2.14 ( Pells, 1983)

41

2.15

( Pells, 1983)

42

2.6.3 (modulus of deformation)

-

2.16

1.-

2.-

1

3.-

43

2.16

( Dodds, 1974)

44

2.6.4

1.

2.ISRM (1981) 6.9MPa

5MPa

3.

5%

4.ISRM (1981)

48

24

2.7 (the retrievable test rig, RTR)

2.7.1

Johnston et. al. (1980)(Melbourne)

1000mm

1250mm 105 85

(Silurian mudstone) 2m

35m 5m 10m 3.5MN 6.0MN

45

2.7.2

2.17

1.

LVDT

2.

(concrete annulus)

(bucket)(concrete seat)

(foam rubber gasket)

(1)

(2)

(3) 220mm 400KN

(4)

46

(5)

3.

(reaction frame)

(1)

(2) 920mm

8600kN

(3)

47

2.17 (retrievable test rig)

( Johnston et. al., 1980)

48

2.7.3

1100mm 1250mm

75mm 50mm

LVDT

8 11

2.7.4

1.

2.

49

3.

4.

5.

2.7.5

Johnston et. al. (1980)

c

c

Johnston et. al. (1980) 2.18(a)(b)

2.18(a) 2.18(b)

50

(a)

(b)

2.18

( Johnston et. al., 1980)

51

2.8 BTD

1999

2000

2.8.1

(BTD)

(BJT)(BST)(BPLT)

Goodman

(Goodman et. al., 1968)

(RTR) (Johnston et. al., 1980)

2.8.2

Menard

300kN

2.8.3

Goodman et. al. (1968) and Heuze (1993)

52

*, TD

QDBAEx

jx

=

*, TD

QDBAE jy

=y

Ex, jEy,j :xy

MPa

A 0.86

B Goodman

0.93

D:mm

QMPa

DxDyxymm

T*

xyEx, jEy,

j

-

Pells (1983)

02

, )1( =

p

ppz D

QE

Ez, p zMPa

53

Qp N

mm

Dp mm

0

2.8.4

:1.

2.

3.

:1.

2.

3. Goodman(1986)

54

第二章 文獻回顧 - ir.nctu.edu.tw · 1933年時，kogler...

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第二章文獻回顧 - ir.nctu.edu.tw · 1933年時，kogler...